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<document id="4E54B92D29B0EE380C7FE1B7A5F1867D" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2001)355<0001:TNSOFO>2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372342" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1630272107756" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="GRANT, TARAN & RODRÍGUEZ, LILY O." docDate="2001" docId="C35F879EFF92FFC4FD7B77E6FDA82A1B" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2001.3355.1-24.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3355" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282001%29355%3C0001%3ATNSOFO%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.4:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Colostethus alessandroi GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ 2001, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="3F66FFE6FF9DFFD1FF9F7425FF80291E" masterDocTitle="Two New Species of Frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Dendrobatidae) from Peru and a Redescription of C. trilineatus (Boulenger, 1883)" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1730405094483" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="1AE1AFFA9EE4077F6D2F4B6AD52A350B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C5A2D05213881C28A3DC064F6AABA9C1">
|
||||
<mods:title id="64E2A08B44FC857AC41C23D34FC04C66">Two New Species of Frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Dendrobatidae) from Peru and a Redescription of C. trilineatus (Boulenger, 1883)</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="2E86C2362AFD4E875B6FAA9E0CA262D3" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="C0B882EA95A49873CF11B6D6670F1D07">
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<mods:roleTerm id="73DD8BA80A52BF7D66253A5948A4E975">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="F0C6CE287A8FA6ADA1EDEE54DFC0869B">GRANT, TARAN</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="DD7FB57AF94780A450E911D0CAE0FB77">Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Herpetology), American Museum of Natural History; Center for Environmental Research and Conservation / Faculty Fellow, Columbia University MC 5557, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA.</mods:affiliation>
|
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</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="B2320DDF03F523F5BD16A32063B09C74" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="AEF90DB34E9C7A0370AEDC4FEC5086CA">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7A9967D542A4DF58501BDCF0767F8882">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="297D55E889F65CCF32F695ECD9B13F95">RODRÍGUEZ, LILY O.</mods:namePart>
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||||
<mods:affiliation id="4B74174B10F0792BB9583E3EF23956CA">Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Herpetology), American Museum of Natural History; Investigadora Asociada: Asociación Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (APECO), Parque José de Acosta 187, Lima 17, Peru´; and Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 140434, Lima 17, Peru</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
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<mods:typeOfResource id="260177B9E30F02E8D5C8D1B1B1172B56">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BC9C106E4B3EF4254C1A252C631169FA">
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||||
<mods:title id="3C3132381A6AC5A8824009648925DCF8">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part id="AE0964C11E4F0A5C53B4DA6A645CC608">
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<mods:date id="1CE3D8161D8BDD0DFE79C3211F73E9D0">2001</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="84670DBDFFB76D30018049477D33D4C5" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="966D864EA9CCB23603EDDF1E16BB8554">2001-12-31</mods:number>
|
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</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="A030EFD4A1125EA849517933432FAF5C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="FE5C183563A63D23C8851D9D2F93121E">3355</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="0A51C0CBDDED50AF46A4B27AEE83248B">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="04B40343613A024047C0B4F55D0CCE8B">24</mods:end>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location id="8758997E1687E66C73780041BD3725D2">
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<mods:url id="817247CB6B3E8C2BEAF4369B3FE22DCF">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282001%29355%3C0001%3ATNSOFO%3E2.0.CO%3B2</mods:url>
|
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</mods:location>
|
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<mods:classification id="CEECAE91C9EE5AC9DA348726FBC42799">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="0AF370E349F3B2D1C1133328DB913FBC" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0082(2001)355<0001:TNSOFO>2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CEB83A31FA94326EC140C8E72F041117" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3CB59E87ABE7597B4C1005A04CDB6C2D" type="Zenodo-Dep">5372342</mods:identifier>
|
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</mods:mods>
|
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<treatment id="C35F879EFF92FFC4FD7B77E6FDA82A1B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF92FFC4FD7B77E6FDA82A1B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C35F879EFF92FFC4FD7B77E6FDA82A1B" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF92FFDEFD7B77E6FB232AC4" box="[740,1187,963,987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF92FFDEFD7B77E6FB232AC4" blockId="15.[740,1187,963,987]" box="[740,1187,963,987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<heading id="100181E4FF92FFDEFD7B77E6FB232AC4" box="[740,1187,963,987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFD7B77E6FB8A2AC5" bold="true" box="[740,1034,963,987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF92FFDEFD7B77E6FB832AC5" authority="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ, 2001" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[740,1027,963,987]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi" status="sp. nov.">
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||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFD7B77E6FB832AC5" bold="true" box="[740,1027,963,987]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Colostethus alessandroi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||||
,
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||||
</emphasis>
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||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="62B157E1FF92FFDEFB8B77E6FB232AC4" box="[1044,1187,963,986]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF92FFDEFC1A77C1FB8B2AE9" box="[901,1035,996,1015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF92FFDEFC1A77C1FB8B2AE9" blockId="15.[901,1035,996,1015]" box="[901,1035,996,1015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<heading id="100181E4FF92FFDEFC1A77C1FB8B2AE9" box="[901,1035,996,1015]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="7">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="D3CD2A0DFF92FFDEFC1A77C1FB8B2AE9" box="[901,1035,996,1015]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="16.[161,201,1667,1688]" captionStartId-1="16.[737,777,1640,1661]" captionStartId-2="17.[154,192,960,981]" captionStartId-3="18.[160,198,869,890]" captionStartId-4="18.[736,774,1667,1688]" captionStartId-5="20.[160,198,843,864]" captionTargetBox-0="[135,662,1233,1644]" captionTargetBox-1="[719,1228,1300,1617]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1207,191,938]" captionTargetBox-3="[134,1238,189,849]" captionTargetBox-4="[715,1233,1094,1645]" captionTargetBox-5="[148,1225,185,821]" captionTargetId-0="figure-51@16.[135,662,1233,1644]" captionTargetId-1="figure-69@16.[718,1230,1299,1619]" captionTargetId-2="figure-13@17.[151,1210,187,939]" captionTargetId-3="figure-17@18.[134,1238,189,849]" captionTargetId-4="figure-77@18.[715,1233,1091,1646]" captionTargetId-5="figure-16@20.[147,1225,185,821]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionTargetPageId-4="18" captionTargetPageId-5="20" captionText-0="Fig. 13. Colostethus alessandroi AMNH 157004 (SVL = 21.3 mm). (From color transparency by Alessandro Catenazzi.)" captionText-1="Fig. 14. Plantar view of feet with toes splayed. Left: C. mcdiarmidi (holotype USNM 257805). Right: C. alessandroi (AMNH 157004). Scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 15. Ventral view of adult males of Colostethus mcdiarmidi holotype USNM 257805 (left) and C. alessandroi AMNH 157004 (right). Scale bar = 5 mm." captionText-3="Fig. 16. Dorsal view of similar species of Colostethus. From left to right, top row: C. alessandroi MUSM 15609 (Ƌ), MUSM 15608 (Ƌ), AMNH 157004 (Ƌ); bottom row: C. mcdiarmidi USNM 257805 (Ƌ), USNM 257806 (♀), NKA 3712 (♀), NKA 3708 (Ƌ). ×1.3." captionText-4="Fig. 17. Palmar view of right hand of Colostethus alessandroi (AMNH 157004). Scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-5="Fig. 18. Narrowband (59 Hz) spectrogram and waveform of advertisement call of Colostethus alessandroi from the type locality." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372368" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372366" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372370" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372372" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372374" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372376" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5372368/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5372366/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5372370/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5372372/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5372374/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5372376/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 13–18</figureCitation>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF92FFDEFD427037FC342CFF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF92FFDEFD427037FB512DE8" blockId="15.[704,1233,1042,1741]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF92FFDEFD427037FB512DE8" collectingDate="1998-01-17" collectionCode="MUSM" collectorName="Lily O. Rodriguez & Alessandro Catenazzi & Fredy Qertehuari" country="Peru" elevation="1480" latitude="-13.05" location="San Pedro" longLatPrecision="1291" longitude="-71.53333" municipality="Paucartambo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="MUSM 15609" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Departamento de Cuzco" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF92FFDEFD427037FCD32D36" box="[733,851,1042,1065]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF92FFDEFCF47037FB9C2D37" box="[875,1052,1042,1065]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM 15609</specimenCode>
