From f1b20420ffb1d88a44779012c89c1075cf599d3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2025 19:55:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-06-11 19:53:17 --- .../C5/038EC5668079FFC767AEFA55FCE64162.xml | 127 +++ .../C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFB75FDF741CD.xml | 76 ++ .../C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFC9FFD4D4027.xml | 78 ++ .../C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFD8CFEFF4711.xml | 74 ++ .../C5/038EC566807AFFC667AEFA2AFC5346A4.xml | 134 +++ .../87/03BC87EF1047AE1EFFCCA0A7FC9BFDBD.xml | 410 ++++++++ .../41/0E174134FFB33F26FC053F50BCB7FD78.xml | 141 +-- .../06/244506313701C74AE4C4FC97FE5CF81C.xml | 959 ++++++++++++++++++ .../8D/EF3D8D11FFE2FFF170A639CCFA6AFAAB.xml | 172 ++++ .../8D/EF3D8D11FFE9FFF1709F3ECFFDD7FC5B.xml | 408 ++++++++ 10 files changed, 2510 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/03/8E/C5/038EC5668079FFC767AEFA55FCE64162.xml create mode 100644 data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFB75FDF741CD.xml create mode 100644 data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFC9FFD4D4027.xml create mode 100644 data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFD8CFEFF4711.xml create mode 100644 data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC667AEFA2AFC5346A4.xml create mode 100644 data/03/BC/87/03BC87EF1047AE1EFFCCA0A7FC9BFDBD.xml create mode 100644 data/24/45/06/244506313701C74AE4C4FC97FE5CF81C.xml create mode 100644 data/EF/3D/8D/EF3D8D11FFE2FFF170A639CCFA6AFAAB.xml create mode 100644 data/EF/3D/8D/EF3D8D11FFE9FFF1709F3ECFFDD7FC5B.xml diff --git a/data/03/8E/C5/038EC5668079FFC767AEFA55FCE64162.xml b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC5668079FFC767AEFA55FCE64162.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9b81e43e968 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC5668079FFC767AEFA55FCE64162.xml @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ + + + +New wasps and bees for the fauna of the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) + + + +Author + +Smit, J. + +text + + +Linzer biologische Beiträge + + +2007 + +2007-07-23 + + +39 + + +1 + + +651 +656 + + + +journal article +310408 +10.5281/zenodo.5412283 +ff438175-9926-41e4-b048-fce243eefa84 +0253-116X +5412283 + + + + + + +Apidae + + + + + + +124 species of bees are known from the Canary Islands. Of the family +Apidae +(including the former family +Anthophoridae +) 36 species are recorded. + + +Four species of the genus + +Anthophora + +occur on the islands: + +Anthophora alluaudi + +, + +A. orotavae + +, +A. porphyria +and + +A. purpuraria + +. These are all endemic species from these islands. So far + +Anthophora orotavae + +has been reported only from the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria. + + +In 2000 this species has been collected for the first time on the island of La Gomera. Six specimens have been captured at four different places; 1, Alajero, Antoncojo, +400 m +, +1.v.2000 +; 2, Playa de Santiago, +100 m +, +2.v.2000 +; 1, La Dama, +1000 m +, +2.v.2000 +; 1, 1, San Sebastian, Barranco de Avalo, +10 m +, +5.v.2000 +. It appears that this species is widely spread on this island, see the map, +Fig. 2 +. + + + +Fig. 2 +: Map of La Gomera with the locations of captures of + +Anthophora orotavae + +. + + + +Henk Pijpers and Jeanne Kuijper-Nannenga gave me some bees from the island of Gran Canaria. Among these was a specimen of + +Melecta luctuosa + +, a bee that has not been recorded from the Canary Islands previously. It is a female, collected on 23 March, near Cruz Grande, San Bartolome at an altitude of +1550 m +. + +This bee is widespread across Eurasia, in the norther parts of its range. + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFB75FDF741CD.xml b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFB75FDF741CD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..be982275731 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFB75FDF741CD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ + + + +New wasps and bees for the fauna of the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) + + + +Author + +Smit, J. + +text + + +Linzer biologische Beiträge + + +2007 + +2007-07-23 + + +39 + + +1 + + +651 +656 + + + +journal article +310408 +10.5281/zenodo.5412283 +ff438175-9926-41e4-b048-fce243eefa84 +0253-116X +5412283 + + + + + + +Sphecidae + + + + + + +Seven species of digger wasps of the family +Sphecidae +have been recorded previously from the islands ( +BÁEZ et al. 2001 +), among them + +Sceliphron spirifex +(LINNAEUS 1758) + +. This species has been reported from the islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife. Two males of this species have been caught on the island of La Gomera on +5 May 2000 +, in the harbour of San Sebastian, which represent the first records from this island. + + + +Sceliphron spirifex + +occurs throughout Africa and southern Europe, on three of the Canary Islands and on the +Cape Verde +Islands. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFC9FFD4D4027.xml b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFC9FFD4D4027.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..434c3be70af --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFC9FFD4D4027.xml @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ + + + +New wasps and bees for the fauna of the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) + + + +Author + +Smit, J. + +text + + +Linzer biologische Beiträge + + +2007 + +2007-07-23 + + +39 + + +1 + + +651 +656 + + + +journal article +310408 +10.5281/zenodo.5412283 +ff438175-9926-41e4-b048-fce243eefa84 +0253-116X +5412283 + + + + + + +Pompilidae + + + + + + +22 species of this family have been reported previously from the Canary Islands ( +BÁEZ et al. 2001 +). On +2 May 2000 +, +two females +of + +Agenioideus gentilis +(KLUG 1834) + +were captured and subsequently identified by R. Wahis ( +1 ex. +col. R. Wahis, +1 ex. +col. J. Smit). Both specimens were captured on the island of La Gomera, near the village Playa de Santiago, at an altitude of 100 metres. This species is new for the fauna of the Canary Islands. + + + +Agenioideus gentilis + +occurs in north Africa and Arabia. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFD8CFEFF4711.xml b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFD8CFEFF4711.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b2ab08b3422 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC567AEFD8CFEFF4711.xml @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ + + + +New wasps and bees for the fauna of the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) + + + +Author + +Smit, J. + +text + + +Linzer biologische Beiträge + + +2007 + +2007-07-23 + + +39 + + +1 + + +651 +656 + + + +journal article +310408 +10.5281/zenodo.5412283 +ff438175-9926-41e4-b048-fce243eefa84 +0253-116X +5412283 + + + + + + +Scoliidae + + + + + + +Previously two species of this family, belonging to the genus +Micromeriella +, were known from the Canary Islands ( +BÁEZ et al. 2001 +). On +28 April 2000 +a male of +Scolia hirta +(SCHRANK 1781) was collected at Puerto los Christianos on the island of Tenerife. This species is new for the fauna of the Canary Islands. + + +This species is weidepread in the Palearctic, ranging from +Portugal +to +Kazakhstan +and Siberia ( +OSTEN 1999 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC667AEFA2AFC5346A4.xml b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC667AEFA2AFC5346A4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c78d2241ce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/8E/C5/038EC566807AFFC667AEFA2AFC5346A4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ + + + +New wasps and bees for the fauna of the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) + + + +Author + +Smit, J. + +text + + +Linzer biologische Beiträge + + +2007 + +2007-07-23 + + +39 + + +1 + + +651 +656 + + + +journal article +310408 +10.5281/zenodo.5412283 +ff438175-9926-41e4-b048-fce243eefa84 +0253-116X +5412283 + + + + + + +Crabronidae + + + + + + +Of this family 48 species from 23 genera were listed so far from these islands. The genus + +Solierella + +is represented by three species: + +S. canariensis + +, + +S. dispar + +and + +S. pectinata + +. + +Solierella dispar +PULAWSKI 1964 + +is known from the island of Fuerteventura. On +11 May 2002 +a female was caught on the island of Lanzarote, near San Bartholomé. This species is new to this island. + + +The genus + +Trypoxylon + +was represented at the Canary Islands by two species: + +T. attenuatum + +and + +T. clavicerum + +. A third species was captured on +30 April 2000 +: + +Trypoxylon medium +de BEAUMONT 1945 + +. It was a female, collected on the island of La Gomera, near Vallehermoso, Valle Abajo at an