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<document id="4AD5DCF6409601795C7341B9960AD2E4" ID-CLB-Dataset="307825" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5563.1.13" ID-GBIF-Dataset="776811a5-5b12-4352-82aa-00e6f132ab0d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14595841" ID-ZooBank="7D773EDB-D1D9-4322-B2E3-3992B54CDA1F" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1735932524310" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Acosta, Luis E." docDate="2025" docId="038F1E10BE415304FF0E5BFDFD40FEB6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5563.1.13.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5563 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5563.1.13" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gonyleptes planiceps Guerin-Meneville" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="198" masterDocId="FFB66668BE445303FF995B6AFFFFFFAB" masterDocTitle="Deciphering a Chilean harvestmen enigma: what is Parabalta bicornis (Gervais, 1849) comb. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae)" masterLastPageNumber="208" masterPageNumber="193" pageNumber="198" updateTime="1737646143190" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="770C033CAA4280346B8C987DE9342A94">Deciphering a Chilean harvestmen enigma: what is Parabalta bicornis (Gervais, 1849) comb. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE415306FF0E5BFDFDDFFF1A" blockId="5.[151,544,151,178]" box="[151,544,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<heading id="D0D1186ABE415306FF0E5BFDFDDFFF1A" bold="true" box="[151,544,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FF0E5BFDFDDFFF1A" bold="true" box="[151,544,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FF0E5BFDFE69FF19" ID-CoL="7WCY4" authority="Guerin-Meneville" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" box="[151,406,151,178]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FF0E5BFDFE69FF19" bold="true" box="[151,406,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Gonyleptes planiceps</emphasis>
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and fig. 10
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<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE415306FF0E5BB5FBDFFE7A" blockId="5.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
Confusion on Gervais’ (1854) plate ‘Arachnideos N°1’ affects
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FCC65BB5FBAFFF52" box="[863,1104,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FCC65BB5FBAFFF52" box="[863,1104,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Gonyleptes planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
too, another species that had (taxonomically) ‘crossing destinies’ with
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FDF05A6EFD17FEB6" authorityName="Granulation, DS" authorityYear="1847" box="[617,744,259,286]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FDF05A6EFD17FEB6" box="[617,744,259,286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The original description and illustrations of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FB7C5A6EFA8DFEB6" box="[1253,1394,259,286]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FB7C5A6EFA8DFEB6" box="[1253,1394,259,286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are clear (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FF455A4DFE8AFEEA" author="Gervais, P." box="[220,373,295,321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref11355" refString="Gervais, P. (1842) Description et figures de quatre especes nouvelles de Phalangiens. Magasin de Zoologie, d'Anatomie Comparee et de Palaeontologie (ed. Guerin-Meneville F. - E.), (2) 4 (13), 1 - 5, pls 2 - 5." type="journal article" year="1842">Gervais 1842</bibRefCitation>
) and some early papers demonstrated a good notion of its identity (
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FBF25A4DFB78FEEA" box="[1131,1159,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">cf.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FB145A4DFAAFFEEA" author="Simon, E." box="[1165,1360,295,321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="117 - 144" refId="ref12382" refString="Simon, E. (1884) Arachnides recueillis par la Mission du Cap Horn en 1882 - 1883. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 9, 117 - 144, pl. 3." type="journal article" year="1884">Simon 1884: 141</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FAC55A4DFF4AFECE" author="Simon, E." pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref12420" refString="Simon, E. (1887) Arachnides. In: Mission scientifique du Cap Horn. 1882 - 1883. Zoologie. 6 (2 e partie.). Gauthier-Villars et Fils, Imprimeurs-Libraires, Paris, pp. 1 - 42, pl. I - II." type="book chapter" year="1887">1887: 37</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 2, fig. 9). Problems emerged with a further mismatch between redescription and figures of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FB6D5A21FA67FECE" author="Gervais, P." box="[1268,1432,331,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="5 - 52" refId="ref11529" refString="Gervais, P. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia, vol. 4. Maulde &amp; Renou, Paris, pp. 5 - 52. [Gervais, P.] (1854) Arachnideos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Atlas de la Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Vol. 2. E. Thunot &amp; Cie, Paris, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1849">Gervais (1849</bibRefCitation>
, 1854) that (again) puzzled Sørensen and Roewer.
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FD5F5A05FC49FE22" box="[710,950,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FD5F5A05FC49FE22" box="[710,950,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Gonyleptes planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was treated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FBFF5A05FAC5FE22" author="Gervais, P." box="[1126,1338,367,393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="5 - 52" refId="ref11529" refString="Gervais, P. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia, vol. 4. Maulde &amp; Renou, Paris, pp. 5 - 52. [Gervais, P.] (1854) Arachnideos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Atlas de la Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Vol. 2. E. Thunot &amp; Cie, Paris, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1849">Gervais (1849: 24)</bibRefCitation>
and was explicitly referred to a line drawing of a male in dorsal view: fig. 10. The redescription is a verbatim translation to Spanish of the redescription of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FE6F5AD2FD7CFE7A" box="[502,643,439,466]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FE6F5AD2FD7CFE7A" box="[502,643,439,466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
previously given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FCE95ADDFBE3FE7A" author="Gervais, P." box="[880,1052,439,465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="94 - 131" refId="ref11409" refString="Gervais, P. (1844) Phalangides. In: Walckenaer, C. (Ed.), Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Apteres, vol 3. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 94 - 131, pls. 28 - 30, 43, 46. [Atlas]" type="book chapter" year="1844">Gervais (1844)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE415306FF5E5AB1FAB0FCBE" blockId="5.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FF5E5AB1FE7BFE5E" author="Sorensen, W." box="[199,388,475,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref12517" refString="Sorensen, W. (1902) Gonyleptiden (Opiliones Laniatores). In: Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 1892 / 93. 2 (Arthropoden). L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg, pp. 1 - 36." type="book chapter" year="1902">Sørensen (1902)</bibRefCitation>
said (translation from Latin): ‘Whether this species [
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FB995AB6FB6DFE5E" box="[1024,1170,475,502]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FB995AB6FB6DFE5E" box="[1024,1170,475,502]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] belongs to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FF0E5A95FEECFDB2" authorityName="Sorensen" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,275,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FF0E5A95FEECFDB2" box="[151,275,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Lycomedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or to another genus, I really do not know. Description and figure [fig. 10] given by Gervais do not agree in any way. According to the description areas are divided by length, what the figure does not show – After the figure, five transverse grooves are present. (…) If the species can be determined, the paired eminences of the free dorsal segments and legs IV (male) would indicate species’. In the same publication,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FBCD5901FAF2FD2E" author="Sorensen, W." box="[1108,1293,619,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref12517" refString="Sorensen, W. (1902) Gonyleptiden (Opiliones Laniatores). In: Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 1892 / 93. 2 (Arthropoden). L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg, pp. 1 - 36." type="book chapter" year="1902">Sørensen (1902)</bibRefCitation>
happened to examine a MNHN male labelled “
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FD8C59E5FD11FD02" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[533,750,655,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Pachylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FD8C59E5FD11FD02" box="[533,750,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Pachylus planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” by E. Simon, concluding that it did not agree ‘with Gervais’ illustration’ [that of 1854 was meant!], but allegedly represented a new species instead, which he described as
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FAF959D9FE23FD5A" authority="Sorensen, 1902" authorityName="Sorensen" authorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Balta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FAF959D9FEDAFD5A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Balta meridionalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FEB459BDFE23FD5A" author="Sorensen, W." box="[301,476,727,753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref12517" refString="Sorensen, W. (1902) Gonyleptiden (Opiliones Laniatores). In: Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 1892 / 93. 2 (Arthropoden). L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg, pp. 1 - 36." type="book chapter" year="1902">Sørensen, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(pp. 21, 23). This puts in evidence that, despite of being aware of the text/drawings mismatch,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FE8B5991FE22FCBE" author="Sorensen, W." box="[274,477,763,789]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref12517" refString="Sorensen, W. (1902) Gonyleptiden (Opiliones Laniatores). In: Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 1892 / 93. 2 (Arthropoden). L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg, pp. 1 - 36." type="book chapter" year="1902">Sørensen’s (1902)</bibRefCitation>
concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FDF95991FCAFFCBE" box="[608,848,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FDF95991FCAFFCBE" box="[608,848,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Gonyleptes planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remained attached to Gervais’ (1854) fig. 10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE415306FF5E584AFC4FFB0A" blockId="5.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FF5E584AFEF0FC92" box="[199,271,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Types:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FE805875FE3CFC92" author="Gervais, P." box="[281,451,799,825]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref11355" refString="Gervais, P. (1842) Description et figures de quatre especes nouvelles de Phalangiens. Magasin de Zoologie, d'Anatomie Comparee et de Palaeontologie (ed. Guerin-Meneville F. - E.), (2) 4 (13), 1 - 5, pls 2 - 5." type="journal article" year="1842">Gervais (1842)</bibRefCitation>
did not explicit the original series of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FCEF584AFBFAFC92" box="[886,1029,799,826]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FCEF584AFBFAFC92" box="[886,1029,799,826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but, as he described both sexes, at least
<specimenCount id="9D20648FBE415306FF4B582EFEC7FCF6" box="[210,312,835,862]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D20648FBE415306FEE9582EFE13FCF6" box="[368,492,835,862]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
were available to him (thus,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FCAF5829FBE5FCF6" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[822,1050,835,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12183" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1913) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 79 A (4 - 5), 1 - 472, pl. 1 a - b." type="journal article" year="1913">Roewer’s 1913: 136</bibRefCitation>
statement “
<specimenCount id="9D20648FBE415306FB3A5829FB49FCF6" box="[1187,1206,835,861]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
unbekannt” [female unknown] is mistaken). During a meticulous survey of the “dry collection” in the NHMUK, I discovered
<specimenCount id="9D20648FBE415306FAAF5802FA63FC2A" box="[1334,1436,871,898]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D20648FBE415306FF5E58E6FEBAFC0E" box="[199,325,907,934]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
, pinned separately, undoubtedly belonging to the type series (as
<typeStatus id="549D11A4BE415306FB8C58E1FB83FC0E" box="[1045,1148,907,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
). The original label of the male specifies “
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FED358C5FD7AFC62" authority="Guer." authorityName="Guer." box="[330,645,943,969]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">Gonyleptes planiceps Guer.</taxonomicName>
ic. R.A. (type), Magellan”, that of the female just “Magellan”. These specimens had some appendages either lost or loose, so I transferred them to vials with 70 % ethanol, along with suitable labels (handwritten by me) to unequivocally indicate their type status. The labels of the male (NHMUK 013376526) are currently available at the NHM Data Portal: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/collection-specimens/ resource/05ff2255-c38a-40c9-b657-4ccb55ab2feb/record/8287232.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FC0D5F55FB41FBF2" author="Pessoa-Silva, M. &amp; Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R. &amp; Kury, A. B." box="[916,1214,1087,1113]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="58 - 59" refId="ref12021" refString="Pessoa-Silva, M., Hara, M. R., Pinto-da-Rocha, R. &amp; Kury, A. B. (2020) Pachylinae at their southernmost extreme (Laniatores: Gonyleptidae). In: Kury, A. B., Mendes, A. C., Cardoso, L., Kury, M. S. &amp; Granado, A. A. (Eds.), WCO-Lite: Online world catalogue of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Version 1.0. Self published, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 58 - 59." type="book chapter" year="2020">
Pessoa-Silva
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FBB75F2AFB96FBF2" box="[1070,1129,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">et al.</emphasis>
(2020)
</bibRefCitation>
took profit on this unpublished information to formally determine the validity of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FCFD5F09FBA8FBD6" box="[868,1111,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FCFD5F09FBA8FBD6" box="[868,1111,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Gonyleptes planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as senior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FAF95F09FEDAFB0A" authorityName="Sorensen" authorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Balta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FAF95F09FEDAFB0A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Balta meridionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, what is in full agreement with my previous observations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE415306FF5E5FC6FD94F9A2" blockId="5.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FF5E5FC6FE29FB6E" box="[199,470,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Roewer makes it worse:</emphasis>
As purported in Roewer’s labels, this author believed that the specimen SMF RI/795 belonged to the type series of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FE665FA5FC4FFB42" authority="(Acosta 1996 a)" baseAuthorityName="Acosta" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[511,944,1231,1257]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FE665FA5FD0DFB42" box="[511,754,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Gonyleptes planiceps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FC9C5FA5FC57FB42" author="Acosta, L. E." box="[773,936,1231,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="209 - 225" refId="ref10738" refString="Acosta, L. E. (1996 a) Die Typus-Exemplare der von Carl-Friedrich Roewer beschriebenen Pachylinae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 76 (1 - 2), 209 - 225." type="journal article" year="1996">Acosta 1996a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The catalog-card in the SMF declares its presumed status too: “Simon ded., ex Museum Paris,
<specimenCount id="9D20648FBE415306FD695F99FCE5FAA5" box="[752,794,1267,1294]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="549D11A4BE415306FCB85F99FC64FAA6" box="[801,923,1267,1293]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="paratype">Paratypus</typeStatus>
!”. This is likely the MNHN specimen cited by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FF0E5E72FEBDFA9A" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[151,322,1303,1330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12183" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1913) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 79 A (4 - 5), 1 - 472, pl. 1 a - b." type="journal article" year="1913">Roewer (1913)</bibRefCitation>
as “
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FEE15E7DFD29FA9A" authority="(Guerin)" baseAuthorityName="Guerin" box="[376,726,1303,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FEE15E7DFD98FA9A" box="[376,615,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Lycomedes planiceps</emphasis>
(Guérin)
</taxonomicName>
”, which he seemingly incorporated later to his own collection (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FF065E51FEC3FAFE" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[159,316,1339,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" refId="ref12222" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones. G. Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1116 pp." type="book" year="1923">Roewer 1923</bibRefCitation>
). The morphology of this specimen (a male, initially dry preserved, examined) does not match the original description and illustrations of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FDD55E0AFD26FAD2" box="[588,729,1375,1402]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FDD55E0AFD26FAD2" box="[588,729,1375,1402]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FCDC5E35FC10FAD2" author="Gervais, P." box="[837,1007,1375,1401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref11355" refString="Gervais, P. (1842) Description et figures de quatre especes nouvelles de Phalangiens. Magasin de Zoologie, d'Anatomie Comparee et de Palaeontologie (ed. Guerin-Meneville F. - E.), (2) 4 (13), 1 - 5, pls 2 - 5." type="journal article" year="1842">Gervais (1842)</bibRefCitation>
, neither Gervais’ (1849) redescription; but it does match the male drawn by Gervais (1854) in his fig. 10! That is to say, specimen SMF RI/795 is actually conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FECF5EC2FE2BFA6A" authorityName="Granulation, DS" authorityYear="1847" box="[342,468,1447,1474]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FECF5EC2FE2BFA6A" box="[342,468,1447,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as restored in this paper (see below). On the one hand, the alleged type status of SMF RI/795 is not supported (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FE375EA1FDB1FA4E" author="Acosta, L. E." box="[430,590,1483,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="209 - 225" refId="ref10738" refString="Acosta, L. E. (1996 a) Die Typus-Exemplare der von Carl-Friedrich Roewer beschriebenen Pachylinae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 76 (1 - 2), 209 - 225." type="journal article" year="1996">Acosta 1996a</bibRefCitation>
). On the other hand, Roewer followed Sørensen and gave preference to fig. 10 for identification, over the description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE415306FF5E5D79FE0FF8E6" blockId="5.[151,1437,223,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FF5E5D79FECDF986" box="[199,306,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Remarks:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FEA25D7EFE1AF986" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[315,485,1555,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12183" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1913) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 79 A (4 - 5), 1 - 472, pl. 1 a - b." type="journal article" year="1913">Roewer (1913)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the MNHN material of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FC025D79FB73F986" baseAuthorityName="Acosta" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[923,1164,1555,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FC025D79FB73F986" box="[923,1164,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Gonyleptes planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes from around the Strait of Magellan, information seemingly inspired by the original description, not stated on any label. There is a second citation of
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FEF25D36FD69F9DE" box="[363,662,1627,1654]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FEE35D31FD78F9DE" box="[378,647,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">Lycomedicus planiceps</taxonomicName>
”,
</emphasis>
also by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FD605D36FC59F9DE" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[761,934,1627,1654]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" refId="ref12222" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones. G. Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1116 pp." type="book" year="1923">Roewer (1923)</bibRefCitation>
, where a male from “
<collectingRegion id="49E261E4BE415306FB075D31FAE6F9DE" box="[1182,1305,1627,1653]" country="Chile" name="Valparaiso" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Valparaiso</collectingRegion>
” (allegedly in his collection) is reported. Over several months I thoroughly revised all tubes of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FBD05D15FB3BF932" authorityName="Sorensen" authorityYear="1884" box="[1097,1220,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachylinae">Pachylinae</taxonomicName>
and the catalogues of Roewer’s Collection (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FE2E5DC9FDA5F916" author="Acosta, L. E." box="[439,602,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="209 - 225" refId="ref10738" refString="Acosta, L. E. (1996 a) Die Typus-Exemplare der von Carl-Friedrich Roewer beschriebenen Pachylinae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 76 (1 - 2), 209 - 225." type="journal article" year="1996">Acosta 1996a</bibRefCitation>
), but just
<specimenCount id="9D20648FBE415306FD4D5DCEFC8EF916" box="[724,881,1699,1726]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
labeled as
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FC625DC9FAFDF916" box="[1019,1282,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FC625DC9FAFDF916" box="[1019,1282,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Lycomedicus planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was located, the already mentioned RI/795. Most probably the two citations refer to the same specimen, and the reference to “
<collectingRegion id="49E261E4BE415306FF385D81FEE3F8AE" box="[161,284,1771,1797]" country="Chile" name="Valparaiso" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Valparaíso</collectingRegion>
” is another of many inaccuracies in Roewer’s work. On the SMF catalog-card the species name was first written
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FF765C65FE3EF882" authority="(Guer.)" baseAuthorityName="Guer." box="[239,449,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
“
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FF625C65FE99F882" box="[251,358,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">planiceps</emphasis>
(Guer.)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FE575C65FDB5F882" authorityName="Sorensen" authorityYear="1902" box="[462,586,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FE575C65FDB5F882" box="[462,586,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Lycomedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, then corrected to
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FCB55C65FBE6F882" authority="(Roewer)" baseAuthorityName="Roewer" box="[812,1049,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
“
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FCA15C65FC5CF882" box="[824,931,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">planiceps</emphasis>
(Roewer)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FBBC5C65FB49F882" authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1923" box="[1061,1206,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FBBC5C65FB49F882" box="[1061,1206,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Lycomedicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (note the mistaken amendment of the authorship).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE415304FF5E5C3DFD40FEB6" blockId="5.[151,1437,223,2014]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1443,151,285]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
At this point it is needed to test the correspondence between Gervais’ (1854) fig. 10, and the description of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FF0E5C11FE87F83E" authorityName="Granulation, DS" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,376,1915,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FF0E5C11FE87F83E" box="[151,376,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Gonyleptes bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and redescription of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FDFC5C16FD0DF83E" box="[613,754,1915,1942]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FDFC5C16FD0DF83E" box="[613,754,1915,1942]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FC8C5C11FC3EF83E" author="Gervais, P." box="[789,961,1915,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="5 - 52" refId="ref11529" refString="Gervais, P. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia, vol. 4. Maulde &amp; Renou, Paris, pp. 5 - 52. [Gervais, P.] (1854) Arachnideos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Atlas de la Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Vol. 2. E. Thunot &amp; Cie, Paris, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1849">Gervais (1849)</bibRefCitation>
; this is accomplished in
<tableCitation id="C6A49ABDBE415306FB4B5C11FAD9F83E" box="[1234,1318,1915,1941]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="6.[152,244,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 3. Match (+M) or mismatch (–m) between fig. 10 (Gervais 1854), and Gervais’ (1849) description of G. bicornis and redescription of G. planiceps; features observable on fig. 4b (lateral view) are inserted in round brackets. Stronger evidence is marked as **." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF59FF8EBE425305FF015BFDFE55FF53" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" tableUuid="DF59FF8EBE425305FF015BFDFE55FF53">Table 3</tableCitation>
, including (when applicable) features of the above mentioned fig. 4b (Gervais 1854) as well, which I also attribute to
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE415306FA185CCAFF0CF876" authorityName="Granulation, DS" authorityYear="1847" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE415306FA185CCAFF0CF876" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Contrary to the uses of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FD955CA9FD48F876" author="Gervais, P." box="[524,695,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="5 - 52" refId="ref11529" refString="Gervais, P. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia, vol. 4. Maulde &amp; Renou, Paris, pp. 5 - 52. [Gervais, P.] (1854) Arachnideos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Atlas de la Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Vol. 2. E. Thunot &amp; Cie, Paris, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1849">Gervais (1849)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FD5D5CA9FC82F876" author="Sorensen, W." box="[708,893,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref12517" refString="Sorensen, W. (1902) Gonyleptiden (Opiliones Laniatores). In: Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 1892 / 93. 2 (Arthropoden). L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg, pp. 1 - 36." type="book chapter" year="1902">Sørensen (1902)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE415306FC2C5CAEFB9EF876" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[949,1121,1987,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12183" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1913) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 79 A (4 - 5), 1 - 472, pl. 1 a - b." type="journal article" year="1913">Roewer (1913)</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10 does not agree with the redescription of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE435304FEE55BFDFDF4FF1A" box="[380,523,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Lycomedicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE435304FEE55BFDFDF4FF1A" box="[380,523,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="200">G. planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but with the description of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE435304FCD35BFDFC35FF1A" authorityName="Granulation, DS" authorityYear="1847" box="[842,970,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE435304FCD35BFDFC35FF1A" box="[842,970,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="200">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
instead. The conclusion of this thorough comparison is straightforward:
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE435304FE665BD1FD1CFF7E" authorityName="Granulation, DS" authorityYear="1847" box="[511,739,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE435304FE665BD1FD1CFF7E" box="[511,739,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="200">Gonyleptes bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is to be referred to two mislabeled illustrations in the
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE435304FAFA5BD1FEBAFF52" authority="(Gervais 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Atlas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE435304FAFA5BD1FA62FF7E" box="[1379,1437,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="200">Atlas</emphasis>
(Gervais 1854)
</taxonomicName>
: fig. 4b and fig. 10. They show without doubt a hitherto undetected member of genus
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE435304FABA5BB5FA6AFF52" authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1315,1429,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Parabalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE435304FABA5BB5FA6AFF52" box="[1315,1429,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="200">Parabalta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: henceforth named
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE435304FEF15A69FDC3FEB6" authorityName="Acosta" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[360,572,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Parabalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE435304FEF15A69FDC3FEB6" box="[360,572,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="200">Parabalta bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A261CE6FBE435304FDDA5A69FD40FEB6" box="[579,703,259,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="200" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE465301FF0E5D30FDB2F9DE" blockId="2.[151,589,1626,1653]" box="[151,589,1626,1653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">
<heading id="D0D1186ABE465301FF0E5D30FDB2F9DE" bold="true" box="[151,589,1626,1653]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FF0E5D30FDB2F9DE" bold="true" box="[151,589,1626,1653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">
Revalidation of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE465301FEC75D30FDB2F9DE" ID-CoL="9X9TC" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[350,589,1626,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FEC75D30FDB2F9DE" bold="true" box="[350,589,1626,1653]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">Gonyleptes bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C33CFC8DBE465300FF0E5DC9FDFBFD02" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE465301FF0E5DC9FD91F876" blockId="2.[151,1437,1698,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE465301FF0E5DC9FE13F916" author="Pessoa-Silva, M. &amp; Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R." box="[151,492,1698,1725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" pagination="91 - 137" refId="ref12126" refString="Pessoa-Silva, M., Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2021) Revision of the southern Andean genus Sadocus Sorensen, 1886 (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae). ZooKeys, 1025, 91 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1025.57806" type="journal article" year="2021">
Pessoa-Silva
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FEB55DC9FE9BF916" box="[300,356,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">et al.</emphasis>
(2021: 105)
</bibRefCitation>
proposed the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE465301FCB95DC9FBFFF916" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[800,1024,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FCB95DC9FBFFF916" box="[800,1024,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">Gonyleptes bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE465301FBD55DC9FAE3F917" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1847" box="[1100,1308,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Sadocus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperatus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FBD55DC9FAE3F917" box="[1100,1308,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">Sadocus asperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, seemingly based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE465301FE9C5DADFE4FF94A" author="Roewer, C. F." box="[261,432,1735,1761]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref12183" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1913) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 79 A (4 - 5), 1 - 472, pl. 1 a - b." type="journal article" year="1913">Roewer (1913)</bibRefCitation>
(they cite ‘fig. 4a–b’ in their synonymy; also a non-existing ‘fig. 4–4b’ in the entry for
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE465301FF0E5D81FEBFF8AE" author="Sorensen, W." box="[151,320,1771,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref12517" refString="Sorensen, W. (1902) Gonyleptiden (Opiliones Laniatores). In: Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 1892 / 93. 2 (Arthropoden). L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg, pp. 1 - 36." type="book chapter" year="1902">Sørensen 1902</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE465301FECA5D81FD8DF8AE" author="Pessoa-Silva, M. &amp; Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R." box="[339,626,1771,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" pagination="91 - 137" refId="ref12126" refString="Pessoa-Silva, M., Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2021) Revision of the southern Andean genus Sadocus Sorensen, 1886 (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae). ZooKeys, 1025, 91 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1025.57806" type="journal article" year="2021">
Pessoa-Silva
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FE705D81FDDEF8AE" box="[489,545,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
based their conclusion on both the original description and the supposed drawings of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE465301FEBA5C65FE5EF882" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[291,417,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FEBA5C65FE5EF882" box="[291,417,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FE375C65FE2EF883" box="[430,465,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">i.e.</emphasis>
, adopting the prevailing usage of considering Gervais’ (1854) fig. 4 as referable to this species. As key features from the original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE465301FC8D5C59FC5BF8E7" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1847" box="[788,932,1843,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Sadocus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperatus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FC8D5C59FC5BF8E7" box="[788,932,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">G. asperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FC2D5C59FC2FF8E6" box="[948,976,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">cf.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE465301FC4E5C59FB8EF8E6" author="Gervais, P." box="[983,1137,1843,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" pagination="576 - 577" refId="ref11465" refString="Gervais, P. (1847) Additions a l'Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres, Dernier Supplement. § LXXII. Genre Gonyleptes. In: Walckenaer, C. &amp; Gervais, P. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Apteres, vol. 4. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 576 - 577." type="book chapter" year="1847">Gervais 1847</bibRefCitation>
), to support the synonymy
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE465301FF0E5C3DFE45F8DA" author="Pessoa-Silva, M. &amp; Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R." box="[151,442,1879,1905]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" pagination="91 - 137" refId="ref12126" refString="Pessoa-Silva, M., Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2021) Revision of the southern Andean genus Sadocus Sorensen, 1886 (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae). ZooKeys, 1025, 91 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1025.57806" type="journal article" year="2021">
Pessoa-Silva
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FEB75C3DFE97F8DA" box="[302,360,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
mention (a) ‘the spines on the free tergite’, (b) ‘the two apical apophyses on the TrIV’, and (c) ‘uneven spines in the inner part of the “leg” (referring to FeIV)’. The comparison between the descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE465301FF2C5CF5FEBBF813" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1847" box="[181,324,1951,1977]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Sadocus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperatus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FF2C5CF5FEBBF813" box="[181,324,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">G. asperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(both the original one,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE465301FDD05CF5FD1DF812" author="Gervais, P." box="[585,738,1951,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" pagination="576 - 577" refId="ref11465" refString="Gervais, P. (1847) Additions a l'Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres, Dernier Supplement. § LXXII. Genre Gonyleptes. In: Walckenaer, C. &amp; Gervais, P. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Apteres, vol. 4. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 576 - 577." type="book chapter" year="1847">Gervais 1847</bibRefCitation>
, and the redescription of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE465301FC625CF5FB6DF812" author="Gervais, P." box="[1019,1170,1951,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" pagination="5 - 52" refId="ref11529" refString="Gervais, P. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia, vol. 4. Maulde &amp; Renou, Paris, pp. 5 - 52. [Gervais, P.] (1854) Arachnideos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Atlas de la Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Vol. 2. E. Thunot &amp; Cie, Paris, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1849">Gervais 1849</bibRefCitation>
) and that of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE465301FA865CF5FA63F812" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[1311,1436,1951,1977]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE465301FA865CF5FA63F812" box="[1311,1436,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="195">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6A49ABDBE465301FF065CA9FF0BF876" box="[159,244,1987,2013]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,244,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Match (+M) or mismatch (–m) between the descriptions of G. asperatus (both Gervais 1847 and 1849) and G." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF59FF8EBE405307FF015BFDFAE9FF78" pageId="2" pageNumber="195" tableUuid="DF59FF8EBE405307FF015BFDFAE9FF78">Table 2</tableCitation>
) yielded the following outcomes:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE475300FF5E5BFDFABDFF1A" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,681]" box="[199,1346,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">
(a) Spines on free tergites are described only for
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FD705BFDFC87FF1B" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1847" box="[745,888,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Sadocus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperatus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FD705BFDFC87FF1B" box="[745,888,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. asperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; just weak tubercles exist in
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FB245BFDFAC3FF1A" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[1213,1340,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FB245BFDFAC3FF1A" box="[1213,1340,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE475300FF5E5BD1FE93FEB6" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">
(b) The description of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE475300FE505BD1FD8BFF7E" author="Gervais, P." box="[457,628,187,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" pagination="576 - 577" refId="ref11465" refString="Gervais, P. (1847) Additions a l'Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres, Dernier Supplement. § LXXII. Genre Gonyleptes. In: Walckenaer, C. &amp; Gervais, P. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Apteres, vol. 4. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 576 - 577." type="book chapter" year="1847">Gervais (1847)</bibRefCitation>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FD045BD1FCD2FF7F" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1847" box="[669,813,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Sadocus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperatus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FD045BD1FCD2FF7F" box="[669,813,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. asperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not give enough detail about apophyses on TrIV, and only some resemblance could be extrapolated if Gervais’ (1854) fig. 9 and the description of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FB795BB5FAA0FF52" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[1248,1375,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FB795BB5FAA0FF52" box="[1248,1375,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were taken into account.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE475300FF5E5A4DFC44FE5E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">
(c) About FeIV, Gervais’ (1847) description of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FD485A4DFC9FFEEB" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1847" box="[721,864,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Sadocus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperatus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FD485A4DFC9FFEEB" box="[721,864,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. asperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and Gervais’ (1854) fig. 9 agree in the inner border being armed with strong apophyses; but comparison with
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FCAD5A21FC4AFECE" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[820,949,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FCAD5A21FC4AFECE" box="[820,949,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is inconclusive. Incidentally,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE475300FA945A21FED7FE22" author="Pessoa-Silva, M. &amp; Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R." pageId="3" pageNumber="196" pagination="91 - 137" refId="ref12126" refString="Pessoa-Silva, M., Hara, M. R. &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2021) Revision of the southern Andean genus Sadocus Sorensen, 1886 (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae). ZooKeys, 1025, 91 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1025.57806" type="journal article" year="2021">
Pessoa-Silva
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FF0E5A05FF2CFE22" box="[151,211,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
misinterpreted the word ‘leg’ (‘pierna’ in the Spanish text) assuming that
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7D2F7BE475300FB145A05FAC6FE22" author="Gervais, P." box="[1165,1337,367,393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" pagination="5 - 52" refId="ref11529" refString="Gervais, P. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia, vol. 4. Maulde &amp; Renou, Paris, pp. 5 - 52. [Gervais, P.] (1854) Arachnideos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Atlas de la Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Vol. 2. E. Thunot &amp; Cie, Paris, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1849">Gervais (1849)</bibRefCitation>
referred to the femur, when the tibia was actually meant. As a matter of fact, apophyses on ‘leg’ (tibia) IV provide the best diagnostic feature to assess that
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FDD85ADDFD3EFE7A" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[577,705,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FDD85ADDFD3EFE7A" box="[577,705,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FC185ADDFC0CFE7A" authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1913" box="[897,1011,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Parabalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FC185ADDFC0CFE7A" box="[897,1011,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">Parabalta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This feature is only indicated in the description of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FEA05AB1FE48FE5E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[313,439,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FEA05AB1FE48FE5E" box="[313,439,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and clearly shown on Gervais’ (1854) fig. 10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99AF06BE475300FF5E5A95FDFBFD02" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">
Many items exhibit a decided mismatch between the descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FC435A95FB94FDB3" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1847" box="[986,1131,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Sadocus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperatus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FC435A95FB94FDB3" box="[986,1131,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. asperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FB3C5A95FADAFDB2" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[1189,1317,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FB3C5A95FADAFDB2" box="[1189,1317,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6A49ABDBE475300FAAC5A95FA72FDB2" box="[1333,1421,511,537]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,244,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Match (+M) or mismatch (–m) between the descriptions of G. asperatus (both Gervais 1847 and 1849) and G." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF59FF8EBE405307FF015BFDFAE9FF78" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" tableUuid="DF59FF8EBE405307FF015BFDFAE9FF78">Table 2</tableCitation>
); in other features comparison resulted inconclusive (?), and only the paired armature on the ocular mound and the bifid apophysis of CxIV look similar in both (by the way, both character states are actually quite widespread in the family). In sum,
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FECE5901FE28FD2E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[343,471,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FECE5901FE28FD2E" box="[343,471,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
did not prove to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FC365901FBBFFD2F" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1847" box="[943,1088,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Sadocus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asperatus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FC365901FBBFFD2F" box="[943,1088,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">G. asperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and has to be revalidated and transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C26D485BE475300FEAD59E5FE59FD02" authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1913" box="[308,422,655,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Parabalta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="3" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9527314BE475300FEAD59E5FE59FD02" box="[308,422,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="196">Parabalta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
instead.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

400
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<mods:title id="EABA0C24D98068FE78A4A07786FFE889">And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="6B92C9F14811C83AF5A860CD5912E2F7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="506113209527E310CEAE6D8B23FF17C1">
<taxonomicName id="7771D18CBB0620402231FF398E070EEB" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="499D9B9EDE104DAC5C86E96665D04C02" italics="true">Namaquella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6E9C87E00BF9A1B7F89209DDAA813734" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EMKCI" type="type species">
<paragraph id="636C4602E8E0E9784F21E6186BB58DB5">
<heading id="6B7FF946B0F388676AFA0D0FF6714FAC" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="D7727AF11061326F35D79AE5990FDA14">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="664F4DB130A93D886BD3806D996356D8">
<taxonomicName id="C77E600FA87A9EB142378691A4076B38" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D05B82DD2A079D46EF90724167BDF884" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56B3959DD35F41F0D3C44B5E8B12CCE9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4KCI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="FA277D5752982BCD2D6BA24F328505FB">
<heading id="5D88A4815506BDD0627D29826AAE0CE3" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E49E1AC1917E8D77B1297C89DCD69A1">
Both sexes of
<taxonomicName id="0D369CB75B6FD613A739E20823A432D4" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="91B0E69F951D9A6AECDF2EF34791065D" italics="true">Namaquella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EB7AD561C5F6319817B5D99FCE670223" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
resemble
<taxonomicName id="EA21A85F6E0C496A07D360E1E9104907" authority="Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2008" authorityName="Haddad &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2008" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Poachelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="978C90F7C3ED35D83C52B96F6AFFF100" italics="true">Poachelas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0DCAB3F2B2CD5EEA79EEC2B86C8A118D" DOI="10.5733/afin.049.0204" author="Haddad CR &amp; Lyle R" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="37-76" refId="B9" refString="Haddad CR, Lyle R (2008) Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 37 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 049.0204" title="Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="49" year="2008">Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7FE5B6030BD0B8A6059A7C8AA5324A58" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="EEBA5464400B4E7F30C42A69C830AE08" italics="true">Rukuluk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7A069FB5FEE60E4F91370A7C6D75EE1C" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, with a pale body to support a lifestyle associated with grasses, although the body proportions are less elongate than in these genera. Males of
<taxonomicName id="9DCB457C8DACAE9091BFEEAF96427427" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7740CECF2A9AD3A8406A96C4932966C9" italics="true">Namaquella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7C3F54ABE885F4CD461285ECEB7F4D2D" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be recognized from these and other trachelid genera by the oval tegulum with a simple, slightly curved distal embolus directed retrodistally and the simple sperm duct and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6LCI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="7DE93F37F188EA7CCC923E72C3868CBF" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E85E344B08EF871F94317ADEF8724312" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Namaquella samanthae sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM – embolus; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230790">20 B</figureCitation>
). The female epigyne is weakly sclerotized and can be distinguished by the central heart-shaped atrium formed by two convex ridges and the laterally looping copulatory ducts (Fig.