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||||
(field number AMNH FS 11862), an adult
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF92FFDEFBBB700AFBDD2D58" box="[1060,1117,1071,1094]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||||
collected
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF92FFDEFD5F7069FC022D7D" box="[704,898,1100,1123]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1998-01-17">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="2F0CE9A0FF92FFDEFD5F7069FC022D7D" box="[704,898,1100,1123]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1998-01-17">17 January 1998</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
by
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||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF92FFDEFC307069FB062D7D" box="[943,1158,1100,1123]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lily O. Rodríguez</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF92FFDEFB0D7069FC132D9F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Alessandro Catenazzi</collectorName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF92FFDEFC41704FFB2D2D9F" box="[990,1197,1130,1153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fredy Qertehuari</collectorName>
|
||||
at
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF92FFDEFD5F70A2FCBF2D80" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF92FFC4FD7B77E6FDA82A1B:4E296053FF92FFDEFD5F70A2FCBF2D80" box="[704,831,1159,1182]" country="Peru" latitude="-13.05" longLatPrecision="1291" longitude="-71.53333" municipality="Paucartambo" name="San Pedro" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Departamento de Cuzco">San Pedro</location>
|
||||
,
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||||
<location id="4E296053FF92FFDEFCD070A2FC462D80" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF92FFC4FD7B77E6FDA82A1B:4E296053FF92FFDEFCD070A2FC462D80" box="[847,966,1159,1182]" country="Peru" latitude="-13.05" longLatPrecision="1291" longitude="-71.53333" municipality="Paucartambo" name="Cosnipata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Departamento de Cuzco">Cosñipata</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="AB2DACF2FF92FFDEFC4870A2FBF22D80" box="[983,1138,1159,1182]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paucartambo</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF92FFDEFB1E70A2FC262DA5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Departamento de Cuzco</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF92FFDEFC257081FC722DA5" box="[954,1010,1188,1211]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, GPS coordinates
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||||
<geoCoordinate id="2EC2504FFF92FFDEFD5F70E7FC9E2DC7" box="[704,798,1218,1241]" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="03" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="-13.05">13°03'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="2EC2504FFF92FFDEFCAB70E7FC1A2DC7" box="[820,922,1218,1241]" degrees="71" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="-71.53333">71°32'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFC3170E7FB922DC7" box="[942,1042,1218,1241]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="1480.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="C0DBD1BBFF92FFDEFC3170E7FB922DC7" box="[942,1042,1218,1241]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="1480.0">1480 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
. The specimen was taken from atop a rock beside a stream.
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</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4B493688FF92FFDEFD4270D9FC342CFF" blockId="15.[704,1233,1042,1741]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF92FFDEFD4270D9FC1D2C2F" collectingDate="1994-06-23" collectingDateMax="1999-02-22" collectingDateMin="1994-06-23" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="Lily O. Rodriguez & Alessandro Catenazzi & Fredy Qertehuari" country="Peru" county="Pueblo San Gaban" elevation="820" latitude="-13.45" location="Alessandro Catenazzi" longLatPrecision="1291" longitude="-70.45" municipality="Fonchii Chang" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="157004" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Puno" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF92FFDEFD4270D9FCE52C0D" box="[733,869,1276,1299]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2DE7AE4DFF92FFDEFCE170D9FC5A2C0D" box="[894,986,1276,1299]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF92FFDEFC7570D9FBCA2C0D" box="[1002,1098,1276,1299]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">157004</specimenCode>
|
||||
, collected with the holotype.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF92FFDEFC36713FFB512C75" collectingDate="1999-02-21" collectingDateMax="1999-02-22" collectingDateMin="1999-02-21" collectionCode="AMNH, MUSM" collectorName="Alessandro Catenazzi" country="Peru" county="Pueblo San Gaban" elevation="820" latitude="-13.45" location="Alessandro Catenazzi" longLatPrecision="1291" longitude="-70.45" municipality="Fonchii Chang" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="159110, 17737" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Puno" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2DE7AE4DFF92FFDEFC36713FFB822C2F" box="[937,1026,1306,1329]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF92FFDEFB92713FFBE72C2F" box="[1037,1127,1306,1329]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">159110</specimenCode>
|
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,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2DE7AE4DFF92FFDEFBE7713FFB512C2F" box="[1144,1233,1306,1329]" collectionName="Peru, Lima, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Museo de Historia Natural" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF92FFDEFD5F7112FC8B2C50" box="[704,779,1335,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17737</specimenCode>
|
||||
, collected
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF92FFDEFC077112FB242C50" box="[920,1188,1335,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-02-21" valueMax="1999-02-22" valueMin="1999-02-21">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="2F0CE9A0FF92FFDEFC077112FB242C50" box="[920,1188,1335,1358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-02-21" valueMax="1999-02-22" valueMin="1999-02-21">21–22 February 1999</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF92FFDEFD5F7171FC472C75" box="[704,967,1364,1387]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Alessandro Catenazzi</collectorName>
|
||||
at the type locality.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF92FFDEFD5F7157FC342CFF" collectingDate="1994-06-23" collectingDateMax="1999-02-22" collectingDateMin="1994-06-23" collectionCode="MUSM" collectorName="Fonchii Chang" country="Peru" county="Pueblo San Gaban" elevation="820" latitude="-13.45" location="Pueblo San Gaban" longLatPrecision="1291" longitude="-70.45" municipality="Fonchii Chang" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="MUSM 15608" specimenCount="820" stateProvince="Departamento de Puno" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF92FFDEFD5F7157FCF22C97" box="[704,882,1394,1417]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MUSM 15608</specimenCode>
|
||||
, collected
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF92FFDEFC637157FB252C97" box="[1020,1189,1394,1417]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1994-06-23">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="2F0CE9A0FF92FFDEFC637157FB252C97" box="[1020,1189,1394,1417]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1994-06-23">23 June 1994</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF92FFDEFD5F71AAFCF22CB8" box="[704,882,1423,1446]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fonchii Chang</collectorName>
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFCE171AAFC3E2CB8" box="[894,958,1423,1446]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="3.0">
|
||||
<locationDeviation id="5AFB2FAAFF92FFDEFCE171AAFC3E2CB8" box="[894,958,1423,1446]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</locationDeviation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="A2284E04FF92FFDEFB8F71AAFD6D2CDD" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pueblo San Gabán</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF92FFDEFD617189FB952CDD" box="[766,1045,1452,1475]" country="Peru" name="Puno" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Departamento de Puno</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF92FFDEFBBA7189FBDD2CDD" box="[1061,1117,1452,1475]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="2EC2504FFF92FFDEFBF27189FB4B2CDD" box="[1133,1227,1452,1475]" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="-13.45">13°27'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="2EC2504FFF92FFDEFD5F71EFFCA72CFF" box="[704,807,1482,1505]" degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="-70.45">70°27'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, ca.