altitude of + +100 m +. + +This digger wasps is new for the fauna of the Canary Islands. + + +The species occurs in the western- and central palearctic region, eastwards to +Kazakhstan +. + + +From the genus + +Cerceris + +one endemic species was known: + +Cerceris concinna + +. This species occurs on all the islands of the archipelago. On +9 May 2002 +a second species of this genus was collected: + +Cerceris chlorotica +SPINOLA 1839 + +. This digger wasp is new for the fauna of the Canary Islands. The species occurs in Northern Africa ( +SCHMIDT 2000 +). Three females were captured on the island of Fuerteventura and further specimens have been observed. They were collected at their nesting site, north of the village Costa Calma. A number of nests were located, on an almost bare, triangle-shaped, sandy area, which was screened at the south- and westside by shrubs and young trees ( +Fig. 1 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/BC/87/03BC87EF1047AE1EFFCCA0A7FC9BFDBD.xml b/data/03/BC/87/03BC87EF1047AE1EFFCCA0A7FC9BFDBD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..12a2fd5308a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/BC/87/03BC87EF1047AE1EFFCCA0A7FC9BFDBD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,410 @@ + + + +Metamorphosis of silver-striped hawkmoth (Hippotion celerio L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) collected and reared in Bukidnon, Philippines + + + +Author + +Suelo, Michelle S + + + +Author + +Dela Cruz, Reggie Y + + + +Author + +Luceno, Aprille Joy M + + + +Author + +Lituanas, Chris Rey M + + + +Author + +Toledo, Joliesa Mae S + + + +Author + +Viernes, Rona Mae P + + + +Author + +Mohagan, Alma B + +text + + +Species + + +2023 + +e 4 s 1004 + + +2023-01-18 + + +24 + + +73 + + +1 +11 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi/v24i73/e4s1004 + +journal article +10.54905/disssi/v24i73/e4s1004 +2319-5754 +15391030 + + + + + +3. +RESULTS +AND DISCUSSION + + + + + +Isolated DNA of reared species revealed its identity based on (National Center for Biotechnology Information) NCBI and Barcode of Life Data Base (BOLD) as + +Hippotion celerio + +with 98.91% and 100% percentage identity respectively. + +Hippotion celerio + +also known as taro hawkmoth or grapevine sphinx belongs to the family of sphingidae in which they possess a complete life cycle from egg, larva, pupa (chrysalis) and adult ( +Figure 1 +). This family are voracious eaters and specific to the food plants they eat during their larval stage ( + +Halder +et al +., 2018 + +). + + + + +Figure 1 + +Hippotion celerio +(Linnaeus, 1758) Complete Metamorphosis + + + + + +Egg + + +The eggs of + +H. celerio + +measured 1.0 mm and were round, clear, smooth surface, bluish green in color, but turns to yellowish color prior to emergence. During the actual searching of eggs on the taro leaf found within the vicinity of Musuan they were laid singly on the lower part of the leaf. According to Goldberg et al., (2015) & Messenger, (1997), eggs laid singly to help them survive when they hatched so that they will not starve due to the insufficient amount of food available. However, cultured hawkmoth species laid their eggs in masses since only one plant were placed inside their cage, they usually oviposit their eggs underneath the leaves of the plant. Additionally, some eggs were discovered on the cage's screen, the stalk and the upper side of a leaf. The incubation period is 3–4 days long ( +Figure 2 +). + + + +Figure 2 + +Hippotion celerio +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +– (A) Egg showing typical colour (20X), (B) measurement. (3-4 days) + + + +Larva + + +Larva of family sphingidae can easily recognized by the presence of caudal horn or button and by 6-8 annulets on each body segments (Devi & Ramaju, 2015; +Pittaway & Kitching, 2020 +: +Messenger, 1997 +). Their body consists of tagmata namely head, thorax and abdomen. They are voracious eaters in which their growth depends on the quality and quantity of plants eaten. + +H. celerio + +undergone four ( +4 +) instars with the duration of nine ( +9 +) to sixteen ( +16 +) days and varies in color from yellow (1 +st +instar), green (2 +nd +to 4 +th +instar) to brown (4 +th +instar). + + +First Instar + + +On hatching, the larva starts to consume its egg shell. Its body is slender, cylindrical, smooth and pale-yellow color but after feeding, its thorax and part of its abdomen turns to pale greenish color with long black horn. Head still pale-yellow color without markings. True legs, ventral prolegs and anal plate are similarly colored to its body. When threatened, they started to wiggle their horn. Duration about 2-3 days ( +Figure 3 +). + + + +Figure 3 + +Hippotion celerio +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +– (A) 1 +st +instar soon after hatching (20X), (B) 1 +st +instar after feeding (20X) (2-3 days) + + + +Second Instar + + +The body is long (with ten abdominal segments), slender and cylindrical, light to mid-green coloration with white spots all over its body, yellowish on abdominal segment 8 and beyond. Eye-spots is circle with black and yellow coloration appear on the first abdominal segment and larger than the black eyespots on the second abdominal segment. Head pale yellow without markings. Caudal horn is long and black with small spikes, slightly orange at the bottom near the anal part. Thorax bears a ventral true leg (T1-foreleg, T2-mid leg and T3- hind leg) while A3, A4, A5 and A6 bears a caudal prolegs usually with crochets (bi ordinal homoideous mesoseries). A7, A8 and A9 does not bear a pro leg. True legs, ventral prolegs, claspers and anal plate are similarly colored to its body but a little paler. Duration about 2-4 days ( +Figure 4 +). + + + +Figure 4 + +Hippotion celerio +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +– 2 +nd +Instar (A) Dorsal view, (B) Lateral view, (C) Head ventral view and ventral true legs, (D) Eyespots on 1 +st +abdominal segment (large) and 2 +nd +abdominal segment (smaller), (E) Ventral prolegs with crochets (bi ordinal homoideous mesoseries), (F) Caudal horn (20X) (2-4 days). + + + + +Figure 5 + +Hippotion celerio +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +– 3 +rd +Instar (A) Dorsal view, (B) Lateral view, (C) Ventral view and ventral true legs, (D) Eyespots on 1 +st +abdominal segment (large) and 2 +nd +abdominal segment (smaller), (E) Caudal horn, (F) Prolegs with crochets (bi ordinal homoideous mesoseries) (20X) (3-5 days). + + + +Third Instar + + +The body is long (with ten abdominal segments) and cylindrical, light to green coloration with white spots present on the ventral part of its body while black spots were observed dorsally along with the dorso-lateral white lines appears from 2 +nd +abdominal segments down to the base of the horn. Eye-spots is larger than the second instar with black circle line, dominantly colored yellow inside and composed with two smaller light green circles on the 1 +st +abdominal segment while eyespots on the 2 +nd +abdominal segment is smaller with black and white coloration. Head is green with no markings. Caudal horn is long and black with small spikes, with pinkish and orange coloration near the base at the anal plate. Thorax bears a ventral true leg (T1-foreleg, T2- mid leg and T3- hind leg), yellow in color, while A3, A4, A5 and A6 bears a caudal prolegs usually with crochets (bi ordinal, homoideous mesoseries). A7, A8 and A9 does not bear a pro leg. Duration about 3-5 days ( +Figure 5 +). + + +Fourth Instar + + +Last instar varies in color from green to dark brown coloration. According to Eacock et al., (2019), it serves as a cue that it has finished eating (or soon will finish eating) and seek a spot to either diapause or form a chrysalis. Sometimes this color change goes from the background color of their host plant (green) to a more earth tone shade (brown) similar to the likely background color of where they will diapause or pupate ( +Figure 6 +& +7 +). + + + +Figure 6 + +Hippotion celerio +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +– 4 +th +Instar (A) Lateral view, (B) Lateral view of its prolegs, (C) Eyespots on 1 +st +abdominal segment (large) and 2 +nd +abdominal segment (smaller), (D) Ventral view of head with setae (chalaza), (E) Prolegs ventral view with crochets (biordinal homoideous mesoseries), (F) Ventral view of true legs, (G) Ventral part of last abdominal segment (A10) bears pro leg with crochets, anal plate, (H) Spiracle, (I) Caudal horn (20X) + + + + +Figure 7 + +Hippotion celerio +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +– 4 +th +Instar (A) Lateral view, (B) Head dorsal view with setae (chalaza), (C) True legs (D) Ventral part of last abdominal segment, anal plate, A10 bears a pair of pro leg with crochets, (E) Prolegs ventral view