<figureCitation id="417EB2D3FB4D2DC8DCF421022C3A0172" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 D, E</figureCitation>
), whereas the epigynal atrium of
<taxonomicName id="3B66F09F43F108994567C8034FE8FECF" authorityName="Haddad &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2008" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Poachelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4826F5B3EE87075A49F1A856E91013A7" italics="true">Poachelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FF37A58A8CED2F10BE27866286880568" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E52D49606A0B1F2F11807EB6119B8D56" italics="true">Rukuluk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1D6A06C4B16CD5CC5B1B1485765327EC" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are subrectangular and extend to the epigastric furrow (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BE1B2AC917CF78AA5FBE4A055EBE1C39" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 D</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6A0E6A93EE38F4F271E72E4BC6CD0B4A" DOI="10.5733/afin.049.0204" author="Haddad and Lyle" firstAuthor="Haddad" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="37-76" refId="B9" refString="Haddad CR, Lyle R (2008) Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 37–76. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.049.0204" title="Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="49" year="2008">Haddad and Lyle 2008</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 94) [
<taxonomicName id="3807A5B6AE7BD0834720DBABBFF6DD2A" authority="Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2008" authorityName="Haddad &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2008" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Poachelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">
<emphasis id="17A8BAC228179AFB2B65D1C2EF17EACC" italics="true">P. montanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="11ABC2CFDC936E358A8B5F8789CEFC5C" DOI="10.5733/afin.049.0204" author="Haddad CR &amp; Lyle R" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="37-76" refId="B9" refString="Haddad CR, Lyle R (2008) Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 37 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 049.0204" title="Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="49" year="2008">Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has a different epigyne structure and is likely misplaced;
<bibRefCitation id="5173B93B19E24935FCCF69462F2B6707" DOI="10.5733/afin.049.0204" author="Haddad and Lyle" firstAuthor="Haddad" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="37-76" refId="B9" refString="Haddad CR, Lyle R (2008) Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 37–76. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.049.0204" title="Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="49" year="2008">Haddad and Lyle 2008</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 98].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUNCI" type="description">
<paragraph id="0EFC6FC25718FED1ADE65FBE85D47277">
<heading id="1B306869E9CF0666F28676550A9CD311" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83F344B97A7B82FB8E7E5AEF57694546">
Small spiders,
<quantity id="3E8702D417A311C8925894174640FC2C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.52" metricValueMin="2.18" unit="mm" value="2.85" valueMax="3.52" valueMin="2.18">2.18–3.52 mm</quantity>
in length; carapace creamy-yellow in
<taxonomicName id="3A87D881E7151EE3B62A4AA6634CF7F0" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CC457E357364A10FA86657B80E68B211" italics="true">N. arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83BD4907D8AA3C18CC67686305565E14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
to bright yellow-orange in
<taxonomicName id="EB24866CF2502127F83E5F07FFABE77B" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9303DE9EBA2446AF2C3CE7508FADF17B" italics="true">N. samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9BD7AACB9529A9294D64FCEA2CA8362B" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; carapace oval, broadest near posterior of coxae II, gradually narrowed towards eye region (Figs
<figureCitation id="6DEF79DAAF212218A183F02B30257B14" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 A, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2EC3436A2F30EAD33962CC1159FCD00C" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 A</figureCitation>
); fovea indistinct, replaced by a shallow depression in
<taxonomicName id="A6948C99DC3BE9A3E1D1EE77C78AEC70" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FBD7369FB21BAC528A16E6BE333B179F" italics="true">N. arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B2FDFDC3977FBD936CBC17FC4EAE5747" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, a short shallow slit in
<taxonomicName id="00DFB12E0580688AB146CC7E80FFBB16" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2B5180C4DC88051C473E9625F16EDBC6" italics="true">N. samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3A16B05AFB93D885A77EE3549DF00A17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; posterior carapace margin concave; carapace somewhat flattened, weakly convex in lateral profile, slightly elevated from clypeus to approximately ⅓ carapace length, with steeper slope in posterior quarter (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BCE63582B774893C3CDF5BF1A33BD8ED" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 B, G</figureCitation>
); carapace surface finely wrinkled, with scattered short fine straight setae with small weakly tuberculate bases (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DF95E138FC49B8E3B2B019AFB3A40573" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 B</figureCitation>
). All eyes surrounded by black rings (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DC9D15FC9831130C25BB9D310968D56F" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 A, F</figureCitation>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1PCI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
procurved in anterior view, slightly recurved in dorsal view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8F52E34D4A0D5EFDA10872E14FF14795" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 C</figureCitation>
),
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECQCI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
slightly smaller than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGQCI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
or subequal in size;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKQCI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by less than their diameter, almost touching
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOQCI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESQCI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
recurved in dorsal view,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWQCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
smaller than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1QCI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
or subequal;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5QCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECRCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGRCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKRCI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
interdistances variable;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EORCI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, posterior width slightly larger than length. Chilum distinct, split; cheliceral promargin with three separated teeth, retromargin with three teeth on common base (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B69CF58C1148CAB079C7492C6EADC1CD" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 D</figureCitation>
); fang with distinct serrula; endites with parallel lateral margins, mesal margins with longitudinal depression (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D3ED0323FE3BF7697D2C8327E6E918A1" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 E</figureCitation>
), distal margins with distinct serrula comprising short sharp denticles (Fig.
<figureCitation id="47F7E1F31122C684BB64A36D31D27D0F" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 G</figureCitation>
) and dense maxillar hair tuft on mesal margins (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3E5CE5A9785D7D22BB3C5C274D6D1F6E" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 E</figureCitation>
); labium trapezoidal, slightly wider than long, narrower distally than basally (Figs
<figureCitation id="03556882DEF8611BD961CEE615C00F7A" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2681829B4FBC4262053C4CA3F31FB55A" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 E</figureCitation>
). Pleural bars weakly sclerotised, isolated; sternum oval, longer than broad, widest at anterior of coxa II, anterior with two concave excavations at lateral corners of labium, surface smooth, sparsely covered in long curved setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1ABAC89FF9180EE1B4B97EF1CAD9C11C" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 C</figureCitation>
); precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites present between coxae I and II and II and III only. Leg formula 4123 or 1423, sparsely covered in long fine setae; legs I slightly swollen compared to others, with distinct convex dorsal and ventral surfaces (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7B99751AD5B53A7A7A695E558BC16ED1" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 D, I</figureCitation>
); all femora strongly constricted proximally; patellar indentation on retrolateral side narrow, with lyriform organ at proximal end (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9832453CC54240E1FDBEBAAC9ACC8C56" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17 H, I</figureCitation>
); tibiae to tarsi I and II densely scopulate ventrally, with ventral cusps in males on metatarsi and tarsi I at least, sometimes also on metatarsi II (Figs
<figureCitation id="E0A4D77B3A848AEC140C634B6A1F5E90" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD7DF35DAF15BAE25116DA4C612FBB55" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Namaquella samanthae sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM – embolus; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230790">20 A</figureCitation>
), absent on tibiae and in females; metatarsi III and IV with distal preening brush and comb ventrally (Figs
<figureCitation id="D0FE1D8773E620C04E5BDC50FCF35AC6" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 E, J</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E227DC2AA322C3BABDD502C5B1CB34D8" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A tibia I, lateral view B metatarsus I, lateral view C same, metatarsal stopper D metatarsus IV, metatarsal stopper and preening comb E tarsus I, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ F same, detail of tarsal organ G same, detail of claw tuft and claws, ventrolateral view H same, distolateral view I same, base of dorsal trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230788">18 D</figureCitation>
); metatarsi with short metatarsal stopper (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5E87237C55ADE8C1BFB0F5AD85F61F78" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A tibia I, lateral view B metatarsus I, lateral view C same, metatarsal stopper D metatarsus IV, metatarsal stopper and preening comb E tarsus I, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ F same, detail of tarsal organ G same, detail of claw tuft and claws, ventrolateral view H same, distolateral view I same, base of dorsal trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230788">18 D</figureCitation>
); tarsi with sparse tactile hairs, few dorsal trichobothria and chemosensory setae, tarsal organ at approximately ¾ tarsus length (Fig.
<figureCitation id="03A6E919697D23A2EBBDFA130B873C4A" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A tibia I, lateral view B metatarsus I, lateral view C same, metatarsal stopper D metatarsus IV, metatarsal stopper and preening comb E tarsus I, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ F same, detail of tarsal organ G same, detail of claw tuft and claws, ventrolateral view H same, distolateral view I same, base of dorsal trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230788">18 E</figureCitation>
), distinctly ovoid and rebordered, slightly elevated from integument, surface smooth, opening oval and distally placed (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9715A95F0BA58CBCA831DB0C8F42EC4B" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A tibia I, lateral view B metatarsus I, lateral view C same, metatarsal stopper D metatarsus IV, metatarsal stopper and preening comb E tarsus I, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ F same, detail of tarsal organ G same, detail of claw tuft and claws, ventrolateral view H same, distolateral view I same, base of dorsal trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230788">18 F</figureCitation>
); tarsal claws quite slender, with five teeth and dense tenant setae forming claw tufts in between (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C452141EB9551653938ED6C1E7DFDD71" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A tibia I, lateral view B metatarsus I, lateral view C same, metatarsal stopper D metatarsus IV, metatarsal stopper and preening comb E tarsus I, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ F same, detail of tarsal organ G same, detail of claw tuft and claws, ventrolateral view H same, distolateral view I same, base of dorsal trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230788">18 G, H</figureCitation>
); trichobothria with slightly lowered distal plate, distal margin of hood overlapping plate, hood with four curved ridges, roughly concentric (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DE9D904394E694BA1A7CDE6F25703CAE" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A tibia I, lateral view B metatarsus I, lateral view C same, metatarsal stopper D metatarsus IV, metatarsal stopper and preening comb E tarsus I, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ F same, detail of tarsal organ G same, detail of claw tuft and claws, ventrolateral view H same, distolateral view I same, base of dorsal trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230788">18 I</figureCitation>
). Abdomen oval, with dorsal scutum absent or present in males, absent in females; dorsum densely covered in long fine setae, with two pairs of distinct sigilla (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5CC8EA3EC217099C9ED071945DD019FE" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 A, F</figureCitation>
); venter without large sclerites or markings, sparsely covered in fine setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DE95AC10C18B7EDC2790C9B0F2B7840E" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 C, H</figureCitation>
). Spinnerets short, conical, in compact group, spigot detail not studied. Male palpal femora and patellae without apophyses; palpal tibiae with single simple retrolateral apophysis with pointed dorsal tip (Figs
<figureCitation id="82091A91407BEF9075E978EBC849B19E" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2ED376F59D9D8C91E2A85154CB98D5F1" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Namaquella samanthae sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM – embolus; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230790">20 C</figureCitation>
); tegulum simple, oval in ventral view, slightly narrower than cymbium, with simple slightly curved embolus originating distally (Figs
<figureCitation id="BAC12F32398A7EE7C54258C11051AD69" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="68F5642060AC6F828F869046464CC9E3" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Namaquella samanthae sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM – embolus; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230790">20 B</figureCitation>
). Female epigyne with central heart-shaped atrium, with copulatory openings positioned laterally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="912798AAAA810419B04BFF720C4ABA0E" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 D</figureCitation>
); copulatory ducts directed laterally, looping to anterolateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWUCI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
, with short connecting ducts leading to ovoid posterolateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1UCI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
, with fertilization ducts on their posteromesal surface (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4DE7DC5EBA6413C165C6348563B25C6A" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="B303CD9AD4739E308D9EA8B912121A02" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" ID-arpha="83516542-418B-5662-BA8C-4A6243BEA50A" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="838073FAB3AFF087ECFE5DEF87D0F1F1">
<label id="278CA5FB1040798279C4ADC0B38BF5E7">Figure 16.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39C7535781F26ABAC8C4E15CEFCF111A">
Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of
<taxonomicName id="45B96983A0E70C135085AF1ABA85CB1B" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2496DAAEB5E130DE8DDCD7873230C20D" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D7E52BC74CD4E53C3F96A24B5F90DDEB" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="4733F7C851948D19C71298B52AAE652C" bold="true">A – E</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="7F7757F67F54366B9E5AC10DB904E078" bold="true">F – J</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="8B0A0C5BA8D3197F6AD02A5AE9E2028A" bold="true">A, F</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis id="9124AFA4EDFDB7A4C28F76EA2FE6D725" bold="true">B, G</emphasis>
same, lateral view
<emphasis id="2E959FD7A410A414A450CDF49B3670AD" bold="true">C, H</emphasis>
same, ventral view
<emphasis id="EEB7B7E293A6B4027B84028AAF4783D7" bold="true">D, I</emphasis>
leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in
<emphasis id="E2FDE1A2FCC6C6C4362BF6580EEA0862" bold="true">D</emphasis>
indicating ventral cusps
<emphasis id="0FFCB1150E8404E289EFCC63DEEE69BF" bold="true">E, J</emphasis>
metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (
<emphasis id="F529B7E5C1AD8D49263D63A5BD6D591A" bold="true">A – C, F – H</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis id="1E88B0C935E770F96E589E30B99C933C" bold="true">D, E, I, J</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BC1FC97A9856103B54D6733CBF593B04" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" ID-arpha="7D5B6DC6-477C-5FC9-B412-F764FCCFD92C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787" startId="F17">
<paragraph id="3ED3B75CC6BA5297CBBE71652A1AAAAA">
<label id="68A17BF5814D72534225FD85595B8521">Figure 17.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E48D3827C966A04F7573C76E2567DEF9">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="3550736A64E58515282F949DAD289828" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="950326E590DEA06A56328101F6447D28" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0CE1550C6E9BBC9D48D50EF594ECB41E" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, subadult male
<emphasis id="61E79F9C9492289B9F11F7332E0BEDD3" bold="true">A</emphasis>
carapace, dorsal view
<emphasis id="C2043C016A835ADC0C3B2973B6BC99A4" bold="true">B</emphasis>
same, surface texture and setae
<emphasis id="A2F7F8B077EF4165B4040CA51578BC26" bold="true">C</emphasis>
eye region, dorsal view
<emphasis id="BCB9FB940D44EBE96D0FC864AB7A526F" bold="true">D</emphasis>
chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth
<emphasis id="019D3CDA211A2E07FEC752168C20A53E" bold="true">E</emphasis>
mouthparts
<emphasis id="B6AF285F5376751E856CA003716B35BB" bold="true">F</emphasis>
modified setae on posterior surface of paturon
<emphasis id="133B663057047B47216CEDA25126C0D5" bold="true">G</emphasis>
detail of serrula
<emphasis id="8EB6318C2ED2F0CDA4788C6F77FB7415" bold="true">H</emphasis>
patellar indentation, leg IV
<emphasis id="71F72AECB0CA8B870DC6AAB462AC5787" bold="true">I</emphasis>
same, detail of lyriform organ.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="12791BF930EB366D0BD4295EC84C8DB8" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure18" ID-arpha="168A6AB7-49EB-54A6-B2D4-5A7827FA46BB" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230788" startId="F18">
<paragraph id="263625A8099151375921A662A457456D">
<label id="DF50A344BE09B6C88EDFD250A0C54DB5">Figure 18.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CA79CAC488C2BB3C88569F55F5C24D1">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="0A7EFD64B4281E3B41395692B767388B" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2F0704E201A5BA6E69EF8505DBFB5829" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75625E10D9AD2DBFC7FA3C75F20E32BA" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, subadult male
<emphasis id="8370C962ACB21D579100753F84D56A8E" bold="true">A</emphasis>
tibia I, lateral view
<emphasis id="F7976B05BF664E1CEFE20E09BAE3D82F" bold="true">B</emphasis>
metatarsus I, lateral view
<emphasis id="B16ED7F1F201012D612976FF53CF5D7F" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, metatarsal stopper
<emphasis id="97BB1FA4607383F05F3D623CBD43BC66" bold="true">D</emphasis>
metatarsus IV, metatarsal stopper and preening comb
<emphasis id="6AB9516A70FE0FDA19327F428EE7201C" bold="true">E</emphasis>
tarsus I, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ
<emphasis id="559C97916BD1E68AD2C2EFB4D9B6A15D" bold="true">F</emphasis>
same, detail of tarsal organ
<emphasis id="58D97740F51BB143DB12C1E78F702A3A" bold="true">G</emphasis>
same, detail of claw tuft and claws, ventrolateral view
<emphasis id="5B54AD0D516EA45A57352DDE80F02935" bold="true">H</emphasis>
same, distolateral view
<emphasis id="602EF01709CCCE27E746B190A73DADA9" bold="true">I</emphasis>
same, base of dorsal trichobothrium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="93F2BB0255DB592EB72D8CFB7646A9EC" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" ID-arpha="40C6FF81-629C-5F08-AB3A-70F1A69948A1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789" startId="F19">
<paragraph id="B61F1F669169780DBFDCDFC24E7080B4">
<label id="30EAFA43CEEACCF14994347863C5D7E3">Figure 19.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12BE1C7C12D3185D08E40EE21A6817AA">
<taxonomicName id="02A8D226C8A251A7B48F890415C1D3FD" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="75DE74028D32EB35DD96C7DE23C88C0F" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A12B2A06A4537FE9BE97A52BA1A0BA88" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="C6202E2782244B5D4AF14FE784A0530A" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="BE0E6A15937FBFA01D3330027F9F65AD" bold="true">D, E</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="5695970E2EB4C0DAD08C4167278D0EC8" bold="true">A</emphasis>
schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II
<emphasis id="8DDAE30D543939DDC81E8A35C733165E" bold="true">B</emphasis>
palp, ventral view
<emphasis id="11332633AF9E12A41B43D1E44CBD0343" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, retrolateral view
<emphasis id="4B2B016E1147FDCD31DADF22EA2C1E12" bold="true">D</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view
<emphasis id="824B6002791DF1CDDBC4616D265BD2D2" bold="true">E</emphasis>
same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ED1CI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
– retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EH1CI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
– primary spermatheca;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EL1CI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
– secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EU1CI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2D67F09F8C60AE929889CF41B7DE04C5">
<heading id="AA5FBB4B4519707755CBA319249138EF" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F6102C1919FAB93D0A2506FE76AAE4FF">
The name is derived from the Namaqualand region in arid western
<collectingCountry id="B18922938354FBEE389275012A9C0F3C" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, from which the
<typeStatus id="F27FBC362E3A20103B64F5B97DF089C3">type</typeStatus>
species originates. Gender feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZ1CI" type="Composition">
<paragraph id="25E8CB94DA11355634667A2F8CAE853B">
<heading id="46441AE647FBF48BD8EB6E4BD483A965" reason="title">Composition.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2CF8322EC59F2D45E6582F6D54CF73C0">
Two species,
<taxonomicName id="D9A95D69D79FA8F048BBD41AED055C40" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="945C948F526768AB5BC956A271E1DF1A" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="41FA2AD4CAA197A70BC97C0AA53D1FB3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="FC20CA22DD5F3B43152CF48E39067298" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="41AC7E59821C8729908073BFDBC40C3F" italics="true">N. samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ED66573309FB86D6EDDA38B840DC9727" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

459
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<mods:title id="E72AD1DD9006AA0AB7439C20323C0BC6">And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="2884A3BA6499E8B2F9F708EA019906E7">Department of Zoology &amp; Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="9F20C58EE10F3770DECFFA3AE0E7AF99" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D080A5912E134D0001DAAED0DFF57EC5">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B180EDD95DE0789A5636976B75631" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0D814DAB17C66A5F006D03A69B7CF816" italics="true">Foordana flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9C570FBD6A8DF34C41D3020DEF137CDC" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DEC8096247C8B753ED9E9912D6D2AD1E" type="description">
<paragraph id="61A946CF61EA80C50026BC0412E93407">
<figureCitation id="FAA52B917CD1EF7464E36CE37DA95FAB" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">Figs 9 A, B, E, I</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="698F0C3AC7C08A925D706F39ECE9E292" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4LAI" type="material">
<paragraph id="1A81D53B62E01472A5378D4F4529CF46">
<heading id="DF6A3EE8B9D49568FF260212DB761173" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA6B1B06B5F6E7AC662771D2A8BF92FD">
<materialsCitation id="7B5BF191634A1341F36A8AEDF65FBC0A" collectingDate="2001-10-28" collectionCode="NMBA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" elevation="1275" latitude="-28.861383" location="Farm Hopefield" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="26.163134" municipality="Bloemfontein district" specimenCode="NMBA 19613" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="EE5C65B19D074EB211388F9F18BDB64A" bold="true">
<emphasis id="69EA0C8526DF51D6AF9ABA7B017BAA60" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="9B8D6592D3D3C1BCB93B48793116935B" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="652B7AED1612790C42E3A80511048DD9" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="51914BAFEC1C720DF5ACEA70EC49FAE0" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="E0112C9C4F2A8F807380C61DCD5C7776" country="South Africa" name="Free State">Free State Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="1E88C2B57F02645924092A3014AD8660">Bloemfontein district</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="24F7F6756CF2D0AAE1B794149CFBEFD8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:301FF2BAC0185A6AAF635802E403BD69:24F7F6756CF2D0AAE1B794149CFBEFD8" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.861383" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="26.163134" municipality="Bloemfontein district" name="Farm Hopefield" stateProvince="Free State">Farm Hopefield</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ELMAI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[26.163133,-28.861383]}">
<geoCoordinate id="BACBD8FAF5734A61D411508C6F9D40BB" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="51.683" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.861383">28 ° 51.683 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="00FB7B8D570D7AABA1E95C5C6611F0D2" degrees="26" direction="east" minutes="09.788" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="26.163134">26 ° 09.788 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="E171214EEE9101AD6B4A444E3E8778FE" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" unit="m" value="1275.0">
<quantity id="6F20A88A4EEA38E035B4B677ED17B19F" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" unit="m" value="1275.0">1275 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="F30982F77EB5D8D1BDAC38F804B74AAE" value="2001-10-28">
<collectingDate id="268B58512977D409AEF672C6A6C81AB4" value="2001-10-28">28 Oct. 2001</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="64F2BB98C3D5DCD7969ACC839A96BC84">C. Haddad</collectorName>
leg.;
<taxonomicName id="C4AA21C631B5A311FDAD175E255286CB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9A9DBA277B16902F25AF7819B7184CD" italics="true">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bark;
<specimenCode id="9A255C0CE9B33C7996AE0852B9F53700" collectionCode="NMBA" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EXMAI" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">NMBA</abbrev>
19613
</specimenCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2EEC674330DC9A9D3571F6672A74C54F">
<emphasis id="8CED123007568F51EFE720C9018FDFFB" bold="true">
<emphasis id="333D76EDF3EA06F2A5F7A5A5F55C09F4" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="ACA76EB64D621A1664AE7827840A768C" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="05D0A7F77A5A62425A572D168CBDE44A" count="2" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
; together with
<typeStatus id="C806E3B6CC1F3788D839E9D722541DD2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EDNAI" type="material">
<paragraph id="E1C17033F6BD6B902D328A3139F3FD68">
<heading id="75447B10B0E0B5EEC174F3FC1DE2930F" reason="title">Other material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5BB4346999E4D62061DA23BDF822CB49">
<materialsCitation id="C3DD93DEC4DC1226D00EE84DF223A547" collectingDate="2006-03-11" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" county="Harrismith" elevation="2215" latitude="-28.252266" location="Platberg" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="29.165966" municipality="Platberg Nature Reserve" specimenCode="NCA 2006" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Free State">
<collectingCountry id="19AABD680CEC9F29CF57E0588FDC729A" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="A5D304E017BB4094077E8602A26446B7" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="8F329B64744BEAA55DD526FB75BE44B6" country="South Africa" name="Free State">Free State Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingCounty id="98B225477B9C876081B11D8CB6930C9F">Harrismith</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="DBF63BAD73495CE516342AAF6E704089">Platberg Nature Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="059D735295CD4F75031DFDD5C7ADA721" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:301FF2BAC0185A6AAF635802E403BD69:059D735295CD4F75031DFDD5C7ADA721" country="South Africa" county="Harrismith" latitude="-28.252266" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="29.165966" municipality="Platberg Nature Reserve" name="Platberg" stateProvince="Free State">Platberg</location>
, near cross;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EMNAI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[29.165967,-28.252267]}">
<geoCoordinate id="0EEF74A7FA3E7F2CD1DBF4FECF64F5D3" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="15.136" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.252266">28 ° 15.136 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9F299B7C6B4A0F225913DD7265EF602A" degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="09.958" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="29.165966">29 ° 09.958 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="5F9F49E4665C201063131FDBACF13748" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.215" unit="m" value="2215.0">
<quantity id="FB62F4D189D9DB847D96C6E6FF9C9792" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.215" unit="m" value="2215.0">2215 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="5A5344D90415ACE06DEAE47A57CB90A3" value="2006-03-11">
<collectingDate id="AEA4CC51EDA029229B780B80D9332ABD" value="2006-03-11">11 Mar. 2006</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="8796E10CA98001BEA030EE894490A1C0">C. Haddad</collectorName>
leg.; under rocks, mountainside;
<specimenCode id="D825234C4814A1C2CC85EA1557FFEE2E" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ERNAI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2006
</specimenCode>
/ 863
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWNAI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="86D8BAD67F10854AE8515F3620CF0DAC">
<heading id="4227B35DE4DC5D8AC1483236F3E191AE" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27B594C39E95F76716C5D737FF1942BB">
The male of this species can be recognised from congeners by the lack of ventral leg cusps on the anterior legs and the short broad
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3NAI" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="55E3691621DE63FD1F7EFC904EC62117" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 B</figureCitation>
), which is longer in
<taxonomicName id="1E919C69F99E0262538458CD441C0395" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E6705E988C24977726047BF7520FA2BC" italics="true">F. distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3089DC6FBA98A8FC1585A52DD7DBB922" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="C354F1CB6C2B1F4551785BF84B586B68" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BC2FA45755980BA91F8905F19D7C0286" italics="true">F. kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4B26E653E7554C9F24A315866E0E419B" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="58D17F999142DAB7187D4C98EF99117C" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="64E9D5C279A3D8216B4AE7DA05AA0813" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Foordana kasouga sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781">11 C</figureCitation>
). The female can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="C9D136E08BE6702CAE8CAB2D7A2C4BB7" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1865799E2A17209098AC59F385456384" italics="true">F. distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="21780C73A6F83401298D4E6656EE9903" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by the strongly spiralled copulatory duct and small anterior secondary spermathecae, which are short and straight, and large, respectively, in the latter species (cf. Figs
<figureCitation id="1E402C79C3B9DC3811BFB7BF1B3AC113" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 D</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="F3CFB66A8064C6A95D1197FC76AE7591" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 E</figureCitation>
). Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="8D0C1189396CD399FDC40F8FD8B248CE" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="879F648B1B32D1EBAF1B3AF0ECA2AC90" italics="true">F. flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D38D265445A38E4B490428226A06FE0F" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has a median hood in the epigyne (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BE4B5A24320412C16CF44D94C8A3D918" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 C</figureCitation>
), whereas
<taxonomicName id="A1E7D649A3571FDC2ED966356F4A0C34" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BA477C25522E95D2A25D590D7F66452B" italics="true">F. distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9E1AECD0BD982F2A9B5CF146343BB098" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
does not (Fig.
<figureCitation id="41B5CB14603E93588FC0C80362DDC7AF" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ETQAI" type="description">
<paragraph id="2BFBA7F4DDC4CCB1A8DF63A42E372076">
<heading id="9173C3B356EBA55FC15DB1BCFEFF2071" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="869079A39166CE4AD1A04E0110E64372">
Male (
<typeStatus id="63E932A70F1B710387760237A20B8466" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Hopefield,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EZQAI" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="B4173B54D4C05C93A5A7455E98476898" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">NMBA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
19613): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5QAI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
2.27,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECRAI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
1.91,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGRAI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
2.45,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKRAI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
1.77,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EORAI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
4.72,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESRAI" xlink_title="fovea length">FL</abbrev>
0.18,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWRAI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
1.20,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1RAI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
1.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5RAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECSAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.07,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGSAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKSAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.04,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOSAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESSAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.38,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWSAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1SAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.14,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5SAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECTAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.13,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGTAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKTAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.61,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOTAI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESTAI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.30,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWTAI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.37, L 0.33. Length of leg segments: I 1.90 + 1.02 + 1.53 + 1.20 + 0.62 = 6.27; II 1.57 + 0.78 + 1.56 + 1.03 + 0.60 = 5.54; III 1.21 + 0.64 + 0.88 + 0.98 + 0.45 = 4.16; IV 1.65 + 0.85 + 1.43 + 1.55 + 0.60 = 6.08. Carapace orange-brown, sightly paler on posterior slope (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5D7FA4DB0C433247B01645549C0202C2" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 A</figureCitation>
); surface finely wrinkled; fovea short, distinct, at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5TAI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
.
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECUAI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
very slightly procurved, almost straight; clypeus height equal to 1 ⅛
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGUAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKUAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
very slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOUAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESUAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to ⅗ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWUAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1UAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by distance equal to ⅓
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5UAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECVAI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGVAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKVAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOVAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to slightly more than ¾ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESVAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWVAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance equal to
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1VAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
diameter. Chelicerae orange-brown, anterior surface covered with scattered long, fine setae, denser mesally; promargin with three slightly separated teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with three adjacent teeth on common base, decreasing in size distally; endites and labium slightly paler. Sternum bright yellow, orange-brown at borders, with faint mottling laterally between coxal pairs; surface smooth, covered with scattered short, fine setae. Abdomen oval, broadest at half its length; dark grey dorsally, with narrow cream stripe along midline in anterior half, fading posteriorly (Fig.
<figureCitation id="142D32E90943B59BBA4F6F3694DB211E" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 A</figureCitation>
); dorsal scutum weakly sclerotized, yellow-brown, covering most of dorsum; two pairs of indistinct sigilla present, at ¼ and ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECWAI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
; sides dark grey; slightly paler ventrally, with two paired lines of tiny sclerites from epigastric furrow to spinnerets. Legs I pale yellow-brown, II – IV uniform yellow; ventral cusps absent on anterior legs; tibia I and II and all metatarsi and tarsi densely scopulate. Palp (Figs
<figureCitation id="09B1840569F73861EF550AD2B2081AE5" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="97AAC351EAE7B4282558719932556253" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 A, B</figureCitation>
) yellow-brown; tegulum oval, broadest medially; embolus originating prolaterally and proximally, long and slender, running along prolateral margin of tegulum, with tip directed at 1 o’clock;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOWAI" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
subtriangular, with sharp tip angled inwards in ventral view;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESWAI" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
very short and broad, subtriangular in lateral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95199159061E3A4FF1194F8EC20E021F">
Female (
<typeStatus id="143642D7238F137A935229882D25879A" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, Hopefield,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EYWAI" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="DB17E7D005FE0D0C8757C29EF37D42DE" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">NMBA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
19613): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4WAI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
1.80,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBXAI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
1.58,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFXAI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
2.10,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJXAI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
1.52,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENXAI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
4.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERXAI" xlink_title="fovea length">FL</abbrev>
0.13,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVXAI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
1.12,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZXAI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
0.98,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4XAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBYAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.06,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFYAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJYAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.02,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENYAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERYAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.30,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVYAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZYAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.11,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4YAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBZAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.11,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFZAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJZAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.51
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENZAI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERZAI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.28,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVZAI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.32, L 0.29. Length of leg segments: I 1.50 + 0.84 + 1.04 + 0.98 + 0.58 = 4.94; II 1.25 + 0.71 + 0.91 + 0.80 + 0.47 = 4.14; III 0.92 + 0.54 + 0.60 + 0.80 + 0.48 = 3.34; IV 1.75 + 0.80 + 1.42 + 1.52 + 0.59 = 6.08. Carapace yellow-brown, paler on posterior slope (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D4F2853007B5AF52F98475357CCB80B3" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 B</figureCitation>
); surface finely wrinkled, sparsely covered in short straight setae; fovea short, distinct, at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4ZAI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
.