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF92FFDEFCFF71EFFC342CFF" box="[864,948,1482,1505]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFCFF71EFFC2F2CFF" box="[864,943,1482,1505]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="820.0">820 m</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</specimenCount>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF92FFDEFD4271C2FCBB2F49" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF92FFDEFD4271C2FCBB2F49" blockId="15.[704,1233,1042,1741]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is a patronym for Alessandro Catenazzi in recognition of his field studies of the Peruvian herpetofauna.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF92FFC0FD42727BFDD62C4E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF92FFC1FD42727BFDC02D96" blockId="15.[704,1233,1042,1741]" lastBlockId="16.[134,663,961,1190]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
DIAGNOSIS: A small species (adult males to roughly
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFCB1725EFC0B2F8C" box="[814,907,1659,1682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL, adult females unknown); Finger III swollen in adult males; venter stippled pale gray; testes white (unpigmented) in adult males; toes moderately webbed; dorsolateral stripe present; oblique lateral stripe present as a pale region or group of one or more elongate spots near the groin; ventrolateral stripe present; median lingual process absent; cloacal tubercles absent; anal sheath absent; black armband absent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF8DFFC1FF3F7778FB882A93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372364" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372364/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[160,198,861,882]" targetBox="[134,1240,187,840]" targetPageId="16">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8DFFC1FF3F7778FB882A93" blockId="16.[134,1238,861,909]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
Fig. 12. Narrow band (59 Hz) spectrogram and waveform of advertisement call of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FB88777BFB562A6D" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[1047,1238,862,883]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">Colostethus juanii</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(ICN 44486). This is the first quadruplet of the second train of recording TG 9904.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8DFFC0FF3C70AAFDD62C4E" blockId="16.[134,663,961,1190]" lastBlockId="17.[128,657,1073,1741]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FF3C70AAFE3E2DB8" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[163,446,1167,1190]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8DFFC1FF3C70AAFE3E2DB8" box="[163,446,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Colostethus alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is most similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FD5977E4FB522AC6" authority="Reynolds and Foster, 1992" authorityName="Reynolds and Foster" authorityYear="1992" box="[710,1234,961,984]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8DFFC1FD5977E4FCF52AC6" box="[710,885,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
Reynolds and Foster, 1992
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but differs in having (1) more extensive toe webbing (fig. 14); (2) a darker venter (usually; fig. 15); (3) slightly smaller adult male SVL (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FC8B7012FC452D50" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[788,965,1079,1102]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8DFFC1FC8B7012FC452D50" box="[788,965,1079,1102]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
=
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8DFFC1FC697013FB292D53" box="[1014,1193,1078,1101]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.17" metricValueMax="2.21" metricValueMin="2.13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="21.7" valueMax="22.1" valueMin="21.3">21.3–22.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FB247012FCCC2D75" authorityName="Reynolds and Foster" authorityYear="1992" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8DFFC1FB247012FCCC2D75" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
=
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8DFFC1FCE57071FBAC2D75" box="[890,1068,1108,1131]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.34" metricValueMax="2.43" metricValueMin="2.25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="23.4" valueMax="24.3" valueMin="22.5">22.5–24.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
); (4) different dorsal coloration (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FC387054FBD62D96" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[935,1110,1137,1160]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8DFFC1FC387054FBD62D96" box="[935,1110,1137,1160]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
lacks discrete light spots on the posterior dorsum and has darker, more diffuse dorsolateral stripes and darker thigh coloration; fig. 16); (5) proportionately longer shanks (shank length/ SVL =
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8CFFC0FF78706BFEFF2D7B" box="[231,383,1102,1125]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2192" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="1.1684" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="0.48" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.46">0.46–0.50 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FE13706AFDBC2D78" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[396,572,1103,1126]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FE13706AFDBC2D78" box="[396,572,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8CFFC0FDD0706BFF5D2D9D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1303" metricValueMax="1.1684" metricValueMin="1.0922" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="0.445" valueMax="0.46" valueMin="0.43">0.43– 0.46 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FF6F7049FE232D9D" authorityName="Reynolds and Foster" authorityYear="1992" box="[240,419,1132,1155]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FF6F7049FE232D9D" box="[240,419,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); and (6) slightly smaller tympana, both absolutely (
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8CFFC0FDA770ACFF2D2DA3" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.2" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FF7C7082FE162DA0" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[227,406,1191,1214]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FF7C7082FE162DA0" box="[227,406,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8CFFC0FE337083FDC02DA3" box="[428,576,1190,1213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FDE97082FE862DC5" authorityName="Reynolds and Foster" authorityYear="1992" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FDE97082FE862DC5" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and proportionately (e.g., tympanum/eye =
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8CFFC0FEAD70C4FE4B2DE6" box="[306,459,1249,1272]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.906" metricValueMax="10.413999999999998" metricValueMin="9.398" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="0.39" valueMax="0.41" valueMin="0.37">0.37–0.41 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FE4670C4FD0A2DE6" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[473,650,1249,1272]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FE4670C4FD0A2DE6" box="[473,650,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8CFFC0FF1F70DBFE9A2C0B" box="[128,282,1278,1301]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2827" metricValueMax="1.4224" metricValueMin="1.143" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="0.505" valueMax="0.56" valueMin="0.45">0.45–0.56 in</quantity>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FEB670DAFE582C08" authorityName="Reynolds and Foster" authorityYear="1992" box="[297,472,1279,1302]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FEB670DAFE582C08" box="[297,472,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Finger III is swollen in adult males of both species (contra Reynolds and Foster, 1992; fig. 17).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF8DFFC1FD7E724DFC152FD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372366" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372366" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372366/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[737,777,1640,1661]" targetBox="[719,1228,1300,1617]" targetPageId="16">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8DFFC1FD7E724DFC152FD3" blockId="16.[710,1239,1640,1741]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
Fig. 14. Plantar view of feet with toes splayed. Left:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FCF372A6FB8B2F86" authorityName="Reynolds and Foster" authorityYear="1992" box="[876,1035,1667,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8DFFC1FCF372A6FB8B2F86" box="[876,1035,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(holotype USNM 257805). Right:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FCEA72BBFB902FAD" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[885,1040,1694,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8DFFC1FCEA72BBFB902FAD" box="[885,1040,1694,1715]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH 157004). Scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF8DFFC1FF3E72A6FE582FD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372368" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372368/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[161,201,1667,1688]" targetBox="[135,662,1233,1644]" targetPageId="16">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8DFFC1FF3E72A6FE582FD3" blockId="16.[134,662,1667,1741]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
Fig. 13.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8DFFC1FE8272A6FD162F86" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[285,662,1667,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8DFFC1FE8272A6FDB02F86" box="[285,560,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Colostethus alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
AMNH
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
157004 (SVL = 21.3 mm). (From color transparency by Alessandro Catenazzi.)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF8CFFC0FF0577E5FD752AEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372370" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372370" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372370/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[154,192,960,981]" targetBox="[155,1207,191,938]" targetPageId="17">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8CFFC0FF0577E5FD752AEE" blockId="17.[128,1233,960,1008]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Fig. 15. Ventral view of adult males of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FDC677E5FCD62ACB" authorityName="Reynolds and Foster" authorityYear="1992" box="[601,854,960,981]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FDC677E5FCD62ACB" box="[601,854,960,981]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Colostethus mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