with crochets (biordinal homoideous mesoseries), (F) Spiracles, (G) Dorsal body part (H) Eyespots, (I) Caudal horn (20X) (4-7 days). + + + +Green form + + +The body is long (with ten abdominal segments) and cylindrical, green coloration with white spots present on the ventral-lateral part of its body while black spots were observed dorsally along with the thick dorso-lateral white lines and black broken lines that appears from 3 +rd +abdominal segments down to the base of the horn. Eyespots has black circle line coloration, while the inside has white, yellow and black color with four small white dots at the center. Eyespots present on second abdominal segment, dominantly yellow color with pinch of black on one side. Head is green with no markings but setae (chalaza) were present. Caudal horn is long and black with small spikes, with pinkish and orange coloration near on the base at the anal plate. Thorax bears a ventral true leg (T1- foreleg, T2- mid leg and T3- hind leg), pinkish in color, while A3, A4, A5 and A6 bears a caudal prolegs usually with crochets (biordinal, homoideous mesoseries) as well as the anal prolegs (A10). Its prolegs consists of two parts, the proximal base which bears setae (chalaza) and distal planta which never bears setae (chalaza) but it is where crochets arise. A7, A8 and A9 does not bear a pro leg. Spiracles is oval, brownish color with dark vertical center ( +Figure 6 +). + + +Dark brown form + + +The body is still long (with ten abdominal segments) and cylindrical, dark brown coloration were observed all throughout its body with white spots present on the ventral-lateral part of its body while thick dorso-lateral white lines appears from 2 +nd +thoracic segments down to the base of the horn. Dorsal part of its abdomen as well as its dorso-lateral part has series of wavy black lines. Eyespots have black circle line coloration, while the inside has white, yellow and black color with three small white dots at the center. The eyespots present on its 2 +nd +abdominal segment is yellow color surrounded with black circle line. Head is dark green with no markings but setae (chalaza) were present. Caudal horn is long and black with small spikes, with pinkish and orange coloration near on the base at the anal plate. Dorsal part of thorax has two yellowish bands from head down to the third thorax. It bears a ventral true leg, pinkish in color and setae (chalaza) were present. Abdominal segment A3, A4, A5 and A6 bears a caudal prolegs usually with crochets (biordinal, homoideous mesoseries) as well as the anal pro leg (A10). Its prolegs consists of two parts, the proximal base which bears setae (chalaza) and distal planta which never bears setae (chalaza) but it is where crochets arise. A7, A8 and A9 does not bear a pro leg. Spiracles oval, still brownish coloration. Its body continued to contract accompanied by the release of fluids from within. In preparation to turn into pupa, it stops eating and make web silken threads onto the leaves to where it covers itself ( +Figure 8 +). Duration about 4-7 days ( +Figure 7 +). + + + +Figure 8 +Prepupal phase, body contracted with the release of fluids + + + + +Figure 9 +Events that takes place from last instar to pupa with the duration of 3 minutes and 44 seconds) + + + +Pupa + + +Formation of pupa from last instar takes 3 minutes and 44 seconds to fully shed off its skin ( +Figure 9 +). Upon completion of pupation, the head, proboscis, antenna, spiracles, fused wings were still visible and has white coloration ventrally, while patches of brown were seen on the dorsal part of the body along with the dark line on its abdominal segments. After an hour, it turns into its final coloration ( +Figure 10 A, B, C +). Dorsal part is dominantly brown in color, the latter part of its abdominal segments was movable. Spiracles turn black in color. Ventral body part consists of black patches and spots. Cremaster ( +Figure 10 D, E, F +) is pointed, black coloration. Duration about 12-16 days ( +Figure 10 +). + + + +Figure 10 +Pupa– (A) Dorsal view, (B) Ventral view, (C) Lateral view; Cremaster of pupa- (D) Dorsal view, (E) Ventral view, (F) Lateral view (12-16 days). + + + + +Figure 11 +Newly emerged adult producing meconium from its wings + + + +Adult + + +When the adult emerged, it climbs up to fully expand their wings. The wings are wet and limb. A greenish fluid was observed on the wings of a newly emerged adult hawkmoth. Unpleasant smelling liquid called meconium ( +Figure 11 +) was produced upon hatching. It takes an hour to harden their wings before flight. During dusk, they start flying and mating happens in a short period of time. When they are threatened, they flap their wings faster. A day after, females start to lay their egg with the duration of almost one week ( +Figure 12 +). Female can lay up to 189- +807 eggs +. Male and female can be distinguished by the structure of frenulum ( +Figure 12 K & L +) and structure of its antenna ( +Figure 12 I & J +). + + + +Figure 12 +Adult – (A) Dorsal view, (B) Ventral view, (C) Compound eyes, (D) Proboscis, (E) Thorax dorsal view, (F) Abdomen dorsal view, (G) Legs, (H) Abdomen ventral view, (I) Antenna ♂, (J) Antenna ♀, (K) Frenulum ♀, (L) Frenulum ♂ (20X) + + + +The head was dominantly covered with brown and white line anterior its eyes on its dorsal part while ventral part is covered with white. The antennae ranged +0.4 cm +- +0.5 cm +, proboscis ( +3.6 cm +) and compound black eyes ( +0.4 cm +– +0.5 cm +). Dorsal part of its thorax is covered with brown color and ash white on its center part while ventral part is dominantly white: Prothorax (0.5 cm- +0.6 cm +), mesothorax ( +0.3 cm +) and metathorax ( +0.3 cm +). Abdomen ranged +2.1 cm +– +2.3 cm +and its dorsal part is brown with golden stripes on both sides and on its center while ventral part is dominantly white with black dots. Forewing ranged to +3.1 cm +– +3.3 cm +and its dorsal part is dominantly dark coloration with several white lines. Black dot is present near discal cell. Costal margin is straight with pointed apex. Ventral part dominantly colored gray near the base and light orange with dark spots on post median part. Light yellow above inner margin near the base. Hindwing ranged 2.0 cm – +2.1 cm +and its dorsal part has discal cell with yellow and pink coloration, black bands on basal and sub-median part. Outer margin consists of white fringe while ventral part is dominantly pale orange black spots. + + + + +Duration of the life cycle of + +H. celerio + +ranged 32 days to 34 days until it turns into an adult. This species is voracious eaters that it can consume all preferred food given to them. It is important to study insect’s life cycle to understand how they live, functions and reproduces. This will also help in the management of the said species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0E/17/41/0E174134FFB33F26FC053F50BCB7FD78.xml b/data/0E/17/41/0E174134FFB33F26FC053F50BCB7FD78.xml index c7e55a9f8f2..98edbc708ff 100644 --- a/data/0E/17/41/0E174134FFB33F26FC053F50BCB7FD78.xml +++ b/data/0E/17/41/0E174134FFB33F26FC053F50BCB7FD78.xml @@ -1,73 +1,76 @@ - - - -A new species of Aspidoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from a small coastal drainage in northeastern Brazil + + + +A new species of Aspidoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from a small coastal drainage in northeastern Brazil - - -Author + + +Author -Oliveira, Lívia M. A. -Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, Rua Barão de Geremoabo s / n, 40170 - 115 Salvador, BA, Brazil -livia.alves.oliveira@hotmail.com +Oliveira, Lívia M. A. +Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, Rua Barão de Geremoabo s / n, 40170 - 115 Salvador, BA, Brazil +livia.alves.oliveira@hotmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Zanata, Angela M. -Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, Rua Barão de Geremoabo s / n, 40170 - 115 Salvador, BA, Brazil. -zanata.angela@gmail.com +Zanata, Angela M. +Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, Rua Barão de Geremoabo s / n, 40170 - 115 Salvador, BA, Brazil. +zanata.angela@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Tencatt, Luiz F. C. -Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020 - 900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil -luiztencatt@hotmail.com +Tencatt, Luiz F. C. +Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020 - 900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil +luiztencatt@hotmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Britto, Marcelo R. -Setor de Ictiologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, 20940 - 040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil -mrbritto2002@yahoo.com.br +Britto, Marcelo R. +Setor de Ictiologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, 20940 - 040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil +mrbritto2002@yahoo.com.br -text - - -Neotropical Ichthyology +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology - -2017 - -2017-03-30 + +2017 + +2017-03-30 - -15 + +15 - -1 + +1 - -e 160118 + +e 160118 - -1 -8 + +1 +8 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160118 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160118 -journal article -10.1590/1982-0224-20160118 -1982-0224 +journal article +310407 +10.1590/1982-0224-20160118 +7636c63d-431e-4417-8add-473b4dd1fa3c +1982-0224 +15643795 - + @@ -91,14 +94,14 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ( -Figs. 1-5 +Figs. 1-5 ; -Tab. 1 +Tab. 1 ) - + Fig. 1. @@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: , holotype, MNRJ 47400, 30.6 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Serra da Jibóia, Varzedo, rio da Dona basin, riacho Cai-Camarão. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views. - + Fig. 2. @@ -523,7 +526,7 @@ Morphometric data of and paratypes in -Tab. 1 +Tab. 1 . Head compressed with slightly convex dorsal profile overall; bluntly triangular in dorsal view. Snout relatively large and pointed. Dorsal profile convex along snout; somewhat straight along interorbital region; slightly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex along dorsal-fin base; straight to slightly concave from end of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin spine; slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex from isthmus to anal-fin origin; slightly concave from that point to caudal-fin base. Body elongate; roughly elliptical in cross section at pectoral girdle, gradually becoming more compressed toward caudal fin. Eye rounded, dorsolaterally positioned on head; orbit delimited dorsally by lateral ethmoid, frontal and sphenotic, ventrally by infraorbitals. Anterior and posterior nares close to each other, only separated by flap of skin. Anterior naris tubular. Posterior naris close to anterodorsal margin of orbit, separated from it by distance equal to naris diameter. Mouth small, subterminal, width larger than orbital diameter. Maxillary barbel elongate, reaching to anteroventral limit of gill opening in most specimens. Outer mental barbel slightly longer than maxillary barbel. Inner mental barbel fleshy, with base close to its counterpart. Lower lip moderately developed, forming small semicircular fleshy flap. Small rounded papillae covering entire surface of all barbels, upper and lower lips, snout and isthmus. Gill membranes united to isthmus. @@ -533,10 +536,10 @@ in Mesethmoid overall short, anterior tip relatively long, slightly more than 50% of entire length of bone (see Britto, 2003: 123 , character 1, state 0; fig. 1A); posterior portion wide, entirely covered by thick layer of skin. Nasal slender, slightly curved laterally, mesial border contacting frontal and mesethmoid. Frontal elongate, relatively narrow, width less than half of entire length; anterior projection short, less than nasal length; anterior margin generally covered by thick layer of skin. Frontal fontanel relatively small, ellipsoid or somewhat rhomboid; posterior terminus not entering anterior margin of parieto-supraoccipital. Parieto-supraoccipital wide; posterior portion moderately developed, nearly reaching or sometimes contacting nuchal plate ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ). Parieto-supraoccipital fontanel small, roundish, located medianly on parieto-supraoccipital. - + Tab. 1 . Morphometric data of holotype and 20 paratypes of @@ -702,7 +705,7 @@ Mesethmoid overall short, anterior tip relatively long, slightly more than 50% o - + Fig. 3. @@ -714,10 +717,10 @@ Mesethmoid overall short, anterior tip relatively long, slightly more than 50% o Two laminar infraorbitals, with diminute odontodes; infraorbital 1 large, with well-developed ventral laminar expansion; anterior portion with well-developed expansion; inner laminar expansion moderately developed, with anterior portion larger than posterior portion ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ); infraorbital 2 small, with posterior laminar expansion reduced; inner laminar expansion moderately developed; posteroventral margin contacting posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula; dorsal tip contacting only sphenotic. Interopercle almost entirely covered by thick layer of skin; somewhat triangular; anterior projection moderately developed. Preopercle relatively slender, elongated. Opercle compact in shape; depth less than two times its width; free margin convex; posterodorsal region with shallow concavity; without serrations. Anteroventral portion of cleithrum exposed, posterolateral portion of coracoid exposed. All exposed areas bearing minute odontodes. Free vertebrae 23 (1), 24 (1); ribs 6 (2), first pair conspicuously larger. - + Fig. 5. @@ -727,7 +730,7 @@ Two laminar infraorbitals, with diminute odontodes; infraorbital 1 large, with w 18246, c&s paratype, 30.4 mm SL, showing the serration pattern of pectoral spine. Arrows indicate laminar expansion at base of branched rays. Scale bar = 1 mm. - + Fig. 4. @@ -739,26 +742,26 @@ Two laminar infraorbitals, with diminute odontodes; infraorbital 1 large, with w Dorsal-fin rays I,8* (22); inner margin of dorsal-fin spine smooth, without serrations. Nuchal plate moderately developed; almost entirely exposed, with minute odontodes on exposed area; anterior tip covered by thick layer of skin; spinelet short; spine moderately developed, adpressed distal tip almost reaching origin of last dorsal-fin branched ray; anterior margin with small odontodes. Pectoral-fin rays I,9* (5) I,10 (15), I,11(2); inner margin of pectoral spine with 9-20 moderately developed serrations along almost entire length; small region just posterior to origin of spine lacking serrations; serrations generally perpendicular to spine; some serrations slightly directed towards tip or origin of spine; bifid serrations present in some specimens; base of first branched rays with small laminar expansions along its inner margin, forming structures similar to serrations in some specimens ( -Fig. 5 +Fig. 5 ). Pelvic-fin rays i,5*(22). Anal-fin rays ii,5,i(10), ii,6*(12). Caudal-fin rays i6/5i(2), i6/6i*(20). Fins with minute odontodes over rays. Three* laterosensory canals on trunk; first ossicle tubular; second ossicle laminar; third lateral-line canal encased in third dorsolateral body plate. Body plates with minute odontodes scattered over exposed area and conspicuous line of odontodes confined to posterior margin. Dorsolateral body plates not reaching their counterpart. Dorsolateral plates 25(5), 26*(15), or 27(2); ventrolateral plates 23(20) or 24(2); dorsolateral plates along dorsal-fin base 5(10) or 6*(12); dorsolateral plates between adipose and caudal fins 8*(5), 9(13), or 10(3); preadipose plates 3(3), 4*(13), or 5(6); small irregular plates covering base of caudal-fin rays; small plates disposed dorsally and ventrally between lateral plates on posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Small platelets covering dorsal and lateral portions of head including anterior margin of orbit, anterior expansion of infraorbital 1, and above lateral ethmoid ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ); region between nuchal plate and posterior process of parietosupraoccipital generally with small platelets ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ). Ventral surface of trunk densely covered by small irregular platelets. Coloration in alcohol. Ground coloration of body pale yellow to light brown ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). Dorsal portion of head with concentration of small black chromatophores, from snout to posterior tip of parieto-supraocciptal and laterally on most of first dorsolateral body plate; interorbital region less pigmented in some specimens. Lateral portion of snout with black stripe between anteroventral portion of orbit and origin of maxillary barbel in most specimens; ventral portion of snout yellowish white with scattered dark chromatophores. Barbels poorly pigmented, black chromatophores scarce on dorsal portion of maxillary barbel. Opercle and cleithrum generally almost entirely black. Ventral surface of head and trunk pale yellow. Dorsal series of four black blotches, first at anterior portion of dorsal-fin base, second at posterior portion of dorsal-fin base, third at adiposefin base and fourth at caudal-fin base. Most specimens with three to four large black blotches along midlateral side of body variably coalesced to a series of dorsolateral blotches, often resulting in a single anterodorsally oblique large blotch; midlateral blotches also ventrally elongated by coalescence to blotches in ventral