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB1AI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
slightly procurved, almost straight; clypeus height equal to distance approximately ¾
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF1AI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ1AI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
very slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN1AI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER1AI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance slightly larger than ½ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV1AI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ1AI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by distance equal to ¼
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E41AI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB2AI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF2AI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ2AI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN2AI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER2AI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV2AI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance equal to
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ2AI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
diameter. Chelicerae yellow-brown, anterior surface covered with scattered long, fine setae; labium and endites slightly paler. Sternum creamy-yellow, with yellow-brown borders; surface finely wrinkled, covered with scattered short, fine setae. Abdomen oval, broadest medially, dark grey dorsally and laterally, slightly paler ventrally; two pairs of brown to grey sigilla, first pair at ¼
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E42AI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
and second pair just posterior to midpoint of abdomen. Legs with all femora creamy-yellow, remaining segments all pale yellow-brown, anterior legs slightly darker. Epigyne (Figs
<figureCitation id="BC62FC21D1EFA2B36FB9458F89D7C58F" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 I</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DC43B9834D5119C6149CB5650DC88A5B" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 C, D</figureCitation>
) with large, back-to-back C-shaped atria, with copulatory openings positioned anteromedially in them; small arched hood between atria; copulatory duct initially directed anteriorly, forming single spiralling loop before entering small transverse finger-shaped
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ3AI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
; connecting ducts running mesally from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN3AI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
, diverging posteriorly before entering globose
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER3AI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
, with short duct leading to fertilization ducts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EV3AI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="4891A912F313BC8EA4B8B34A60A60380">
<heading id="0B3A1096268B4FB81BFE19702C50635B" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0304897E11D37A1B18244008342AA2E7">
This species is a contraction of the Latin
<emphasis id="E2854638952684C787D092D5E910827E" italics="true">flavus</emphasis>
(yellow) and
<emphasis id="111C2ABB4EDA38F8C5F54B9F04A82CC2" italics="true">poda</emphasis>
(legs), referring to the colouration of the legs of both sexes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E63AI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AD51E5572110453962344B4BABCF81DA">
<heading id="F48AE8D9CB0F62BC36AFDA3188E5F785" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73DA85298988B7E8A8237A871FED2DE5">
Only known from two localities in central South African grasslands (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BD50913F0F4334A69CCC920D72ABD989" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Distribution of Foordana distincta sp. nov. (black circles), F. flavipoda sp. nov. (white circles), F. kasouga (black triangles), Foordana sp. Zimbabwe (white triangle), Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. (black square), Namaquella arida sp. nov. (white square), N. samanthae sp. nov. (black star), Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov. (white star) and Rukuluk sp. Tembe (white pentagon) in southern Africa." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230782">12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EJ4AI" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="9A51CE00231E94FB6111F0A9A7BE1560">
<heading id="DE41DB6A7A0A66712469E64DF542AB89" reason="title">Remark.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5FF5618394FED54EE8CBCEE36ADA4D7F">
The placement of this species in
<taxonomicName id="E73F46E4FC59EDC833E39AA9364CACB2" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="22894FBB61AB8A713698BD8D10C70989" italics="true">Foordana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2412FB8693E8EAF3BE28E4ED2D2DE6FC" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is tentative, as the lack of leg cusps in males, position of the sperm duct in the male palpal tegulum and the presence of a small hood in the female epigyne differ from the
<typeStatus id="4DDA60F36C0D5567B53114E7C97E7206">type</typeStatus>
species. Furthermore, the condition of the
<typeStatus id="8013330D83952E9CB756098C1D28D3BE">type</typeStatus>
material is not ideal, as the specimens are somewhat damaged and may have lost some of their colouration. As such, finding fresh material and incorporating sequence data into future analyses will be an essential step in resolving its placement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="C38A84A3EDE591D6883488A785F61DE2">
<taxonomicName id="A82DCE8018607AFECE7D8E69C7D2A644" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9B30F506160760FE0622A0E429CB2DA8" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9AEFC668A1A998E30D58FFB298D9158F" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="DB9B911A5A1A7561739799FC430A0B8E" type="description">
<paragraph id="75D38D27B7D8E72DFAFE52B096217049">
<figureCitation id="1068397B83F3A0765121D2C50ED789A6" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">Figs 21</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="33571CAD01BAAE3010EC4480E9CE1A0F" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F186600D6C68FEEBB68EBECB600F128C" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7CE2C7674762196EE8466625173F4C83" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – H) and female (I). A tibia I, ventral view B same, prolateral view C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, prolateral view, arrow indicating distal slit sensillium E tarsus I, ventral view F same, prolateral view G tibia II, lateral view, black arrows indicating ovoid sensory pores (H) I metatarsus IV, stopper and distal comb / brush." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230794">24</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8ECACFE7F6282FDE32E2EA699C93163E" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2D17D3024950809193FBF63248D2C686" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="21BC0414E9C6EC0852EF87CB2D9AA0C7" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="81FEE21AA63989BFBC2400BC25EBAB62" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Rukuluk gramineus female paratypes, epigynes in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C, D) views examined under compound microscope A intact uncleared epigyne B cleared epigyne C, D cleared epigyne stained with crystal blue, slightly diluted in D. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230798">28</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ESVAK" type="material">
<paragraph id="617E0A66F8CF798809B21C28E5C3648B">
<heading id="02F307E805F4F3301008BB26E7BB1D94" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89DE240BB6BDDD7F7AE34D02E7E1CEBD">
<materialsCitation id="FEEE9B99EC7F23521BB5A3DB3EF44392" collectingDate="2023-03-23" collectionCode="NMBA" collectorName="C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen" country="South Africa" elevation="1210" latitude="-28.578133" location="Brulsand" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.462816" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" specimenCode="NMBA 18616" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="60937D1E9C7EC05CF267C9270A60B92D" bold="true">
<emphasis id="AFEE6F1110977CFE50701404629EA826" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="D59017E1AA8882553315F6679FB2AD48" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="EA677E386A448E2E4F082A49F085B057" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="D29D15D4CBB8F37DAFD88C1AEBAA43A7" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="1CB172BB9F37C772313FA180BB616E03" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape">Northern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="69B1F7EDFB92BF3FCEB7C30832865D30">Witsand Nature Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="55496ED78AAA8907CD2FEB668541DA95" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:31A6F7D6081B53F88A57571A26AA459A:55496ED78AAA8907CD2FEB668541DA95" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.578133" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.462816" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" name="Brulsand" stateProvince="Northern Cape">Brulsand</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EAWAK" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[22.462817,-28.578133]}">
<geoCoordinate id="13993F6699F29921D90FAF361C7D1C5C" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="34.688" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.578133">28 ° 34.688 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="FEE7D8E4C4F3CEA7A4706E17D65EFD96" degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="27.769" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.462816">22 ° 27.769 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="039D282E7B6D5424B0F66A502049A400" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" unit="m" value="1210.0">
<quantity id="85A5EB7D7B4040809106EF28D7B82627" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" unit="m" value="1210.0">1210 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="1C62F567259D6166C755E0AAD1E3FF14" value="2023-03-23">
<collectingDate id="7602FD5038F368150D7D405D221A7165" value="2023-03-23">23 Mar. 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="B91F7370C0192F4397C9DAA4146CE82B">C. Haddad</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="092D35EC7C93C5D6ED3B8B415744C3C1">R. Booysen</collectorName>
leg.; grass tussocks on sand dunes;
<specimenCode id="43F98A074A17EB07E07946B1C28FF8B0" collectionCode="NMBA" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EFWAK" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">NMBA</abbrev>
18616
</specimenCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="58A92E001E12C12F6AC2F4CF32455CDD">
<materialsCitation id="B4B6593365173E12479B0B231EA8D2B7" country="South Africa" location="South Africa" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B6040994F084077FB8C5463F2249096D" bold="true">
<emphasis id="4DE6F26CDC8AE7BB1C1DDBC27106E714" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="9CEB09E99521CA49F50234F569680BCA" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="436288D06802BCD52E244E9DF9B6C0AA" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="6AFE388688CB4A08403346BB16833CB6" collectionCode="NMBA" country="South Africa" specimenCode="NMBA 18616" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="A9CE34A88B025D774F784B73695A0F4A" count="2" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
; together with
<typeStatus id="06BDCC806F603B68942CE1861A6AE27C" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="FCBE9A3E2BA6C1388DBCF8FF5AA1B337" collectionCode="NMBA" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ERWAK" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">NMBA</abbrev>
18616
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="8EE0796CA56B004363F904E948458E38" collectingDate="2023-03-25" collectionCode="NMBA" collectorName="C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen" country="South Africa" elevation="1225" latitude="-28.559732" location="Viewing Point" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.4928" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" specimenCode="NMBA 18636" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="C47DA2D4BCB9185D9E15487FEC240C63" count="1" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="14CBC8F8E45BF892AF81C52C50A161FD" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="6B87BC9EF35D273C6429C675F7FD8A21" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape">Northern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="83130D2552AB13B0D926309D756650B3">Witsand Nature Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="84D57411D115A92C3DBA616515666337" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:31A6F7D6081B53F88A57571A26AA459A:84D57411D115A92C3DBA616515666337" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.559732" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.4928" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" name="Viewing Point" stateProvince="Northern Cape">Viewing Point</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EZWAK" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[22.492800,-28.559733]}">
<geoCoordinate id="7F4AD38A542A1F0816113F78BFEF0C1F" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="33.584" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.559732">28 ° 33.584 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F675D66151CE79BC22CE9966FAE0A358" degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="29.568" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.4928">22 ° 29.568 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="B993BE84158A1768A57F5110A7F96782" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" unit="m" value="1225.0">
<quantity id="F4602282DF1D05D77E0A82C1075088D8" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" unit="m" value="1225.0">1225 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="66EC45822A6083354CA156E4D72AAB10" value="2023-03-25">
<collectingDate id="DC97D3DE68A64A2435B25D290EA9B150" value="2023-03-25">25 Mar. 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="3EBD351194EF591822DBB1F9080AA556">C. Haddad</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="597FEFABFB5B19C337316CABF4D35F0D">R. Booysen</collectorName>
leg; grass tussocks on sand dunes;
<specimenCode id="5100A50FFF38AA530C140513FA2793EE" collectionCode="NMBA" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0E5WAK" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">NMBA</abbrev>
18636
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="4AE96F26FD9FF586350E2E72C692C26D" collectingDate="2023-03-25" collectionCode="NMBA" collectorName="C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen" country="South Africa" elevation="1195" latitude="-28.562883" location="Rest Camp" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.484917" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" specimenCode="NMBA 18661" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="C9C1A9A2C4CBEAE4536BC90881FB31AC" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="EED4BCD16792D4768812C5A1E85441BA">Witsand Nature Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="E0CBB1B868213EFE485270AC76403C8B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:31A6F7D6081B53F88A57571A26AA459A:E0CBB1B868213EFE485270AC76403C8B" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.562883" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.484917" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" name="Rest Camp" stateProvince="Northern Cape">Rest Camp</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EGXAK" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[22.484917,-28.562883]}">
<geoCoordinate id="9FEAB06A6D743DB6D1CA7ECBEE673081" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="33.773" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.562883">28 ° 33.773 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3E45AF2867647A77F10E869E69749609" degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="29.095" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.484917">22 ° 29.095 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="4D17B934A1A26A31D61F55941A631370" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1949999999999998" unit="m" value="1195.0">
<quantity id="C284B5B3F91BA32EB8618EB956E6EBD6" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1949999999999998" unit="m" value="1195.0">1195 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="968228D72AE74C8761C9E047610FDC63" value="2023-03-25">
<collectingDate id="BB99B4CC32123420EA37CDE0653A3732" value="2023-03-25">25 Mar. 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="CBAAB58E0E50AF842DA78D92F00022DF">C. Haddad</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="C6D0712A3D400340D39A542F818FF2C1">R. Booysen</collectorName>
leg.; grass tussocks, woodland;
<specimenCode id="D863BB5D053CFC2821067115106EBECC" collectionCode="NMBA" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ELXAK" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">NMBA</abbrev>
18661
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="E06BC2F451316E368D37F22F9287324F" collectingDate="2023-03-25" collectionCode="NMBA" collectorName="C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen" country="South Africa" elevation="1195" latitude="-28.562883" location="Rest Camp" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.484917" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="E52285869074BD5D18E8037EBA4ABDC1" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for preceding; MACN
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EQXAK" type="material">
<paragraph id="DAD5E59EA105EFA8A3BCD3AE5182A9B9">
<heading id="1736FF13236A56B271D3F4E81D69A1D0" reason="title">Other material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9EED5EC0822D838D8E38FD1168DE0228">
<materialsCitation id="73F0033F83101B6B56268F4A325A52DC" collectingDate="2023-03-25" collectorName="C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen" country="South Africa" elevation="1195" latitude="-28.562883" location="Rest Camp" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.484917" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape">
<collectingCountry id="1308C9EA8D35787E683C4623A0987D78" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="09C1B8CB4676B74E7725B26F2D60B4B7" count="1" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="5BEAC79FBC847D8B62DDB238E7D2136E" count="2" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="2CAEE510DC5016FE869C48DF5B3149B4" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape">Northern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="52A94EDF5313523BF8583EEE4821DB29">Witsand Nature Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="642F175C2CF475270C0A5B507D050BBD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:31A6F7D6081B53F88A57571A26AA459A:642F175C2CF475270C0A5B507D050BBD" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.562883" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.484917" municipality="Witsand Nature Reserve" name="Rest Camp" stateProvince="Northern Cape">Rest Camp</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EZXAK" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[22.484917,-28.562883]}">
<geoCoordinate id="B14FF51A8D9F3F5BA42B2A72CFD6A890" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="33.773" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.562883">28 ° 33.773 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1E880DE73F026433CDF0F6F56E2FD38F" degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="29.095" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.484917">22 ° 29.095 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="8F7221DCA0F5A4D3567FC5E6682BC285" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1949999999999998" unit="m" value="1195.0">
<quantity id="8CCFEB7033766E02AF66D136BBDBEEC1" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1949999999999998" unit="m" value="1195.0">1195 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="25A0171BFC0A5978BAEC68BB091B87CD" value="2023-03-25">
<collectingDate id="BC71B6EE13846EF5106ECAF3BE4FBCF7" value="2023-03-25">25 Mar. 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="4ADC08F77B881B65C2B7AB44899CB02E">C. Haddad</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="C0120E19DA806274B52654D96BEFC9C0">R. Booysen</collectorName>
leg.; grass tussocks, woodland; S. E. M. preparations
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5XAK" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="2615CA0D3EF32E32FD42D4897068529E">
<heading id="1FC7E5E76A625E28EA68E5F85555F33D" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9784408EEEE8F14D3FF8FE139DCF9829">As for the genus diagnosis.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EDYAK" type="description">
<paragraph id="FE19CC3D66128EEDFFBADD5F90F37163">
<heading id="11DE12C94558B8D3F4172B256BCD1D45" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="847599A1D43635AB290B262228F6C7D0">
Male (
<typeStatus id="82906411B1D4A9107307584E93731634" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Witsand,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EJYAK" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="A030C946BB2DC07D6C0B0686508881E9" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">NMBA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
18616): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOYAK" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
1.53,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESYAK" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
1.20,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWYAK" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
1.72,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1YAK" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.96,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5YAK" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
3.06,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECZAK" xlink_title="fovea length">FL</abbrev>
0.10,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGZAK" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
1.36,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKZAK" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
1.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOZAK" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESZAK" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWZAK" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1ZAK" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.02,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5ZAK" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EC1AK" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.23,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EG1AK" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EK1AK" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.08,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EO1AK" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ES1AK" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EW1AK" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E11AK" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.38,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E51AK" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EC2AK" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.24,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EG2AK" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.26, L 0.25. Length of leg segments: I 1.30 + 0.62 + 1.13 + 0.90 + 0.45 = 4.40; II 1.07 + 0.51 + 0.88 + 0.77 + 0.42 = 3.65; III 0.70 + 0.41 + 0.50 + 0.63 + 0.33 = 2.57; IV 1.15 + 0.52 + 1.02 + 1.05 + 0.40 = 4.14. Carapace bright yellow-orange, with black mottled pentagonal marking in front of fovea (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9A154BF7F1C46A3ED1EFC9D6D5EBC20B" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 A</figureCitation>
); fovea short and broad, distinct, at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EO2AK" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
. For eye arrangement see genus description. Chelicerae pale orange-brown, anterior and lateral surfaces covered with short, fine setae with small tuberculate bases; promargin with two slightly separated teeth, proximal tooth largest; retromargin with two larger subequal teeth placed closed together; endites and labium yellow-brown. Sternum creamy-yellow, yellow-brown at borders; surface smooth, covered with short, fine setae; precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites only between coxae I and II and II and III. Abdomen oval, broadest at ⅖ its length; creamy-grey dorsally, with large scutum covering most of dorsum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2F4E4AD922FC06786E8A8C16E8AD5DEA" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 A</figureCitation>
); two pairs of distinct sigilla present, at ¼ and ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EW2AK" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
; sides and venter mottled creamy-grey (Fig.
<figureCitation id="746BE7032AAD0DC3EA47F94649F4C7B3" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 B, C</figureCitation>
), with two paired lines of indistinct tiny sclerites from epigastric furrow to spinnerets. Legs creamy-yellow, tibiae I with black mottling intensifying distally, metatarsi I black, tarsi I yellow-brown, with faint black mottling; leg II slightly darker than legs III and IV; numerous ventral cusps present on metatarsi and tarsi I and II. Palp (Figs
<figureCitation id="B6210ED194CC20CD8B8996648F127AA5" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 K – N</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="658062F9DBF2ECB0352A10AB0CAE6BB4" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5A19A356015194866053FC034666F53F" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 B, C</figureCitation>
) brown; tegulum broadly V-shaped, narrower proximally and broader distally; embolus very long, originating retrolaterally, forming a broad membranous ribbon in its basal section, curving once around tegulum transversely on palpal axis, gradually narrowing to a C-shaped membranous midsection, rapidly narrowing to long, slender, looping whip-like distal section with the tip directed ventrally; ventral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EK3AK" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
thumb-like, with rounded tip; dorsal
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EO3AK" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
long, slender, slightly curved distally, closely associated with retrobasal cymbial groove (Figs
<figureCitation id="F0ECFF1A29B085934919B989B3B74051" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="EC98C9905D2AC36C4110D2C99F7C3D13" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24E1297C867C8750DF5F147D8A7A6C68">
Female (
<typeStatus id="93E0B9DD583F66627D075169BE832019" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, Witsand,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0E33AK" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="31ABAE607D548A6F8E9F1579355C6234" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">NMBA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
18661): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB4AK" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
1.27,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF4AK" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
1.06,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ4AK" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
1.93,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN4AK" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
1.15,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER4AK" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
3.20,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV4AK" xlink_title="fovea length">FL</abbrev>
0.11,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ4AK" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
1.40,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E44AK" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
1.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB5AK" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF5AK" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ5AK" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN5AK" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.02,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER5AK" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV5AK" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.21,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ5AK" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E45AK" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.08,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB6AK" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF6AK" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ6AK" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN6AK" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.37,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER6AK" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV6AK" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.22,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ6AK" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.27, L 0.23. Length of leg segments: I 1.12 + 0.57 + 0.92 + 0.70 + 0.40 = 3.71; II 0.95 + 0.50 + 0.70 + 0.61 + 0.36 = 3.12; III 0.62 + 0.38 + 0.48 + 0.55 + 0.29 = 2.32; IV 1.10 + 0.51 + 0.97 + 0.98 + 0.36 = 3.92. Carapace yellow, with faint black mottled marking in front of fovea (Fig.
<figureCitation id="77CEED8D694B97919D11FBF745AE20B0" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 F</figureCitation>
); fovea short and broad, distinct, at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBABK" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
. For eye arrangement see genus description. Chelicerae yellow-brown, anterior and lateral surfaces covered with short, fine setae with small tuberculate bases; dentition as in male; endites and labium pale creamy-yellow. Sternum cream, yellow-brown at borders; surface smooth, covered with short, fine setae; precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites only between coxae I and II. Abdomen oval, broadest at ⅖ its length; mottled creamy-grey dorsally, without scutum, with traces of faint medial grey line (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9C6CAE0344EC24B74CDAB18608CB83AA" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 F</figureCitation>
); two pairs of indistinct sigilla present, at ¼ and slightly more than ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJABK" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
; sides and venter mottled creamy-grey (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E79280AB175DF4B6568CBA6C3A429220" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 G, H</figureCitation>
), with two paired lines of indistinct tiny sclerites from epigastric furrow to spinnerets. Legs generally creamy-yellow, tibiae and metatarsi I with dense black mottling, tarsi I yellow-brown, with faint black mottling. Epigyne (Figs
<figureCitation id="583671DF434AAFD742D494BB6F787299" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BC2A0B898DA2C5B4592DE0E8775D82F4" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 D, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="83FEA5F6C08C48720FE4EACF0FC2D541" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Rukuluk gramineus female paratypes, epigynes in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C, D) views examined under compound microscope A intact uncleared epigyne B cleared epigyne C, D cleared epigyne stained with crystal blue, slightly diluted in D. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230798">28</figureCitation>
) very weakly sclerotized, with large keyhole-shaped atrium; copulatory openings large, situated at anterior of atrium, entering initially broad membranous copulatory ducts, each provided with two accessory glands; copulatory ducts curving laterally in progressively narrowing semicircle, folding back along their interior margin, forming narrow duct running along margin of atrium before entering transverse bilobed
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4ABK" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
near midpoint of epigyne, with short duct connecting them to posterior transversely ovoid
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBBBK" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
, with fertilization ducts originating posteromesally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFBBK" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="37389A4FCAEB44FDAFE6296E7D9C3D7A">
<heading id="D7A5EAD5A1F2B2C4C720FA114D01387C" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="15C8E4391454723D3B441E2A4272D3E8">This species name is the Latin word meaning “ belonging to grass ”, referring to the microhabitat that the species was collected from.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKBBK" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="CE3642ED954711C51B87B972F47D4BC5">
<heading id="B96FF002FB5F86DD30D885BB26554B77" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="763EF563CB787E1CDA7EA6D4F57331AF">
Only known from the
<typeStatus id="329258423ABD91C41122E8A976B14903">type</typeStatus>
locality (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0E2BE2FFF50BD693030C7314680577C4" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Distribution of Foordana distincta sp. nov. (black circles), F. flavipoda sp. nov. (white circles), F. kasouga (black triangles), Foordana sp. Zimbabwe (white triangle), Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. (black square), Namaquella arida sp. nov. (white square), N. samanthae sp. nov. (black star), Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov. (white star) and Rukuluk sp. Tembe (white pentagon) in southern Africa." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230782">12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="B53A7C34BC5CEAC6674D2BA5400DDA8D">
<taxonomicName id="A1CB3BFE4089A47D670D92B50A104403" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D7AACE9D1A18C5402DFE020B15CFCE44" italics="true">Rukuluk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED45F876DCB15DBC45A693EA593573" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHYDI" type="type species">
<paragraph id="1F1DD1765D47360DD9A54DCD20DA2989">
<heading id="1C5A074F7E79CE46DC42B44809025ED6" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="22A2271826FD355363D2C543C0A7DB73">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="18A1A2060099AD683706B26F3DE42310">
<taxonomicName id="73AE9472831AF28415CD022CAFA03051" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="31B57EE77EEA93B4327768706EAE9E2E" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="087CD86EEB2F5352B74E70B7D4C559B5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EYYDI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F344F2E5B5C0A35FD173B45D6333E015">
<heading id="46DE7173475FCA84C5E645E5869F36DF" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73F0EAABE4D73A0CF25F3B077A226C2B">
Members of
<taxonomicName id="A4EB070C9629467E3E4C7E83FA5A07DD" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="1A62D52E47C8FD6A3CC449D243349AE5" italics="true">Rukuluk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D31CC52D338430EB662EADDC43C89E30" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
share with
<taxonomicName id="D4B708360927C26CB576B2C8D5ED991B" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="30D23D4D0E753D5C47586415D4E04E53" italics="true">Namaquella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="89456000F9707CFDF15E8CF04AFBFF7A" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CC95E0C9B9620994A319040D00F7209" authorityName="Haddad &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2008" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Poachelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51052180EED638227FD16F46483DE789" italics="true">Poachelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the pale body with adaptations to grass-living but can be distinguished from the former by the very different genitalic morphology and more elongate body, and from the latter by the lack of paired spines ventrally on the anterior legs. Males of
<taxonomicName id="4D866B2FC5AFF3177BA545BC1DCFB364" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="0CB1B4D336AF11ED47BE334A3AF9DA03" italics="true">Rukuluk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EEDF0CD52FCF43131A9CA636816D0330" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be recognized from all other trachelid genera by the distinctive palpal morphology, particularly the presence of retrolateral grooves in the cymbium that correspond to the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1ZDI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
and distal section of the embolus (Figs
<figureCitation id="C9BBEE3513622370747EC085672ABC41" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0EBDCAF74CED7CE4C34271AE2AEC4D7D" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 C</figureCitation>
) and the long membranous basal section of the embolus, which gradually narrows to a long, whip-like tip (Figs
<figureCitation id="52CAA54D65458DD3D7F26E5B1DD991CA" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 K – N</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2955370637C5000D6EF4B31F96A8481E" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 A, B</figureCitation>
); the latter trait is most similar to the embolus morphology of
<taxonomicName id="FC17DAC0242C4D19686B3A9F192A6341" authorityName="Haddad &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2008" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Poachelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E941F35C99E60C44001D50F2A887D7EA" italics="true">Poachelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3B19B2B6EDBD850CD22FE924B8AAA268" DOI="10.5733/afin.049.0204" author="Haddad and Lyle" firstAuthor="Haddad" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="37-76" refId="B9" refString="Haddad CR, Lyle R (2008) Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 37–76. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.049.0204" title="Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="49" year="2008">Haddad and Lyle 2008</bibRefCitation>
: figs 91, 97). Females are distinguished by the elongate subrectangular atrium that extends almost the entire length of the epigynal plate (Figs
<figureCitation id="E6E45ED8FA153740979608DD5AE5A4F4" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E89C0B8C64D5B1B09B3115B23B85489B" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 D</figureCitation>
), with long looping membranous copulatory ducts and small posterolateral spermathecal structures internally (Figs
<figureCitation id="894B64061D6568AD09007881A1AEF1BB" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="FD9493F7A46071BD6F5A16EC7FA259E7" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Rukuluk gramineus female paratypes, epigynes in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C, D) views examined under compound microscope A intact uncleared epigyne B cleared epigyne C, D cleared epigyne stained with crystal blue, slightly diluted in D. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230798">28 D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EJ2DI" type="description">
<paragraph id="A9562D918A6EB8616F186C784668F583">
<heading id="0A57B1A61254A31B4787F0CBE5B64A0E" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F5C009B3B561301074F6AF03DE95B31">
Small spiders,
<quantity id="9AA05EC6BF113C48EE791A8ADABBA95F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.13" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="3.06" unit="mm" value="3.13" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="3.06">3.06–3.20 mm</quantity>
in length; carapace bright creamy-yellow to yellow-brown; carapace oval, broadest at posterior of coxae II, gradually narrowed towards eye region (Fig.
<figureCitation id="785762A0A6C1F36230335E3D18B93D4F" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 A, F</figureCitation>
); fovea distinct, a short narrow slit (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6B9FB1EF73E828BF81BEE8488C9BEBA9" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 A</figureCitation>
); posterior margin very slightly concave, almost straight (Fig.
<figureCitation id="40E39C7892E401B7FFC807AF20A2244A" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 A</figureCitation>
); carapace weakly convex in lateral profile, slightly elevated from clypeus to approximately ½ carapace length, with steeper slope in posterior quarter (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7523F1E77F471B483602122B3CEDE6AE" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 B, G</figureCitation>
); carapace surface finely wrinkled, densely covered in short fine curved setae with small tuberculate bases (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6AA9F08A0FC99947A2F9ADB321FE4DA2" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 A – C</figureCitation>
). All eyes surrounded by black rings (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DBEAB0DC2D8D9E71184A6C47EA4E62F7" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 A, F</figureCitation>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EH3DI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
strongly procurved in anterior view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="98119F3458D35FA12EFFD96FBBD878C3" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 B</figureCitation>
), slightly recurved in dorsal view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7DD8260A1DDEC7D215652F9573410980" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 C</figureCitation>
); clypeus height slightly larger than ⅘
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ET3DI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EX3DI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
in males, ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E23DI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E63DI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
in female, ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ED4DI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EH4DI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
in males, slightly less than ⅖
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EL4DI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EP4DI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
in females;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ET4DI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EX4DI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E24DI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance approximately ⅓ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E64DI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ED5DI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by narrow sliver, almost touching;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EH5DI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
slightly recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EL5DI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EP5DI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
equal in diameter in males,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ET5DI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
very slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EX5DI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
in females;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E25DI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to ⅚ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E65DI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ED6DI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance approximately ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EH6DI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
diameter. Chilum distinct, split; cheliceral promargin and retromargin each with two teeth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6910B17C9102DA781B958B3AA62FFB00" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 D, E</figureCitation>
); fang with distinct serrula; endites with lateral margins converging slightly distally, mesal margins with longitudinal groove and dense maxillar hair tuft (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7642FD45BE7643F7A43A84B978B8E970" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 F</figureCitation>
), distal margins with distinct serrula comprising sharp straight denticles (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E49B2A8A277036F6B37F897112E1C483" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 G</figureCitation>
); labium trapezoidal, slightly longer than wide, narrower distally than basally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FB2F47B55DED17782A6D011D80A288B2" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 F</figureCitation>
). Pleural bars sclerotised, isolated; sternum oval, with straight anterior margin (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3A854BCEE1FBA74CBAA34AD641944214" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 H</figureCitation>
), two pairs of slit sensilla present between first two coxal pairs (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3D8729B077DE5F37AAC66B1527E838E8" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 I</figureCitation>
); longer than broad, broadest at posterior of coxa II, surface smooth centrally, densely covered in long, slightly curved setae with small tuberculate bases (Fig.
<figureCitation id="937F14E275FAD6EE7D6A450B9969108F" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female (A, C, D, F – I) and male (B, E). A carapace, dorsal view B eye region, anterior view C same, dorsal view D chelicerae, anterior view E distal end of chelicerae, ventral view F mouthparts, ventral view G detail of serrula H sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla I same, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792">22 H, I</figureCitation>
); precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites present between coxae I and II and II and III only. Leg formula
<quantity id="83027744B676E53CF5220D54A6CD9508" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.61442" unit="in" value="1423.0">1423 in</quantity>
males,
<quantity id="95A683F31B9260215BEE40564674A3C1" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.047242" unit="in" value="4123.0">4123 in</quantity>
females, densely covered in short fine setae with tuberculate bases (Figs
<figureCitation id="A676BF0B764C1D4E507F7C1EFFBCA81C" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 D, E, I, J</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BE3ED58B2A44183A3348CE3AD691BB7F" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23 A – D, I, J</figureCitation>
); legs I swollen, more so in males (Fig.
<figureCitation id="77183F7EB2CCCDC431403992F5C25627" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 A</figureCitation>
) than females (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B67B03B1C17EE40C6F2C900E5C4F2707" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 F</figureCitation>
), femora with slightly convex dorsal surface, ventral surface almost straight (Fig.
<figureCitation id="55EB70625B08D8B8328433578C94FD5F" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 D, I</figureCitation>
); all femora strongly constricted proximally; patellar indentation on retrolateral side narrow, with lyriform organ at proximal end (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F44D65CDB7CCBA40A68C2FADFF207863" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23 B, C</figureCitation>
); anterior legs of both sexes with dense ventral scopulae in paired strips separated by strip with sparse setae, denser in females (Fig.
<figureCitation id="551BA1FD65B42A9DBF5BF90AD682D4ED" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23 A, D – J</figureCitation>
) than males (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AE883C574FCD4C8434CACD897FA4FA99" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – H) and female (I). A tibia I, ventral view B same, prolateral view C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, prolateral view, arrow indicating distal slit sensillium E tarsus I, ventral view F same, prolateral view G tibia II, lateral view, black arrows indicating ovoid sensory pores (H) I metatarsus IV, stopper and distal comb / brush." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230794">24 A – F</figureCitation>
); tibiae (at least) with ovoid pore-containing sensilla laterally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DB00CB8766357FE1E8D48B7707DD757A" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – H) and female (I). A tibia I, ventral view B same, prolateral view C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, prolateral view, arrow indicating distal slit sensillium E tarsus I, ventral view F same, prolateral view G tibia II, lateral view, black arrows indicating ovoid sensory pores (H) I metatarsus IV, stopper and distal comb / brush." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230794">24 G, H</figureCitation>
); males with ventral cusps on metatarsi and tarsi I and II (Figs
<figureCitation id="5ED02026F65286A20F0C2E2D9B0FE4E5" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – H) and female (I). A tibia I, ventral view B same, prolateral view C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, prolateral view, arrow indicating distal slit sensillium E tarsus I, ventral view F same, prolateral view G tibia II, lateral view, black arrows indicating ovoid sensory pores (H) I metatarsus IV, stopper and distal comb / brush." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230794">24 C, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A6CBECA808B4BF85BA25C380C70DC280" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="FED7D6D18350AD7D61C83857821F322F" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 A</figureCitation>
), absent on tibiae and in females; metatarsi with strongly developed metatarsal stopper (Figs
<figureCitation id="34766C7A8C3DB41B819A3048DF7CBD6C" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23 H, I</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="42688136E82D827F7C713DE6F10AFCCF" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – H) and female (I). A tibia I, ventral view B same, prolateral view C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, prolateral view, arrow indicating distal slit sensillium E tarsus I, ventral view F same, prolateral view G tibia II, lateral view, black arrows indicating ovoid sensory pores (H) I metatarsus IV, stopper and distal comb / brush." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230794">24 F, I</figureCitation>
), metatarsi III and IV with weak distal preening brush and distinct comb (Figs
<figureCitation id="826F3BC52088E81DD9170903EF48B7EB" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 E, J</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D76809FD87AE3A8513538F5F757B0496" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – H) and female (I). A tibia I, ventral view B same, prolateral view C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, prolateral view, arrow indicating distal slit sensillium E tarsus I, ventral view F same, prolateral view G tibia II, lateral view, black arrows indicating ovoid sensory pores (H) I metatarsus IV, stopper and distal comb / brush." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230794">24 l</figureCitation>
); tarsi with numerous long and short dorsal trichobothria and chemosensory setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="77943EA1D98D9155E5B3432AF8F103AB" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23 I, J</figureCitation>
); trichobothria with slightly lowered distal plate, distal margin of hood overlapping plate, hood with four curved ridges, roughly concentric (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5F553D7CE210982B7311469E679FC589" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 D, E</figureCitation>
); tarsal organ at approximately ⅘ tarsus length on anterior tarsi (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1BB236FDD4B6611CACF8DA19DB194E11" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23 J</figureCitation>
), ovoid, only very slightly elevated from integument, surface finely wrinkled, opening oval and distally placed (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2ED47CD5A84594DCB8C92F7FB722C6D8" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 F, G</figureCitation>
), possibly absent on tarsus IV (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8F9B5C00EEF488ECAB8C29CFA50E981F" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 C</figureCitation>
); tarsal claws short, with nine teeth, of which the basal two are broad and spatulate and the distal seven slender and elongate (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B49C20EF0C90E8ED36CDAD10C25153E1" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23 L</figureCitation>
), with dense tenant setae forming claw tufts in between (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F87046E27EBAE996DBB7FD140F01D43F" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female A leg I, prolateral view B patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I C same, detail of lyriform organ D tibia I, prolateral view E same, detail of scopulate setae F metatarsus I, prolateral view G same, detail of scopulate setae H same, detail of metatarsal stopper I tarsus I, prolateral view J same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ K same, enlargement of tarsal claws L same, tarsal claws in distal view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793">23 I – L</figureCitation>
). Abdomen oval, clearly larger in females (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3494AED7E0F800D2659026F2E19352B9" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 F</figureCitation>
) than males (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F8896F193051C3853076F9FC9F294F00" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 A</figureCitation>
), with dorsal scutum in males only (Fig.