holotype USNM 257805 (left) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FF1F77FEFEF42AEE" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[128,372,987,1008]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FF1F77FEFE9B2AEE" box="[128,283,987,1008]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
AMNH
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
157004 (right). Scale bar = 5 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF8CFFC2FF027172FB372F25" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8CFFC0FF027172FD112F03" blockId="17.[128,657,1073,1741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FF027172FE452C70" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[157,453,1367,1390]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kingsburyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FF027172FE452C70" box="[157,453,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Colostethus kingsburyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, from northern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF8CFFC0FF1F7151FF352C95" box="[128,181,1396,1419]" name="Peru" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF8CFFC0FE997151FEE82C95" box="[262,360,1396,1419]" name="Ecuador" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, is most easily distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8CFFC0FEBC71B4FE4E2CB6" box="[291,462,1425,1448]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FEBC71B4FE4E2CB6" box="[291,462,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by lacking webbing and having a conspicuous, incomplete oblique lateral stripe (see photo in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF8CFFC0FDB271E9FF3E2F1E" author="Coloma, L. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref13478" refString="Coloma, L. A. 1995. Ecuadorian frogs of the genus Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 87: 72 pp." type="book" year="1995">Coloma, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: plate 1C) and a black venter with pale reticulations or irregular spots in adult males.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8CFFC0FF027201FC512CD8" blockId="17.[128,657,1073,1741]" lastBlockId="17.[704,1233,1073,1478]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
MEASUREMENTS OF
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF8CFFC0FE0A7201FD8B2F24" box="[405,523,1572,1595]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
(in mm): The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF8CFFC0FF297264FE9C2F46" box="[182,284,1601,1624]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
MUSM 15609 is an adult male with vocal slits and enlarged, white (unpigmented) testes. SVL 22.0; forearm length from proximal edge of palmar tubercle to outer edge of flexed elbow, 4.7; hand length from proximal edge of palmar tubercle to tip of Finger III, 5.8; shank length from outer edge of flexed knee to heel, 10.2; foot length from proximal edge of outer metatarsal tubercle to tip of Toe IV, 9.6; head width between angle of jaws, 7.6; head length diagonally from corner of mouth to tip of snout, 7.0; eye length from posterior to anterior corner, 3.0; eye to naris distance from anterior corner of eye to center of naris, 2.0; distance between centers of nares, 3.0; snout length from anterior corner of eye to tip of snout, 3.9; interorbital distance, 2.3; greatest diameter of tympanum, 1.1.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8CFFC0FCBE71D4FBEF2F19" blockId="17.[801,1135,1521,1544]" box="[801,1135,1521,1544]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
DESCRIPTION OF
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF8CFFC0FC7F71D4FB9A2F19" box="[992,1050,1521,1544]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
SERIES
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8CFFC0FD427207FC972F8C" blockId="17.[704,1233,1570,1742]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF8CFFC0FC8C7207FCC52F27" box="[787,837,1570,1593]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
series consists of
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF8CFFC0FB827207FB4D2F27" box="[1053,1229,1570,1593]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF8CFFC0FD5F7265FCBD2F49" box="[704,829,1600,1623]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="adult">four adult</specimenCount>
|
||||
males with enlarged, granular, white (unpigmented) testes, and
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF8CFFC0FBA2727BFB512F6B" box="[1085,1233,1630,1653]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="subadult">one subadult</specimenCount>
|
||||
female.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8CFFC3FD4272BCFD862DAF" blockId="17.[704,1233,1570,1742]" lastBlockId="18.[134,663,998,1741]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
MORPHOLOGY: Males
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8CFFC0FC7E72BCFB0E2FAE" box="[993,1166,1689,1712]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.17" metricValueMax="2.21" metricValueMin="2.13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="21.7" valueMax="22.1" valueMin="21.3">21.3–22.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FD557292FD592FD0" box="[714,729,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 4,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8CFFC0FCB57292FCB72FD0" box="[810,823,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 21.90 ±
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8CFFC0FC487293FBC92FD3" box="[983,1097,1718,1741]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.20 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). Adult females unknown (subadult female MUSM 17737 is
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF8FFFC3FF687021FEE12D05" box="[247,353,1028,1051]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.34" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="23.4">23.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL). A few small, low, weak tubercles scattered over eyelids, lower back, and upper surfaces of legs. A pair of elongate preaxilar tubercles extended toward ventral edge of tympanum. Cloacal tubercles absent. Ventral surfaces smooth.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF8FFFC3FF3F7740FCBE2AAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372372" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372372" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372372/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[160,198,869,890]" targetBox="[134,1238,189,849]" targetPageId="18">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8FFFC3FF3F7740FCBE2AAE" blockId="18.[134,1238,869,944]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
Fig. 16. Dorsal view of similar species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8FFFC3FDE17743FD792A65" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[638,761,870,891]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8FFFC3FDE17743FD792A65" box="[638,761,870,891]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. From left to right, top row:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8FFFC3FBA47743FF562A8B" authority="MUSM" authorityName="MUSM" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8FFFC3FBA47743FB562A65" box="[1083,1238,870,891]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
MUSM
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
15609 (Ƌ), MUSM 15608 (Ƌ), AMNH 157004 (Ƌ); bottom row:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8FFFC3FC0877A5FB002A8B" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[919,1152,896,917]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8FFFC3FC0877A5FBAF2A8B" box="[919,1071,896,917]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
USNM
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
257805 (Ƌ), USNM 257806 (♀), NKA 3712 (♀), NKA 3708 (Ƌ). ×1.3.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8FFFC3FF3C7092FE2B2F8F" blockId="18.[134,663,998,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Head width between angle of jaws 34– 35% of SVL and 1.05–1.09 times head length. Interorbital distance 30–35% of head width. In profile, snout gently rounded above and bluntly pointed, protruding beyond jaws. In dorsal aspect, snout bluntly pointed. Loreal region flat and weakly sloping outward to lip. Canthus rostralis sharply rounded and well defined. Eye length 43–48% of head length. Eyenaris distance 51–57% of snout length and 63–67% of eye length. Nares directed posteriorly in profile; protuberant in dorsal aspect. Tympanum small, its greatest diameter 37–41% of the eye length. Teeth on maxillary arch straight, moderate in length, not curved and fanglike.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF8FFFC3FD7F72A6FC8C2FD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372374" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372374/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[736,774,1667,1688]" targetBox="[715,1233,1094,1645]" targetPageId="18">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8FFFC3FD7F72A6FC8C2FD3" blockId="18.[710,1238,1667,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
Fig. 17. Palmar view of right hand of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8FFFC3FB0F72A6FC072FAD" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8FFFC3FB0F72A6FC072FAD" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colostethus alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH 157004). Scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8FFFC2FF3C72BDFD992B26" blockId="18.[134,663,998,1741]" lastBlockId="19.[128,657,193,1741]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hand length (fig. 17) 26–28% of SVL, 1.11–1.23 times forearm length. Relative lengths of appressed fingers III> IV> I> II. All fingers with welldefined keellike lateral fringes, most prominent distally. Metacarpal fold short. A single subarticular tubercle on Fingers I and II, two on Fingers III and IV; distal tubercle of Finger IV diffuse, all others well defined and protuberant. Palmar tubercle subtriangular and well defined. Thenar tubercle elongate, small, poorly defined. Digital discs weakly expanded. Paired scutes on dorsal surface of each disc prominent. Preaxial side of Finger III swollen along entire length in adult males.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FF02761BFF642D13" blockId="19.[128,657,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