series; blotches around and posterior to anal fin sometimes reaching their counterparts at midventral line; some individuals without blotches along ventral portion of body. Few specimens without coalescence of those three longitudinal series of blotches, with somewhat rounded blotches on dorsolateral portion of body isolated from midlateral and/or midventral portion of body. Ground color of fins pale yellow. Dorsal fin with large triangular black blotch usually occupying anterior two thirds of fin proximally; distal margin of dorsal fin hyaline. Adipose-fin spine brown, membrane hyaline or with few sparse chromatophores. Pectoral-fin rays brown dorsally; interradial membranes and distal margin of rays hyaline. Pelvic fin usually hyaline; few chromatophores on dorsal portion of anterior rays in some specimens. Anal fin with diffuse black or dark brown wide bar across middle region of fin, from second to last branched fin ray, and formed by chromatophores over rays. Caudal fin with three to four transversal black or dark brown bars, formed by chromatophores concentrated over rays; membranes hyaline. Coloration in life . General color pattern similar to preserved specimens ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). Dorsal half of head, opercle, cleithrum and dorsal portion of body with distinctly golden areas, mainly between dorsolateral black blotches. Ventral portion of body and fins whitish. @@ -789,11 +792,11 @@ is known only from two headwater tributaries of rio da Dona, a small coastal dra , Brazil ( -Figs. 6 +Figs. 6 a-b). - + Fig. 6. (a) Map showing geographic distribution of diff --git a/data/24/45/06/244506313701C74AE4C4FC97FE5CF81C.xml b/data/24/45/06/244506313701C74AE4C4FC97FE5CF81C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a582bb61cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/24/45/06/244506313701C74AE4C4FC97FE5CF81C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,959 @@ + + + +A new species of Astyanax (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from the headwaters of the arheic Río Sucuma, Catamarca, Northwestern Argentina + + + +Author + +Terán, Guillermo E. +Instituto de Vertebrados, Fundación Miguel Lillo; UEL-CONICET. Miguel Lillo 251, T 4000 JFE - San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. +)guilloteran@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Butí, Cristina I. +Instituto de Vertebrados, Fundación Miguel Lillo; UEL-CONICET. Miguel Lillo 251, T 4000 JFE - San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. +crisbuti@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Mirande, J. Marcos +Instituto de Vertebrados, Fundación Miguel Lillo; UEL-CONICET. Miguel Lillo 251, T 4000 JFE - San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. +mcmirande@gmail.com + +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology + + +2017 + +2017-06-12 + + +15 + + +2 + + +e 160165 + + +1 +10 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160165 + +journal article +10.1590/1982-0224-20160165 +1982-0224 + + + + + + + +Astyanax powelli + +, +new species + + + + + + + +Figs. 1-2 +; +Tab. 1 + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +7A84C73C-9F0C-428F-B778- 9F5170B54584 + + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +CI-FML 6797 +, +52.3 mm +SL, +male +, +Argentina +, +Catamarca Province +, +El Alto +, +Río Sucuma +, tributary of the arheic +Río Las Tunas +, +28°14’21”S +65°22’45”W +, +ca +. +800 meters above sea level +, + +22 Jun 2015 + +, +C. I. Butí. + + + + +Fig. 1. + +Astyanax powelli + +, +new species +. CI-FML 6797, holotype, 52.3 mm SL, Argentina, Catamarca province, Río Sucuma. Scale bar = 10 mm. + + + + + +Paratypes +. + +CI-FML 6798 +, +40 +, +35.5-60.2 mm +SL, (5 cs, 36.0- +56.8 mm +SL) collected with the holotype + +. + + +Non-types +(inadequate fixing process). + +CI- FML 6799 +, +11 +, +37.5-55.1 mm +SL, (2, +41.6-46.6 mm +SL), +Argentina +, +Catamarca Province +, +Río Sucuma +, tributary of the arheic +Río Las Tunas +, + +24 Jun 2015 + +, +C. I. Butí + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Astyanax powelli + +can be distinguished from its congeners of the + +Astyanax bimaculatus + +group ( +e.g +. + +A. abramis + +and + +A. lacustris + +) by the vertical humeral spot ( +vs. +horizontally oval) and the absence of +circuli +on posterior field of scales ( +vs. +presence). The new taxon differs from the remaining species of + +Astyanax + +by the absence of maxillary teeth ( +vs. +presence, in a variable number). + +Astyanax powelli + +bears few denticles on the base of the first ceratobranchial gill rakers ( +vs. +broad denticles on anterior, lateral, and posterior edges of first ceratobranchial gill rakers in + +A. puka + +). Also, the dentary teeth decrease abruptly posterior to the fourth tooth in + +A. powelli + +( +Fig. 2b +) ( +vs. +decreasing gradually in + +A. puka + +and + +A. +cf. +eigenmanniorum + +). + +Astyanax powelli + +bears two humeral spots ( +vs +. one in + +A. rutilus +(Jenyns)) + +. In addition, males of + +A. powelli + +have bony hooks restricted to anal and pelvic-fins ( +vs. +bony hooks in all fins in + +A. chico + +, + +A. tumbayaensis + +, and + +A. hermosus + +). Additionally, + +A. powelli + +is distinguished from + +A. latens +Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta + +by the longer prepelvic distance (46.8-51.8 +vs. +42.6-45.8% of SL), longer preanal distance (64.3-69.9 +vs. +57.6-63.3% of SL), and shorter anal-fin base length (24.4-29.7 +vs. +32.3-36.7% of SL). Furthermore + +A. powelli + +differs from + +A. hermosus + +and + +A. tumbayaensis + +by the relatively longer head (27.9-31.0 +vs. +23.5-27.1% of SL and 24.0-26.7% of SL). Also, in + +Astyanax powelli + +the snout is relatively straight ( +vs. +markedly convex in + +A. endy + +and + +A. tumbayaensis + +). + +Astyanax tumbayaensis + +has a reticulated pigmentation pattern formed by finely dotted scales, especially in its posterior border, which is not evident in + +A. powelli + +. + +Astyanax powelli + +can be easily distinguished from + +A. lineatus +(Perugia) + +by the absence of +circuli +on posterior field of scales ( +vs. +presence) and the lack of lateral stripes on the flanks (present in + +A. lineatus + +). The possession of 34-38 perforated scales of the lateral line distinguishes the new species from + +A. abramis + +and + +A. cordovae +(Günther) + +( +vs. +42-48 and 43-45). + +Astyanax tupi +Azpelicueta, Mirande, Almirón & Casciotta + +and + +A. stenohalinus +Messner + +, possess 2-4 maxillary teeth ( +vs. +absent in + +A. powelli + +). The new species can be further distinguished from + +A. tupi + +and + +A. stenohalinus + +by the anal-fin origin located posterior to the vertical through last dorsal-fin ray insertion ( +vs. +anal-fin origin located anterior to the vertical through last dorsal-fin ray insertion). + +Astyanax tupi + +also possesses a supraopercular spot that is absent in + +A. powelli + +. + +Astyanax stenohalinus + +is further distinguished by the possession of bony hooks on all fins of males ( +vs. +bony hooks present only in anal and pelvic-fins). + +Astyanax pynandi + +, + +A. ita + +, and + +A. correntinus +(Holmberg) + +may be distinguished from the new taxon by the possession of one distally expanded maxillary tooth with 5-9 cusps ( +vs. +tooth absent). Also, + +A. pynandi + +bears hooks on all fins of males ( +vs. +bony hooks present only in anal and pelvic fins). The relatively low number of branched analfin rays (20-26) allows the distinction of the new species from + +A. correntinus + +(29-33), + +A. pelegrini +Eigenmann + +(41-47), and + +A. erythropterus +(Holmberg) + +(38-45). Also, + +Astyanax powelli + +has fewer perforated scales in the lateral line (34-38 +vs. +39-42, 46-52, and 47-54, respectively). + +Astyanax leonidas + +and + +A. troya + +have been described for the headwaters of streams that drain in the upper portion of the Río Parana in +Argentina +. Those species bear a maxillary tooth and a horizontally shaped humeral spot superimposed to a vertically elongated one ( +vs. +tooth absent and a vertically elongated spot in + +A. powelli + +). + +Astyanax aramburui +Protogino, Miquelarena & Lopez + +can be distinguished from the new taxon by the presence of a maxillary tooth ( +vs +. absent in + +A. powelli + +). As well, + +A. aramburui + +bears one humeral spot ( +vs. +two in + +A. powelli + +) and has hooks in all fins of mature males ( +vs. +hooks restricted to anal and pelvic fins). + + + + +Fig. 2. + +Astyanax powelli + +, paratype CI-FML 6798. +a. +57.6 mm SL, maxilla and premaxilla. +b. +Dentary, lateral view, anterior to right. +c. +45.7 mm SL, premaxilla, medial view, anterior to left. Scale bars = 1 mm. + + + + +Description. +Morphometric data of +holotype +and +35 paratypes +are presented in +Tab. 1 +. Body slender. Maximum depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile convex from snout to dorsal-fin origin and straight from this point to caudal peduncle; gently concave from adipose fin, along caudal peduncle, to base of caudal-fin rays. Ventral profile of body convex from lower-jaw tip to pelvic-fin origin; straight to anal-fin origin; slanted dorsally to end of anal fin, and almost straight under caudal peduncle. Dorsal-fin origin equidistant from snout tip and caudal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin origin located slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Anal-fin origin just behind vertical line through base of posteriormost dorsal-fin rays. Tip of pectoral fin surpassing pelvic-fin origin and tip of pelvic fin reaching anal-fin origin in most of specimens. + + + +Tab. 1. +Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes of + +Astyanax powelli + +, n = 41 (including holotype) from Río Sucuma basin, Catamarca, Argentina. SD = standard deviation. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