<figureCitation id="897BB2B94CB4872068C584C9D8393AF7" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 H</figureCitation>
); dorsum covered in fine setae, two pairs of distinct sigilla in both sexes; venter without large sclerites or markings (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1E5C40D96771D1FA241981737EA579E4" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – E, K – N) and female (F – J, O). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV K – N left male palp in prolateral (K), ventral (L), retrolateral (M) and dorsal (N) views; O epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J); 0.25 mm (K – O)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791">21 C, H</figureCitation>
), covered in fine setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E8F84B3D21F2954624F92FF4384934BC" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 I</figureCitation>
). Spinnerets short, conical, in compact group, only studied in detail in females: ALS with two
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYDAK" xlink_title="major ampullate gland spigot(s)">MAmp</abbrev>
and 10
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3DAK" xlink_title="piriform gland spigot(s)">Pi</abbrev>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="7EE4CF6581A7B35736C85A1EC54D1782" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 J</figureCitation>
); PMS partly obscured, with only two
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEEAK" xlink_title="minor ampullate gland spigot(s)">mAmp</abbrev>
, one
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIEAK" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
and three
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMEAK" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
distinguished (Fig.
<figureCitation id="89DD5878991F8593B7D9BF54FE4B7E3A" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 K</figureCitation>
); PLS partly obscured, with two
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUEAK" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
and nine
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYEAK" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
distinguished (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A80AE9B0EBE9BE2A317B1E11A8BAF9AF" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A, B, G, H) and female (C – F, I – L). A, B metatarsi I (A) and II (B), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side C distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ D tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base E tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium F, G tarsus I, tarsal organ H abdominal dorsum I ventral abdominal setae J anterior lateral spinneret K posterior median spinneret L posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot (s); MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795">25 L</figureCitation>
). Male palpal femora and patellae without apophyses (Fig.
<figureCitation id="65B3F4A1C2F70EACE7B907A0F6C1154E" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 A</figureCitation>
), patella with retrolateral lyriform organ (Fig.
<figureCitation id="05FE7E84E0F671C3AEAB124BC2048DE6" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 D</figureCitation>
); palpal tibiae with retrolateral trichobothrium (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9AD583F6BE4A1D5A55C034142BBB80F6" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 A, C</figureCitation>
), thumb-like
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMFAK" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
and long slender
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQFAK" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
that corresponds with retrobasal groove on cymbium (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4F56D433136EF083D971EA96D0547AEC" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 A</figureCitation>
); tegulum V-shaped, narrower proximally and broader distally; embolus very long, originating retrolaterally, with membranous looping base and midsection, narrowing to long slender whip-like tip (Figs
<figureCitation id="F7D04F16016E0B8FEAA326F4D95C707B" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="14C5E7FFECDCF0291592694BACE6FB8F" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 B, C</figureCitation>
), part of its length corresponding to retrodistal cymbial groove (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2F0E65BD485A7D2A47F6094EE97DC6E5" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 A</figureCitation>
). Female epigyne very weakly sclerotized, with large subrectangular keyhole-shaped atrium, with median split visible under S. E. M. (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DC09B5769F7EFEC5656069B81D8C64F0" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Scanning electron micrographs of Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., male (A – D) and female (E). A right palp, retrolateral view B left palp, ventral view C detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium D palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ E epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796">26 E</figureCitation>
) but not light microscopy (Fig.
<figureCitation id="08A179BCD1AED5B8B819327B84FBD2E1" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Rukuluk gramineus male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view F diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797">27 D</figureCitation>
), weakly distinguishable under compound microscopy (Fig.
<figureCitation id="628775897E2109000A38E86A6CAF070F" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Rukuluk gramineus female paratypes, epigynes in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C, D) views examined under compound microscope A intact uncleared epigyne B cleared epigyne C, D cleared epigyne stained with crystal blue, slightly diluted in D. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230798">28</figureCitation>
); copulatory openings situated at anterior of atrium; copulatory ducts membranous, entirely translucent, their path only visible after staining, curving anteriorly and laterally, before bending back along their interior margin before looping towards posterior, running along margin of atrium before entering lateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQGAK" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
near midpoint of epigyne, with short duct connecting them to posterior
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUGAK" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D3314B775236AA2BA62D0D870F123728" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure21" ID-arpha="EAADFD01-3402-5D06-B44A-0FDA5B1CEFF0" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230791" startId="F21">
<paragraph id="1F22DDD15AB0E158DA2CB94FC759EBCF">
<label id="0DF130552B21243E825BDE25C0211D2A">Figure 21.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDCCB1B7977355E165384C483334BCE9">
Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of
<taxonomicName id="A7BD087CE202C1DCAA6C81ADC33C9CFE" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="26BE1B92972E87B3FD4A9573B81AEFF9" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="44BB3014F0307E62D09DD93A98C47655" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="1317E50FA50F14B79EDBCE146B445CDA" bold="true">A – E, K – N</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="536EA1161E6174830CBC470733306872" bold="true">F – J, O</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="9D273A1796FFE66716DF42772428652F" bold="true">A, F</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis id="A410B8D5109FCC4220C2932550B7DB43" bold="true">B, G</emphasis>
same, lateral view
<emphasis id="8F8C9EED39011C4201F955A8960868A4" bold="true">C, H</emphasis>
same, ventral view
<emphasis id="2AD8E877F9AA1E9F7822ED139BBA04A0" bold="true">D, I</emphasis>
leg I, prolateral view
<emphasis id="D4A4CF600B77118C7688AF12606AFB2D" bold="true">E, J</emphasis>
metatarsus and tarsus IV
<emphasis id="700A88008A74DB58D7B356267D256229" bold="true">K – N</emphasis>
left male palp in prolateral (
<emphasis id="F7BA4C3649BD656FC57C1FE6CA2A846F" bold="true">K</emphasis>
), ventral (
<emphasis id="3CE8228A62CA221C305205457FE8DD8A" bold="true">L</emphasis>
), retrolateral (
<emphasis id="831ADDE8C13B49BF5A77536ADE4558E4" bold="true">M</emphasis>
) and dorsal (
<emphasis id="7248CBC7D7B83E6D8B85380A4992964A" bold="true">N</emphasis>
) views;
<emphasis id="B6B973F9F9553FE1D3FEFF85D5C1D502" bold="true">O</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (
<emphasis id="F42CC9F9F101257396B20E6C97C2DE7C" bold="true">A – C, F – H</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis id="00EFF17CCF97E9FF7FDDDC861BC8F7CB" bold="true">D, E, I, J</emphasis>
); 0.25 mm (
<emphasis id="91D95356CB2DA2A93E5057E748D33D0F" bold="true">K – O</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B98660F3BAB52C8767461C2A20C8A365" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure22" ID-arpha="414CA590-2F6C-52F3-BB1F-472F4844F258" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230792" startId="F22">
<paragraph id="1DBF09E45CE2EFBDCE890430867362A2">
<label id="DED62704AE8BCD3BB3C85E2003957E2A">Figure 22.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95D211593EEDE777857DE9B2EA9B9719">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="D554B6388878A54F9D22E428C43AAE98" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3FD755B13CF2BE3C8DFB7341DD07FBD5" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FD1D5F334ED2C7E01CB05A4B2A538077" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female (
<emphasis id="6FD6427872B82D7FD34E750860830F0E" bold="true">A, C, D, F – I</emphasis>
) and male (
<emphasis id="4C9D8505DB4F74565F707008A93E9928" bold="true">B, E</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="4B32796D3D9E3247D1222F04581413EE" bold="true">A</emphasis>
carapace, dorsal view
<emphasis id="5BE8DDD8FC92EDB73CA8DFD01C107C00" bold="true">B</emphasis>
eye region, anterior view
<emphasis id="F21B5DCCFA5A268C8BF74370FB52F776" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, dorsal view
<emphasis id="89BB2B655EBF79112977EE007D14CE6E" bold="true">D</emphasis>
chelicerae, anterior view
<emphasis id="36ECB8DD2106A5E2EEF9A5F905082B25" bold="true">E</emphasis>
distal end of chelicerae, ventral view
<emphasis id="D21FF318D9FCA67B63D9FD76DF719D21" bold="true">F</emphasis>
mouthparts, ventral view
<emphasis id="FA272A0C500F4735136DC649BB91C6F1" bold="true">G</emphasis>
detail of serrula
<emphasis id="93792C8EEECBBAA6BDDB9752729DBD59" bold="true">H</emphasis>
sternum, arrow indicating slit sensilla
<emphasis id="0961D6D427E8D8574FC6A66ED3843C18" bold="true">I</emphasis>
same, enlarged.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="AD7E907EB8677D8BA0A5C6834A0962B7" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure23" ID-arpha="442CE5C0-0B44-567F-B71B-B73C690A8F31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230793" startId="F23">
<paragraph id="AED31BE25AC6B83243EE2585AE4CB44D">
<label id="7A05E9A790B4B65998ECF4C8F3E37D95">Figure 23.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7CF2BA1944B731531D7AF83913172C84">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="897D6D96674A9AD26858B4F36FE830DA" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1772D496FE936DBC565D844EC2ADE4B2" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="343AE868C6FF6B5C1967954F7BA40683" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female
<emphasis id="6EE3C09D62A30AE568E5CF2ED80B5A8D" bold="true">A</emphasis>
leg I, prolateral view
<emphasis id="964E5D1835CB97B04F3672675599DBDD" bold="true">B</emphasis>
patellar indentation and lyriform organ, leg I
<emphasis id="F6185581EC69396970100D9365CCB638" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, detail of lyriform organ
<emphasis id="ABC6D7CD795E75F58B5E0C5D923231AA" bold="true">D</emphasis>
tibia I, prolateral view
<emphasis id="F0DFF0D5CBE061F37AB362788A791304" bold="true">E</emphasis>
same, detail of scopulate setae
<emphasis id="3DB168BA86F8FBF7B12F25ADCE731969" bold="true">F</emphasis>
metatarsus I, prolateral view
<emphasis id="C4298B5A0B9FA81C61285C7C598F5552" bold="true">G</emphasis>
same, detail of scopulate setae
<emphasis id="E8DB0ACA999E81F9C1E456B240B83784" bold="true">H</emphasis>
same, detail of metatarsal stopper
<emphasis id="DF6B9AFB07702E8741E7363CF8B99701" bold="true">I</emphasis>
tarsus I, prolateral view
<emphasis id="D06C3310A1C2FD1AC6461E93342773A9" bold="true">J</emphasis>
same, retrodistal view, black arrow indicating position of tarsal organ
<emphasis id="E95E665229DB5E44611AC48E092E00FE" bold="true">K</emphasis>
same, enlargement of tarsal claws
<emphasis id="7024AB22296337F64E78BE9F39B7A393" bold="true">L</emphasis>
same, tarsal claws in distal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3544730D6D7F202498FE1361D9144680" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure24" ID-arpha="DDB845D3-B210-537C-8904-C1824734A6DF" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230794" startId="F24">
<paragraph id="2E8EDC5CB24D2751933F0634C216CB82">
<label id="76DEB62DC8C4C9DD96D712B58B0BF8A7">Figure 24.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8AD5A3078A9DC9ADF64E8535BD0EF5EA">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="EFDD691729728895E098C322BDA55B6D" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="352BBBA2CC7049F1F580F13EF4EBE9A9" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B693D8610DEEC97E12480A3BEB20642C" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="49FB1EF39EED35981C04F50F3AF59B66" bold="true">A – H</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="32DC0DD4496129CDF98CABE8B1140BB1" bold="true">I</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="064E39B027D1FD66710C51A0568AEE6F" bold="true">A</emphasis>
tibia I, ventral view
<emphasis id="507110969F10C21516158B9582E8E13A" bold="true">B</emphasis>
same, prolateral view
<emphasis id="D23FB78FD83F0B894501E9CFC26271E3" bold="true">C</emphasis>
metatarsus I, ventral view
<emphasis id="17D9149F5FDD4942EDF95A6E41603D9A" bold="true">D</emphasis>
same, prolateral view, arrow indicating distal slit sensillium
<emphasis id="FDC2899D68E544C32B5FD4F9B36B161F" bold="true">E</emphasis>
tarsus I, ventral view
<emphasis id="717C66DC6E44E2C6FD39A12D61C055FD" bold="true">F</emphasis>
same, prolateral view
<emphasis id="031ADC3F11B9CBE53D6D23FE475D5D0C" bold="true">G</emphasis>
tibia II, lateral view, black arrows indicating ovoid sensory pores (
<emphasis id="243B0DE9E95EB4A669E00ADF95375E05" bold="true">H</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="3234812095239FB7BBE537011976D526" bold="true">I</emphasis>
metatarsus IV, stopper and distal comb / brush.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FEDA01DF46AC88D3889DB163480E4A65" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure25" ID-arpha="8B1863A3-86A5-546B-8CDF-51EEF36C08CB" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230795" startId="F25">
<paragraph id="A86887FE2E018A72748A8B4A93D1EA0D">
<label id="C45FE21C916A95D5CCEDB3AD777B3A09">Figure 25.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D6B30FFCE9A059C4F30B2695ED3A6C0">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="75139EFF838CE42C1B8950B7A60F2473" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="100702ADC1C41C2E55636D17AC5D4B13" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0BDA8CCBA7A01FF26ED696F88AC84F73" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="967569DC895C827E112C284EDC1B76CD" bold="true">A, B, G, H</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="761A4C2366BE0C60B6E91C53C6777988" bold="true">C – F, I – L</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="4ED77EF1E14B53353C8500ACB7966263" bold="true">A, B</emphasis>
metatarsi I (
<emphasis id="6F00CE4555BBB5253D5BB8C06CB4FE64" bold="true">A</emphasis>
) and II (
<emphasis id="39282B29B93B43FAB0259D75533E1FA1" bold="true">B</emphasis>
), ventral cusps, arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side
<emphasis id="4472805DA90CB2CDC0A45B7D946430EB" bold="true">C</emphasis>
distal half of tarsus IV, seemingly lacking a tarsal organ
<emphasis id="0A1564EF7115105E3F7D1F2407B2EADA" bold="true">D</emphasis>
tarsus I, lateral trichobothrium base
<emphasis id="21B81C0C65D4EA07D3B37267434B810E" bold="true">E</emphasis>
tarsus IV, dorsal trichobothrium
<emphasis id="31F1E89B35C86DCF23BF23371A26C815" bold="true">F, G</emphasis>
tarsus I, tarsal organ
<emphasis id="FD96B06FB1988DD10C657DB529B7EED2" bold="true">H</emphasis>
abdominal dorsum
<emphasis id="1CD873DDA123DB6FD91049B99ED9526F" bold="true">I</emphasis>
ventral abdominal setae
<emphasis id="0EE6FB1893B75CFC7868F5FE625B5A83" bold="true">J</emphasis>
anterior lateral spinneret
<emphasis id="741C74451659FA0B4152975A25198B4D" bold="true">K</emphasis>
posterior median spinneret
<emphasis id="AECE519DF8689F44ACE3CB5016C7FBD2" bold="true">L</emphasis>
posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELOAK" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
: aciniform gland spigot (s);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPOAK" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
: cylindrical gland spigot (s);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETOAK" xlink_title="minor ampullate gland spigot(s)">mAmp</abbrev>
: minor ampullate gland spigot (s);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXOAK" xlink_title="major ampullate gland spigot(s)">MAmp</abbrev>
: major ampullate gland spigot;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2OAK" xlink_title="piriform gland spigot(s)">Pi</abbrev>
: piriform gland spigot (s).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4D0C14ADFC88D9FB92520D1BCE117D23" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure26" ID-arpha="DD5C70F9-42AF-5B27-8A67-715D9C207BE4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230796" startId="F26">
<paragraph id="E1E0828B1CFADA408B00A044F13BCAF6">
<label id="A55F4E8EF7FA14A9F803B6989DBD32D6">Figure 26.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82BF72E05FDA5DD77D86532DAD0C25BB">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="1A4C9DD026D90FE38795D617FB4B5F9C" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A41FCCC79046C539410AA8C120D8F00D" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B32D85DF41A456A8F879B803D20B5476" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="28535152910561A9A23A15D4FEE78227" bold="true">A – D</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="439172D8A6F5AD1BE8115795814CCE4F" bold="true">E</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="9B285065438368B5941B7FE3CDDBA948" bold="true">A</emphasis>
right palp, retrolateral view
<emphasis id="F9CD56E81395F2E3FEFC30301612E004" bold="true">B</emphasis>
left palp, ventral view
<emphasis id="40AEEDA94802478620B43FBCDDF4DEDF" bold="true">C</emphasis>
detail of dorsal tibial trichobothrium
<emphasis id="F95FEFE22033D5D787FB921B98EAE4C4" bold="true">D</emphasis>
palpal patella, enlargement of retrolateral lyriform organ
<emphasis id="8C33AFA2657C39F0897CEF7E5EA0A86D" bold="true">E</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: LO – lyriform organ; RB – retrobasal cymbial groove; RD – retrodistal cymbial groove; Tr – trichobothrium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="78C6F1490DED7396AFE682FB9453E4C2" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure27" ID-arpha="EE1AC557-675C-58E7-8C94-7D1409016A3C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230797" startId="F27">
<paragraph id="834664CE5D9221205285848109CC3E76">
<label id="2C215B541EAF397E4F45CB4A56E23222">Figure 27.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6380A3C475A50974A8976000F7B034BD">
<taxonomicName id="1000FC2B490010BF812EE4F8695097C1" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus">
<emphasis id="17AC3D25C407D5760FC92839792A8E01" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male (
<emphasis id="88232FD3162B5092113211A2AA0EA965" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="6E595792CC99B4E454204E294E9AD77F" bold="true">D, E</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="EE78670080D1195280BF1F05C53AF507" bold="true">A</emphasis>
schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II
<emphasis id="1B90243AD4C146F3C54662CC8A9222E7" bold="true">B</emphasis>
palp, ventral view
<emphasis id="D486F2170B4C319073E09EB05F2E8274" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, retrolateral view
<emphasis id="3B4EF96FFF918CD2A015D33A1A52F53F" bold="true">D</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view
<emphasis id="E30D2A706FC85F53F4EA1E00F8271D4F" bold="true">E</emphasis>
same, dorsal view
<emphasis id="381AAA01761CC5E0BF88F0D6852D7615" bold="true">F</emphasis>
diagrammatic course of the insemination ducts. Abbreviations: AG – accessory glands; AT – atrium; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENRAK" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
– dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERRAK" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
– primary spermatheca;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVRAK" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
– secondary spermatheca;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZRAK" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
– ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A087BCCFBBABFD5F20A1E11610FB930D" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure28" ID-arpha="275D23BE-3280-5B63-8FF0-02E98522A9E2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230798" startId="F28">
<paragraph id="58D778265506159F03F613A44360E716">
<label id="96F013A8B3D81B6002A127B055F16B50">Figure 28.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE8B7D8717858FFAC681489CAC1DB810">
<taxonomicName id="C4FE2277920862D8EA7A0FCAF87D9C8D" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus">
<emphasis id="2A80744AC645FE28782C5457F88D474E" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female paratypes, epigynes in ventral (
<emphasis id="2F8C39DC0CDEB384BCA5ABAE2C683CD8" bold="true">A, B</emphasis>
) and dorsal (
<emphasis id="B6596A3583A2FA0140060EE14812333F" bold="true">C, D</emphasis>
) views examined under compound microscope
<emphasis id="3FE2C0E0AE84A3F017317CA8677826C4" bold="true">A</emphasis>
intact uncleared epigyne
<emphasis id="4843AE8D804C5BB380B1FCA552E8B8D8" bold="true">B</emphasis>
cleared epigyne
<emphasis id="3C3C4281F40BE6C41CFA8105DCAEAE40" bold="true">C, D</emphasis>
cleared epigyne stained with crystal blue, slightly diluted in D. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EETAK" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2F313DDD1D17BAE1105CC158BA7DB88E">
<heading id="8731B4A0E0EDA7DB1FDDC84DD5549015" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E3B52F2506DFB0AF68B9B706F47C760A">The name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Gender feminine.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

389
data/4A/3F/92/4A3F929A987F5C9F9DF29B3DF3204263.xml Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
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<mods:title id="1949A2E4082EB28873F2B7DF1184BEFD">And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="7E63C285656708030AA5D9A6D451FC65" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A9B1E1071068FCB6B8CC67179CCA9DB5">Haddad, Charles R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6942FEE548DB7B467B93FC43ECE39DAD" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2317-7760</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="CC054C2126D2FC30AF13EC211191DE0F">Department of Zoology &amp; Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A447F4BEF2FA5FC26EFC1B1E34D0EF9E">
<mods:title id="FAB69E513337C13230DBF40FBFE61F78">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C9D77B4FB72C580DC4BF398014C79B9D">
<mods:date id="8C989F60AE7C47A143380DEC6E649BB6">2025</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="104F4B254D82BB52C826EF496C113B89" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="6A02305DFA965151C5876B7E9B37088B">2025-01-23</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="796DABED00751C54A8B9F6E2C35506D3" type="volume">
<mods:number id="6E55C3F449C16F5BBDFB2B9B945A1A4A">66</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="817373EF04EBFE887F90D1262562C099">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A9BF185A98624A6468BF66F01B118E1D" type="DOI">10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E25BBD45658ECE0D52C6F889525FCF8B" type="ZooBank">2D20D0B7-7DF4-42E6-A70C-EB1875BCCD26</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="4A3F929A987F5C9F9DF29B3DF3204263" ID-arpha="4A3F929A-987F-5C9F-9DF2-9B3DF3204263" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/BE85F426-7A0C-46E9-802F-0CDFFC3DEAA3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3F929A987F5C9F9DF29B3DF3204263" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BE85F426-7A0C-46E9-802F-0CDFFC3DEAA3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A3F929A987F5C9F9DF29B3DF3204263">
<subSubSection id="8C85CD6623E0520B77F4730133BAC40B" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6A97080AEB233689BEB381EED7DD4722">
<taxonomicName id="FCF4815935D18D5A49DE904BAE681ADD" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D66BF58B579FB590F99A5C2BF8857D64" italics="true">Foordana kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F2EDDA52A7399BED5C26959B5DE8AD03" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="424042B13E10CBA786B51B75C9CEE3A7" type="description">
<paragraph id="A07E57DE042A214943591BE298150A38">
<figureCitation id="1C5896D864D89B7D5ACBB71CBF443EF8" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">Figs 9 C, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="09D241C5B7E6A5ED07C12D6D85024F44" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Foordana kasouga sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781">11</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EH6AI" type="material">
<paragraph id="6D1EE153C564CDF85D74294B87A1885C">
<heading id="EFB202F0891E632F3DA52EB458CC8C80" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46C7E5F017AF976B677CE49985F73CC7">
<materialsCitation id="FA6EB54B8544454DA1B8CF6B97C74161" collectingDate="1940-01" collectionCode="NMSA" collectorName="J. Omer-Cooper" country="South Africa" latitude="-33.65" location="Kasouga" longLatPrecision="1204" longitude="25.75" specimenCode="NMSA 5346" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="AB7DDE80AEE881883149F164FAE5EF86" bold="true">
<emphasis id="EE587E56B8841F154A013672D607B6E1" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="C4D095CC46826D7C55BA45B05BD6FD2D" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="D8B5A52DDD2905D3A1A858C98A64E1D3" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="99DC8143128C33FE65C3C3A218A5884D" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="317D4B689861FACF5F137F6FFC8008C2" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
;
<location id="46D95C441306F6CAA935AB4B30A66EA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3F929A987F5C9F9DF29B3DF3204263:46D95C441306F6CAA935AB4B30A66EA1" country="South Africa" latitude="-33.65" longLatPrecision="1204" longitude="25.75" name="Kasouga" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Kasouga</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="A2156D37B044B471C5F55F77398FD3AB" location="Port Alfred">
<quantity id="8AAB63ACDF6D8653ABC8D82448CB2C81" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
WSW of Port Alfred
</locationDeviation>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EV6AI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[25.750000,-33.650000]}">
<geoCoordinate id="0B9A2F982C5D9971BB36E66D8E67164E" degrees="33" direction="south" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-33.65">33 ° 39 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D0E5BC87501D17F38B9233F146A58B55" degrees="25" direction="east" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="25.75">25 ° 45 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<date id="A9CAE9B79F3C9969EBB89FF92CB5C064" value="1940-01">
<collectingDate id="81803340BD9264F0A0752E0D8D62E37C" value="1940-01">Jan. 1940</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="9A23D8812F54CD865B26405D471CEDA4">J. Omer-Cooper</collectorName>
leg.;
<specimenCode id="072230A7D8B5187409E2CF83C7011B7A" collectionCode="NMSA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" type="Museum">
<named-content id="ECF5CBE21DD409C07A31F54E743E28EB" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/kwazulu-natal-museum" xlink_title="KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa">NMSA</named-content>
5346
</specimenCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDBD237A9D8A5F68E70C3EBA2993ACE8">
<materialsCitation id="4F3E86BF7738E1E2C07BDE21D139B224" country="South Africa" location="South Africa" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="72B4E07B66163C99EAEBE5E7C11C0EF8" bold="true">
<emphasis id="315A20020ADE52DAA99B2EA1D2BE8818" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="C555F263006005A0D7144D7367B824CB" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="044E5C7209E434B801742DA8C139E45F" count="1" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingCountry id="F8F8EAB58CA788B6B45304EE3B8396F7" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F55D6A547C44B1D7AF08EEADE1760E04" collectingDate="1979-12-13" collectingDateMax="1979-12-31" collectingDateMin="1979-12-13" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="S. &amp; J. Peck" country="South Africa" county="Cathedral Peak Forest Station" elevation="1860" latitude="-28.983334" location="Little Berg" longLatPrecision="1229" longitude="29.183332" municipality="Meteorology Station" specimenCode="ICZ 00357882" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="85802E4974EE0D40716CFBFA9CA4B83A" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Province</collectingRegion>
;
<locationDeviation id="CBCF88EBDA1382F7F620D1751788729D" location="Estcourt">
<quantity id="46C4F5D979234AECF74553CE48491602" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" unit="km" value="75.0">75 km</quantity>
WSW of Estcourt
</locationDeviation>
,
<collectingCounty id="445518FBCA0A326BB47DE2E3FF213242">Cathedral Peak Forest Station</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="40F49DAEED799E56E41B8F912F78AEE3">Meteorology Station</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="3CEE1A59080294FEEB37F8EEB9FBCCAE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3F929A987F5C9F9DF29B3DF3204263:3CEE1A59080294FEEB37F8EEB9FBCCAE" country="South Africa" county="Cathedral Peak Forest Station" latitude="-28.983334" longLatPrecision="1229" longitude="29.183332" municipality="Meteorology Station" name="Little Berg" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Little Berg</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EMABI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[29.183333,-28.983333]}">
<geoCoordinate id="69A675E6414E88F097B21276302CB936" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.983334">28 ° 59 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="B2484734828B8912CC1E038B369C43A1" degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="29.183332">29 ° 11 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="14D3FD28FB88FD6B519E021A3C6DDEFA" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" unit="m" value="1860.0">
<quantity id="B9A4C70B1D879C4E7A7860B799B53F16" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" unit="m" value="1860.0">1860 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="417B7FEFABAE55CE8615BEE6CF3EBE7E" value="1979-12-13" valueMax="1979-12-31" valueMin="1979-12-13">
<collectingDate id="E205795AAD0D67CC5C014809C1FFEBB4" value="1979-12-13" valueMax="1979-12-31" valueMin="1979-12-13">13–31 Dec. 1979</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="0DEF765B47057748102E457F3377E5D2">S. &amp; J. Peck</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectingMethod id="1BC4E35694F46DB3A5332699FBBA2ECA">pan trap</collectingMethod>
;
<named-content id="018020F0C266A494DB149219F939141B" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/american-museum-natural-history" xlink_title="American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A.">
<collectionCode id="A53E40F199090081371D8CDE7806AD30" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" type="">AMNH</collectionCode>
</named-content>
<specimenCode id="C2E94F4F207BE9D7CC4AEDA2EC947665" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" type="">ICZ 00357882</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZABI" type="material">
<paragraph id="52F3E1467FFAC6AB1A58DFDE05DC11FF">
<heading id="F6E45D92F3ABD9107A2714CA2771D5A1" reason="title">Other material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="94213E9FA839A5E738D3BA392BA7A8AC">
<materialsCitation id="5DAF96A82DE8473CC558B27F9654A6F1" collectingDate="1979-12-21" collectingDateMax="1979-12-31" collectingDateMin="1979-12-21" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="S. &amp; J. Peck" country="South Africa" county="Cathedral Peak Forest Station" elevation="1860" latitude="-28.983334" location="Little Berg" longLatPrecision="1229" longitude="29.183332" municipality="Meteorology Station" specimenCode="ICZ 00357881" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="8" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<collectingCountry id="E6F7C2AA24BBCDFC200084CA14E5F9C3" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="44244AED4C303E25989649A2DB84AC69" count="8" type="male">8 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="142CA5F4CA4988759FE3EDFBA69236F9" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="726BD0010E71AB241D7C7B4CE48A52BB" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Province</collectingRegion>
;
<locationDeviation id="6F3F0033A349647CFF33AEAAAD11EBF1" location="Estcourt">
<quantity id="D625A253864ACCD58B62560AF56D258C" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" unit="km" value="75.0">75 km</quantity>
WSW of Estcourt
</locationDeviation>
,
<collectingCounty id="466965481844F08218E814D44CA9BB3B">Cathedral Peak Forest Station</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="93D623C754486D56FE5E4A970EE7AEC3">Meteorology Station</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="5457337158F2E3AAAE030CBCC0CE53C7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3F929A987F5C9F9DF29B3DF3204263:5457337158F2E3AAAE030CBCC0CE53C7" country="South Africa" county="Cathedral Peak Forest Station" latitude="-28.983334" longLatPrecision="1229" longitude="29.183332" municipality="Meteorology Station" name="Little Berg" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Little Berg</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ECBBI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[29.183333,-28.983333]}">
<geoCoordinate id="1AD110792AE7B8C794434C696AB9EAD3" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.983334">28 ° 59 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3C9714B4F54B147DD27839246B04F57E" degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="29.183332">29 ° 11 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="03CB6419FB93D0D66B04F075FA519C4E" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" unit="m" value="1860.0">
<quantity id="FEB7BB18E665FBB3F40C278E678BE8FA" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" unit="m" value="1860.0">1860 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="995ABA3865F9F72D29EEE2A970C18A1D" value="1979-12-21" valueMax="1979-12-31" valueMin="1979-12-21">
<collectingDate id="85564F4D62F829146C226D1F48290426" value="1979-12-21" valueMax="1979-12-31" valueMin="1979-12-21">21–31 Dec. 1979</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="691B87773E3F20D5F7D0CDCE22A93A14">S. &amp; J. Peck</collectorName>
leg.; veld,
<collectingMethod id="5799DB7DB0286B07AB7B2F4740F0E79A">Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
;
<named-content id="7992A2A9233E99D37CE9EDD5152EAC8E" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/american-museum-natural-history" xlink_title="American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A.">
<collectionCode id="D64DF58ACE1FD847F0B75085C0E16801" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" type="">AMNH</collectionCode>
</named-content>
<specimenCode id="7A5ED1945CA0DABE263C6F1326812E17" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" type="">ICZ 00357881</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPBBI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="7EDC4DE24FBCEB0FE90A96A461D72C78">
<heading id="97B5444E2923D24027F60E64ABC2EF18" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12DA9568776346B0BEBF92F68A6462EA">
The male of this species can be recognised by the distinctive loop of the embolus and the far longer
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVBBI" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
, which extends to more than a quarter of the tegulum length. In comparison, the emboli of
<taxonomicName id="0FCFA3E6AD72A83328386BED6A96A5F2" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B3BE16305A83B6F2EC6856FF96E0C9ED" italics="true">F. distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="88EA4CCACB5E947C216803AD40307F46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7C01F4DBD4244A409DF113BC610DEA1" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C524A30D513B3DFDE328ACC7F2EAA8E8" italics="true">F. flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="694D39A4737C919353E228694C16AA4C" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are only slightly curved, and the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPCBI" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
is clearly larger than the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETCBI" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
in lateral view (compare Figs
<figureCitation id="943715F6CD0B5CAE7139F07C63DFC918" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="447DDB075CE5A92A3390CE6EF16FA16C" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 D – F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="713587289E3CE8FF7C02C0DA42FF7EE9" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="95BED5E84855DE1A472E1F2CF6FB592B" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Foordana kasouga sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781">11 C</figureCitation>
). Female unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHDBI" type="description">
<paragraph id="298E54917B9E3F9943BCBBEE5131C7A0">
<heading id="96DB4D49DDC7D6DEFED7D6E2DAE651EE" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="58CED956245D005B63A6AEC412045055">
Male (
<typeStatus id="EBDFABA6951CF9DE0B264F1FD5DDB653" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Kasouga,
<named-content id="5163C9601D468A765469E9CA8069730C" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/kwazulu-natal-museum" xlink_title="KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="2465C4D46EC1828BDC49379033FDD61C" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" type="Museum">NMSA</collectionCode>
</named-content>
5346): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVDBI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
2.64,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZDBI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
2.11,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4DBI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
2.92,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBEBI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
2.00,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFEBI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
~ 5.56,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJEBI" xlink_title="fovea length">FL</abbrev>
0.27,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENEBI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
1.40,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EREBI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
1.10,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVEBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZEBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.11,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4EBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBFBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFFBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJFBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.45,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENFBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERFBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.13,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVFBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZFBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.17,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4FBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBGBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.79
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFGBI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJGBI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.40,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENGBI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.44, L 0.41. Length of leg segments: I 2.20 + 1.03 + 1.80 + 1.28 + 0.80 = 7.11; II 1.85 + 1.00 + 1.52 + 1.22 + 0.78 = 6.37; III 1.40 + 0.72 + 0.92 + 1.10 + 0.53 = 4.67; IV 1.98 + 0.87 + 1.55 + 1.62 + 0.62 = 6.64. Carapace orange-brown, with faint traces of striae radiating from fovea (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A371C7915E27E6F639BFE874CF4354E3" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 C</figureCitation>
); surface finely wrinkled; fovea short, distinct, at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVGBI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
.