Shank length 46–50% of SVL. Foot length 42–47% of SVL. Relative lengths of appressed toes IV> III> V> II> I. Welldeveloped webbing between all toes except Toes IV–V (webbing formula
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FE7A7696FE702BD5" bold="true" box="[485,496,691,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">I</emphasis>
|
||||
1
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FD987696FD9B2BD5" bold="true" box="[519,539,691,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">½</emphasis>
|
||||
–2
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FDDE7696FDD82BD5" bold="true" box="[577,600,691,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">II</emphasis>
|
||||
1
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FDF17696FD022BD5" bold="true" box="[622,642,691,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">½</emphasis>
|
||||
– 3
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FF0176F4FF402BF7" bold="true" box="[158,192,721,745]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">III</emphasis>
|
||||
2
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FF4276F5FF712BF6" bold="true" box="[221,241,720,744]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">½</emphasis>
|
||||
–3
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FE9176F5FED12BF7" bold="true" box="[270,337,720,745]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">½ IV</emphasis>
|
||||
; fig. 14). Welldeveloped fringes on both edges of all toes. Weak outer metatarsal fringe present, as is curved tarsal keel. Toe discs weakly expanded with welldefined scutes on dorsal surface of each. One subarticular tubercle on Toes I and II, two on III and V, and three on IV; proximal tubercle on Toe III smaller than others and offset from midline. Inner metatarsal tubercle round, outer metatarsal tubercle elliptical, both well developed.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FF027031FE202C0B" blockId="19.[128,657,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">COLOR IN PRESERVATIVE: Dorsal coloration (figs. 13, 16) is dark gray to black, with minute pale spots scattered over the dorsum. The snout is somewhat paler than the surrounding area. A diffuse, gray dorsolateral stripe extends from the posterior corner of the eyelid to the pelvic region (broken and inconspicuous posterior to the level of the arms in MUSM 15609).</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FF027139FF6E2F25" blockId="19.[128,657,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
Ventral coloration is somewhat variable. In all, the throat, chest, and belly have gray stippling (fig. 15). In MUSM 15608 the stippling on the belly is limited to a few fairly discrete spots, but the venter is still darker than in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8EFFC2FDE971B4FE862CD8" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FDE971B4FE862CD8" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. In AMNH 159110 the venter is much more sparsely pigmented than in other specimens, similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8EFFC2FE0571CCFDCC2F1E" box="[410,588,1513,1536]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FE0571CCFDCC2F1E" box="[410,588,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The subadult female also has extensive ventral stippling.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FF027264FBA428BB" blockId="19.[128,657,193,1741]" lastBlockId="19.[704,1234,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Thigh coloration is variable. Dorsally, the thigh is gray with one diffuse dark gray or blackish transverse band of variable width and numerous poorly defined dark gray and black blotches and spots (fig. 16). The anterior surface of the thigh has a diffuse dark gray or black stripe from the knee to the groin. The groin appears to be free of flash marks. The posterior surface of the thigh is gray and black with minute, diffuse whitish spots and flecks. A conspicuous white spot is present on each side of the cloaca. The thigh is ventrally immaculate.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FD427589FB1F2BB3" blockId="19.[704,1234,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The dorsal surface of the shank has one or two blackish transverse bands and numerous diffuse dark blotches and spots. The concealed surface of the shank is pale, free of melanophores. The inner surface of the foot is immaculate creamy white or faintly stippled pale gray; the plantar surface is gray with creamy white blotches and spots. Toe webbing is immaculate or stippled gray.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FD427691FC502ACD" blockId="19.[704,1234,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
The dorsal surface of the arm is gray with variably expressed darker blotches. The anterior surface of the arm is also gray in AMNH 157004 and MUSM 15608, but the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF8EFFC2FD5F770CFCA62A5E" box="[704,806,809,832]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(MUSM 15609) has a black spot at the base of each arm and a very weak, darker gray longitudinal stripe. The posterior surface of the arm is uniform gray, fading proximally. The arm is ventrally immaculate. The palmar surface is gray.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FD4277FCFC622DC5" blockId="19.[704,1234,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The flank is black with an inconspicuous paler area or one or more elongate spots near the groin. The dark coloration of the flank is delimited ventrally by a poorly defined, pale ventrolateral stripe consisting of a wavy stripe or series of elongate spots. In ventral view, the lateral portions of the belly (i.e., medial and/or ventral to the ventrolateral stripe) are stippled gray.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FD4270C4FBEF2C4E" blockId="19.[704,1234,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The black coloration of the flanks continues anteriad through the loreal region and around the snout (encompassing the nares). Below this the face is stippled gray.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC2FD427173FB372F25" blockId="19.[704,1234,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">COLORATION IN LIFE: AMNH 157004 (fig. 13) was greenish brown on the dorsum and flanks. The arms and legs had a yellowish tinge, especially the posteroproximal surface of the upper arm. The dorsolateral stripe was pale brown with a bronze tinge anteriorly. The iris was black with golden flecks with a conspicuous golden ring around the pupil.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF8EFFC5FD427264FC172F55" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF8EFFC5FD427264FECE2D46" blockId="19.[704,1234,193,1741]" lastBlockId="20.[134,662,942,1112]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
NATURAL HISTORY:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF8EFFC2FC497264FD702F68" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF8EFFC2FC497264FD702F68" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Colostethus alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is riparian. All the specimens collected to date were taken from habitats in early stages of succession. Males were observed calling beside streams, perched on mosscovered rocks or fallen vegetation, or hidden among rocks and vegetation. Calling activity was greatest in early morning and tapered off by midday, although it also was observed to continue into the afternoon, especially during the rainy season.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF89FFC5FF3F776EFE782A64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372376" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372376" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372376/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[160,198,843,864]" targetBox="[148,1225,185,821]" targetPageId="20">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF89FFC5FF3F776EFE782A64" blockId="20.[134,1238,843,891]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
Fig. 18. Narrowband (59 Hz) spectrogram and waveform of advertisement call of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF89FFC5FBC4776EFE802A65" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FBC4776EFE802A65" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Colostethus alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the type locality.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF89FFC5FEA97059FE682D8C" blockId="20.[310,488,1148,1171]" box="[310,488,1148,1171]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">VOCALIZATIONS</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF89FFC5FF3C7083FF442F8D" blockId="20.[134,663,1190,1741]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
An uncollected individual was recorded by Alessandro Catenazzi at a creek at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF89FFC5FDFB70E1FD162DC5" box="[612,662,1220,1243]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality at 10:00 h on
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF89FFC5FE3170C4FD122DE6" box="[430,658,1249,1272]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1999-02-21">21 February 1999</date>
|
||||
, 17.4°C (AMNH herpetology reel 289). Although the specimen evaded capture, it was clearly observed calling from a mosscovered rock overhung by tree roots; many other specimens were also observed calling, and all emitted the same vocalization. Data were taken from a continuous train of 321 couplets and two single notes in 1.40 min of continuous tape. Couplets are produced rhythmically at an average rate of 1.58 couplets per sec. Detailed data were taken from the first 35 vocalizations of this series; the two single notes were pooled with the first notes of couplets.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF89FFC5FF3C72BCFC8B2DAE" blockId="20.[134,663,1190,1741]" lastBlockId="20.[710,1239,942,1611]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
The duration of the first note of each couplet is significantly longer than the second note (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FC95778AFC9C2AD8" box="[778,796,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P</emphasis>
|
||||
= 0.0001); the first note ranges from 84.4–103.1 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FC3D77E9FC312AFD" box="[930,945,972,995]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 35,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FB9A77E9FB922AFD" box="[1029,1042,972,995]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 91.96 ± 0.62 msec), whereas the second note is 75.0–87.5 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FC8A7022FCA42D00" box="[789,804,1031,1054]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 33,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FCE27022FC0A2D00" box="[893,906,1031,1054]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 81.06 ± 0.64 msec). Internote duration is 34.4–53.1 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FBE67001FB082D25" box="[1145,1160,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 33,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FD597064FD532D46" box="[710,723,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 46.69 ± 0.65 msec). Time between couplets is 212.5–596.9 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FB9B707AFB932D68" box="[1028,1043,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 33,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FBFC707AFBF02D68" box="[1123,1136,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 365.4 ± 19.6 msec). Notes are weakly or nonpulsatile.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF89FFC5FD7C7093FC172F55" blockId="20.[710,1239,942,1611]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