HolotypeRangeMeanSD
Standard length (mm)52.335.5-60.246.5-
Percents of standard length
Predorsal distance52.250.3-55.953.31.2
Prepelvic distance47.746.8-51.849.61.3
Prepectoral distance28.526.6-31.428.70.9
Preanal distance64.464.3-69.966.91.6
Depth at dorsal-fin origin36.034.6-40.237.41.2
Caudal peduncle depth13.312.4-14.313.20.5
Caudal peduncle length10.49.3-12.110.30.6
Anal-fin base length29.724.4-29.726.91.3
Dorsal-fin length14.212.8-16.114.30.8
Pelvic-fin length20.416.5-24.818.91.7
Pectoral-fin length24.118.4-25.923.21.7
Head length29.827.9-31.029.20.8
Distance from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin20.319.9-25.222.51.3
Distance from pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin17.617.5-20.719.20.8
Percents of head length
Snout length22.020.1-24.822.61.0
Upper jaw length35.733.5-38.035.81.2
Maxillary length23.821.5-26.223.81.2
Orbital diameter35.631.2-36.434.01.3
Interorbital width31.830.7-36.032.61.4
Postorbital distance50.045.1-53.548.91.9
+ + +Mouth terminal; placed at level of inferior half of eye. Premaxilla bearing two series of teeth; outer row with 2 to 5 penta- to hexacuspidate teeth; inner row with 4(3) or 5(27*) teeth; +11 specimens +with 4 teeth on one side and five on other ( +four specimens +with 4 teeth on the left side, +7 specimens +with 4 teeth on the right side). Distally expanded teeth, slightly concave anteriorly; first tooth slender with 5 cusps, second to fourth teeth with 5 or 6 cusps and fifth tooth, when present, with 3 cusps. Ascending process of maxilla broad, expanded over distal part of premaxillary alveolar ramus; laminar process of maxilla short, without teeth. Dentary with 8-10 abruptly decreasing teeth, first 4 large hexa- to heptacuspidate and posterior ones tricuspidate or conical. + +Eye moderately small. Third infraorbital not contacting laterosensory canal of preopercle either ventrally or posteriorly, leaving small space. +Dorsal-fin rays iii,8(2), 9(39*); first unbranched dorsal-fin ray mostly visible in cs specimens; distal margin of dorsal fin straight, with last unbranched and first branched dorsal fin rays longest. Anal-fin rays iv-v, 20(3), 21(2), 22(10), 23(16*), 24(5), 25(4), or 26(1). Males with bony hooks on distal half of last unbranched anal-fin ray and posterior branch of first 5-9 branched anal-fin rays; usually one pair of hooks per segment. Caudal-fin rays: i,16,i(1); i,17i(39*); or i,19,i(1). Pectoral-fin rays i,11(4), 12(20), 13(14*), or 14(3). Pelvic-fin rays i,7(41*); males bearing bony hooks on posterior branch of pelvic-fin rays 2 to 7, one pair of hooks per segment. Hooks restricted to medial branches of pelvic-fin rays. + +Scales cycloid, without +circuli +on posterior field. Lateral line complete, with 34(4), 35(10), 36(17), 37(4*), or 38(1) perforated scales. Scales rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6(24) or 7(12*); scales rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 5(36*). Scales rows around caudal peduncle 14(15), 15(10), 16(8*), or 17(3). Predorsal scales 10-14*, forming relative regular row. One row of scales forming a sheath, covering base of unbranched and first 8-14 branched anal-fin rays. Few scales covering base of caudalfin lobes. + +In cs specimens (5), first gill arch with 20-22 rakers: 7-8 on epibranchial, 1 on cartilage, 9-11 on ceratobranchial, and 2-3 on hypobranchial; posterior margin of first epibranchial with a second row of 4-6 gill rakers. Thirty-four total vertebrae (17 precaudal and 17 caudal). Five supraneurals, 11 pairs of ribs. Caudal fin with 8 or 9 dorsal and 9 or 10 ventral procurrent rays. + +Color in alcohol. +Uniformly yellowish, darker dorsally. Two humeral spots. Anterior one conspicuous, black, vertically elongated, upper portion wider and darker; extended from third row over the lateral line to second row under lateral line. Second spot large, diffuse, and dark, continuous with dark lateral stripe. Lateral stripe silvery in specimens with less time in formaldehyde. Lateral stripe limited posteriorly by a black, triangular, caudal spot extended, although not conspicuously, to tip of middle caudal-fin rays. Dorsal, anal, pelvic, and adipose fins hyaline ( +Fig. 1 +). + + +Sexual dimorphism. +Males bear hooks in the first 5 to 9 branched anal-fin rays and in all branched pelvic-fin rays excepting the last one. Fusion of the anteriormost gill filaments, as in other species of + +Astyanax +( + +Terán +et al. +, 2015 + +) + +was found in mature males. + +Protogino +et al. +(2006) + +mentioned the presence of breeding tubercles in head and scales in mature males of + +A. aramburui + +. These tubercles were not found in this species, but they were found in some specimens of + +A. eremus +Ingenito & Duboc + +( +Ingenito, Duboc, 2014 +), + +A. gymnodontus +(Eigenmann) + +(CI-FML 7138), + +A. ojiara + +(CI-FML 6779), + +A. parahybae +(Eigenmann) + +(CI-FML 7174), and + +A. troya + +(CI-FML 7175) and may have a wider distribution in the genus. These tubercles are probably related with the sexual maturity and their presence in + +A. powelli + +cannot be discarded. + + + + +Geographical distribution. +Headwaters of Río Sucuma upstream of Dos Afluentes dam, in Department El Alto, Province of +Catamarca +( +Figs. 3 +, +4 +). + + + + +Ecological notes. +The new species inhabits mountain environments with high flow velocity and gravel substrate with clear waters. The river has abundant water vegetation such as + +Myriophyllum aquaticum + +and undetermined +Poaceae +and floating vegetation ( + +Hydrocotyle ranunculoides + +and + +Azolla filiculoides + +). As well, the presence of green algae is common in these environments. + + + +Fig. 4. +Map of northwestern Argentina, showing the type locality of + +Astyanax powelli + +, Río Sucuma, Catamarca. Arrow indicates sense of flow. + + + + +Fig. 3. +Headwaters of Río Sucuma, type locality of + +Astyanax powelli + +, Catamarca province, Argentina. + + + + +Astyanax powelli + +is confined to the arheic system of the Río Sucuma. This area belongs to the ecorregion of Mar Chiquita - Salinas Grandes, according to Hales, Petry (2015), which comprises several arheic and endorheic basins. Even though the upper portion of the river does not present mayor threats, the lower portion of this river system is under strong anthropic pressure, with the whole river outrageously channeled to satisfy demands from agriculture and population. + + + + +Etymology. +The species name, + +powelli + +is in honor and memory to the late Dr. Jaime Eduardo Powell; prominent paleontologist, dear friend, and colleague. A noun in genitive case. + + + + +Conservation status. +Even though the known geographic distribution of + +A. powelli + +is restricted and that the lower portion of the basin is entirely channeled for agriculture, no threats to the species were detected in the upper portion of the basin. Therefore, + +Astyanax powelli + +can be classified as Least Concern (LC), according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN, 2016). + + + + +Fig. 5. +Detail of the + +Astyanax + +clade in the most parsimonious tree obtained from values of K between 5.26 and 13.53. Numbers above branches are rescaled Bremer supports (see material and methods section) and numbers below branches are GC values in clades having positive values. + + + + +Remarks. +All the analyses performed, see coding in Appendix 1 ( +S1 +- Available only as online supplementary file accessed with the online version of the article at http://www.scielo.br/ni), with values of K ranging from 5.26 to 47.35 (see +Mirande, 2009 +for details), agree in the monophyly of a clade composed of all the analyzed species of + +Astyanax + +and including also + +Astyanacinus +Eigenmann + +, + +Markiana +Eigenmann + +, + +Psellogrammus +Eigenmann + +, and + +Hyphessobrycon anisitsi +(Eigenmann) + +, in a result similar to that obtained by + +Mirande +et al. +(2011) + +. Relationships within this clade are stable in the most parsimonious trees obtained in the 11 lower (stronger) values of K, ranging from 5.26 to 13.53 ( +Fig. 5 +), although most clades are weakly supported, as in previously published phylogenetic hypotheses ( +Mirande, 2009 +, +2010 +). In these analyses, + +Astyanax powelli + +is the sister group of all the remaining species of the clade, excepting + +A. latens + +and + +A. paris + +. In higher (milder) values of K, + +A. powelli + +is obtained as the sister group of a clade composed of + +Astyanacinus moorii +(Boulenger) + +, + +Astyanax abramis + +, + +A. lacustris + +, + +A. lineatus + +, + +A. pelegrini +Eigenmann + +, + +Markiana nigripinnis +(Perugia) + +, and + +Psellogrammus kennedyi +(Eigenmann) + +, in a rather odd result that is also weakly supported. + + +The aim of this phylogenetic analysis is not to resolve the relationships of + +Astyanax + +, which is far beyond the scope of this paper, but to obtain some idea about the phylogenetic relationships of + +A. powelli + +and the cryptic species with which the new taxon is sympatric ( +A. +cf. e +igenmanniorum +and + +A. puka + +). The new taxon was not obtained as sister group of those species in any of the analyses performed herein. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/EF/3D/8D/EF3D8D11FFE2FFF170A639CCFA6AFAAB.xml b/data/EF/3D/8D/EF3D8D11FFE2FFF170A639CCFA6AFAAB.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..36849f5d87c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/EF/3D/8D/EF3D8D11FFE2FFF170A639CCFA6AFAAB.xml @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ + + + +A new species of Tarsoporosus Francke, 1978 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) from northeastern Colombia + + + +Author + +Teruel, Rolando + + + +Author + +Roncallo, César A. + +text + + +Euscorpius + + +2007 + +2007-12-26 + + +62 + + +1 +8 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13237213 +1536-9307 +13237213 + + + + +All five described species of + +Tarsoporosus + +can be identified using the following key (modified from González-Sponga, 1996): + + + + + + + +1. +- Overall color very dark brown. Metasomal segments I–IV with granulose ventrolateral carinae. Modal tarsal spine formula 3/3: 3/3: 4/4: 4/4. Distribution: rain forests of +Chocó +, in the Pacific lowlands of +Colombia +( +Fig. 3 +) ------------------------------------------- + +T. anchicaya + + + + + +- Overall color much lighter, yellow to reddish brown. Metasomal segments I–IV with smooth ventrolateral carinae. Modal tarsal spine formula different from above. Distribution: arid to semiarid Caribbean lowlands of +Colombia +and +Venezuela +( +Fig. 3 +) ------------------------- 2 + + + + + + +2. +- Pedipalp chela with dorsoexternal surface covered by granulose reticulations. Overall color yellow to light brown, with conspicuously darker carapace, tergites and distal segments of metasoma and pedipalps -------------- 3 + + + +- Pedipalp chela with dorsoexternal surface smooth. Overall color uniform, reddish to dark brown ----------- 4 + + + + + +3. +- Larger size ( +42–50 mm +). Adult males with metasoma much more slender (segments II–III each longer than wide), with carinae conspicuously weaker and with dorsal tegument on segments I–IV sparsely granulose. Modal tarsal spine formula 3–4/3–4: 4–5/4–5: 6–7/6–7: + + + + + + +6–7/6–7. Distribution: Paraguaná Peninsula, northwestern +Venezuela +( +Fig. 3 +) ---------------------------- + +T. flavus + + + +- Smaller size ( +40–41 mm +). Adult males with metasoma much more robust (segments II–III each wider than long), with carinae conspicuously stronger and with dorsal tegument on segments I–IV smooth. Modal tarsal spine formula 3–4/3–4: 4–5/4–5: 6–7/6–7: 6–7/6–7. Distribution: +La Guajira +Peninsula, northeastern +Colombia +( +Fig. 3 +) -------------------------------------- + +T. macuira + + +sp. n. + + + + + + + +4. +- Larger size ( +47–60 mm +). Overall color lighter. Adult males with metasomal segment I longer than wide. Carapace and tergites with granulation less developed. Modal tarsal spine formula 3–4/3–4: 4–5/4–5: 6/6: 6/6. Distribution: eastern +Falcón state +, +Venezuela +( +Fig. 3 +) -------------------------------------------------------- + +T. kugleri + + + + + +- Smaller size ( +43–46 mm +). Overall color reddish darker. Adult males with metasomal segment I wider than long. Carapace and tergites with granulation more developed. Modal tarsal spine formula 4–5/4–5: 6–7/6–7: 7–8/7–8: 7–8/7–8. Distribution: interior +Lara state +, +Venezuela +( +Fig. 3 +) ----------------------------------------------------- + +T. yustizi + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/EF/3D/8D/EF3D8D11FFE9FFF1709F3ECFFDD7FC5B.xml b/data/EF/3D/8D/EF3D8D11FFE9FFF1709F3ECFFDD7FC5B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..33198578d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/EF/3D/8D/EF3D8D11FFE9FFF1709F3ECFFDD7FC5B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,408 @@ + + + +A new species of Tarsoporosus Francke, 1978 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) from northeastern Colombia + + + +Author + +Teruel, Rolando + + + +Author + +Roncallo, César A. + +text + + +Euscorpius + + +2007 + +2007-12-26 + + +62 + + +1 +8 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13237213 +1536-9307 +13237213 + + + + + +Tarsoporosus macuira +Teruel et Roncallo + +, + +new species + +Figures 1–4 +; +Table 1 + + + + + +Tarsoporosus kugleri + +: Francke, 1978: 24–26 (misidentification?: specimens from +La Guajira +and Maracaibo). + + + +Tarsoporosus klugeri klugeri + +[sic]: Lourenço & Flórez, 1990: 121–122, 131, fig. 17 (misidentification?: record from +La Guajira +); Lourenço & Flórez, 1995: 143–144, fig. 1 (misidentification?: record from +La Guajira +). + + + + +DIAGNOSIS (males only): species of medium size ( +40–41 mm +) for the genus. Body light brown to yellow, with pedipalps and metasoma distally darker; chelicerae, carapace and tergites densely but diffusely patterned with dark brown reticulations; legs immaculate, conspicuously paler than the body; pedipalps and metasoma with carinae and fingers darkened. Carapace and tergites with smooth and granulose areas symmetrically interspersed. Metasoma with intercarinal tegument smooth and totally devoid of granulation on segments I–IV. Pedipalp chela robust, strongly carinated and covered by granulose reticulations on dorsoexternal surfaces. Pectinal tooth count 12–14. Modal tarsal spine formula 4/5: 5/5: 6/6: 6/6. + + + + + +HOLOTYPE +: adult +♂ +(RTO: Sco.0368), +Colombia +, +La Guajira +, +Riohacha +, +Barrio +“Dividivi”, + +23 April 2007 + +, +C. A. Roncallo. + + + + +PARATYPE +: adult +♂ +(RTO: Sco.0369), +Colombia +, +La Guajira +, + +Serranía +de Macuira + +, +3 km +west of +Nazareth + +; +14 July 2007 +, J. Echavarría. + + + +ETYMOLOGY: the specific name is a Latinized noun in apposition, derived from the mountain range where one of the populations of this species occurs. + + + +DISTRIBUTION ( +Fig. 3 +): arid coastal and sub-coastal areas of +La Guajira +Peninsula (including the Serranía de Macuira range), in extreme northeastern +Colombia +. + + + + +DESCRIPTION (adult male +holotype +): +coloration +( +Fig. 1a–b +) basically light brown, with pedipalps and metasoma distally darker, with carinae outlined in dark to blackish brown. Chelicerae, carapace and tergites densely patterned with diffuse dark brown reticulations. Legs immaculate yellowish, conspicuously paler than the body. Ocular tubercle and eyes blackish, pectines yellowish. +Carapace +( +Fig. 2a +) longer than wide, anterior margin with three pairs of macrosetae in the frontal lobes, which are moderately wide and rounded, frontal notch relatively wide and deep. Tegument polished, with fine and densely granulose areas symmetrically interspersed. Furrows: median ocular obsolete; anterior median very wide and moderately deep; lateral ocular, posterior median and posterior marginal fused, all relatively deep; posterior lateral narrow and deep. Median eyes small (similar to the lateral eyes) and separated by about one ocular diameter, median tubercle moderately raised; three pairs of lateral eyes. +Tergites +( +Fig. 2b +) with well defined median carina, basically extending over the whole length of each tergite, moderately raised and smooth to subgranulose, flanked by a large, divergent depression on each side. Tegument with the same basic sculpture as carapace. Tergite VII with moderately bilobed lateroposterior region, and with two pairs of strongly crenulate lateral carinae, the external pair longer than the submedian