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZGBI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
slightly procurved, almost straight; clypeus height equal to ⅘
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4GBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBHBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFHBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
subequal in size;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJHBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to ⅔ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENHBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERHBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by distance slightly larger than ¼ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVHBI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZHBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4HBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBIBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance very slightly less than their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFIBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJIBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance almost equal to
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENIBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
diameter. Chelicerae orange-brown, anterior surface with long, fine setae, particularly along mesal surface; dentition not examined; endites and labium yellow-brown. Sternum yellow-brown, with orange-brown borders; surface with finely granulate texture, covered with scattered short, fine setae. Abdomen oval, pale grey, with faint dorsal scutum covering entire dorsum; two pairs of faint grey sigilla, at ¼ and ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERIBI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
. Legs all creamy-yellow, faded in alcohol, anterior pair slightly darker. Palp (Figs
<figureCitation id="BB45AE1FED9C1E852BAC5A1E37F8DCAE" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A76F3E9310473B8585FEAF3441C92195" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Foordana kasouga sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781">11 B, C</figureCitation>
) yellow, tegulum cream with red-brown sperm duct; embolus originating proximally on the retrolateral side, curving clockwise around almost circular tegulum, with distal section making large S-shaped loop, with tip directed distally;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4IBI" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
short, finger-like, with tip bent slightly dorsally;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBJBI" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
long, triangular in ventral view, extending to approximately ¼ tegulum length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFJBI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="983BC3203B1D258E4DECAA05677631C1">
<heading id="A400A08EE47B0C743AC2B935973497D3" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0B246D484B1136E647FD07A35631A67">
The species is named after the
<typeStatus id="7E1246EEBB866F4816BDD73BECBCAFE9">type</typeStatus>
locality; noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKJBI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3C6AD9A2CA45446010619E5BEFBA401D">
<heading id="3A393277772D5230E30434472295FC2D" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8FFA6AF1ECDEE81EC1ED7E3E8524368">
Only known from single localities in the
<collectingRegion id="123D172D1AD39BC6BE64E19F3019CA3B" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="B9BB0212BD063EAD7469A70FF1C3F088" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
provinces,
<collectingCountry id="EF9291062434E509FF5CBB225D7BA2CB" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="22CADCB7EE027EA9B3EEBCBE6CFC138C" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Distribution of Foordana distincta sp. nov. (black circles), F. flavipoda sp. nov. (white circles), F. kasouga (black triangles), Foordana sp. Zimbabwe (white triangle), Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. (black square), Namaquella arida sp. nov. (white square), N. samanthae sp. nov. (black star), Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov. (white star) and Rukuluk sp. Tembe (white pentagon) in southern Africa." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230782">12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUJBI" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="7C3F38B46F5C22E7D2121ADAB577316E">
<heading id="292D89E6E0A1DA72EE6EC5DACA692EFE" reason="title">Remark.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B4E59BA531A839D8CB69D67CAE805956">
At the proof stage I received a loan of
<taxonomicName id="3DE48B9F9AACE4235E10EDF91CE50231" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1897" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trachelidae</taxonomicName>
from the
<named-content id="03F6450266D2D2ECD1738FC134E226D5" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/american-museum-natural-history" xlink_title="American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A.">
<collectionCode id="332114B2A46E0C028A373BB4FE793D48" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" type="">AMNH</collectionCode>
</named-content>
including two vials containing
<taxonomicName id="0B77D5EA92AC0C8703F8229258412922" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov">
<emphasis id="EDE1132C1698EAD5B3C315278443997C" italics="true">F. kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="24719127B9DBB2BE402FEBABFFC65F91" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
.. The single male is designated as a
<typeStatus id="0AB0989E7FC8E8E222CC1B7211CFC4B6" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, but unfortunately the second vial must have dried out at some stage and the material is not in an ideal condition to be included as
<typeStatus id="E7F8125360AD02A874CEC1F82B715BDE" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. As this includes the only known female of the species, whose abdomen is badly damaged, description of this sex must wait until alternate material has been sampled.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="707BE95FC9715B9E9ABCBB8E085F19D1" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299" ID-ZooBank="2D20D0B7-7DF4-42E6-A70C-EB1875BCCD26" ID-publisher-id="139299" URI-arpha="59486C2F-9807-5664-9B16-E6C9622FD07A" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/2D20D0B7-7DF4-42E6-A70C-EB1875BCCD26" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1737645745410" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Haddad, Charles R." docDate="2025" docId="4B607F4CB0E153D394A5A45B8155BFE1" docLanguage="en" docName="African Invertebrates 66(1): 19-64" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 66 (1)" docSource="https://africaninvertebrates.pensoft.net/article/139299/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Mushimane tswibilinki Haddad, 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="59486C2F980756649B16E6C9622FD07A" masterDocTitle="And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1737645814701" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods id="E8DBFA4ABB1C76FD33900FE48BE1BD66" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="FF77A99E6331B6546E6DA4FD74D81188">
<mods:title id="16D250E19E9F90D50758688393A57A4B">And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="B01257FB1A21ADA82973EE412DEBF9F6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="80C4DB19E2F9C3F132F3E771863515ED">
<mods:roleTerm id="BB261F587AC404103E2C7D5E54BF34B0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="97379B1D8202F22BD13178DB9D1FA28F">Haddad, Charles R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E32F4A4B1F47DF2111AC077042DAC3E7" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2317-7760</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="E21C21B76323DA731EF27E253D213D07">Department of Zoology &amp; Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="07CFB88F0B310CDDC071B15B5036010D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="D18AC158A3068121BB9E78AC8F7E78C2">
<mods:title id="29DDC9F2E2E1AB49EADD0BB45C5AB17F">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="0ECCA7AE00BD381667B8D9AF516EE91F">
<mods:date id="E8FF85DADD05BE9CBDBC16D002A6AD24">2025</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="9B3405AAA62BEAC425E667BD80579F4F" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="B5F4BCB5C55735DFA64DC9528B7E145B">2025-01-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="EA1BD3B4CE4642B270BB4CB224C8B17C" type="volume">
<mods:number id="FB8341617104D3FA44AFB8297D0F3553">66</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="02571CBA89E59DFED95A1EFD3294A02E">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="250EC095CD589556DA0E458F4E377EA5">19</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="59B411CB16A78CE051C4F85CD7F39878" type="DOI">10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1752630F1E2419B6C4B58F8E27EA4CC4" type="ZooBank">2D20D0B7-7DF4-42E6-A70C-EB1875BCCD26</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="4B607F4CB0E153D394A5A45B8155BFE1" ID-arpha="4B607F4C-B0E1-53D3-94A5-A45B8155BFE1" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/F1C2C424-9C79-44D0-B78F-FF9AFDF9D124" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4B607F4CB0E153D394A5A45B8155BFE1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F1C2C424-9C79-44D0-B78F-FF9AFDF9D124" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B607F4CB0E153D394A5A45B8155BFE1">
<subSubSection id="B28D4183900BB7887374479C88CCDECC" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="51639B2A4C4ACB346EEABCD31FEEA0AA">
<taxonomicName id="DED21A0C3D8F9CCCEBFFD839FEFEE35C" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Mushimane" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tswibilinki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A7B69A560AB03223F730EE6529440E52" italics="true">Mushimane tswibilinki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4829E14BBE3F7FAB83A1E51E217D5ADF" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="25C19D66AFD3B1E7941F426DFC60033C" type="description">
<paragraph id="96B49ECA59889D2A1CDD5B670F1A0EAF">
<figureCitation id="8D705F01F1F0B957821FCFB70E887802" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">Figs 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="CBD6039D8375B04CD505C5CED0465C50" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3CB20E1ABDCD2C6E18C97771AC2E3DC7" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ES6BI" type="material">
<paragraph id="D9E2248F83AAF378E9613BD2BDB6F8E8">
<heading id="C59330C9CAF8BCA766E59D423425A6FA" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E7392C60003E0D717B328FB9535A76F">
<materialsCitation id="B080DCDC49A83AE26923C83456F73A13" collectingDate="2018-12-05" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen &amp; J. Neethling" country="South Africa" elevation="130" latitude="-26.911" location="Staff" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.298832" municipality="Ndumo Game Reserve" specimenCode="NCA 2019" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="8B9FDC4A091F074D8FE5F9FBE5EB3981" bold="true">
<emphasis id="1DA7E6ACD5F9E0D27A9EE38F63605A41" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="F8A264759FC202A05B84672F3961EE49" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="249BD2AC836EE1F0B2E423D4B6268FEF" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="166B3ED23E689DC7643E0518D5C28409" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="5196B03E6453941A95ACD72E2E3B5F4D" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="08DC122F3319B93DFD12B4FE52C7B79C">Ndumo Game Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="07B2C6085CEE3415137A029A75C57F9C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4B607F4CB0E153D394A5A45B8155BFE1:07B2C6085CEE3415137A029A75C57F9C" country="South Africa" latitude="-26.911" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.298832" municipality="Ndumo Game Reserve" name="Staff" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Staff</location>
housing;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EAACI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[32.298833,-26.911000]}">
<geoCoordinate id="A57672500A9BB26DBDF393BFF724DACC" degrees="26" direction="south" minutes="54.660" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-26.911">26 ° 54.660 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="86E7B070C984309B14F06A049C881557" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="17.930" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="32.298832">32 ° 17.930 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="22FE0679A73184BA79E2A62668178207" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" unit="m" value="130.0">
<quantity id="2DBFF060B4AB66D70B8AAB3A7AC7494A" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" unit="m" value="130.0">130 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="D2FE9997977569295A167574A2047B76" value="2018-12-05">
<collectingDate id="1ADD1F8DF7FDCCC9A56F639FE9D4A874" value="2018-12-05">5 Dec. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="8DCF7F61508B1380708413B786E31089">C. Haddad</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="0E4A29662FCD881C2D03A945DA11D4C6">R. Booysen</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="9668E3BB476CD08E3ED3FCC5C080D1FE">J. Neethling</collectorName>
leg.; canopy fogging,
<taxonomicName id="9BAF19CD18CF8A93165B6CBE4343B498" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neglecta">
<emphasis id="459ECE9D7EE9DB5CF4B982EFB28D62CD" italics="true">Commiphora neglecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<specimenCode id="BC226B1CE25A67D2B382D27EDCDB6BC0" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EQACI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2019
</specimenCode>
/ 757.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB07CE5A237A365B1525B0AA233BC68D">
<emphasis id="6C042EDA2271E822128460611582ACB9" bold="true">
<emphasis id="096BB012AFA839FED2315C0F1BB8E5C1" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="B08D4521E32824FFFBC57D8C33FDD138" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9DBF8CD83E22CD7815767C8BEC199EEF" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; together with
<typeStatus id="4EC244F28C18039B3DA098A70301B9FB" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E3ACI" type="material">
<paragraph id="BBC53294941670FDC22BD5403A57E36D">
<heading id="DAD5B723BDCA02A0529F049751850C2A" reason="title">Other material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="84CA7A86DCFD2FB369D94F9D0A5D0202">
<specimenCount id="263EC947511E6E6A1108342CD16A80A6" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; Same data as
<typeStatus id="D317069FC98588314DD46C9219667659">types</typeStatus>
; S. E. M. preparations, epigyne cleared and retained preserved with
<typeStatus id="34AEEDD95B25A9C860E77988A66EDEAF">types</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBBCI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="409A5A55C38ECEF4E21BFF8BD5BF4298">
<heading id="E948798C05B295489B25C7EE05537333" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2D726D578884B3D3D955E7FB51AC947">As for the genus diagnosis.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGBCI" type="description">
<paragraph id="B3F01475F8EC632B8D0C448063DDCB8A">
<heading id="FBBF25362FA6ABB5E4C0F48E3318690F" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF8E0171392EAAA8BF3B047144576D47">
Male (
<typeStatus id="2599D389D48522DBC8228EBC617CE98A" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Ndumo,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EMBCI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="8548C9A06283E58BB605F606EA9474DA">NCA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
2019 / 757): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERBCI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
0.97,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVBCI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
0.75,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZBCI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
0.98,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4BCI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.59,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBCCI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
1.79,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFCCI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
0.56,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJCCI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
0.41,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENCCI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERCCI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVCCI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZCCI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.01,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4CCI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBDCI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.16,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFDCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJDCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.06,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENDCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERDCI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVDCI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZDCI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.27,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4DCI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBECI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.14,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFECI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.18, L 0.16. Length of leg segments: I 0.67 + 0.35 + 0.48 + 0.47 + 0.27 = 2.24; II 0.54 + 0.30 + 0.39 + 0.40 + 0.25 = 1.88; III 0.40 + 0.24 + 0.21 + 0.29 + 0.16 = 1.30; IV 0.60 + 0.27 + 0.46 + 0.40 + 0.18 = 1.91. Carapace creamy-yellow, slightly darker in eye region (Fig.
<figureCitation id="02DF79CD951F1676EF48139D3EB43B63" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 A</figureCitation>
). For eye arrangement see genus description. Chelicerae yellow-brown, anterior surface coarsely wrinkled, with strongly tuberculate setae proximally on anterior surface and laterally, each with a long, fine seta; dentition not examined; endites and labium cream. Sternum creamy-yellow, with yellow-brown margins; surface smooth, with scattered fine long curved setae, denser near margins. Abdomen elongate-oval, caudal section slightly curved ventrally, broadest just behind ½ its length; creamy-grey dorsally, laterally and ventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BC934F923C6EDA0FC859966CA55EE7AD" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 A – C</figureCitation>
); without dorsal scutum; two pairs of distinct sigilla present, at ⅓ and ⅗ abdomen length. Legs cream, metatarsi I and II and all tarsi yellow-brown, darker on anterior legs. Palp (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DA82A12791A2AC49412855108F549DC9" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 A, B</figureCitation>
) yellow-brown; tegulum oval, broadest medially, with subtegulum protruding prolaterally; sperm duct broad proximally in tegulum, initially directed distally, forming distinctive looping coil, with distal section narrowed, running above median section; embolus originating prolaterally and distally, short, stout and straight, directed approximately 45 ° to longitudinal axis of palp;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVECI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
simple, short and distally rounded in ventral view, in retrolateral view with dorsal surface triangular, with sharp tip directed dorsally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC9FE73EC9409BB8E5ED126CD5D63A5B">
Female (
<typeStatus id="2024A240118BD194F1B871CFBBE0C1AD" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, Ndumo,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0E2ECI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="F70C73EB816050F06907C69C093AA7CC">NCA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
2019 / 757): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAFCI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
0.83,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEFCI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
0.63,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIFCI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
1.27,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMFCI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.75,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQFCI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
1.84,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUFCI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
0.52,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYFCI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
0.37,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3FCI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAGCI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.02,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEGCI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIGCI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
&lt;0.01,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMGCI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQGCI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.14,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUGCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYGCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3GCI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAHCI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEHCI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIHCI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.25,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMHCI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQHCI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.13,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUHCI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.17, L 0.16. Length of leg segments: I 0.54 + 0.30 + 0.33 + 0.34 + 0.25 = 1.76; II 0.46 + 0.26 + 0.31 + 0.30 + 0.24 = 1.57; III 0.38 + 0.21 + 0.25 + 0.27 + 0.16 = 1.27; IV 0.54 + 0.25 + 0.44 + 0.38 + 0.17 = 1.78. Carapace yellow-brown (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AA662D613CC3B60340DF908AC9132FC5" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 F</figureCitation>
); surface finely wrinkled, glossy, with scattered short straight setae throughout, sparse on posterior slope; fovea reduced to broad shallow depression at ¾
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3HCI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
. For eye arrangement see genus description. Chelicerae deep yellow-brown, anterior surface finely wrinkled, clearly less rugose than male, with tuberculate setae on anterior and lateral surfaces; dentition not examined; endites creamy and labium yellow-brown, paler proximally. Sternum creamy-yellow, with yellow-brown margins; surface smooth, with fine long curved setae throughout. Abdomen elongate oval, caudal section strongly curved ventrally, broadest at midpoint; creamy-grey dorsally and laterally, with grey mottling ventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C8D76725AA653DC5B75052B6BF3651FF" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 F – H</figureCitation>
), without dorsal scutum; two pairs of indistinct sigilla present, at ¼ and ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEICI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
. All femora cream, patellae to tarsi I and metatarsi and tarsi II – IV yellow-brown, remaining segments cream. Epigyne (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5D6C7ECF51A6412711A13BF445886AE7" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 C, D</figureCitation>
) weakly sclerotized; copulatory openings small, positioned in lateral corners of atrium; copulatory ducts short, initially curving sharply to enter weakly sclerotized sausage-shaped oblique
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMICI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
anteriorly; connecting ducts converging towards posterior, entering globose
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQICI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
, with extension leading to small fertilization ducts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUICI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="EAEDE88768AB4466E3BCEA4C3989EC88">
<heading id="F82AED4FAF2E64B26A9E8E5D85F27C51" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8FDCF630859FA791ACEF956D0B328799">
This species name is a derogatory slang term in the indigenous African Sesotho, mocking a man with a small penis, in reference to the short embolus of the
<typeStatus id="BA0291DD86F0BDF31DF6C889D029A4F5">type</typeStatus>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZICI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="06A5971E6BFCFD83D982B626BB3175A6">
<heading id="2489E4AE9D6C53A9235E196DADAAF34D" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="416186D491472265C56CDF461178DBE5">
Only known from the
<typeStatus id="9191DC392209095F01CFE538582ABA61">type</typeStatus>
locality in northeastern
<collectingRegion id="423E9DCB10812CDC5939B9895F5A8397" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="ABE2CED3A5DED7D4E549472E5E0BD954" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="29F66686D8F71D1E419766D5FF468849" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Distribution of Foordana distincta sp. nov. (black circles), F. flavipoda sp. nov. (white circles), F. kasouga (black triangles), Foordana sp. Zimbabwe (white triangle), Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. (black square), Namaquella arida sp. nov. (white square), N. samanthae sp. nov. (black star), Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov. (white star) and Rukuluk sp. Tembe (white pentagon) in southern Africa." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230782">12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EDJCI" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="F5DF3D9F8F43D66616AB981FB9F6F50D">
<heading id="C1564181506678D1ACA9FF737AE71FED" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F65FD8312898A634654D0C5EA050F69">
Due to the limited number of specimens available,
<specimenCount id="86253BC857DBDF9F2454163E8FF81362" count="1" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
was sacrificed for scanning electron microscopy; its epigyne was cleared prior to preparation of the material for S. E. M., used for the illustrations, and has been retained in the same vials as the types. In addition, this female had an even more strongly ventrally curved abdomen than the
<typeStatus id="C44E537C27BD4F7514AC3CA340779390" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="081FEFC5EAB489877698C06485140AC1">And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="CECC187610F359712B82B574F96F51F4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="380B17E2659B92A208D8F665E7262947">
<taxonomicName id="0B9EE9AF513D98E1C5A9AD15AAEBC59A" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Mushimane" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="301A04A9CC280ACA94E7C31CDAC90DCD" italics="true">Mushimane</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="068CC95943BD59BFFF4B03610F7D7DAF" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIPBI" type="type species">
<paragraph id="B32956988EE528001DFE89846A241B08">
<heading id="3375A030FCB9C00EC49F410ADC2BE063" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="5D1530A4AC441CF761487D25D036AABD">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D76C86E8B422A7285EFCA306DB6BAB1">
<taxonomicName id="4DE69026F4C0E3075CAC6A78ECFA5E64" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Mushimane" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tswibilinki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AF445B0DC83B09A768C38CA9118290C0" italics="true">Mushimane tswibilinki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B0273DA62C7DCDF742B6EEDD9F316EED" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZPBI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6366296E3B3DBE13F2CDB3E7BDDA7161">
<heading id="B9AF361E2FF9C5AE0F166B62F613AC27" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="339FD2E47BCB15D1C0A5C39841DC6902">
This genus includes possibly the smallest known trachelids, with adults only ~
<quantity id="9DC50ECD41BEC8E0BB07673A444AAE02" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
in total length. Both sexes superficially resemble
<tp_taxon-name id="597E6CD5428E57484E816480267747DE">
<tp_taxon-name-part id="8A301A0E84F177B72823381AB23D89EB" reg="Falcaranea" taxon-name-part-type="genus">
<emphasis id="4F9145A59BF7A75A983D2DB95824D0D4" italics="true">Falcaranea</emphasis>
</tp_taxon-name-part>
</tp_taxon-name>
<bibRefCitation id="5E507C0D820D04E252BE26E507EE3F00" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5399.5.1" author="Haddad CR &amp; Lyle R" issue="5" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="451-504" refId="B10" refString="Haddad CR, Lyle R (2024) Three new genera of arboreal dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 5399 (5): 451 - 504. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5399.5. 1" title="Three new genera of arboreal dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Trachelidae)." volume="5399" year="2024">Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2024</bibRefCitation>
but are smaller, lighter in colour and have very different genitalic morphology. Males can be distinguished by from all other trachelids by the distinctive spiralling loop in the distal section of the sperm duct of the palp, close to the base of the embolus, which is short and spike-like (Fig.
<figureCitation id="471B3E2E4FFFE3074F69B3AE4B19282E" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 A</figureCitation>
), whereas long, curved and sword-like in
<tp_taxon-name id="CABDF25575DD2D85D7D39A3E104B2007">
<tp_taxon-name-part id="F52010640546D1E874F315CC79642469" reg="Falcaranea" taxon-name-part-type="genus">
<emphasis id="04D7DE9480273532537761EEA4336813" italics="true">Falcaranea</emphasis>
</tp_taxon-name-part>
</tp_taxon-name>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8BBA925D8966270D8D77DE2EA897CBBB" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5399.5.1" author="Haddad and Lyle" firstAuthor="Haddad" issue="5" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="451-504" refId="B10" refString="Haddad CR, Lyle R (2024) Three new genera of arboreal dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 5399 (5): 451–504. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5399.5.1" title="Three new genera of arboreal dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Trachelidae)." volume="5399" year="2024">Haddad and Lyle 2024</bibRefCitation>
: figs 143, 147). Females can be easily recognized by the broad diamond-shaped epigynal atrium, flanked by sclerotized ridges along its posterior margin (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9EE480F4303755DFB10ADBEB726E64A5" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZQBI" type="description">
<paragraph id="8F0DA27A12D8A82D66E2E6569A48C4BC">
<heading id="955A176CE9B63AC3CB36EC73FCAA1FE8" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14AABFAC7A0796A9B38B17FC62883D5E">
Small spiders,
<quantity id="0A9F84CA04501A890349EE7866909FBB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.815" metricValueMax="1.84" metricValueMin="1.79" unit="mm" value="1.815" valueMax="1.84" valueMin="1.79">1.79–1.84 mm</quantity>
in length; carapace creamy-yellow, yellow-brown in eye region (Fig.
<figureCitation id="77E28C679E8514212D5A54F00302EBD3" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 A, B, F, G</figureCitation>
); carapace oval, broadest near middle of coxae II, gradually narrowed towards eye region, posterior margin straight (Fig.
<figureCitation id="42F89F98D71B62F1AD2B8FBE5EF42AE7" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 A, F</figureCitation>
); fovea absent, reduced to broad shallow depression at ¾ carapace length (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AB08210A0CC5837C2B7D986940741649" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 A</figureCitation>
); carapace convex in lateral profile, slightly elevated from clypeus, highest just anterior to midpoint, with steeper slope in posterior quarter (Fig.
<figureCitation id="ABDD16B16FD8225CDA1E529B39955701" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 B, G</figureCitation>
); carapace surface smooth, with sparse short fine curved setae with small tuberculate bases (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0284F5C440CC3C78CB6B0113193DF19A" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 A, B</figureCitation>
). All eyes surrounded by black rings (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2F43C1A7A59B4CFD70817925B2A41EE4" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 A, F</figureCitation>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXRBI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
slightly procurved in males, strongly procurved in females; clypeus height slightly larger than ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2RBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6RBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
, slightly less than ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDSBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHSBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
in males and slightly less than ⅓
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELSBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter in females;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPSBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETSBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
in males, clearly larger in females;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXSBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to slightly less than ½ their diameter in males, equal to ⅓ their diameter in females;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2SBI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6SBI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by narrow sliver, almost touching;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDTBI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
slightly recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHTBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELTBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
in males, 1 ⅓
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPTBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
diameter in females;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETTBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to slightly less than their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXTBI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2TBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance equal to ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6TBI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
diameter. Chilum and cheliceral dentition not observed; endites with parallel lateral margins, mesal margins with yellow-brown longitudinal groove, distal margins with distinct serrula and dense maxillar hair tuft on mesal margins; labium hexagonal, slightly longer than wide, with broad base and rounded distal margin. Pleural bars sclerotised, isolated; sternum elongate shield-shaped, longer than broad, broadest between coxae II and III (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2D69EEFCD3617CE5458E2A7F1BE810E4" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 C, H</figureCitation>
), surface smooth centrally, sparsely covered in short straight setae; precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites only observed between coxae I and II. Leg formula
<quantity id="8D269AE1E6B6AED5BC4559686F7AE0E1" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.61442" unit="in" value="1423.0">1423 in</quantity>
both sexes, sparsely covered in long fine setae; leg I clearly longer and more robust in males (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1D59E9E6472704386AFD326D192A7FDD" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 A</figureCitation>
), only slightly more so in females (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CD5F0E18F98816B4038B60D359D0D275" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 F</figureCitation>
); ventral cusps absent on anterior legs and scopulate setae and spines absent on all legs in both sexes; femora I very slightly swollen in both sexes, with slightly convex dorsal surface, ventral surface straight (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2684678F75F90D683BA5FCE04E06453B" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 D, I</figureCitation>
); patellar indentation on retrolateral side narrow; metatarsi III and IV with ventral preening comb at distal end (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4D64BB8C0E96B2170295073DD0AFF1FE" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 E, J</figureCitation>
); tarsi with sparse tactile hairs, one basal and two medial pairs of trichobothria and numerous chemosensory setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8929DFB02CBA5376A69A780B5A25FF48" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 C</figureCitation>
); trichobothria with slightly lowered distal plate, distal margin of hood overlapping plate, hood with four curved ridges, roughly concentric (Fig.
<figureCitation id="01BE8F1C9BBACA157608BBB43E7E8FC5" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 E</figureCitation>
); tarsal organ distal, at approximately ⅞ tarsus length (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C47B0AB7C05E7ECFFE0FC68496DBF52B" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 C, D</figureCitation>
), only very slightly elevated from integument, surface finely wrinkled, opening oval and distally placed (Fig.
<figureCitation id="191BBD9925AD19B40F5B62C6CB1A8848" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 F</figureCitation>
); paired tarsal claws long, stout, with at least eight long, broad teeth and numerous tenant setae forming claw tufts in between (Fig.
<figureCitation id="231565D37C2C3157EEB8494227C121CF" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 D</figureCitation>
). Abdomen oval, cream, with two pairs of indistinct sigilla, with dorsal scutum in neither sex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FDC753AEE63845E99D83FE1058FFA172" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 A, F</figureCitation>
); dorsum with very sparse fine setae; venter without sclerites or markings, sparsely covered in fine setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="15C7F13461CB002A764A107450B8DFBC" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 C, H</figureCitation>
); abdomen of both sexes with tip directed ventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F6AED61008E4FAF2B177E5D434C5D49E" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 B, G</figureCitation>
), which is especially accentuated in the female studied by S. E. M .. Spinnerets short, conical, in compact group (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D07CA92FFC31572739D86507B77852D5" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 C, H</figureCitation>
), spigot detail only studied in female
<taxonomicName id="C2463BD9609526BA8E46E87F64F63F38" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Mushimane" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tswibilinki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7D7DE026BF282B4E2CFC3CA9C4E31BF8" italics="true">M. tswibilinki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9C75A6CD3C004C0B273BE40862E05F31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: ALS with one
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGWBI" xlink_title="major ampullate gland spigot(s)">MAmp</abbrev>
, one
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKWBI" xlink_title="nubbin">Nu</abbrev>
and six
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOWBI" xlink_title="piriform gland spigot(s)">Pi</abbrev>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="C365B52C7509793A49EFF8F57EF7AE1A" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 G</figureCitation>
); PMS with single
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWWBI" xlink_title="minor ampullate gland spigot(s)">mAmp</abbrev>
, two
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1WBI" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
and six
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5WBI" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="A4245A9744D9A112215D77CB99B174B3" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 H</figureCitation>
); PLS with two
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGXBI" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
and eight
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKXBI" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="82FC82708E1F4E5F43BE15C02642AFB1" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. female A carapace, dorsolateral view B eye region, anterodorsal view C tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ D same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ E same, paired dorsal trichobothria F same, enlargement of tarsal organ G anterior lateral spinneret H posterior median spinnerets I posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac: aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy: cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp: minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin; Pi: piriform gland spigot (s)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784">14 I</figureCitation>
). Male palpal femur and patella without apophyses; palpal tibia with simple distal retrolateral apophysis (Fig.
<figureCitation id="38A68672412EF1FE3E6C7D9D2A7F96C4" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 A</figureCitation>
); tegulum oval in ventral view, with basal section of cymbium covering tegulum retrolaterally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C06711FF7BD7B21FFD12F8A661285F63" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 A, B</figureCitation>
), with short spike-like embolus originating prolaterally at distal end of tegulum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="25343DE831A99C2172269614FFBDB146" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 A</figureCitation>
); sperm duct unique among
<taxonomicName id="6D8E25DFFBC6179CFF4A64A38C860CB6" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1897" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trachelidae</taxonomicName>
, forming distinct spiralling loop internally in distal half of tegulum near base of embolus (Fig.
<figureCitation id="64C470F47ECD071B813F76D46278FEFA" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 A</figureCitation>
). Female epigyne weakly sclerotised, occupying half of epigastric plate length (Fig.
<figureCitation id="485BD01853616F97E093B9649A25794F" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783">13 H</figureCitation>
), with broad diamond-shaped atrium (Fig.