Spectral energy is concentrated between 3400–4320 Hz with the greatest energy peak at 3720–4160 Hz (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FC3170D4FC3D2C16" box="[942,957,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 68,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FB8670D4FBA62C16" box="[1049,1062,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 3881 ± 10 Hz); all but four of the 35 calls exhibit greatest energy peaks below 4.0 kHz. Each note is strongly frequency modulated from lower to higher (fig. 18). The two notes of each couplet overlap almost completely in all spectral parameters and are only statistically distinguishable in that the minimum frequency of the first note is slightly higher than the second note (first note:
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FC7F71DCFC6F2F0E" box="[992,1007,1529,1552]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 35,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FBD971DCFBD32F0E" box="[1094,1107,1529,1552]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 3512 ± 9 Hz; second note:
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FC277232FC472F30" box="[952,967,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 33,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FBBA7232FBB22F30" box="[1061,1074,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 3484 ± 9 Hz;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC5FD657211FC8C2F55" box="[762,780,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P</emphasis>
|
||||
= 0.0351).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF89FFC4FC07724BFDA82A1B" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF89FFC5FC07724BFB842F9B" blockId="20.[920,1028,1646,1669]" box="[920,1028,1646,1669]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF89FFC4FD7C72BCFDA82A1B" blockId="20.[710,1238,1689,1742]" lastBlockId="21.[128,657,193,773]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
Given the overall morphological similarity and geographic distributions of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF89FFC4FBD27292FE8829C6" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF89FFC4FBD27292FE8829C6" italics="true" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Colostethus alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF88FFC4FED274E4FE7B29C6" box="[333,507,193,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF88FFC4FED274E4FE7B29C6" box="[333,507,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, it is likely that they are closely related. Indeed, the possibility exists that they are geographic variants of a single species, such as extremes in a cline. However, although few specimens are presently available, we compared directly equivalent semaphoronts (adult males) from several localities and found no evidence of clinal variation along either a latitudinal or altitudinal gradient,
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF88FFC4FEF675EDFEF228C8" attach="left" box="[361,370,456,470]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">7</superScript>
|
||||
and a number of characters distinguish the two groups. Additional specimens, especially from intermediate localities, are required to further assess intraspecific variation and test our hypothesis. Similarly, the inclusion of additional lines of evidence (e.g., vocalizations, osteology, DNA sequence data) could further elucidate this problem, although failure to discover differences in them would not necessarily prove these populations to be conspecific.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
550
data/C3/5F/87/C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86.xml
Normal file
550
data/C3/5F/87/C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
|
|||
<document id="DAEB6171BBE701DD43962EB8A1D1FDDC" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2001)355<0001:TNSOFO>2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372342" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1630272107756" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="GRANT, TARAN & RODRÍGUEZ, LILY O." docDate="2001" docId="C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2001.3355.1-24.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3355" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282001%29355%3C0001%3ATNSOFO%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.4:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Colostethus melanolaemus GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ 2001, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="3F66FFE6FF9DFFD1FF9F7425FF80291E" masterDocTitle="Two New Species of Frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Dendrobatidae) from Peru and a Redescription of C. trilineatus (Boulenger, 1883)" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1730405094483" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||||
<mods:mods id="A282735F60DE532A295D8D23FBCE211C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo id="B73A03520D7D710400C3D89E1494F300">
|
||||
<mods:title id="FB147BCA00157303EFE04EE07D11906B">Two New Species of Frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Dendrobatidae) from Peru and a Redescription of C. trilineatus (Boulenger, 1883)</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name id="5FEBF7FBACD4FDA3E4CCB779F8AC087B" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="44028C40C65DA7CAB676D99F4B86CB74">
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="5831C9B4A810398AC765AD179D762A15">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="2718E37B934BE3812C5C52E65E9B67BF">GRANT, TARAN</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="33D26A734242665AEBEF14AB7FD6FE29">Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Herpetology), American Museum of Natural History; Center for Environmental Research and Conservation / Faculty Fellow, Columbia University MC 5557, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA.</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="2DF9AA564C54C247A797E3B71E931589" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="E801518CB8E36E8DE1CB135578AEE068">
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="9438332EE7174961202253DE1A607E9E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="4BF1A100A22668BF5B9D467ABD704712">RODRÍGUEZ, LILY O.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="0BA41163D2F1B4FF8C865BAC3E25DC43">Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Herpetology), American Museum of Natural History; Investigadora Asociada: Asociación Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (APECO), Parque José de Acosta 187, Lima 17, Peru´; and Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 140434, Lima 17, Peru</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="1E158376C11DBE39A28811165FBA3BC2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="231E33D36CB54DBF8A5B08DE3913D0B7">
|
||||
<mods:title id="65809E96F9247F5551D0F4FEF2CF3406">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="33A15F79E67B23AB0BAF44556FAEBB9D">
|
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<mods:date id="0422730DE40FA7F04A9CD680E41F2930">2001</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="4D7FD4293E46A040E9028ABE014D7EE4" type="pubDate">
|
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<mods:number id="24548FD73FBA5BC7AA7A1FCAFF3B45E5">2001-12-31</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="FDEFAA899FA4254903BAA6EE0130CA92" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="627CE11842DE935FFF037AFDD5605494">3355</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:extent id="B9525E4E2627A3F946285E11761AFD9F" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="613C1404C1797EFE96A61B2F7FEAADD0">1</mods:start>
|
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|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
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</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location id="F9277364DDB9F7D3136DA6D9C6DBCB47">
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<mods:url id="1CBC149E927A9D410E882101D85D741E">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282001%29355%3C0001%3ATNSOFO%3E2.0.CO%3B2</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="02B024330035C7E08741E0AF2FEBD9CB">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="AB186A5039A5BBE598E411C268222791" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0082(2001)355<0001:TNSOFO>2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="AF40136D947A01A85E9B6FDA433C1358" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="108C8387310C69E40A70600D1E5C98B4" type="Zenodo-Dep">5372342</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF97FFDBFD487057FB3B2D97" box="[727,1211,1138,1162]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF97FFDBFD487057FB3B2D97" blockId="10.[727,1211,1138,1162]" box="[727,1211,1138,1162]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<heading id="100181E4FF97FFDBFD487057FB3B2D97" box="[727,1211,1138,1162]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFD487057FBA32D94" bold="true" box="[727,1059,1138,1162]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFD487057FB9B2D94" authority="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ, 2001" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[727,1051,1138,1162]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFD487057FB9B2D94" bold="true" box="[727,1051,1138,1162]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="62B157E1FF97FFDBFBB37057FB3B2D97" box="[1068,1211,1138,1161]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF97FFDBFC1C70B7FB992DBB" box="[899,1049,1170,1189]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF97FFDBFC1C70B7FB992DBB" blockId="10.[899,1049,1170,1189]" box="[899,1049,1170,1189]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<heading id="100181E4FF97FFDBFC1C70B7FB992DBB" box="[899,1049,1170,1189]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="7">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="D3CD2A0DFF97FFDBFC1C70B7FC5E2DBB" box="[899,990,1170,1189]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[160,198,1064,1085]" captionTargetBox="[139,657,185,1042]" captionTargetId="figure-16@8.