pair. +Chelicerae +( +Fig. 2a +) with dentition typical for the family, and tegument smooth and polished. +Pedipalps +( +Figs. 1a–b +, +2c–d +) orthobothriotaxic C. Femur deeper than wide, with dorsal surface basically straight; dorsointernal and ventrointernal carinae poorly defined, irregularly granulose, ventroexternal carina absent; ventral and external tegument smooth and polished, dorsal and internal tegument irregularly granulose, dorsal surface with some coarse granules clustered in the mid-portion. Patella with all carinae weak except for the dorsointernal (very strong, subgranulose and distally folded) and the ventrointernal (moderate, irregularly granulose); tegument smooth and polished except on the internal surface, which is very finely granulose. Chela robust, prismatic in cross-section and much deeper than wide; hand with dorsal secondary carina very weak, digital carina very strong, coarsely and irregularly granulose, external secondary carina strong, basically smooth and evenly convex, external and ventrointernal carinae strong, costate and directed towards their respective articulation condyle, dorsal marginal and dorsointernal carinae strong, granulose; dorsal and external tegument smooth, but covered with granulose reticulations which cross even over some of the carinae, internal surface smooth, with the distal third moderately concave just above movable finger articulation. Fingers short, strongly carinated and sparsely setose, without lobe/notch combination; opposable edges with irregular granulation not arranged in rows; fixed finger internally with some coarse granules aligned close to the apex. +Legs +with tegument smooth and polished; tarsomere I enlarged and densely covered with pores on prolateral and ventral surfaces; tarsomere II without laterodistal lobes; tarsal spine formula 4/5: 5/5: 6/6: 6/6. +Sternum +( +Fig. 2e +) type 2, strongly pentagonal, with slightly divergent sides. +Genital operculi +( +Fig. 2e +) shaped intermediately between rhomboidal and oval; genital papillae moderately developed and slightly exposed. +Pectines +( +Fig. 2e +) moderately setose, with 13/14 teeth; basal plate much wider than long; anterior margin notched, posterior margin straight. +Sternites +( +Fig. 2e +) smooth and polished, with some scattered setae; VII with two pairs of parallel and smooth carinae, the externals weak and long, the internals vestigial and short; spiracles narrow and elongate, almost slit-like. +Metasoma +( +Figs. 1a–b +, +2f–k +) depressed and almost bare, with segments I–III each wider than long; intercarinal tegument smooth and polished, with some minute granules scattered on dorsal and lateral surfaces of V; segments I–IV with ten carinae, V with seven; dorsolateral carinae strong and granulose on I–IV, absent on V; lateral supramedian carinae strong and crenulate to subserrate on all segments; lateral inframedian carinae complete, moderate and almost smooth on I–II, weak and almost smooth on III, vestigial and smooth on IV, weak and irregularly granulose on V; ventrolateral carinae strong and costate on I–II, moderate and smooth on III, very weak and smooth on IV, moderate and subdentate on V, where are fused to the ventral transverse carina, which is strongly dentate and evenly arched; ventral submedian carinae costate, moderate on I, weak on II, vestigial on III and absent on IV–V; ventromedian carinae on V strong and composed by a double row of irregularly arranged dentate granules; segment V slightly longer than telson, with anal arc denticulate, laterodistal lobes triangular and not projected. Telson rounded and depressed; vesicle polished and irregularly granulose, ventrobasal margin with some obsolete granules, subaculear tubercle large, laterally compressed and covered by coarse granules and some rigid setae; aculeus short, sharp and moderately curved. + + + +Figure 1: +Adult male holotype of + +Tarsoporosus macuira + + +sp. n +. + +: +a) +entire dorsal view; +b) +entire ventral view. + + + + +Figure 2: +Adult male holotype of + +Tarsoporosus macuira + + +sp. n +. + +: +a) +prosoma, dorsal view; +b) +tergites I-V, dorsal view; +c) +pedipalp, dorsal view; +d) +pedipalp, ventral view; +e) +sternopectinal region, ventral view; +f) +metasoma, dorsal view; +g) +metasoma, lateral view; +h) +metasoma, ventral view; +i) +metasomal segment V and telson, dorsal view; +j) +metasomal segment V and telson, lateral view; +k) +metasomal segment V and telson, ventral view. + + + + +Figure 3: +Known geographical distribution of: (1) + +Tarsoporosus anchicaya + +, (2) + +Tarsoporosus flavus + +, (3) + +Tarsoporosus kugleri + +, (4) + +Tarsoporosus macuira + + +sp. n. + +, and (5) + +Tarsoporosus yustizi + +; black squares indicate undetermined populations of this genus. + + + +VARIATION: the adult male +paratype +differs slightly from the +holotype +: its coloration is much lighter (basically yellow, with the dark reticulations similarly distributed but also paler), pedipalp femur and patella are less robust ( +Table 1 +), and pectinal tooth count is 13/12. As both specimens match exactly in all other diagnostic features and the two localities are about +200 km +apart, we conclude that this discrepancy reflects only intraspecific variation among separate populations. + + +ECOLOGICAL NOTES: the +holotype +was found under a large rock on sandy/clay soil, in an uninhabited, isolated spot inside Riohacha city which is used as a rubbish dump and has a cover of dense thicket, seasonally variable depending upon humidity ( +Fig. 4 +). The scorpion was found just after the rainy season finished and further searches during the dry season did not yield additional specimens (only two small and fragmented exuvia were found, also under stones). The +paratype +from Nazareth was collected under a medium size rock on sand/clay soil with some humus, in the subxerophytic premontane forest of the transitional zone between the coastal desert and the humid mountain forest of the Macuira range. This vegetation has three strata and the most characteristic plant families are the +Amaranthaceae +, +Boraginaceae +, +Cactaceae +, Caesalpinaceae, +Capparaceae +, Convulvulaceae, and +Euphorbiaceae +. + + +According to the available data, + +T. macuira + + +sp. n. + +appears to be restricted to xeric coastal and sub-coastal areas, and in both known localities it lives syntopically with other two scorpion species also adapted to xeric environments: + +Centruroides margaritatus +(Gervais, 1841) + +and + +Rhopalurus laticauda +Thorell, 1876 + +, both members of the family +Buthidae +. + + + + +COMPARISONS: on the basis of coloration, sculpture of the carapace and tergites, and the presence of granulose reticulations on the pedipalp chela, + +T. macuira + + +sp. n. + +is closely related to + +T. flavus + +, another xerophilic species which is endemic from Paraguaná Peninsula in northwest +Venezuela +(González-Sponga, 1984b, 1996). However, the adult males of + +T. flavus + +can easily be separated by: (1) metasoma much more slender, with segments II–III each longer than wide; (2) metasomal carinae much less developed and more smooth, specially the lateral inframedian, lateral supramedian and ventral submedian; (3) dorsal surface of all metasomal segments with scattered granulation; (4) carapace with some coarse granules scattered over the anterior margin; (5) sternite VII with carinae obsolete; (6) larger size ( +42–50 mm +). + + +General Comments + + +Francke (1978) assigned to + +T. kugleri + +several specimens collected from same localities in +Colombia +and +Venezuela +, but these turned out in fact to be at least four different species. Particularly, specimens from Merochón ( +La Guajira +, +Colombia +) and Maracaibo ( +Zulia +, +Venezuela +) possibly belong to + +T. macuira + + +sp. n. + +, because both sites are located inside of or very near to the known distribution of this taxon, and also exhibit similar vegetation and soil. Presumably, these specimens are also conspecific with those from eastern and northern +Zulia +examined and regarded by González-Sponga (1984b: 68) as “possibly new zoological entities”, but a definite identification will only be made by studying additional samples from these localities. + + + +Figure 4: +Two views of the type locality of + +Tarsoporosus macuira + +sp. n. + + + +Of the remaining Colombian populations identified as + +T. kugleri + +by Francke (1978), those from +César department +(Becerril and Valledupar) are of very special interest, because both localities are geographically isolated from all others of the genus by high mountain ranges (Cordillera Oriental, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and Serranía de Perijá), and thus possibly represent an undescribed species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file