<figureCitation id="620E44E1732065D14A600A8F461316DB" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 C</figureCitation>
); copulatory openings in lateral corners of atrium, with short copulatory ducts leading to anterolateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPYBI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
; connecting ducts initially directed laterally, converging to globose posterolateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETYBI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
, with fertilization ducts on their mesal margin (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C55A6A8EC2E6CC3B34860D5A29717C4E" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785">15 D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="1DF602A04BEE88F5D2DF41F1AAFE6C0F" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure13" ID-arpha="0DE73139-3589-50A4-BE8D-F57CDFE8FA21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230783" startId="F13">
<paragraph id="366DC747710CD883C7C47DFF9399E528">
<label id="E2A617836A2D7FA19ADFA1CF7C2F3BCB">Figure 13.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ABB3E7B822EC9E15CB3500C88ECAB0E2">
Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of
<taxonomicName id="F789A023F1A383F91200EB18242583E4" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Mushimane" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tswibilinki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="24C686E86B156285F7712806E7BBA580" italics="true">Mushimane tswibilinki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F12F6A1829EE2F08786BBFC25BF61E2" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
male (
<emphasis id="AE4C884A2AC38D92AC6E6A8BB8645289" bold="true">A – E</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="084CF8BBD03D936939A64EF7E3AC9633" bold="true">F – J</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="9E255CEA5C4EA00057E5E797C37BFA78" bold="true">A, F</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis id="3F053F730E14EBAEEAC09F489E6D8BFC" bold="true">B, G</emphasis>
same, lateral view
<emphasis id="D94013C0AC5ECA1F5A3B299C48CE4554" bold="true">C, H</emphasis>
same, ventral view
<emphasis id="D5E48E0055EEB7282882FC7CB1B3B3E4" bold="true">D, I</emphasis>
leg I, prolateral view
<emphasis id="44E62890F2EF7E50834929994E09C956" bold="true">E, J</emphasis>
metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (
<emphasis id="49ED5A0ADCF2F256C5F6FCEA18981030" bold="true">A – C, F – H</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis id="FD2EF8EFAE453C4697CA250A86EA56FB" bold="true">D, E, I, J</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="54A9B3086F408228BD15E76C81D83301" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure14" ID-arpha="DA70EF54-13A4-5609-81B2-D324A6144B42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230784" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="4EDF9D81EFF71BF3750DA67176977738">
<label id="B78BB3C45C49B80333B79E3335BAAC62">Figure 14.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CAB7CC9B4B30330EBD4E7C1C6F1329CA">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="6A95BD5F5B06CCEC6C6844A286B2C731" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Mushimane" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tswibilinki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="24E223F2B56429C2A4EE338D5A79FE55" italics="true">Mushimane tswibilinki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5E0E700C196E8C8BBF7234BDE3255EE9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
female
<emphasis id="4BB202D2C1DD8C1C139D3FD23DCD2C3A" bold="true">A</emphasis>
carapace, dorsolateral view
<emphasis id="16A150174BBC01850C3AEA283E505E51" bold="true">B</emphasis>
eye region, anterodorsal view
<emphasis id="953240A8673C0135443F029AD01726D6" bold="true">C</emphasis>
tarsus I, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ
<emphasis id="7A44D77B9FED5E37CC446E4BAB30D9E3" bold="true">D</emphasis>
same, enlargement of claws, dorsolateral view, arrow indicating tarsal organ
<emphasis id="6C8C91BAD44ED7E0C67031C9913D3E3F" bold="true">E</emphasis>
same, paired dorsal trichobothria
<emphasis id="DBD5B197D234E373BEDB876F087CC41A" bold="true">F</emphasis>
same, enlargement of tarsal organ
<emphasis id="A956D75153E5F4E17264F83CC3EDF482" bold="true">G</emphasis>
anterior lateral spinneret
<emphasis id="020C396A37658EAA870D687EB290740C" bold="true">H</emphasis>
posterior median spinnerets
<emphasis id="F71226DECEFA7636B0BDB1EE78CEF9A2" bold="true">I</emphasis>
posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EK2BI" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
: aciniform gland spigot (s);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EO2BI" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
: cylindrical gland spigot (s);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ES2BI" xlink_title="minor ampullate gland spigot(s)">mAmp</abbrev>
: minor ampullate gland spigot;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EW2BI" xlink_title="major ampullate gland spigot(s)">MAmp</abbrev>
: major ampullate gland spigot; n: nubbin;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E12BI" xlink_title="piriform gland spigot(s)">Pi</abbrev>
: piriform gland spigot (s).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="99EBE6BA3B5A4D90BFD7DC49B76384BF" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure15" ID-arpha="A0F03C4A-BC57-535B-AC46-8A2661691E44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230785" startId="F15">
<paragraph id="D502C0A1AD3C2B15511E414A1BF8BEFA">
<label id="52A6BDFA6FF6DE3A259CF4D02EBCAC23">Figure 15.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95604856239E213AAE90DA7AB22EC755">
<taxonomicName id="04A9D86DE6814FB8B3C135E9F76415E2" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Mushimane" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tswibilinki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DABFDA1CC3FC2E131A5A63920FC7C5BC" italics="true">Mushimane tswibilinki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0627B589C044577056B4A9C59CF5B2B4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="71159B6DFF5D193D03F8D3DCD74DE60A" bold="true">A, B</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="64D9146BD70E3D5477B4B160DE5638C7" bold="true">C, D</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="5C41D7CC8FD3C7FEAAB65A341AE56791" bold="true">A</emphasis>
palp, ventral view
<emphasis id="98D338F732002C351037F77CAC4201D8" bold="true">B</emphasis>
same, retrolateral view
<emphasis id="7E7408E3CBDDE7BC4EC595860EDB05FA" bold="true">C</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view
<emphasis id="2EE6842613EC018D5DB68BA34A135E14" bold="true">D</emphasis>
same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EC4BI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
– retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EG4BI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
– primary spermatheca;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EK4BI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
– secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ET4BI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="CDA9957ADAF561623E848AF2C52032BF">
<heading id="487F2C722B429974B30112B93E00C469" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C737D05B7310EFE33B85BBD3D8FE862F">
The name is a noun in the indigenous African Sesotho language for “ boy ” or “ little man ”, referring to the diminutive size of the
<typeStatus id="9F276B19B1924B5B32F16D2676EC6FEC">type</typeStatus>
species. Gender masculine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EY4BI" type="Composition">
<paragraph id="43B0A4EAF747AE82B6D87B9FADF0008E">
<heading id="CECC80AE6D48F46B2A24801139BC93AF" reason="title">Composition.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A0776E880F91892C447E5E6C3B39969">Monotypic.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

767
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<mods:title id="8F418E69B58DB93306B0DF8454574A39">And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="891437694F94C8E15AE107B6373F1951" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A8B943D4EA6C44FD25B6457D8F2A4187">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CF6567B4E729BF00B6123AB0108175AB">Haddad, Charles R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B61FDDA606C1862FDCDB500A895A419A">Department of Zoology &amp; Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:date id="C1F67659811338745874C902A032FF8D">2025</mods:date>
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<treatment id="7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374" ID-arpha="7F85D5E9-9210-52EC-9E5B-8FE38A5C2374" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/54A664C5-2149-48F1-837D-85C5E0BD8CBF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:54A664C5-2149-48F1-837D-85C5E0BD8CBF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374">
<subSubSection id="274488867DD0FB265F8C3F55AFE030F2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B0B723B6164CBEA5B1415BEE12F1854F">
<taxonomicName id="1DFB175D2062F363832E6F1A59F5C12D" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4447137017E9991B17EE2ACCDEB1324E" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="180CBCEBB1F642B28E47E4E36A79836B" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DF0243928C4B5A65BC173E7C17E59A58" type="description">
<paragraph id="85D24ED53619825CF541E4C49426C8D5">
<figureCitation id="135A1DF8328444EB42886C0F80507C2D" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. General habitus of live Foordana distincta sp. nov., female from Komani, Eastern Cape (A – C), Namaquella arida sp. nov., male from Akkerendam Nature Reserve, Northern Cape (D – F), and Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female from Witsand Nature Reserve, Northern Cape (G – I). A, D, G Dorsal view B, E, H Anterior view C, F Lateral view I Dorsolateral view. Photos by Ruan Booysen." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230771">Figs 1 A – C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4F404E0B4B10685D9DF14D2ACECCE0FE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A26F9533C0F075F07E9DD823D1C47C46" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5B60000D997E3F98A1A7F2C60387776D" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male A tibia I, ventral view B same, detail of cusps and scopulae C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, detail of cusps and scopulae E tarsus I, ventral view F same, detail of cusps and scopulae G – I detail of cusp structure on the tibia (G), metatarsus (H) and tarsus (I), arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230774">4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="69DFACE177E53BEF27B313C11388F631" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A627CE0C77F8A258058B24343A20AAC9" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A spinnerets, general view B anterior lateral spinnerets C posterior median spinnerets D posterior lateral spinnerets. Abbreviations: Ac – aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy – cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp – minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp – major ampullate gland spigot; Pi – piriform gland spigot (s); Ta – tartipore." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230776">6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="34EB0789F9807B9B4ED3BCCD598F6FDC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0158D70E0883BE080C5B4A1C1E23268A" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="27E6AFDC63DDB95AFD97FA7AAC632DA4" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 D, G, H</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EAQBG" type="material">
<paragraph id="E0FBC612AFD4DFCEDE6656D2A8E39FFB">
<heading id="240D1EB6DFC753FF1FD59079FCE24E0D" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5058FAED03285C0DD6AFA6063E5E1DB5">
<materialsCitation id="3B3AE360173BF67F0826AC3429016BDF" collectingDate="2010-03-17" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.80935" location="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.65425" municipality="Clocolan" specimenCode="NCA 2010" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="A0A25035388DC98FDCA236DE04CCCCAB" bold="true">
<emphasis id="A99319B180C1CB1714F4AA495F1436F5" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="AE8527EFA27067F53B1544F4ACACD3DB" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="CE63FD4742903C23F34EE8663BBB1D67" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="D70F9E0F915005630937D09E003039CA" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="48D5613531BEE5EBB35840ABB4FD4F49" country="South Africa" name="Free State">Free State Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="8FCA3279FF56B7B009570C6F4EA81884">Clocolan</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8496181521DF61F6A67AE4541CC95E6D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374:8496181521DF61F6A67AE4541CC95E6D" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.80935" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.65425" municipality="Clocolan" name="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" stateProvince="Free State">Amahelo-ho-Spitskop</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EOQBG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[27.654250,-28.809350]}">
<geoCoordinate id="6ECFFB2DBFD5233CE1845E5B2B95B8B8" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="48.561" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.80935">28 ° 48.561 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8EDBA4E7A2DEB7C8B96CAF41B87D79AA" degrees="27" direction="east" minutes="39.255" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="27.65425">27 ° 39.255 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<date id="7006359D578D9FB86EE71F040E99D04B" value="2010-03-17">
<collectingDate id="F1708051698ECF83636FDB3529CEDAE9" value="2010-03-17">17 Mar. 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="A79A8974945300297F4A1DD93B807ACE">C. Haddad</collectorName>
leg.; base of grass tussocks;
<specimenCode id="54175822D6270CE3FB0F6BBFACA91F49" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ETQBG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2010
</specimenCode>
/ 349.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F43CA7F85CB14F043ECCBF57450A7B8E">
<materialsCitation id="2715DD9489B13FF61DE0AE3B8E3CCB3D" country="South Africa" location="South Africa" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="58C1255123EC4E90AEF4FE4710B475F3" bold="true">
<emphasis id="FD72050879AEE2FF4A2D779CF960C51B" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="9B7C1AB70F5135FF2A54E16C6744D06F" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="717C932A20FFBB54B19DF894202139FC" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
•
<specimenCount id="D8313181166AD44D83B3C36E2BB17A70" count="4" type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
; together with
<typeStatus id="F11F8362E5EDB2EE4D0CF1E0DA1B2CA5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
•
<materialsCitation id="C4664018E6C32A09FA18DA42A34FC876" collectingDate="2021-04-04" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" county="Queenstown" elevation="1160" latitude="-31.8591" location="Farm Arphen" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="26.568533" municipality="Komani district" specimenCode="NCA 2021" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="921A2BEDBE868EEF7110D393E68358BF" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
;
<specimenCount id="31B6A2DEB4AF2940459AC4EE7CBDDF72" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingCounty id="FC798E5DAB62048DC2EE18D4D88CA364">Queenstown</collectingCounty>
/
<collectingMunicipality id="A767193BFEE191A2C34DC5E28F9D85DA">Komani district</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="C9545D86759CBC9785027FACF09C2B02" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374:C9545D86759CBC9785027FACF09C2B02" country="South Africa" county="Queenstown" latitude="-31.8591" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="26.568533" municipality="Komani district" name="Farm Arphen" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Farm Arphen</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ECRBG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[26.568533,-31.859100]}">
<geoCoordinate id="83AFE2452E881B25D9F04F33D93BD6FB" degrees="31" direction="south" minutes="51.546" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-31.8591">31 ° 51.546 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2BAC0C194171582399521F5CD3A46F2B" degrees="26" direction="east" minutes="34.112" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="26.568533">26 ° 34.112 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="ADE70D33DE38C6C4BEF3F3D5F5915DFF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" unit="m" value="1160.0">
<quantity id="9D0F9222DE6095199CCB0FE3826C85B1" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" unit="m" value="1160.0">1160 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="B7065DB46424CC37B43FF4A73E79F791" value="2021-04-04">
<collectingDate id="1E078D78CE19374DB48C51CE5D05F3F4" value="2021-04-04">4 Apr. 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="577729AAF52504AAF022BE498FDE97E6">C. Haddad</collectorName>
leg.; hand collecting;
<specimenCode id="4A640EE7696ADEDEF99008E840303085" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EHRBG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2021
</specimenCode>
/ 1044
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="1DC49D56907469C21B88C1B3025EB99C" collectingDate="2013-03-23" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" county="Amatola Mountains" elevation="1460" latitude="-32.56212" location="Amatole Forestry Company" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="26.9154" municipality="Hogsback" specimenCode="NCA 2014" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="0E324D20910D3F5E100CDA73A3D10B43" count="1" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="756611D6B974AD69F79CA2A3C7207B72" count="2" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingCounty id="FF132763157FE7A9737BD087DDC57124">Amatola Mountains</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="E7A431D66AE8F19075A1152EE60771B0">Hogsback</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="A0108F6537986427462BB561248D361F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374:A0108F6537986427462BB561248D361F" country="South Africa" county="Amatola Mountains" latitude="-32.56212" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="26.9154" municipality="Hogsback" name="Amatole Forestry Company" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Amatole Forestry Company</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EPRBG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[26.915400,-32.562117]}">
<geoCoordinate id="82CA439635BEED29E65B3F69EB6BB2DA" degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="33.727" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-32.56212">32 ° 33.727 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4105A919A0634C9E9B2B74C06F031A1D" degrees="26" direction="east" minutes="54.924" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="26.9154">26 ° 54.924 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="6BD434943FD2021A0E34E7D84D7D82F4" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" unit="m" value="1460.0">
<quantity id="EF1E49AAC31B432C64206418D8E9D735" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" unit="m" value="1460.0">1460 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="F5439527F1F9B1928B2086C3F135ACA6" value="2013-03-23">
<collectingDate id="A4BDE329453D6376F3B80D3403E712C4" value="2013-03-23">23 Mar. 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="EFDFBA7F947FE2E352169379EAA50D2F">C. Haddad</collectorName>
leg.; active search, grass tussocks and fynbos in grassland;
<specimenCode id="CB7C5F4A0369E15C9CA91AE5DE267EE3" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EURBG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2014
</specimenCode>
/ 321
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="CF328DECF69068D30F3DB6FC03D50A20" collectingDate="2007-03-09" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.8" location="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" longLatPrecision="1230" longitude="27.65" municipality="Clocolan" specimenCode="NCA 2007" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="BA6BD6A6CF9BD9D7757CE37A66AE74E4" country="South Africa" name="Free State">Free State Province</collectingRegion>
:
<specimenCount id="15F6B94F4140DCD833A3F6871BA846AC" count="1" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="259DA89729337D248761983BB384EE50" count="2" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="17FB56C19EA778DBC166D8BC92810DD7">Clocolan</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="14ADB93AAD67BBDB93594F4CF14A43C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374:14ADB93AAD67BBDB93594F4CF14A43C5" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.8" longLatPrecision="1230" longitude="27.65" municipality="Clocolan" name="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" stateProvince="Free State">Amahelo-ho-Spitskop</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E3RBG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[27.650000,-28.800000]}">
<geoCoordinate id="77E8BF5A678FDAEACBBC9C10515DF22C" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.8">28 ° 48 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E4598E9CE388956B3D7993D8435E925A" degrees="27" direction="east" minutes="39" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="27.65">27 ° 39 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<date id="83108E241AD415DAABC8DF68B23274A3" value="2007-03-09">
<collectingDate id="AEE92615F7A50F875F58BC91FED93C98" value="2007-03-09">9 Mar. 2007</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="EEEFF7446E6E0B88C9D36CEE15325B83">C. Haddad</collectorName>
leg.;
<taxonomicName id="9EEB3BB59AD4A261B54184C6F82F5818" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5D598FE82A9DEE1A34CBD80DF90B1ABA" italics="true">Rhus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
litter;
<specimenCode id="665E2A7663CD6ADB5EF3EC5E224BECBC" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EISBG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2007
</specimenCode>
/ 1334
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="338DD53EB2705407842FA40B800E5B9B" collectingDate="2007-03-08" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.8" location="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" longLatPrecision="1230" longitude="27.65" municipality="Clocolan" specimenCode="NCA 2007" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="8E550E62333E7C753062C888069A810A" count="2" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for preceding;
<date id="16807E0E655E3837E0620901F92E1FA4" value="2007-03-08">
<collectingDate id="641739EC55536AEB8830204ABD99F520" value="2007-03-08">8 Mar. 2007</collectingDate>
</date>
; dense grass;
<specimenCode id="9235C195530A2CA268D7E41818EBB5B1" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ENSBG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2007
</specimenCode>
/ 1336
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="5420DB3BCB3D30E58BD5EA019F2E81F2" collectingDate="2007-03-08" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.8" location="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" longLatPrecision="1230" longitude="27.65" municipality="Clocolan" specimenCode="NCA 2008" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="711E7D0461EE8DFB9A0965B05D267232" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for preceding; grassy litter near dam;
<specimenCode id="E7CE25290A834B4BDB858DBE72110D82" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ESSBG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2008
</specimenCode>
/ 2897
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="E730A5687626A723637BF3B44B981626" collectingDate="2007-03-08" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.8" location="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" longLatPrecision="1230" longitude="27.65" municipality="Clocolan" specimenCode="NCA 2007" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="978E50D3BC4EE345BA64D8FCED1E4C20" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for preceding;
<taxonomicName id="1E52D37E7493623351125F21BD07A5B2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C199E93CEAA3B4DA63C7A06E9333279C" italics="true">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
litter;
<specimenCode id="BCA8F0D8E367F47FE5E6FDF96E5DC7D2" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0E5SBG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2007
</specimenCode>
/ 1335
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3377D014EC53708E52C1CD192D6990BF" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="A. Jones" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.80935" location="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.65425" municipality="Clocolan" specimenCode="NCA 2010" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="84248A9D280B65708D4045068D1908AE" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="A43285AC028D44EAABD50D345CE959D9">Clocolan</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="394CD069BC8B6D2D2F6D90C464897E13" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374:394CD069BC8B6D2D2F6D90C464897E13" country="South Africa" latitude="-28.80935" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.65425" municipality="Clocolan" name="Amahelo-ho-Spitskop" stateProvince="Free State">Amahelo-ho-Spitskop</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EGTBG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[27.654250,-28.809350]}">
<geoCoordinate id="BC3DA0F34E1358D257734EE65C04969E" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="48.561" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-28.80935">28 ° 48.561 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D5B16FF7688A210A0AF5BFEDD0375CE1" degrees="27" direction="east" minutes="39.255" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="27.65425">27 ° 39.255 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
; 2010;
<collectorName id="68A54CD372E8DE9CB13060C8C2FA521F">A. Jones</collectorName>
leg.; in garden and around house;
<specimenCode id="5BBB10FD6136A9D667383684247636D5" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ELTBG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2010
</specimenCode>
/ 328
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="063A89618D656446C7D283C549770D18" collectingDate="2024-03-31" collectionCode="NMBA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" elevation="1520" latitude="-29.87785" location="Farm Dereham" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.074266" municipality="Wepener district" specimenCode="NMBA 19614" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="E220697A74075FA920C668AAB9D0E7F6" count="3" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="1B0B0318DDDBC1B7C00171F21A2E6EBA">Wepener district</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="BCED905A946A3D2D359B829E04367F10" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374:BCED905A946A3D2D359B829E04367F10" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.87785" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="27.074266" municipality="Wepener district" name="Farm Dereham" stateProvince="Free State">Farm Dereham</location>
,
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ETTBG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[27.074267,-29.877850]}">
<geoCoordinate id="77F31578604643174EEB32E92D095D79" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="52.671" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-29.87785">29 ° 52.671 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C23F628D140474E149F6E7257AEA166F" degrees="27" direction="east" minutes="04.456" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="27.074266">27 ° 04.456 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="63BD378D295C1F90B56321D1ED1058B2" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" unit="m" value="1520.0">
<quantity id="36DE97F669D240925778CEA729D7DE56" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" unit="m" value="1520.0">1520 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="43C3BB0BD824FADE185F8C27D5F1321D" value="2024-03-31">
<collectingDate id="4BEE803FA8C3BCF3091BAA966FC4F4A5" value="2024-03-31">31 Mar. 2024</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="BF028DE56E934862FD801B379CA84702">C. Haddad</collectorName>
leg.; hand collecting in grassland;
<specimenCode id="415DE63276A867B1D153582E7C610345" collectionCode="NMBA" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EYTBG" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">NMBA</abbrev>
19614
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="56A139727353F0582F24C81B3FEA85D3" collectingDate="1976-04-15" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="F. Wanless &amp; A. Russell-Smith" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.55" location="Town Bush" longLatPrecision="1226" longitude="30.35" municipality="Pietermaritzburg" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="ECAC4D02D3BB3E25C13A8B8414732B7E" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Province</collectingRegion>
;
<specimenCount id="A7558C623A463637DD1F05A2E7037AFF" count="3" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="94BB306FE9701E9B528F6B9815A10DB3">Pietermaritzburg</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="3E60520A986C8EF4491DA29D4A3D8F2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374:3E60520A986C8EF4491DA29D4A3D8F2B" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.55" longLatPrecision="1226" longitude="30.35" municipality="Pietermaritzburg" name="Town Bush" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Town Bush</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EAUBG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[30.350000,-29.550000]}">
<geoCoordinate id="BC7391858BDAC6BD34340C39BB98084A" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-29.55">29 ° 33 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="38BC6CDB9D7CCA5479FE75BD12A83595" degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="30.35">30 ° 21 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<date id="3C9E9E471F1CDD3DAA79234E671B1C31" value="1976-04-15">
<collectingDate id="B7A64BA4FB71390DE3B6AF3128DC2F02" value="1976-04-15">15 Apr. 1976</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="14CAD778C26D00B5D43E0F5C27BA18D5">F. Wanless</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="47AAC39002DB8266F2414A0415BA6EC4">A. Russell-Smith</collectorName>
leg.; ground layer in grassland;
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EFUBG" xlink_title="British Museum of Natural History, London, U.K.">
<collectionCode id="DF51942482009B26FEBD999FF00A223C">BMNH</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F769255F2AEB653FB7814FB297DD3AAB" collectingDate="2021-11-25" collectionCode="NMBA" collectorName="C. Haddad" country="South Africa" elevation="275" latitude="-34.2046" location="Houw Hoek Inn" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="19.1537" municipality="Houw Hoek" specimenCode="NMBA 18796" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Western Cape" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="49847B4E3674AD68E1C806D699317386" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
:
<specimenCount id="30D0670853E7AAAB227A4C45BB4BCE1D" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="F2C680DE399F3375209568BEE93FEB56">Houw Hoek</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="C1875CC327E1AA2F4EC63E4B2C5D10DB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85D5E9921052EC9E5B8FE38A5C2374:C1875CC327E1AA2F4EC63E4B2C5D10DB" country="South Africa" latitude="-34.2046" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="19.1537" municipality="Houw Hoek" name="Houw Hoek Inn" stateProvince="Western Cape">Houw Hoek Inn</location>
;
<geoCoordinate id="C1F9AA7E62541B0EB1CE90138A8F1904" degrees="34.2046" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-34.2046">- 34.2046</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="FE01C1FFA46566877C991733A3298DEA" degrees="19.1537" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="19.1537">19.1537</geoCoordinate>
;
<elevation id="C9A3F4F13E83D2D833EDE2D09D2FB88C" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" unit="m" value="275.0">
<quantity id="5C61D23C71B02B23FFCD85D28A12C993" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" unit="m" value="275.0">275 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="BB0DC088969092823DB625592D51663F" value="2021-11-25">
<collectingDate id="89A966D44697973A0424F746DEDBE888" value="2021-11-25">25 Nov. 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="36567D2195FC4C6CD60CC1FCFA1EF286">C. Haddad</collectorName>
leg.; hand collecting in fynbos;
<specimenCode id="86F10EFA2674D05CF379921410C99AE4" collectionCode="NMBA" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/js1h-4156" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" type="">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EKUBG" xlink_title="National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa">NMBA</abbrev>
18796
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPUBG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="83423888F124EE80E9CBC4A178BD0EF5">
<heading id="B369D0814DECE092AF5EC2B19510B6E5" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A76D59203E81CCF56FB1094547B0F15">
The male of this species shares with
<taxonomicName id="800C02F183FF775FAB7047C2BBD55471" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="016758CEA97057D1077E13B1B26611E7" italics="true">F. flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFCAD6BBE61FBBFFC2C83E99699B38E1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
a simple curved embolus in ventral view (Figs
<figureCitation id="64FE5B2956EEB93E788D6546B598BF07" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F52950094D37938946DE534677770885" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 A</figureCitation>
), whereas it is S-shaped with a distal loop in
<taxonomicName id="B6234C0DC12D8AFE7864597F10A131F1" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8D43844597088F4A6973E0AF389D61ED" italics="true">F. kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95D89546B1616F1CDD368610E8630F73" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="50EC62DD6399AE3AF396E26A49DD960F" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Foordana kasouga sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781">11 B</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, it can be recognised by the generally similar size of the dorsal and ventral retrolateral tibial apophyses in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="35847557D8DAD90B0E98EEDEEEF1072A" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 C</figureCitation>
), whereas the ventral is far larger than the dorsal in
<taxonomicName id="80D13C114B1BEB22E447698322778CF1" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B76FA8BEDAE0830648AF584B1BD2F577" italics="true">F. flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B75EBAEFAF5651CA9A8AAEA2A78CB3D1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="FC26EE4358133F49AA2F522332E6C209" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 B</figureCitation>
) and the dorsal is larger than the ventral in
<taxonomicName id="8C7DA914425882856DAEE1AFEC91C507" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D391556F45E814CB98A83F117422D416" italics="true">F. kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F47B9A2A41D38AE07F1C8A519CC3AC03" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="E438968FC206A31B353CA8C6AF384843" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Foordana kasouga sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781">11 C</figureCitation>
). Females can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="A6DF8ABCE4135F8581ECE61B555FF375" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9C22D898323A00355A933A1C6273095A" italics="true">F. flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="12F10ECFF0CF1D485DBD8BA3D0B88231" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and an undescribed species from
<collectingCountry id="F1524A3B7745CCE5D1437D1DC4A2ED8A" name="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
by the absence of a median hood (compare Fig.
<figureCitation id="06723F40BC84F583A41BFF8EE8623513" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 G – J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C0266DA0D304BAE23F95134D6911F679" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" ID-arpha="71AA01C9-1AC0-517B-B0B5-BAD95843A952" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="D702E3B4557CA92BABA1149362C7FD33">
<label id="DE32940D3797BBB2B9C3B6B6F79489C3">Figure 10.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5884233E1F427583B1CF3A1E7C9E2EFB">
<taxonomicName id="DD0F3DE76B37893ED2EB5D3C6B3F5571" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="858CBC7B782094077A2F969282B60907" italics="true">Foordana flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="297943D33D906ED41662446A6BD154AC" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="792AF270A038690572024464546A3982" bold="true">A, B</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="385CD2C6451B561F0C02A2CF9204F061" bold="true">C, D</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="317C31205EECD0120BF63E4723577771" bold="true">A</emphasis>
palp, ventral view
<emphasis id="5052CF9A860D0037E9C758E923EEE7D9" bold="true">B</emphasis>
same, retrolateral view
<emphasis id="AE900B78FC7B37F2C79D327D1C734D16" bold="true">C</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view
<emphasis id="6F8C3C4E708BB26CE1DD48EEAEDADD11" bold="true">D</emphasis>
same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHYBG" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
– dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELYBG" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
– primary spermatheca;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPYBG" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
– secondary spermatheca;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETYBG" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
– ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C0F2B1329840BC6CE76A6A507509687E" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" ID-arpha="50240595-1279-56E7-B14C-72F6834ECCCD" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781" startId="F11">
<paragraph id="825989D3BE9AC52F6083042BB4FEECBA">
<label id="823B9A71975E891219553698AFD98762">Figure 11.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D87888C8250281A09AE8611930638765">
<taxonomicName id="EF5C61F9086832F1AC5001A600071304" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6D38938065CA3F8C8B769475B599F181" italics="true">Foordana kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C98FFD1DA3C9B710F10C5EB18F690D31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male
<emphasis id="45B1D5BBD329D80DA1D139FB8243CABE" bold="true">A</emphasis>
schematic representation of cusp arrangement
<emphasis id="4E08F8C156A5FAF76369AD58B5FEAA0A" bold="true">B</emphasis>
palp, ventral view
<emphasis id="8DA14490687450276864E69616BDC76E" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVZBG" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
– dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZZBG" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
– ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EC1BG" type="description">
<paragraph id="0E229F346F4FC87DB4EF1BB4CFB69176">
<heading id="A76F10134868902A85CC019D3083A33E" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CBD37B721CA3B170CC79C845545CBCAB">
Male (
<typeStatus id="276651601ED4C93BD907B5BAD9FE66A1" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Amahelo-ho-Spitskop,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EI1BG" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="1F3F999B41351D9D595C76AA2D6D6A6D">NCA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
2010 / 349): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN1BG" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
2.36,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER1BG" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
2.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV1BG" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
2.77,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ1BG" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
1.87,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E41BG" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
5.15,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB2BG" xlink_title="fovea length">FL</abbrev>
0.14,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF2BG" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
1.33,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ2BG" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
1.15,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN2BG" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER2BG" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.07,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV2BG" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ2BG" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.04,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E42BG" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB3BG" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.41,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF3BG" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ3BG" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.11,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN3BG" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER3BG" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.19,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV3BG" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ3BG" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.68,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E43BG" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB4BG" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.35,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF4BG" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.36, L 0.40. Length of leg segments: I 2.05 + 0.95 + 1.61 + 1.22 + 0.81 = 6.64; II 1.80 + 0.88 + 1.35 + 1.12 + 0.76 = 5.91; III 1.32 + 0.63 + 0.88 + 1.07 + 0.43 = 4.33; IV 1.92 + 0.85 + 1.60 + 1.78 + 0.63 = 6.78. Carapace deep red-brown, with four pairs of mediolateral mottled markings, corresponding to palps and first three pairs of legs (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E8CEA5DB4C426BE2CC49BD1E5F702BA1" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 A</figureCitation>
); surface finely wrinkled, appearing asetose but with very short sparse setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="02F4147AA4794F84B2B6776CF0EEC8EF" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 B</figureCitation>
); fovea short, distinct, at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER4BG" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
.
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV4BG" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
slightly procurved, almost straight; clypeus height equal to
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ4BG" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E44BG" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
very slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB5BG" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF5BG" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal ½ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ5BG" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN5BG" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by distance equal to slightly less than ⅓
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER5BG" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EV5BG" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
slightly recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ5BG" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E45BG" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB6BG" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to slightly more than ⅘ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF6BG" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ6BG" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance equal to 1 ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN6BG" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
diameter. Chelicerae, endites and labium dark orange-brown; anterior surface of cheliceral paturon covered with fairly dense long, fine setae mesally, sparse laterally; promargin with three slightly separated teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with three adjacent teeth on common base, decreasing in size distally; endites slightly paler. Sternum dark orange, with faint black mottled patches laterally, border dark orange-brown; surface smooth, with scattered erect setae. Abdomen elongate-oval, creamy-grey dorsally, with narrow yellow-brown dorsal scutum, leaving narrow sliver between scutum and black lateral markings (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7E1B1F03E097169458F87221AF62F7DE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 A</figureCitation>
); dorsum with continuous black line from anterior to posterior, with pair of narrow lines in posterior half of abdomen, joined by six faint transverse chevron markings; sides black (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2CE714E76994B320B8F33C325F755BE8" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 B</figureCitation>
); venter creamy-grey, with pair of black mediolateral lines from epigastric fold to spinnerets (Fig.
<figureCitation id="929B8E1D794824938BDB126E8E9E4394" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 C</figureCitation>
). Legs I to IV dark yellow-orange, I darker than others; ventral cusps present on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I and II (Fig.
<figureCitation id="92DC920C904048E3C70D0169BFAAEC37" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 A</figureCitation>
). Palp (Figs
<figureCitation id="DEDBB94BF1800F7699E1DE4A542E286D" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7 A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8E9DC6D8B914833B46C3562596A63259" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 B, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A27165480F43D4834084BF152875135F" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 D</figureCitation>
) dark red-brown; tegulum oval, with embolus originating mesally, initially with broad base directed prolaterally, bending sharply before gradually curving to tip, directed at 2 o’clock;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOAAI" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
slender, subtriangular, with rounded tip pointed inwards in ventral view;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ESAAI" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
slightly smaller with sharp tip, triangular in lateral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="256CA96F068F7845ECA7412D721CE884">
Female (
<typeStatus id="D62C12B4A31FB62CF98F3FCC1AB16393" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, Amahelo-ho-Spitskop,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EYAAI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="2A7F41FB8359C9CD4E4D117BE430B3C9">NCA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
2010 / 349): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4AAI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
2.48,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBBAI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
2.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFBAI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
3.58,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJBAI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
2.35,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENBAI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
5.60,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERBAI" xlink_title="fovea length">FL</abbrev>
0.24,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVBAI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
1.32,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZBAI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
1.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4BAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBCAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.06,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFCAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJCAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENCAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERCAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.37,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVCAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZCAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.13,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4CAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBDAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.14,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFDAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJDAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.65,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENDAI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERDAI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.31,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVDAI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.40, L 0.35. Length of leg segments: I 2.12 + 1.02 + 1.52 + 1.20 + 0.86 = 6.72; II 1.90 + 0.92 + 1.35 + 1.02 + 0.80 = 5.99; III 1.47 + 0.77 + 1.00 + 1.12 + 0.55 = 4.91; IV 2.25 + 0.98 + 1.80 + 1.95 + 0.70 = 7.68. Carapace deep orange-brown, with three paired mediolateral mottled grey markings and mottled patch in front of fovea (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F65F45B8A4A5273247F2878F54654B3F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 F</figureCitation>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4DAI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
slightly procurved, almost straight; clypeus height equal to
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBEAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFEAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJEAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENEAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance approximately ⅖ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EREAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVEAI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by distance equal to ⅕
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZEAI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E4EAI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
slightly recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBFAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EFFAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
subequal;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJFAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENFAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERFAI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance equal to
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVFAI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
diameter. Chelicerae, endites and labium orange-brown; cheliceral promargin with three slightly separated teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with three adjacent teeth on common base, decreasing in size distally. Sternum deep yellow-brown, borders darker, with mottled lateral markings near coxal bases; surface finely wrinkled, covered with scattered short, fine setae. Abdomen without scutum, dorsal, lateral and ventral markings as for male (Fig.