[139,657,185,1042]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Lateral view of two similar Amazonian species of Colostethus. Note the variation in the pale area anterior to the groin and the distance of the pale ventrolateral stripe from arm. From top to bottom, C. trilineatus (AMNH FS 8689 Ƌ; MUSM 15618 Ƌ), and C. melanolaemus (AMNH FS 11920 Ƌ; AMNH 114944 ♀). ×2.8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372352/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="D3CD2A0DFF97FFDBFC7570B7FB992DBB" box="[1002,1049,1170,1189]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="11.[730,768,541,562]" captionStartId-1="12.[736,774,763,784]" captionStartId-2="13.[154,192,845,866]" captionStartId-3="14.[736,774,757,778]" captionTargetBox-0="[711,1226,189,521]" captionTargetBox-1="[731,1217,188,740]" captionTargetBox-2="[127,1234,189,825]" captionTargetBox-3="[716,1234,188,734]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@11.[711,1226,189,521]" captionTargetId-1="figure-16@12.[730,1218,187,742]" captionTargetId-2="figure-13@13.[127,1234,189,825]" captionTargetId-3="figure-16@14.[715,1234,188,737]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionText-0="Fig. 8. A specimen of Colostethus melanolaemus from the type locality. [From color transparency by LOR.]" captionText-1="Fig. 9. Right foot and hand of Colostethus melanolaemus (MUSM 15607). Scale bars = 2 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 10. Ventral and dorsal views of adult male Colostethus melanolaemus from the type locality. From left to right, top row: AMNH FS 11920, MUSM 17741 (holotype); bottom row: AMNH FS 11922, MUSM 15607. ×2.8." captionText-3="Fig. 11. Narrowband (59 Hz) spectrogram and waveform of advertisement call of Colostethus melanolaemus (MUSM 15607)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372356" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372358" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372360" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372362" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5372356/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5372358/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5372360/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5372362/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8–11</figureCitation>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF97FFDAFD7C7096FD082B05" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF97FFDAFD7C7096FD11282E" blockId="10.[710,1239,1203,1255]" lastBlockId="11.[128,657,193,1536]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF97FFDAFD7C7096FD0C282E" collectingDate="1999-03-11" collectionCode="MUSM" collectorName="Lily O. Rodriguez" country="Peru" county="Departamento" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" latitude="-3.2333333" location="Explornapo Lodge" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Quebrada Sucusari" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="MUSM 17741" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Departamento Loreto" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF97FFDBFD7C7096FCD92DD4" box="[739,857,1203,1226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF97FFDBFCEE7096FBA22DD4" box="[881,1058,1203,1226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MUSM 17741</specimenCode>
|
||||
(field number AMNH FS 11921), an adult
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF97FFDBFBB670F5FBE22DF9" box="[1065,1122,1232,1255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||||
collected by
|
||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF96FFDAFF3674E4FE0929C6" box="[169,393,193,216]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lily O. Rodríguez</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF96FFDAFE0674E4FDD729C6" box="[409,599,193,216]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1999-03-11">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="2F0CE9A0FF96FFDAFE0674E4FDD729C6" box="[409,599,193,216]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1999-03-11">11 March 1999</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF96FFDAFDF974E4FEC129EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86:4E296053FF96FFDAFDF974E4FEC129EB" country="Peru" county="Departamento" latitude="-3.2333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Quebrada Sucusari" name="Explornapo Lodge" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Departamento Loreto">Explornapo Lodge</location>
|
||||
, ACEER,
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF96FFDAFE5B74FBFD1129EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86:4E296053FF96FFDAFE5B74FBFD1129EB" box="[452,657,222,245]" country="Peru" county="Departamento" latitude="-3.2333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Quebrada Sucusari" name="Lower Rio Napo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Departamento Loreto">Lower Río Napo</location>
|
||||
near
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="AB2DACF2FF96FFDAFF2274D9FE20280D" box="[189,416,252,275]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Quebrada Sucusari</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF96FFDAFE3074D9FF26282E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Departamento Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF96FFDAFF2A753CFF6D282E" box="[181,237,281,304]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, GPS coordinates
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="2EC2504FFF96FFDAFE57753CFDAF282E" box="[456,559,281,304]" degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="-72.916664">72°55'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="2EC2504FFF96FFDAFDA3753CFD0C282E" box="[572,652,281,304]" degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="-3.2333333">3°14'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<footnote id="28ED2A86FF97FFDBFF02727CFE242FD3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF97FFDBFF02727CFE242FD3" blockId="10.[134,663,1625,1741]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF97FFDBFF02727CFF242F7A" attach="right" box="[157,164,1625,1636]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</superScript>
|
||||
Köhler and Lötters (1999) also reported calls for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFD1E727FFF652F9B" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFD1E727FFF652F9B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFDB67257FD172F9B" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[553,663,1650,1669]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFDB67257FD172F9B" box="[553,663,1650,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Cobija,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF97FFDBFE9772AFFE4F2F83" box="[264,463,1674,1693]" country="Bolivia" name="Pando" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Departamento Pando</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF97FFDBFE4472AFFDA22F83" box="[475,546,1674,1693]" name="Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, that are almost identical to those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFEE47287FDCE2FAB" box="[379,590,1698,1717]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFEE47287FDCE2FAB" box="[379,590,1698,1717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
at Panguana and Cuzco Amazónico.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</footnote>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDAFF027513FD082B05" blockId="11.[128,657,193,1536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF96FFDAFF027513FE9B2896" collectingDate="1993-03-24" collectingDateMax="1999-03-11" collectingDateMin="1970-03-28" collectionCode="MUSM" collectorName="Lily O. Rodriguez" country="Peru" county="Departamento" location="Estiron" municipality="Rio Ampiyacu" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="15607" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Loreto" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF96FFDAFF027513FE9B2853" box="[157,283,310,333]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2DE7AE4DFF96FFDAFEAC7513FE0C2853" box="[307,396,310,333]" collectionName="Peru, Lima, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Museo de Historia Natural" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF96FFDAFE037513FE672853" box="[412,487,310,333]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15607</specimenCode>
|
||||
, collected by
|
||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF96FFDAFF1F7571FEE72875" box="[128,359,340,363]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lily O. Rodriguez</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF96FFDAFEE57571FDBB2875" box="[378,571,340,363]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1993-03-24">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="2F0CE9A0FF96FFDAFEE57571FDBB2875" box="[378,571,340,363]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1993-03-24">24 March 1993</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
at the type locality.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF96FFDAFEBB7554FD1128DD" collectingDate="1999-03-10" collectingDateMax="1999-03-11" collectingDateMin="1999-03-10" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="Lily O. Rodriguez" country="Peru" county="Departamento" location="Estiron" municipality="Rio Ampiyacu" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="FS 11920, FS 11922" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Loreto" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2DE7AE4DFF96FFDAFEBB7554FEFD2896" box="[292,381,369,392]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF96FFDAFE187554FE7A2896" box="[391,506,369,392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FS 11920</specimenCode>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2DE7AE4DFF96FFDAFDA77554FD112896" box="[568,657,369,392]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF96FFDAFF1F75ABFF7928BB" box="[128,249,398,421]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FS 11922</specimenCode>
|
||||
, collected by
|
||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF96FFDAFE3575ABFD0C28BB" box="[426,652,398,421]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lily O. Rodríguez</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF96FFDAFF1F7589FEF928DD" box="[128,377,428,451]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1999-03-10" valueMax="1999-03-11" valueMin="1999-03-10">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="2F0CE9A0FF96FFDAFF1F7589FEF928DD" box="[128,377,428,451]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1999-03-10" valueMax="1999-03-11" valueMin="1999-03-10">10–11 March 1999</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