<figureCitation id="EEF3BE49C3A86073E1205636A6576519" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 F – H</figureCitation>
). Legs I to IV creamy-yellow, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I and II yellow-brown. Epigyne (Figs
<figureCitation id="8570E4B9F2D2B7D48AAACE1088803461" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7 F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1295DA1D239C9D6298CD9E879492F68E" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 D, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5329A05D1D780D9D1B24B53EA6A1DB60" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 G, H</figureCitation>
) with broad, sharply curved atria mesally, with copulatory openings entering short lateral copulatory ducts before entering large teardrop-shaped anterior
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJGAI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
, each with oval lateral accessory gland; connecting ducts exiting
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENGAI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
posteromesally, curving laterally, making a twist before entering bilobed posterolateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERGAI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
, with short channel leading to fertilization ducts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EVGAI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="779CF31E90026966C9959126DB4FDB25">
<heading id="59BFD3765A23E7A1A3F97EFD9D83C250" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A82FF02B587F652998607B1774F6D2FC">The species name is the Latin for “ distinct, clear ”, referring to the well-defined abdominal markings of this species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E1GAI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A2CDB7B6B51E037DE89EA2B30A9F9A90">
<heading id="CD1190C6E5EC336ADD6AC3D1B48FB9B3" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA0B7D2EC140DC7FAE0C5BCBA7B1374F">
Widespread across the southern half of
<collectingCountry id="167796705B402FC52A4796DA7A51C905" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="940F3B14A131DA102198AD0FBE45287A" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Distribution of Foordana distincta sp. nov. (black circles), F. flavipoda sp. nov. (white circles), F. kasouga (black triangles), Foordana sp. Zimbabwe (white triangle), Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. (black square), Namaquella arida sp. nov. (white square), N. samanthae sp. nov. (black star), Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov. (white star) and Rukuluk sp. Tembe (white pentagon) in southern Africa." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230782">12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="4AEB540D8FA4866EC2526AB30DB56284" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure12" ID-arpha="9E147917-34AC-5BF2-B5CB-E3E7739D5C42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230782" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="050B47BEB0C893C8FA4F6A40B8BD5C4A">
<label id="14493092E8774837BF2F69E40346B916">Figure 12.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECD4A89C150AEE6D8574C48EA20A2F30">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="161ECE6728F97428C2D5710AAF32D898" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4F1BF8F33A9648B687E729C2D0DFCEF6" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="459EAE0386649A040D16E0A8F277DA32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(black circles),
<taxonomicName id="C2EDDD39AE6F05DC3CB59B9522ADA103" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="F8407AD7D5D34DD08201136A67DD1926" italics="true">F. flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="61CD334C41F4CDFDFD5CCE85DAF90950" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(white circles),
<taxonomicName id="4C38B2A58A364B5B08F15B4B7EF71A4D" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga">
<emphasis id="61EE7DB9E264191D120C050FE89A1A12" italics="true">F. kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(black triangles),
<taxonomicName id="55E9BA414F20CCFE6FB887B880007DFF" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="7DCCE8CE7DB410BFA25929CA2FCAD620" italics="true">Foordana</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Zimbabwe (white triangle),
<taxonomicName id="92285FFB5B2A224FBEF52AC0FB20BA83" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Mushimane" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tswibilinki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5BB2118C543CDDA0BEFBE187846D1EB2" italics="true">Mushimane tswibilinki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1D7FD34A58EF009851E3E2E2F507097" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(black square),
<taxonomicName id="266AA741A1D73EB97B85220DC2BC4EE3" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4AF70F7CC0358D40588B4BC408DBDC88" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="15B70296E7E0EBCEBA34097E8461FF8D" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(white square),
<taxonomicName id="33E16557A5E57478922E7FE6326257DF" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="03790B80DB2E9EFF4B1E49FEF3FDB619" italics="true">N. samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B45C25D82B137C55E9FEEEF2123A185D" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(black star),
<taxonomicName id="F1B5416514E9749BA964C6ADFCEC8DF4" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="34012419DB8836F207137A692CB1ACA3" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BA4E1B0766F76A63F09F4D9F9FF81DA3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(white star) and
<taxonomicName id="EA52487FB174664D15B7D261D32C4CAE" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B16C0C682526860803E4AF0CA919A9EA" italics="true">Rukuluk</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Tembe (white pentagon) in southern Africa.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

634
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<paragraph id="164C0E8A00558E8E12FCC5092CDAD26F">
<taxonomicName id="642BBE00F77ACCD9CA19FFF13968D161" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="94AE6BD2515E985D656EFC5A39577283" italics="true">Foordana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4FD072587BC4EA5F5D843A1FC1ABC61B" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ELQAG" type="type species">
<paragraph id="43210CC834C2D4829ECD08EC3E81B3A4">
<heading id="F36ECB3BBF0CCBFBC2D9A039D650F0B8" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="68DDCEECAC91B91D15D7A74CC73DB52B">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B064D942782164A00C3DAD3135C291F5">
<taxonomicName id="6E62621D3601942CF7994A992780987C" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="05849F299AF2E33A0432D4314AFED896" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FED8475F8FDF09074FAD3CA92446CA5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E3QAG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="CFE51A031290462398E685A137AC2896">
<heading id="AE9CB817C7D5873D22F5F806D7AD3E29" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA1CBBDDB12F76FED090B55BAAEE6AC7">
<taxonomicName id="0576C353978CA7676B5CC829A756C40D" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="BEAB231991F968C7474091624D14EA91" italics="true">Foordana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="97AA4185452A97D1B9C869581E433369" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
superficially represent
<taxonomicName id="83DCA429A3ACF59990B9541C41669546" authorityName="Lyle &amp; Haddad" authorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Afroceto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4F1CDA4B396E1B17EA961412F30A1C62" italics="true">Afroceto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by their size and
<taxonomicName id="B07315D6278A68CC9E7E56DC3D9C4C35" authority="Simon, 1910" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1910" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Thysanina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="7AEEF1614401071B2CCC5D87D4CD7867" italics="true">Thysanina</emphasis>
Simon, 1910
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C95EEFF3E73FB2ADF4FFE878CA85D9CC" italics="true">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CDD142AEA942A4657ABB55B981BE0B21" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
by the lack of leg spines, but can be recognized from the former by the heavily scopulate tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of the anterior legs (Figs
<figureCitation id="E4B21623C98773F458294BAA4607DB3F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 D, I</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0EE8F86E4F0A6A2CA4811EF1401755FB" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male A tibia I, ventral view B same, detail of cusps and scopulae C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, detail of cusps and scopulae E tarsus I, ventral view F same, detail of cusps and scopulae G – I detail of cusp structure on the tibia (G), metatarsus (H) and tarsus (I), arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230774">4 A – F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A09EC3D127BB5AA801EEC6AAD280BAFA" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 A – C, G, H</figureCitation>
), the absence of leg spines (Figs
<figureCitation id="05C4B24898C97C815BD54C2195D88098" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 A, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C738AC6AAABC709DE17B356FEB1ACF7A" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 A – C</figureCitation>
), the paired subtriangular
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENSAG" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
on the male palps (one dorsal and one ventral; Figs
<figureCitation id="A8E91135EB48908EC5586A393AAF3048" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="04E53987C6C6989EF7945C5A26C4D258" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, B) and female (C, D). A palp, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C epigyne, ventral view D same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230780">10 A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="677CF46A9D6C57568DDFA472FA15CCD9" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Foordana kasouga sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781">11 B</figureCitation>
), which are generally single or irregularly shaped in
<taxonomicName id="D76D7EB5D9DD334A0E74A2AD828061CF" authorityName="Lyle &amp; Haddad" authorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Afroceto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0D83FADA0F606101B0A8442074F1A19" italics="true">Afroceto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="D3DE3869ED783D6B732E2F653B38CD55" DOI="10.5733/afin.051.0206" author="Lyle and Haddad" firstAuthor="Lyle" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="321-384" refId="B15" refString="Lyle R, Haddad CR (2010) A revision of the tracheline sac spider genus Cetonana Strand, 1929 in the Afrotropical Region, with descriptions of two new genera (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 51 (2): 321–384. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.051.0206" title="A revision of the tracheline sac spider genus Cetonana Strand, 1929 in the Afrotropical Region, with descriptions of two new genera (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="51" year="2010">Lyle and Haddad 2010</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1CB796B648FEA417C5D83E33D1A94556" DOI="10.5733/afin.056.0212" author="Lyle" firstAuthor="Lyle" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="415-423" refId="B12" refString="Lyle R (2015) Two new species of the Afrotropical sac spider genus Afroceto Lyle &amp; Haddad, 2010 (Araneae: Trachelidae). African Invertebrates 56 (2): 415–423. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.056.0212" title="Two new species of the Afrotropical sac spider genus Afroceto Lyle &amp; Haddad, 2010 (Araneae: Trachelidae)." volume="56" year="2015">Lyle 2015</bibRefCitation>
), and the lack of a large median atrium in the female epigyne (cf. Fig.
<figureCitation id="ED0CB46DF63F9B2151B540E9F682DFF2" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 G – J</figureCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="35BC5FC855CB9CC3B555DD12017B2C8B" DOI="10.5733/afin.051.0206" author="Lyle and Haddad" firstAuthor="Lyle" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="321-384" refId="B15" refString="Lyle R, Haddad CR (2010) A revision of the tracheline sac spider genus Cetonana Strand, 1929 in the Afrotropical Region, with descriptions of two new genera (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 51 (2): 321–384. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.051.0206" title="A revision of the tracheline sac spider genus Cetonana Strand, 1929 in the Afrotropical Region, with descriptions of two new genera (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="51" year="2010">Lyle and Haddad 2010</bibRefCitation>
). They can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="C47882557E993AB86AD34E46F9C87F24" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1910" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Thysanina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0F7966100DC43724F95BA5038F9545F3" italics="true">Thysanina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by their larger size and the genitalic structure: the male palp has two well-developed subtriangular retrolateral tibial apophyses, one dorsal and one ventral (usually singular or irregularly shaped in
<taxonomicName id="3A617C76E5B7CBCFA010223F182CA4B8" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1910" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Thysanina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1577BA2D3F50F8DAD0EA7742B5D01846" italics="true">Thysanina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when two are present; see
<bibRefCitation id="8E50CF272C45B832A83D9BD4050F5EE2" author="Lyle and Haddad" firstAuthor="Lyle" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="95-116" refId="B13" refString="Lyle R, Haddad CR (2006) A revision of the Afrotropical tracheline sac spider genus Thysanina Simon, 1910 (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 47: 95–116." title="A revision of the Afrotropical tracheline sac spider genus Thysanina Simon, 1910 (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="47" year="2006">Lyle and Haddad 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and the female epigynes are quite heavily sclerotized, with central paired curved atria housing the copulatory organs (weakly sclerotized and with atria and copulatory openings usually in the anterior half of the epigyne; see
<bibRefCitation id="9CE46599F4A9DC92FA8EAF7704E6B784" author="Lyle and Haddad" firstAuthor="Lyle" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pagination="95-116" refId="B13" refString="Lyle R, Haddad CR (2006) A revision of the Afrotropical tracheline sac spider genus Thysanina Simon, 1910 (Araneae: Corinnidae). African Invertebrates 47: 95–116." title="A revision of the Afrotropical tracheline sac spider genus Thysanina Simon, 1910 (Araneae: Corinnidae)." volume="47" year="2006">Lyle and Haddad 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKUAG" type="description">
<paragraph id="483C5F4AF83B5463604A1CE46B565DCE">
<heading id="B80043D798C3A96F4188884A14CDD038" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B617EE9C8B4C3A5DAE6032D1BDF0B1C">
Small spiders,
<quantity id="7F4961AEDEF375A7D2CCF3D6BA4AC3B8" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.16" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="4.72" unit="mm" value="5.16" valueMax="5.6" valueMin="4.72">4.72–5.60 mm</quantity>
in length; carapace bright orange to deep red-brown; carapace oval, broadest at coxae II, gradually narrowed towards eye region (Figs
<figureCitation id="A846A2F7498CBAD946DB1CD8B5DBACB2" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. General habitus of live Foordana distincta sp. nov., female from Komani, Eastern Cape (A – C), Namaquella arida sp. nov., male from Akkerendam Nature Reserve, Northern Cape (D – F), and Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female from Witsand Nature Reserve, Northern Cape (G – I). A, D, G Dorsal view B, E, H Anterior view C, F Lateral view I Dorsolateral view. Photos by Ruan Booysen." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230771">1 A – C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2C41304D4A208DA387B0A6BCFE6F1BB1" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 A, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B6B40A5D55E1C5D494C47BA8D84D6F98" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 A</figureCitation>
); fovea distinct, a short narrow slit; posterior margin slightly concave, almost straight (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F03A9849024EE3B8623A092445BEB5B9" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 A</figureCitation>
); convex in lateral profile, slightly elevated from clypeus to approximately ⅖ carapace length, with steeper slope in posterior quarter (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FBF6C037FFC6C7FBC137819A0141D186" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 B, G</figureCitation>
); carapace surface finely wrinkled, with sparse very short fine curved setae with weakly tuberculate bases (Fig.
<figureCitation id="06F5F0FDD958265221EBE18981BCA1E7" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 B</figureCitation>
). All eyes surrounded by black rings;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIVAG" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
slightly procurved in anterior view, slightly recurved in dorsal view;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMVAG" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
strongly recurved in dorsal view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C33EA1884CDA18D2FD2191B77B648EDA" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 C</figureCitation>
);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUVAG" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, posterior width slightly larger than length. Chilum distinct, a single transverse sclerite; cheliceral promargin and retromargin each with three teeth; fang with distinct serrula; endites with parallel lateral margins, mesal margins with longitudinal groove and dense maxillar hair tuft (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5CF1278624192A257846540C799A3BCF" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 E</figureCitation>
), distal margins with distinct serrula comprising elongate, distally rounded denticles (Fig.
<figureCitation id="27388068FF76156FA3F0C0B169C18D56" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 F</figureCitation>
); labium trapezoidal, slightly longer than wide, narrower distally than basally, distal margin with concavity (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5471552B72EB5587B91460596FD519BE" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 E</figureCitation>
). Pleural bars sclerotised, isolated; sternum shield-shaped, slightly longer than broad, broadest at coxa II (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AB19C5FD322B104F4289339B465B1669" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 G</figureCitation>
), surface smooth centrally, covered in long straight setae with more pronounced tuberculate bases towards borders (Fig.
<figureCitation id="80B7AEA64BCF520CBD055EF4A71E1668" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 G</figureCitation>
); precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites present between all coxal pairs. Leg formula 4123 or 1423; all legs densely covered in very short fine setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8D348A87984B8F2A9834906A34211940" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 D, E, I, J</figureCitation>
); leg I not strongly thickened, very slightly so in males only (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1A8B2A8609BABBAFC8B28E8EF71C6CA6" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 A – C, F – H</figureCitation>
); dorsal femoral surface very slightly concave at ½ its length, ventral surface straight (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A54AA6F806188CA73F2201EDAC9DA693" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 D, I</figureCitation>
); all femora strongly constricted proximally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E2E613DE6DBFEF38D5FE91DF2850DD22" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 D, I</figureCitation>
); patellar indentation narrow, on retrolateral side, with lyriform organ at proximal end (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DADD5C2D456E26DD831CF6B5306CDD9E" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F detail of endite serrula G sternum H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773">3 H, I</figureCitation>
); anterior legs of males with distinct small ventral cusps on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I and II in
<taxonomicName id="76F57514F7F2F2E5E9301F300D55AFF9" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7E7D7A86BA338E1AE4192FA1960A703" italics="true">F. distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EDB63016067EC98795C4711F625A1A96" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="3C6AFE2E23328E189A84B8D5C568813B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male A tibia I, ventral view B same, detail of cusps and scopulae C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, detail of cusps and scopulae E tarsus I, ventral view F same, detail of cusps and scopulae G – I detail of cusp structure on the tibia (G), metatarsus (H) and tarsus (I), arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230774">4 A – I</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0A5EF135C6CC247C20A77F013495A455" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778">8 A</figureCitation>
) and metatarsi and tarsi in
<taxonomicName id="6CA14B60EF6F137ADA8A4E5970A95226" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="264F0ABF8AF3FA9BBA29F2BBC098A2E4" italics="true">F. kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="643DA973DE0D6617521ABB8DFA253084" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="8E7387C97F7359893961E7047BC29437" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Foordana kasouga sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dRTA – dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; SD – sperm duct; vRTA – ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230781">11 A</figureCitation>
), absent in
<taxonomicName id="73051AEE577F83471A58076F6C65C6A1" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B0CDAB4231416DF075E1E903E32F6EC6" italics="true">F. flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="21A88463445EEA9FF65021C43E7E6A90" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and all females; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I and II of both sexes with very dense scopulae (Figs
<figureCitation id="3D0F803F8D710505C0BA52F9FD7BC2D0" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male A tibia I, ventral view B same, detail of cusps and scopulae C metatarsus I, ventral view D same, detail of cusps and scopulae E tarsus I, ventral view F same, detail of cusps and scopulae G – I detail of cusp structure on the tibia (G), metatarsus (H) and tarsus (I), arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230774">4 A – F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7DF0D99BA40F9DDDE34289AE2C2BF563" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 A – C, F – H</figureCitation>
), with oval pored organs among the scopulate setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1A2473E26E4FC3BD274888611C8477A5" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 D</figureCitation>
); metatarsi with strongly developed metatarsal stopper, posteriors with ventral preening brush and comb at distal end (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2ACEF7378693C7BDF4AF871E21756CB6" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 E</figureCitation>
); tarsi with sparse tactile hairs, few dorsal trichobothria and chemosensory setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C348C81F833DC6552D5AA2A11C610F1B" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 G, J</figureCitation>
); trichobothria with slightly lowered distal plate, distal margin of hood overlapping plate, hood with three roughly concentric curved ridges (Fig.
<figureCitation id="ACDD794A9C8D701E337C3FE95588C934" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 I</figureCitation>
); tarsal organ at approximately ⅚ tarsus length (Fig.
<figureCitation id="60279482BD6602F6759C7F4B9DF986C3" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 G</figureCitation>
), flush with integument, surface finely wrinkled, opening oval and distally placed (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BD038D0F8B188543540CDD8930839F9E" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 J</figureCitation>
); paired tarsal claws short, with four teeth and dense tenant setae forming claw tufts in between (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B35451694D0D8511698A4E9C51CD3869" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A tibia I, ventral view B metatarsus I, ventral view C same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae D same, detail of ovoid pores E metatarsus IV, lateral view F tarsus I, ventral view G same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ H tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws I tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium J same, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775">5 H</figureCitation>
). Abdomen oval, with distinct black chevron markings on creamy-grey background (Figs
<figureCitation id="979CC862D1D4FDCD24797778D658A2CC" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. General habitus of live Foordana distincta sp. nov., female from Komani, Eastern Cape (A – C), Namaquella arida sp. nov., male from Akkerendam Nature Reserve, Northern Cape (D – F), and Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov., female from Witsand Nature Reserve, Northern Cape (G – I). A, D, G Dorsal view B, E, H Anterior view C, F Lateral view I Dorsolateral view. Photos by Ruan Booysen." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230771">1 A – C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="208EC552042CB9AFA4BE9CE53C3C2201" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 A, F</figureCitation>
) or without markings (Fig.
<figureCitation id="052CD73CAD98071C8EAA9AC2B8921888" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 A – C</figureCitation>
); dorsal scutum in males only, covering entire dorsum, absent in females; dorsum covered in scattered short fine setae, with two pairs of sigilla in both sexes; venter without large sclerites, only with markings in
<taxonomicName id="FDBEFEF7A7CE4C23B6A821E585C67C91" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="48B571C5FE6F1CEEE79F127BC0CDF469" italics="true">F. distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FE52BED79A4F94386BFE6359E8779779" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="E5983E5079DDA91EC1FF8BD85E0E0806" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772">2 C, H</figureCitation>
), covered in scattered short fine setae. Spinnerets short, conical, in compact group (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0A1795BB089FF9C4CCDB637CF972D53C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A spinnerets, general view B anterior lateral spinnerets C posterior median spinnerets D posterior lateral spinnerets. Abbreviations: Ac – aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy – cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp – minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp – major ampullate gland spigot; Pi – piriform gland spigot (s); Ta – tartipore." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230776">6 A</figureCitation>
), spigot detail only studied in detail in female
<taxonomicName id="1A176F55BA63D3793C4C207FA2CCED2E" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="91E4229FE4844D7102AE14780D20BC56" italics="true">F. distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1F9CB212CB5E6A3DB233047F5F8A42E1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: ALS with two
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E21AG" xlink_title="major ampullate gland spigot(s)">MAmp</abbrev>
and 22
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E61AG" xlink_title="piriform gland spigot(s)">Pi</abbrev>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="4583B77A040BDF452DA84EBBCA820303" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A spinnerets, general view B anterior lateral spinnerets C posterior median spinnerets D posterior lateral spinnerets. Abbreviations: Ac – aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy – cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp – minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp – major ampullate gland spigot; Pi – piriform gland spigot (s); Ta – tartipore." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230776">6 B</figureCitation>
); PMS with single
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EH2AG" xlink_title="minor ampullate gland spigot(s)">mAmp</abbrev>
, four
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EL2AG" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
, 13
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EP2AG" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
and one
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ET2AG" xlink_title="tartipore">Ta</abbrev>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="C3F82CBAE2B444D54332410F8C8AA9FB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A spinnerets, general view B anterior lateral spinnerets C posterior median spinnerets D posterior lateral spinnerets. Abbreviations: Ac – aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy – cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp – minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp – major ampullate gland spigot; Pi – piriform gland spigot (s); Ta – tartipore." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230776">6 C</figureCitation>
); PLS with two
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E22AG" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
and 10
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E62AG" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="E6B1F22DDF65E0073E275F102397B595" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., female A spinnerets, general view B anterior lateral spinnerets C posterior median spinnerets D posterior lateral spinnerets. Abbreviations: Ac – aciniform gland spigot (s); Cy – cylindrical gland spigot (s); mAmp – minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp – major ampullate gland spigot; Pi – piriform gland spigot (s); Ta – tartipore." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230776">6 D</figureCitation>
). Male palpal femora and patellae without apophyses, patella with retrolateral lyriform organ (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9D7DDC548E0C3451B1AD73C1A9CA9604" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7 A</figureCitation>
); palpal tibiae with ventral and dorsal retrolateral apophyses (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AEB2030BBD3641C18ED045E6779DCE4C" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7 B, C</figureCitation>
), variable in shape and size between species; tegulum generally oval in ventral view, as broad as cymbium (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A803E6BB9C61246BAAF68FD0151B610F" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 D – F</figureCitation>
), convex in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5E4654165D2665475759FD59877C72FC" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7 B</figureCitation>
); embolus curved, with base flattened and broad, gradually narrowing distally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CC79F35318BE0BE1E407DD9B11EDD6CD" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 D – F</figureCitation>
). Female palpal claw simple, straight, with six ridge-like transverse denticles (Fig.
<figureCitation id="178E0B7AAE2EA32ACAECDDE236A84B5F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7 D</figureCitation>
); palp also with tarsal organ (Fig.
<figureCitation id="626663A58D592AF67A807333109BF9FD" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7 E</figureCitation>
). Female epigyne quite heavily sclerotized, with copulatory openings near centre of epigyne in C-shaped ridges (Fig.
<figureCitation id="444A0B0F248107510E3002C8BD88BA20" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Foordana distincta sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D – F) A palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ B palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view C same, detail of tibia D palpal claw E palpal tarsal organ F epigyne, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777">7 F</figureCitation>
); epigyne without (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AA398F3119E747BE8F336AAAB3448861" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 G, H</figureCitation>
) or with (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4D7CB696C4C0A640E1A6056F94FACEB7" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Foordana flavipoda sp. nov., male (A, E) and female (B, I), F. kasouga sp. nov., male (C, F), F. distincta sp. nov., male (D) and female (G, H), and undescribed Foordana sp. from Zimbabwe, female (J). A – C habitus, dorsal view D – F palps, ventral view G, J uncleared epigynes, ventral view H, I cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C), 0.5 mm (D – F), 0.25 mm (G – J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779">9 I, J</figureCitation>
) small hood in anterior half; copulatory ducts directed anteriorly, entering anterior
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EP4AG" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
; connecting ducts leading to posterolateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ET4AG" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B1392C17DD7F99C99B186F592F18E450" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure1" ID-arpha="B483DDEE-2D85-5AE0-8295-605E65AD1324" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230771" startId="F1">
<paragraph id="EFC811E303F10269F49337A4934A43EA">
<label id="647FFB2C341F28F71669FC9B0BA121A9">Figure 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="531ABF35ED2477C0AB329B66A47D3D30">
General habitus of live
<taxonomicName id="F449DCC28053BA0F8C1C42BB0E9B043D" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="90FF6B15AF17C50E52FFA9BDA9473E00" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="05B4C41F6BF40DB0EDE92696CF1A638E" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female from Komani, Eastern Cape (
<emphasis id="837EB723654DD333C373AB6229EA2502" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="CE53516C3ADD81C6B5C45586EB6057B7" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEFF40BB7C0A4D7C5904A3C5BFBDE24D" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D764F219E8DBEE8EFE1867602C211317" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male from Akkerendam Nature Reserve, Northern Cape (
<emphasis id="34BB3105928B82D03995F9DBE41BA303" bold="true">D – F</emphasis>
), and
<taxonomicName id="830612ADDB6FF7705BEBB7AA4DF27D34" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Rukuluk" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramineus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7862C9D634D954845EA75A4290F32E30" italics="true">Rukuluk gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3B27ABE6CEB9A6D5D6B44B1EA0A7FC36" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female from Witsand Nature Reserve, Northern Cape (
<emphasis id="EE3E7F95DABF9F4623790276ABACE99B" bold="true">G – I</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="DB366708B31BC7B0D525A49F47BC3D06" bold="true">A, D, G</emphasis>
Dorsal view
<emphasis id="B81704E162AB9E6C2D68D4E7D3560D32" bold="true">B, E, H</emphasis>
Anterior view
<emphasis id="EBCE59822477E2F7626E8606E2D4D680" bold="true">C, F</emphasis>
Lateral view
<emphasis id="937842CEBFEDCBA1DF2A87815DBD4A37" bold="true">I</emphasis>
Dorsolateral view. Photos by Ruan Booysen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0F4D48DE0163A92B89C75EBAFECB3983" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure2" ID-arpha="87D0C434-8536-5A50-9D00-994D0A94EBC9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230772" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="9C60A376C6D7A7097B8F2D2C0DEACC9D">
<label id="697121F09D2E35B971C485E0C856B74B">Figure 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="661B1C8130E02BEEF3EE70D0352984D3">
Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of
<taxonomicName id="63168A84D3D2E4D949E8E44B60D48C82" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FFFDA1259AD7A7E4C0D129D4E0A4540" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="81879CA5AAFE206E97E3911AF79EB849" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="1E85CEBC7F0DDBFC674510EB28ECE3C4" bold="true">A – E</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="1F123B9C20B83227AED4482A17ED654A" bold="true">F – J</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="0757B2B7B0E3B3844AA00AD4EE6B3FD2" bold="true">A, F</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis id="8ECCC9A59FA51A8504BB4A5E587409F5" bold="true">B, G</emphasis>
same, lateral view
<emphasis id="DBF90E352B344B51F14F8FC02CAE4BA3" bold="true">C, H</emphasis>
same, ventral view
<emphasis id="1AB3142B2D2997191F89EC05CB4A2999" bold="true">D, I</emphasis>
leg I, prolateral view
<emphasis id="F86E2BB62E1F316CBF49B4E92D898F09" bold="true">E, J</emphasis>
metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (
<emphasis id="8191E1EE36763B3C5DB576C6771FA1A2" bold="true">A – C, F – H</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis id="6FE4E1FED9653DE9DE9D796FCF2F42BD" bold="true">D, E, I, J</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="06BF5A391F4D4AD82BD46F7687572E83" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure3" ID-arpha="71F38721-46D0-592E-AAA5-EDD31B366ED9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230773" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="3A44489C75D50837135EB107778E30E0">
<label id="74D9065C03302511F470B62ED36AFDF2">Figure 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39D6641263DEA5E8ED75FBB66B976AE9">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="DC42D5328263346607FFC07C740DF783" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="75746C1B716F27FA6F5CDDBBF6007E03" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="05C7C9B26779251D575F3424E85C416B" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female
<emphasis id="D1C85D40EE058C21168AAA9CDCEE1165" bold="true">A</emphasis>
carapace, dorsal view
<emphasis id="6315BDC5B47DB808250EAFDFDAD59E6A" bold="true">B</emphasis>
same, surface texture and setae
<emphasis id="015D303471F3BDC700BEDCC590BCFC8A" bold="true">C</emphasis>
eye region, dorsal view
<emphasis id="030F4870F613356812DACD929081380E" bold="true">D</emphasis>
chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth
<emphasis id="9AE471FEB2D20494A19F70A6889AE8B3" bold="true">E</emphasis>
mouthparts
<emphasis id="EB8D8FF7C0B330B750D3A5EFF687E7B2" bold="true">F</emphasis>
detail of endite serrula
<emphasis id="050EBEB53EBFB7FA40F13C1D0AF0A290" bold="true">G</emphasis>
sternum
<emphasis id="AF65270E1ABD529786A041C27B24EF07" bold="true">H</emphasis>
patellar indentation, leg IV
<emphasis id="C8FE5FDBCE009EFF958DEC9B25870167" bold="true">I</emphasis>
same, detail of lyriform organ.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3753D50DF41A9E8BB08C0F3A4A633498" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure4" ID-arpha="407CCF0B-EEEF-5656-8A59-D5D98A30F227" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230774" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="F2B432C32273C970CEC93A18E3DD1F73">
<label id="933D1B1DF90BEE5892D81282078A1F6F">Figure 4.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6011927F7058B19B1D9AC387C547E0F5">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="7018C55AB0C1E0860BA79D455CD874E1" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="825482E7DB62AD3EAAA925E70DDCC207" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="89341C32FE8DFB1CA4DAB77A38A825CB" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male
<emphasis id="A7521E2B1529B12149D388E68769FE1B" bold="true">A</emphasis>
tibia I, ventral view
<emphasis id="15D10BF2DFB5B0A16F99FBAFC7CB2488" bold="true">B</emphasis>
same, detail of cusps and scopulae
<emphasis id="6E7F3C9A0F0B5AB49A9C9E7E2740FEB0" bold="true">C</emphasis>
metatarsus I, ventral view
<emphasis id="FB11D4316A6CE88BEA99F6B62AE69416" bold="true">D</emphasis>
same, detail of cusps and scopulae
<emphasis id="51C2718429650F296DB6E67DC3776FEA" bold="true">E</emphasis>
tarsus I, ventral view
<emphasis id="41BDA28A2A77D4D221587143B9303828" bold="true">F</emphasis>
same, detail of cusps and scopulae
<emphasis id="40BF020548B970FF41BCF116CFFD69CE" bold="true">G – I</emphasis>
detail of cusp structure on the tibia (
<emphasis id="1AA58A26AEE6C9ED28A36BDD59BF17A6" bold="true">G</emphasis>
), metatarsus (
<emphasis id="815B28BAF677BC171BB14E4F67FD3643" bold="true">H</emphasis>
) and tarsus (
<emphasis id="C79CDBCCDEA32CD640B211BEBAFE17F3" bold="true">I</emphasis>
), arrows indicating triad of pores at base of cusp on proximal side.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="CDE834C128B135DF20B17AFBBB24921F" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure5" ID-arpha="C14A7D7F-0737-54DB-A2F0-6232DB9E1395" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230775" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="3D6F5D7E8620670B1ED4AAD26B34F3E5">
<label id="50F2DD9AEE05AA0E7FACD34585A239B9">Figure 5.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82E6A405533947F1E14C9DF72688EC4E">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="2C605F4D4312D473D07A67851DAB1E89" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A5B4C5BA626E2667DCA23E5EB7CBF40C" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="94B98745F448E7FF486E3CB7D3AD2BC8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female
<emphasis id="823B6448BE010F2023276202FBB657AF" bold="true">A</emphasis>
tibia I, ventral view
<emphasis id="B9454B24FA56A6EA8D4F81EE25E12807" bold="true">B</emphasis>
metatarsus I, ventral view
<emphasis id="36F70AB08C5CB49EF9FBB22F2FE18063" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, detail of scopulate setae, arrows indicating ovoid pores between scopulate setae
<emphasis id="6713B34B2C3B4627FAC6E8DFC6F84EAD" bold="true">D</emphasis>
same, detail of ovoid pores
<emphasis id="FCF83FBB2B97E2D25B3A51013CC72BF1" bold="true">E</emphasis>
metatarsus IV, lateral view
<emphasis id="0457560D21E64CBCC85FB7913BC05134" bold="true">F</emphasis>
tarsus I, ventral view
<emphasis id="790C68C912776A596483BF1606750FD8" bold="true">G</emphasis>
same, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ
<emphasis id="2A940BF2F15CE402074894FAE8697772" bold="true">H</emphasis>
tarsus IV, detail of claw tuft and claws
<emphasis id="045EB28D48C091950A3B70951A415C8A" bold="true">I</emphasis>
tarsus I, base of dorsal trichobothrium
<emphasis id="D322B5A68A88657A44F9C20559E6D35C" bold="true">J</emphasis>
same, detail of tarsal organ.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="024B1B6A2EC5E42E73E3A99E53475350" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure6" ID-arpha="B0F0DF08-4720-531D-BBCA-60B39188DCA8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230776" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="216A74CC14FE981D8A29B300D61B22A6">
<label id="332F6E9466BB5100CFF6E77D6982C5A6">Figure 6.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E10238952ED931A5F6704F83BEC745E1">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="48531E81737B7DF44756DA80F51F761F" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8AB2575BB68380A4384C9FA2199C93E" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6EA0A26D5A51BD7D05DE62203AF2235" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female
<emphasis id="E8B0D78839790451C3E591FC7DD06D80" bold="true">A</emphasis>
spinnerets, general view
<emphasis id="C9F24034D7B64F06644AD433D0C70668" bold="true">B</emphasis>
anterior lateral spinnerets
<emphasis id="20CEDEF51551D31570062452756AE236" bold="true">C</emphasis>
posterior median spinnerets
<emphasis id="37B2920E3C494E19EB3106FE9B44734D" bold="true">D</emphasis>
posterior lateral spinnerets. Abbreviations:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1FBG" xlink_title="aciniform gland spigot(s)">Ac</abbrev>
– aciniform gland spigot (s);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5FBG" xlink_title="cylindrical gland spigot(s)">Cy</abbrev>
– cylindrical gland spigot (s);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECGBG" xlink_title="minor ampullate gland spigot(s)">mAmp</abbrev>
– minor ampullate gland spigot;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGGBG" xlink_title="major ampullate gland spigot(s)">MAmp</abbrev>
– major ampullate gland spigot;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKGBG" xlink_title="piriform gland spigot(s)">Pi</abbrev>
– piriform gland spigot (s);
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOGBG" xlink_title="tartipore">Ta</abbrev>
– tartipore.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A3D688B5B312191E62EA39523FD4D4A5" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure7" ID-arpha="8088ED79-9191-5D8B-B3F4-F79DD7B04E85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230777" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="9B37442D2DBE039957A855B31CDE17D0">
<label id="0828B3B677564759E8FE2BEBFA3B7700">Figure 7.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F89C6BE0EBCCC8BDAB4F6A9C094ABE5D">
Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="FA4C800A853B313C8338C9F3FFF975B6" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9C81C6A880CF6F13BB34E64097BD5117" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="667A39BB1D80CEB94CDB5CF02C0486FA" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="6184CD2286CD2B7FB271D7061940DEB9" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="EBE7FFACAEBDC5AB66155929F29FF128" bold="true">D – F</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="10EA2A09A3945117FB034ED1D8CF775C" bold="true">A</emphasis>
palpal patella, retrolateral view, arrow indicating lyriform organ
<emphasis id="3A88757899933F61A17A21D4CB20CC0F" bold="true">B</emphasis>
palpal tibia and tarsus, retrolateral view
<emphasis id="10B4E00EA613B7F933CF034451030D87" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, detail of tibia
<emphasis id="9FD922A36E4846A5E35A91BAC45E2114" bold="true">D</emphasis>
palpal claw
<emphasis id="4578DC6ED7282C922DD8FA6B8750A66C" bold="true">E</emphasis>
palpal tarsal organ
<emphasis id="E98BE2200A922371D2B009C03C445985" bold="true">F</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4036B8F5A7FFF91501A896CEAFA14490" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure8" ID-arpha="3A8EEDCA-635A-5C6F-8C02-6159FB5B6A15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230778" startId="F8">
<paragraph id="E4B58DE046015239C76FA8CB296B9C6A">
<label id="D19780EED6FFAE8ABDC92CFD324D4627">Figure 8.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1562CF305DBFC9DE97BB6C6768844EF8">
<taxonomicName id="04F967901181D5173003ACC1F4F76692" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0EEF30A4EAA0682ADBF56CFD18DD3914" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="037430204E877A6578D2A876A3A10EB1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="55CCB13E01C496815B5E3FB0A19303AC" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="600E4F6464714606BC6494AB6DF880AC" bold="true">D, E</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="B61C8B5EA3C84F6605FE1A5570B5EC84" bold="true">A</emphasis>
schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II
<emphasis id="37003872E87AA5332E96C3761992267C" bold="true">B</emphasis>
palp, ventral view
<emphasis id="BA55FC716B9B3F2A9051BF2AF875D860" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, retrolateral view
<emphasis id="A4DB0F92AF4B2CDFED481439790BB3DD" bold="true">D</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view
<emphasis id="7B3A5C207B3FD5B82D5632FBEC9F54B4" bold="true">E</emphasis>
same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAJBG" xlink_title="dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis">dRTA</abbrev>
– dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; SD – sperm duct;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEJBG" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
– primary spermatheca;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIJBG" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
– secondary spermatheca;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMJBG" xlink_title="ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis">vRTA</abbrev>
– ventral retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="08F2825A785D16E2D4747B74DF7FE9E5" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure9" ID-arpha="F71CBEE5-9269-533C-83AD-9B4985FCC29F" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230779" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="25028D8A27082CC73DC51F7399066EDB">
<label id="DEB1A19CB919F670FB4B251F0C89FC7B">Figure 9.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="808CCA39ECE2CEC5F95989B892BF4BA7">
Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of
<taxonomicName id="7C75DF4B16FA97BA96C330F8911975A5" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3A5E900BDF5C1A1AC4C9E43CE8E8A89B" italics="true">Foordana flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9208B93A817E74D5B8EB35A7FDB9E142" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="DDD21D490284C5824DC34A0287B2F8EE" bold="true">A, E</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="57151356D905846BC937D65E15F0377B" bold="true">B, I</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="69AAA2BE1825B969FFF28578A7F5B9C1" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8C58628BFAE3E57F450F9E1238B09908" italics="true">F. kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E8A48E7BC066F82A6C39FE52B39DF9ED" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="089312488DF03E08CEB1615993027F37" bold="true">C, F</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="671D20A1D3C7DB0C9A77F35DB433C49D" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D52050C181190AAB349C685229E11935" italics="true">F. distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1DDA2A0B338597CA778D9A193C8F322B" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male (
<emphasis id="7BD42E9A623165B3B4984DB144307F5C" bold="true">D</emphasis>
) and female (
<emphasis id="7EF6EBC1573FFED33FE0A54900419CDA" bold="true">G, H</emphasis>
), and undescribed
<taxonomicName id="589EB5C6F32D1C2D6685DEC2274C59D8" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="56005B03799699553385EEFEBAC91C29" italics="true">Foordana</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from Zimbabwe, female (
<emphasis id="1204976DF57FF87B25634AE9D5B32700" bold="true">J</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="6C18F6D6952C11E2ACEA9B2B12F90503" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis id="966ABC62D8F8DB3EC68546EBAEA7BCC3" bold="true">D – F</emphasis>
palps, ventral view
<emphasis id="17A6CF7D8621BBDF5CD4915A2A6EB975" bold="true">G, J</emphasis>
uncleared epigynes, ventral view
<emphasis id="68BCB67690261B33DEB124D230B49B5A" bold="true">H, I</emphasis>
cleared epigynes, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (
<emphasis id="9BA353ED8A6584C56D52BB52322AA6BF" bold="true">A – C</emphasis>
), 0.5 mm (
<emphasis id="6A37BD7F1D31E8CEC9B562002680822D" bold="true">D – F</emphasis>
), 0.25 mm (
<emphasis id="C20AB388AD86895962BE9824AC34109E" bold="true">G – J</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EEMBG" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D59619D4CD19FC4EFBBE7D61389B9D9F">
<heading id="8B0BBE5DE415529B5D5C6B91A65BB378" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0341B6604D3A11FC02E5F80C56F4431">
The genus name is a patronym in honour of the late Stefan Foord, in recognition of his distinguished career and contribution to the development of African arachnology, with the suffix alluding to its superficial resemblance to
<emphasis id="ED48D9465AB4574CEAF0523AB9D9FA1F" italics="true">Cetonana</emphasis>
. Gender feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EMMBG" type="Composition">
<paragraph id="0194C01F696ED00A0A753E482FB32FD1">
<heading id="8955ACDA1552EDA4AEAC4EA544274C24" reason="title">Composition.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9319F020955F493117AD8717EEE2F9A8">
<taxonomicName id="9870E23A269CE021863EC238B0BCB469" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8A9DB6A20240FED4DA79E301D8CC5456" italics="true">Foordana distincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="179924C973BD2FA112D7015041AD2BF5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="D5D176D8FD31B2D7A330D5F91D668FE2" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipoda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BF4F49016C375F7CDD6F0890B6D58980" italics="true">F. flavipoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="190FE3ED1D19DC90A76C84BE48F44918" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="B9B56016760C64233384B24ED472B17C" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Foordana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kasouga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="94BEC659FE6BEC59A34AF2CF8A42E7AB" italics="true">F. kasouga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="662B980C9B55B3C2334EB9DADD9DBC27" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and an undescribed species from
<collectingCountry id="66C59F2B6ED7AC95E0CF0BDA75E3FDA3" name="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

252
data/D9/12/A4/D912A4A904FA534584A6EDA31EB07F24.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
<document id="ADC570F7757BA730843E1700FB7BE417" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299" ID-ZooBank="2D20D0B7-7DF4-42E6-A70C-EB1875BCCD26" ID-publisher-id="139299" URI-arpha="59486C2F-9807-5664-9B16-E6C9622FD07A" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/2D20D0B7-7DF4-42E6-A70C-EB1875BCCD26" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1737645745410" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Haddad, Charles R." docDate="2025" docId="D912A4A904FA534584A6EDA31EB07F24" docLanguage="en" docName="African Invertebrates 66(1): 19-64" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 66 (1)" docSource="https://africaninvertebrates.pensoft.net/article/139299/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Namaquella samanthae Haddad, 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="59486C2F980756649B16E6C9622FD07A" masterDocTitle="And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1737645814701" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="5669B7B11C35D146012B41B2D1A540C0">And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="B994EA2F536A68F295A8C437BD9D0D71" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="45E242DD5C33D770E0D61BACD52B5F99">Haddad, Charles R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5601A9AAFFA539EFFD8FD06AD74CFE6E" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2317-7760</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="D36CBDB707C0FC38CA3D279C90266CEA">Department of Zoology &amp; Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="92ECC49B0C05E03351289F5C2ED1CE38">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6DEC3AD52E7A50BDD45F674FDC8D6E33">
<mods:title id="9D585AAC31554651AF1A44D261A772B2">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="2950F08403A4AFE71F3B94D18941634D">
<mods:date id="8532FC56DD7C982292761032255A0594">2025</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="4E987FB761CCF46FE7B4CDAB1F3F8FCC" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="05DE5C3D5DA6BE919B6F7061A5FF144D">2025-01-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="BAB3978FBB5C8C8B0B275748434185A7" type="volume">
<mods:number id="63F5BF140E270BFC6A71FBC6A355CE1B">66</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="D0FE146F72C258D49A9490F90C06A7F2">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="01A2A22A1134F8B3B5E772D95130803F" type="DOI">10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D912A4A904FA534584A6EDA31EB07F24" ID-arpha="D912A4A9-04FA-5345-84A6-EDA31EB07F24" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/4B0C9C83-007C-444D-8645-3811D6634A69" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D912A4A904FA534584A6EDA31EB07F24" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4B0C9C83-007C-444D-8645-3811D6634A69" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D912A4A904FA534584A6EDA31EB07F24">
<subSubSection id="19ECECBEDF7BEB368FEE6F9BF39766F7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="CCD1871CCCE91620772D1784AF9E4C3B">
<taxonomicName id="4E30A87021A6581A6B4E2B9C298F79EB" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="033B8CF073BD17B5B8F3F5B8CBE2DF4A" italics="true">Namaquella samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5FA41195BBD73FA9CE04305DA4BD060D" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7AB4CDD02A5D52213495C418E344A075" type="description">
<paragraph id="67CA98300B4FA8EBC7403350EB27C661">
<figureCitation id="44E198E75A204842E5C070898D58A3F4" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Namaquella samanthae sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM – embolus; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230790">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXODI" type="material">
<paragraph id="14D9B6B323A000E93477B93E6D2B2FD5">
<heading id="EA0D96DDB3104B1E91B009E160BA0828" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E6E8B2E19D98EEB940346AC211A04DC">
<materialsCitation id="B7444CBFC889F82BB6881FC396FD7248" collectingDate="2008-03-24" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="S. Oliver" country="South Africa" latitude="-34.357166" location="Hermanus" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="19.12595" municipality="Fisherhaven" specimenCode="NCA 2008" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Western Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="BDB9E2BF5F26368595B0D73174F17D9E" bold="true">
<emphasis id="612AFBD254947AB7EF866FD5818D5644" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="550F33A80C501066B8174C38FE18E204" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="A2A8363981E12B8D69E01D9DA2D8AD15" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="907F6D9CCDD4C4829CB7817EA4A1E253" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingCountry id="3599DF84073BCE266892D87FDB21FDB6" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingRegion id="D3C3473FAB690053F80B4851F68AF8D6" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="76CF93BB51B19249CFBAD113E7BB2A7E">Fisherhaven</collectingMunicipality>
, nr
<location id="3A1F100CCD80A652F5E35F68692EE4F1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D912A4A904FA534584A6EDA31EB07F24:3A1F100CCD80A652F5E35F68692EE4F1" country="South Africa" latitude="-34.357166" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="19.12595" municipality="Fisherhaven" name="Hermanus" stateProvince="Western Cape">Hermanus</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EFPDI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[19.125950,-34.357167]}">
<geoCoordinate id="48038B0B83245ED9CD1AA188C83F4BA6" degrees="34" direction="south" minutes="21.430" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-34.357166">34 ° 21.430 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="670123A7269682D6960A07B8D11C1ABC" degrees="19" direction="east" minutes="07.557" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="19.12595">19 ° 07.557 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<date id="853AF2C3FD81CDD3F964CD4F323F591E" value="2008-03-24">
<collectingDate id="2F7DEE768BB4814AAB28E00401100CEB" value="2008-03-24">24 Mar. 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="079BCF9AF3DB3DF2587DBDB3E64A2B5D">S. Oliver</collectorName>
leg.; walking on pathway during day;
<specimenCode id="2129C0C0E434ED6EB2DC5A42444AB52E" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EKPDI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2008
</specimenCode>
/ 573.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPPDI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="688201EA55C850048EF371A6E3D3DFAB">
<heading id="CD3B9306023201B9628D5F037D37C619" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A6D8A0869C7DEA839CDF900DC79A483D">
For detailed diagnosis, see
<taxonomicName id="35374F2AE51A29217A964E90DCD2EFE7" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7DC813EDAD8DEF317D6B5FD910360D2C" italics="true">N. arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="907401894171F1E61667D0027AAA797D" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
above. Female unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EAQDI" type="description">
<paragraph id="12DE39A1DA760ED73FC1AAF3E214BE73">
<heading id="1A64039E9F92A59EE05544211112B573" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E49B6065131BD91038E102DD8BA465FD">
Male (
<typeStatus id="C966112B2DC1C51540588346274FFF2D" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Fisherhaven,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EGQDI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="5EC19C1CFBCD11D0EB6C9FE8FFDA5DB1">NCA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
2008 / 573): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELQDI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
1.70,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPQDI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
1.43,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETQDI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
1.73,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXQDI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
1.17,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2QDI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
3.52,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6QDI" xlink_title="fovea length">FL</abbrev>
0.12,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDRDI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
0.98,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHRDI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
0.79,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELRDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPRDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.06,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETRDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXRDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2RDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6RDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
~ 0.27,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDSDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHSDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.11,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELSDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPSDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.09,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETSDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXSDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.56
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2SDI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6SDI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.26,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDTDI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
~ 0.32, L 0.27. Length of leg segments: I 1.38 + 0.73 + 1.12 + 0.92 + 0.50 = 4.65; II 1.08 + 0.59 + 0.79 + 0.73 + 0.45 = 3.64; III 0.72 + 0.47 + 0.50 + 0.61 + 0.30 = 2.60; IV 1.15 + 0.57 + 0.91 + 0.98 + 0.40 = 4.01. Carapace deep yellow-brown, with faint grey mottling; surface finely wrinkled; fovea short, distinct, at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHTDI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
.
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELTDI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
slightly procurved, almost straight; clypeus height equal to approximately ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPTDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETTDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXTDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
subequal in size;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2TDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance approximately ½ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6TDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDUDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by distance slightly less than ⅓
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHUDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELUDI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPUDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETUDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
subequal;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXUDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance approximately equal to their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2UDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6UDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance equal to their diameter. Chelicerae deep yellow-brown, anterior surface covered with quite dense long, fine setae; promargin with three slightly separated teeth, retromargin with three adjacent teeth on common base; endites and labium orange. Sternum shield-shaped, yellow-brown, with orange-brown borders; surface finely wrinkled, covered with scattered short, fine setae. Abdomen elongate-oval, broadest in posterior half; creamy-yellow dorsally, with yellow dorsal scutum from ¼
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDVDI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
to posterior; broad grey mottled stripe along midline, sides of abdomen also mottled grey, markings separated by pair of cream mediolateral strips; two pairs of distinct round sigilla, first and second pairs respectively just behind ¼ and ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHVDI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
. Legs I to IV with yellow femora, remaining segments progressively darker to yellow-brown tarsi; cusps only present on metatarsi and tarsi I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B01CFF825276F73850091F5B52FDFAC9" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Namaquella samanthae sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM – embolus; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230790">20 A</figureCitation>
). Palp (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2DD8F8328332EF3AE19A81A6D5998246" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Namaquella samanthae sp. nov., male A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM – embolus; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230790">20 B, C</figureCitation>
) yellow-brown; tegulum pear-shaped, with U-shaped sperm duct; embolus simple, straight, with pointed tip directed at 1 o’clock;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETVDI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
simple, subtriangular, directed slightly dorsally.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D51E391280BBD990F788B9B6948CD7CA" ID-DOI="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure20" ID-arpha="E4C62AF4-F070-5583-A3CE-24977A27F58D" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230790" startId="F20">
<paragraph id="0F3DAAD0026738BEDFA67230092D4578">
<label id="7E1C13ADB8B5BFEE14B015EB23A375DD">Figure 20.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B1EE7ACC8CA5B2B5FE9D671FFC78367D">
<taxonomicName id="45CEF5014A919F5B1EF937DCA6EDE0B2" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9A05C25A8A098F939FF70E99D52C4B87" italics="true">Namaquella samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CC64E27E10E3C8515274B9B48BF323DC" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male
<emphasis id="994089E32DFF5FF87D0AF4C28A9B8A0D" bold="true">A</emphasis>
schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II
<emphasis id="3502774E08C2F73C43821483510F7F5F" bold="true">B</emphasis>
palp, ventral view
<emphasis id="A57FFB458E42150EFD7690A6EA4EB440" bold="true">C</emphasis>
same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EM – embolus;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQWDI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
– retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZWDI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="ED48D0C9A442A52F515AA4179DDA144E">
<heading id="617FE6EA524D7D068F189586B229A089" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD58CC96F254EFCA32FF15D85EF7907A">
This species is named for my wife Samantha, who collected the
<typeStatus id="810FB6A5AF25196CE8321D5F29E7D306" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5WDI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6577336ADC7F31B7F7CA5BCA4AA40AD3">
<heading id="B939BE0917F19477834F8BDB84124DE0" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F18BDD1463AB3B7BCA8634D513A248FA">
Only known from the
<typeStatus id="9E850CF991FAA04D052585D10B3D62CA">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

400
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@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
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<mods:title id="ACE5DF378D6AD1966B7B20FAB82D386E">And they just keep coming: four new genera of dark sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae, Trachelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="254A06B5EE15BC55B311BF6D8907D553" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EF5E8F75751192B168E542D2313B7B74">Haddad, Charles R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4FCCA20119EB447F0F11D0AE9C56DB30">Department of Zoology &amp; Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2FF9086C0FA22025C737DD38E1B49C25">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:date id="54115F15E591932FA3F11912F83301B4">2025</mods:date>
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<treatment id="DAFF75AFBC605548B71D4FBFA5AE1195" ID-arpha="DAFF75AF-BC60-5548-B71D-4FBFA5AE1195" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/F570A18E-C86F-4A41-8760-B41E1BD5F2C6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DAFF75AFBC605548B71D4FBFA5AE1195" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F570A18E-C86F-4A41-8760-B41E1BD5F2C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DAFF75AFBC605548B71D4FBFA5AE1195">
<subSubSection id="8A95D70908820DA6490AE478EF48C1E3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C83A20A587625216C1F6D9D025655DC4">
<taxonomicName id="09E55281CFC822BF50C1EDB2F3E0C3E1" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arida" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8A5EC5EA4DD7D22F61B5E1EA3D71C625" italics="true">Namaquella arida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A0CB854C41141012BAC5BB3A324BA809" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="63657BE3D77B4A3C35497F05D2A89E09" type="description">
<paragraph id="33D9EC7E9BB7B9855574B0DC343F4A73">
<figureCitation id="9490E4C9035E0B4A5192D172AF4A0ACB" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">Figs 16</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0E1AC041005F08DB5974C8930E1A67CA" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A carapace, dorsal view B same, surface texture and setae C eye region, dorsal view D chelicerae, arrows indicating promarginal teeth E mouthparts F modified setae on posterior surface of paturon G detail of serrula H patellar indentation, leg IV I same, detail of lyriform organ." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230787">17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="FA0A594676EDADE230DDEBF9449EEB8C" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Namaquella arida sp. nov., subadult male A tibia I, lateral view B metatarsus I, lateral view C same, metatarsal stopper D metatarsus IV, metatarsal stopper and preening comb E tarsus I, lateral view, arrow indicating position of tarsal organ F same, detail of tarsal organ G same, detail of claw tuft and claws, ventrolateral view H same, distolateral view I same, base of dorsal trichobothrium." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230788">18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="087D1C099199D5A91FF4610AFD4AC3F1" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EO4CI" type="material">
<paragraph id="4DC5FAA1AF2F3C4966D92403DE735353">
<heading id="1BE627D13A5A342193972B65B6DBBCE4" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D1DF12B3DCECF11863E9AAD42604965">
<materialsCitation id="4C3EDA42098F8A1EF3E43F3CDE98E6F9" collectingDate="2021-01-18" collectionCode="NCA" collectorName="C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen" country="South Africa" elevation="1170" latitude="-31.407084" location="Akkerendam Nature Reserve" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="19.780384" municipality="Calvinia" specimenCode="NCA 2021" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="F77C383D1F8EDDF6762AB1A7B7C3064C" bold="true">
<emphasis id="58DF7735BF6100B86247CF42D9B450A4" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="BC57EE6C18B89A64E28F11766F240F34" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="A53FFCC50A1FB53BAAB07DEE1333212A" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="B93D30B722EBED77B85058AE6EA850BB" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="B35ADCCFD5AEA5F4979B38D26F05AA50" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape">Northern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingMunicipality id="10FFE4545E4ECD235AE9CBDF63A484A7">Calvinia</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="298393168F10D82AE5AC549C850A708D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DAFF75AFBC605548B71D4FBFA5AE1195:298393168F10D82AE5AC549C850A708D" country="South Africa" latitude="-31.407084" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="19.780384" municipality="Calvinia" name="Akkerendam Nature Reserve" stateProvince="Northern Cape">Akkerendam Nature Reserve</location>
;
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E34CI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[19.780383,-31.407083]}">
<geoCoordinate id="37C03FDB7FD6FB13C60D234DA777ABF5" degrees="31" direction="south" minutes="24.425" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-31.407084">31 ° 24.425 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1C32944BCB3321A143DAF534B0FBDEF2" degrees="19" direction="east" minutes="46.823" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="19.780384">19 ° 46.823 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
;
<elevation id="A398F3AA418ACF3FA0805B614C35D893" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" unit="m" value="1170.0">
<quantity id="B23620F1AD9CED5E6B82807460DF2A29" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" unit="m" value="1170.0">1170 m</quantity>
a. s. l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="5F5E957D07A38375FCB723439BAC3022" value="2021-01-18">
<collectingDate id="A262AC5BB6E1B84D535AE55469F19E8A" value="2021-01-18">18 Jan. 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="DCE3FDEF8CFDD1D2710DC5CCE145D51B">C. Haddad</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="7518536317056491788C2D8F94323895">R. Booysen</collectorName>
leg.; hand collecting, grass tussocks;
<specimenCode id="2A0D6AAFEDE3A7118AFB2E400AE98A64" collectionCode="NCA">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EB5CI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">NCA</abbrev>
2021
</specimenCode>
/ 229.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="48C2F1E32C20D0C6F8629EE099BBAC01">
<emphasis id="992F7345891923AF7DC854C021902687" bold="true">
<emphasis id="213F849C7FF11393A3B0EC5B2E2FEDAD" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="EE6E87B1A743E14846CF5ABF5DCFC84B" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="929CDFADD508C2695CEF1D3239EDB182" count="2" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
; together with
<typeStatus id="294BF6077FCFCCCE5AA784DD1F9107F8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EN5CI" type="material">
<paragraph id="23602C5E666AEB9FEBA1D69163405269">
<heading id="6164A2ECACE46C6AA25A2B87E19A5387" reason="title">Other material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4518EB64CFD3DF57763B2CA0CA6453F9">
<specimenCount id="794256BCDE9B9E9DAEDCC844C13E2368" count="1" type="subadult">1 subadult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="8541CFC4DDE8C8FDF45B8DD9D2B789B8" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="03FC31107B58A82D65CE1CFB25CEF6DE" count="2" type="subadult">2 subadult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="41D79B8BBB130A4C7DD9F921B92E3A18" count="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
; same data as
<typeStatus id="50820787E28CE669C78F98433DBB611E">types</typeStatus>
; S. E. M. preparations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ES5CI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="68B87C6F6995ACA60D1FE5AE85B4F3FF">
<heading id="A0D8A1F4762A26540D9CCCCCA5596209" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1697B3E3DFC0180A6591450A6B54A2C4">
The male of this species can be recognised by the orientation of the embolus, at approximately 45 ° to the longitudinal axis of the palp (approximately 30 ° in
<taxonomicName id="BA148B8D7CC2E39D33B134DA63370D8E" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="5D7F73E86ADC6E1E3845AE192AA69E96" italics="true">N. samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B110245694F0E85DC4563CDE1D66CAE0" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
) and the shape of the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ED6CI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
, which is rounded and more strongly bent distally, with the tip directed dorsally, whereas the tip is directed dorso-distally in
<taxonomicName id="8B7157F7D7ED5FCA006BC079D0A1A8AD" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="280E4C9A312BEB3F5FC2816F3177CF63" italics="true">N. samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="562A87352204B842579A21B07EA6C5EE" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(compare Figs
<figureCitation id="197869784E36A61840527B37B1ECDA11" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 B, C</figureCitation>
with 20 B, C). The sperm duct has a distinct undulation along it prolateral course, while it is almost straight in
<taxonomicName id="61E21E76E6769AC18498F7539548089E" authorityName="Haddad" authorityYear="2025" class="Arachnida" family="Trachelidae" genus="Namaquella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samanthae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4F23BFEB2A4EE4E67AA32BC902D535BD" italics="true">N. samanthae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7936BFE8D94D509A05C643C06E2B03F" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
.. The female is distinctive amongst Afrotropical trachelids by the weakly sclerotized epigyne with a central heart-shaped atrium formed by opposing curved ridges (Fig.
<figureCitation id="91F9DB828CB8976EE19E1DCD7C411741" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFADI" type="description">
<paragraph id="F71802EA6C864F71D53F9E966D913D25">
<heading id="955728335B9B1106057A0F86BF92BD89" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD02C59FA4C6D7FA1BC1CDF7D60D383C">
Male (
<typeStatus id="BC0D5F94F9EE079905DB90B1D26990BC" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Akkerendam,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ELADI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="30F39E50FD020947AFF41F7EC844145C">NCA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
2021 / 229): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQADI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
1.45,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUADI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
1.22,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYADI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
1.60,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3ADI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
1.07,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EABDI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
3.02,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEBDI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
0.87,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIBDI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
0.64,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMBDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQBDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUBDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYBDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3BDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EACDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.25,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EECDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EICDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.08,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMCDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQCDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.10,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUCDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYCDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.44,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3CDI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EADDI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.20,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEDDI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.25, L 0.21. Length of leg segments: I 1.25 + 0.65 + 1.06 + 0.85 + 0.49 = 4.30; II 0.90 + 0.54 + 0.73 + 0.61 + 0.41 = 3.19; III 0.68 + 0.40 + 0.44 + 0.51 + 0.30 = 2.33; IV 0.98 + 0.48 + 0.81 + 0.82 + 0.37 = 3.46. Carapace creamy-yellow (Fig.
<figureCitation id="26CF66378F3BFFEC219040FFF3D075F4" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 A</figureCitation>
); surface finely wrinkled; fovea absent, replaced by broad shallow depression at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMDDI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
.
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQDDI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
procurved, clypeus height slightly larger than ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUDDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYDDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
, slightly more than ¼
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3DDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAEDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEEDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIEDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMEDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance approximately ⅓ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQEDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUEDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by distance equal to ⅓
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EYEDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3EDI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
slightly recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAFDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EEFDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EIFDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance slightly less than their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EMFDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQFDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUFDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
diameter. Chelicerae yellow-orange, anterior surface covered with scattered long, fine setae; promargin with three widely separated teeth, decreasing slightly in size distally; retromargin with three adjacent teeth on common base, proximal tooth slightly larger than subequal median and distal teeth; endites and labium yellow-orange. Sternum pale creamy-yellow, yellow-brown at borders; surface smooth, sparsely covered with short, fine setae; precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites weakly sclerotised but between all coxal pairs. Abdomen oval, broadest at half its length; cream dorsally, with faint grey mottling in posterior half, without distinct scutum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="134432AF0A1D8E597FE27AED5811195E" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 A</figureCitation>
); two pairs of large oval sigilla present, at ¼ and ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E3FDI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
; sides faint mottled grey posteriorly (Fig.
<figureCitation id="74DBBC42A140C86C2F63F619DB89DDA3" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 B</figureCitation>
); slightly paler ventrally, with faint grey mottling around spinnerets (Fig.
<figureCitation id="621A2CCAB390183DE6AB5C273D284F5A" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 C</figureCitation>
); single paired lines of tiny sclerites from epigastric furrow to spinnerets. Legs creamy-yellow, anterior pairs darker than posteriors; patellae to tarsi I with dark grey mottling, darkening distally on each segment, on tibiae with pair of dorsolateral pale lines with reduced mottling; ventral cusps present on metatarsi I and II and tarsus I (Fig.
<figureCitation id="41D8EA672BB3E0E533D814FAD32167E7" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 A</figureCitation>
); tibia I and II and all metatarsi and tarsi densely scopulate. Palp (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2F1F2EB544A7E943777687E4E71EB159" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 B, C</figureCitation>
) yellow-brown; embolus short, originating distally, base broad but narrowing to slender slightly curved distal section at approximately 45 ° to longitudinal axis of palp; single
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQGDI" xlink_title="retrolateral tibial apophysis">RTA</abbrev>
present, triangular in ventral view, in retrolateral view short and stout, rounded distally, with short abrupt tip directed dorsally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D2524D8786C33C329541701B13BFD89">
Female (
<typeStatus id="0B3A6EDB799D2693724DAE5036ED195F" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, Akkerendam,
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EWGDI" xlink_title="National Collection of Arachnida, ARC–Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa">
<collectionCode id="D7D60AB059DEE2B2CA09AAAB0DCC42F3">NCA</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
2021 / 229): Measurements:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2GDI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
1.67,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6GDI" xlink_title="carapace width">CW</abbrev>
1.18,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDHDI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
1.96,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHHDI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
3.53,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELHDI" xlink_title="total length">TL</abbrev>
2.18,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPHDI" xlink_title="sternum length">SL</abbrev>
1.05,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETHDI" xlink_title="sternum width">SW</abbrev>
0.76,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXHDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2HDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
0.06,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6HDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDIDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.03,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHIDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELIDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
0.29,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPIDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETIDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
0.10,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXIDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2IDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.13,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6IDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDJDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
0.52,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHJDI" xlink_title="median ocular quadrangle">MOQ</abbrev>
:
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELJDI" xlink_title="abdomen width">AW</abbrev>
0.21,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPJDI" xlink_title="posterior width">PW</abbrev>
0.28, L 0.24. Length of leg segments: I 1.30 + 0.70 + 1.05 + 0.87 + 0.48 = 4.40; II 1.03 + 0.61 + 0.80 + 0.69 + 0.44 = 3.57; III 0.78 + 0.50 + 0.52 + 0.60 + 0.30 = 2.70; IV 1.25 + 0.65 + 1.08 + 1.10 + 0.42 = 4.50. Carapace creamy-yellow (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FFE93D0EB5D1F8A95A1E069CCA1C2DC3" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 F</figureCitation>
); surface finely wrinkled; fovea absent, replaced by broad shallow depression at ⅔
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXJDI" xlink_title="carapace length">CL</abbrev>
.
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2JDI" xlink_title="anterior eye row">AER</abbrev>
strongly procurved, clypeus height equal to
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6JDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDKDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
, ⅖
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHKDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter at
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELKDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPKDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
diameter 1 ⅖
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETKDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXKDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated by distance slightly less than their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2KDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6KDI" xlink_title="anterior lateral eye(s)">ALE</abbrev>
by distance equal ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDLDI" xlink_title="anterior median eye(s)">AME</abbrev>
diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHLDI" xlink_title="posterior eye row">PER</abbrev>
slightly recurved,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELLDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
slightly larger than
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPLDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETLDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated by distance equal to 1 ¼ their diameter;
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXLDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
separated from
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2LDI" xlink_title="posterior lateral eye(s)">PLE</abbrev>
by distance approximately 1 ⅗
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6LDI" xlink_title="posterior median eye(s)">PME</abbrev>
diameter. Chelicerae creamy-yellow, anterior surface covered with scattered long, fine setae; dentition as for male; endites and labium pale yellow-brown. Sternum pale creamy-yellow, slightly darker at borders; surface smooth, covered with scattered short, fine setae, particularly marginally. Abdomen oval, broadest at half its length; creamy-grey dorsally, laterally and ventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6C7B72EC6A13050A17B828A9DE9D07BC" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – E) and female (F – J). A, F habitus, dorsal view B, G same, lateral view C, H same, ventral view D, I leg I, prolateral view, arrowheads in D indicating ventral cusps E, J metatarsus and tarsus IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A – C, F – H); 0.5 mm (D, E, I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230786">16 F – H</figureCitation>
), without dorsal scutum; two pairs of indistinct sigilla present, at ¼ and ½
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHMDI" xlink_title="abdomen length">AL</abbrev>
; two paired lines of indistinct tiny sclerites from epigastric furrow to spinnerets. Legs cream, tibia to tarsus I and tarsus II with grey mottling. Epigyne (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2D8D8F13C375D1E5C624FA3BDD70189A" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Namaquella arida sp. nov., male (A – C) and female (D, E). A schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II B palp, ventral view C same, retrolateral view D epigyne, ventral view E same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD – connecting duct; Cd – copulatory duct; CO – copulatory opening; EM – embolus; FD – fertilization duct; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct; ST I – primary spermatheca; ST II – secondary spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230789">19 D, E</figureCitation>
) weakly sclerotized, with pair of curved central ridges forming heart-shaped atrium containing broad copulatory openings; copulatory duct initially funnel-shaped, narrowing rapidly from broad copulatory opening, looping laterally to enter oval anterolateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPMDI" xlink_title="secondary spermatheca">ST II</abbrev>
on their posterolateral margin; connecting ducts short, lateral, entering small oval posterolateral
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETMDI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
, with fertilization ducts forming on short mesal extension of
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXMDI" xlink_title="primary spermatheca">ST I</abbrev>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E2MDI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="89C4C128C4D462D849F73EAA415EF4F1">
<heading id="965F78739E0D524ADE7FA83F4614202C" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="045E9744A6EE45FDE6998B00A8DA9DA8">This species name refers to the arid Succulent Karoo environments that it was collected from; adjective.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EANDI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="972149A5D5B15458102C359F438DC429">
<heading id="88CBE063882D61C3B0AC1C3F2424E9EE" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EFDFEBCBAA72EB548B74219120B852CC">
Only known from the
<typeStatus id="EADCE60843F86D1A572DB0B0DBDE71C2">type</typeStatus>
locality (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B8527DFC83F823277B0EEFD9BB4225DD" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Distribution of Foordana distincta sp. nov. (black circles), F. flavipoda sp. nov. (white circles), F. kasouga (black triangles), Foordana sp. Zimbabwe (white triangle), Mushimane tswibilinki sp. nov. (black square), Namaquella arida sp. nov. (white square), N. samanthae sp. nov. (black star), Rukuluk gramineus sp. nov. (white star) and Rukuluk sp. Tembe (white pentagon) in southern Africa." figureDoi="10.3897/AfrInvertebr.66.139299.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1230782">12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>