at the type locality.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF96FFDAFF1F75ECFD042B05" collectingDate="1970-03-28" collectingDateMax="1970-04-09" collectingDateMin="1970-03-28" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="Borys Malkin" country="Peru" county="Departamento" location="Estiron" municipality="Rio Ampiyacu" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="114924-114945" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Departamento Loreto" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2DE7AE4DFF96FFDAFF1F75ECFF5928FE" box="[128,217,457,480]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF96FFDAFF7C75ECFE2428FE" box="[227,420,457,480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">114924–114945</specimenCode>
|
||||
, collected by
|
||||
<collectorName id="E603535EFF96FFDAFDD575ECFF5728E3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Borys Malkin</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF96FFDAFF7875C3FD8928E3" box="[231,521,486,509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1970-03-28" valueMax="1970-04-09" valueMin="1970-03-28">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="2F0CE9A0FF96FFDAFF7875C3FD8928E3" box="[231,521,486,509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1970-03-28" valueMax="1970-04-09" valueMin="1970-03-28">28 March–9 April 1970</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
at
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF96FFDAFDA975C3FD0D28E3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86:4E296053FF96FFDAFDA975C3FD0D28E3" box="[566,653,486,509]" country="Peru" county="Departamento" municipality="Rio Ampiyacu" name="Estiron" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Departamento Loreto">Estirón</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="AB2DACF2FF96FFDAFF1F7621FEB02B05" box="[128,304,516,539]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Río Ampiyacu</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF96FFDAFEA17621FDBC2B05" box="[318,572,516,539]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Departamento Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF96FFDAFDD47621FD042B05" box="[587,644,516,539]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF96FFDAFF027604FF5C2BB3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDAFF027604FF5C2BB3" blockId="11.[128,657,193,1536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the Greek
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFDAF761AFD112B48" box="[560,657,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">melanos</emphasis>
|
||||
(black) and
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFE8A7679FEE72B6D" box="[277,359,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">laemos</emphasis>
|
||||
(throat), in reference to the pure black throat of adult males of this species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF96FFDAFD457638FCE12B76" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372356" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372356/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[730,768,541,562]" targetBox="[711,1226,189,521]" targetPageId="11">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDAFD457638FCE12B76" blockId="11.[704,1233,541,616]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
Fig. 8. A specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFC46763BFD6A2B53" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFC46763BFD6A2B53" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the type locality. [From color transparency by LOR.]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF96FFDAFF027691FCA22ABB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDAFF027691FEC22D7B" blockId="11.[128,657,193,1536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
DIAGNOSIS: A small species (males to about
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF96FFDAFF5576F4FE9E2BF6" box="[202,286,721,744]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL, females to about
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF96FFDAFDA276F4FD102BF6" box="[573,656,721,744]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL); Finger III weakly swollen in adult males; throat black in adult males, immaculate white in females; testes white (unpigmented) in adult males; Toes II–IV basally webbed; dorsolateral stripe present; oblique lateral stripe present as a diffuse, inconspicuous, pale region or group of small spots that extends from the groin to midway along the flanks; ventrolateral stripe present (poorly defined); one subarticular tubercle on Finger IV; median lingual process absent; cloacal tubercles absent; anal sheath absent; black armband absent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDAFF027049FCA22ABB" blockId="11.[128,657,193,1536]" lastBlockId="11.[704,1234,676,1520]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFF027049FE582D9D" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[157,472,1132,1155]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFF027049FE582D9D" box="[157,472,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is most similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFF0170ACFEB82DBE" box="[158,312,1161,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFF0170ACFEB82DBE" box="[158,312,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFEEF70ACFE562DBE" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[368,470,1161,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFEEF70ACFE562DBE" box="[368,470,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF96FFDAFE4270ADFE662D88" attach="left" box="[477,486,1160,1174]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</superScript>
|
||||
It differs from both in having (1) throat pure black in adult males (gray in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFEA470E1FE582DC5" box="[315,472,1220,1243]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFEA470E1FE582DC5" box="[315,472,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; gray stippling concentrated into spots, mottling, or reticulated pattern in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFED770DAFE342C08" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[328,436,1279,1302]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFED770DAFE342C08" box="[328,436,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), (2) significantly greater adult SVL (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="06740333FF96FFDAFEFF7139FE3B2C2D" box="[352,443,1308,1331]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[925,993,1335,1354]" captionTargetId="figure-95@3.[712,1248,1432,1736]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1 Adult SVL (in mm) of Four Similar Amazonian Species of Colostethus" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="06740333FF96FFDAFE567139FE5A2C2D" box="[457,474,1308,1331]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[643,711,194,213]" captionTargetId="figure-45@4.[133,1240,291,667]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2 Results (Pvalues) of ANOVA Comparing SVL of Adult Males and Adult Females of Four Similar Amazonian Species of Colostethus (see table 1 for data)a" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</tableCitation>
|
||||
), and (3) weakly swollen Finger III in adult males (strongly swollen in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFE967172FE282C70" box="[265,424,1367,1390]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFE967172FE282C70" box="[265,424,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; not swollen in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFDE97172FF442C95" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFDE97172FF442C95" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFF767151FDAE2C95" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[233,558,1396,1419]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFF767151FDAE2C95" box="[233,558,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
further differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFE8271B4FE3B2CB6" box="[285,443,1425,1448]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFE8271B4FE3B2CB6" box="[285,443,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in having an advertisement call of 1–6 notes, mode = 4 (couplets or 9–13 notes, mode = 10, in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFDE971E9FF772F1E" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFDE971E9FF772F1E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), and emphasized frequency of 3840 – 4560 Hz (emphasized frequency 4920–6040 Hz in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFC0976E4FBB02BC6" box="[918,1072,705,728]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFC0976E4FBB02BC6" box="[918,1072,705,728]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFBD776E4FCE82BE8" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFBD776E4FCE82BE8" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is further diagnosed from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFB2976FAFC842A0D" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFB2976FAFC842A0D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in having significantly shorter internote duration (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFCE2773CFBD02A2E" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[893,1104,793,816]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFCE2773CFBD02A2E" box="[893,1104,793,816]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFBF8773CFBF62A2E" box="[1127,1142,793,816]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 11, range = 123.4–236.7,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFC4A7712FC622A50" box="[981,994,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 153.15 ± 10.26 msec;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFC8C7771FC002A75" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[787,896,852,875]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFC8C7771FC002A75" box="[787,896,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFC097771FC252A75" box="[918,933,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 11, range = 271.9– 468.7 msec,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFCC77754FCE52A96" box="[856,869,881,904]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 389.12 ± 18.89 msec;
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFB007754FB312A96" box="[1183,1201,881,904]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P</emphasis>
|
||||
= 0.0001).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF96FFDCFD427789FC552F1E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDAFD427789FB8B2CEE" blockId="11.[704,1234,676,1520]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
MEASUREMENTS OF
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF96FFDAFC4A7789FBCB2ADC" box="[981,1099,940,963]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
(in mm): The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF96FFDAFD6177ECFCE72AFE" box="[766,871,969,992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, MUSM 17741, is an adult male with vocal slits and enlarged, white (unpigmented) testes. SVL 22.7; forearm length from proximal edge of palmar tubercle to outer edge of flexed elbow, 5.2; hand length from proximal edge of palmar tubercle to tip of Finger III, 5.6; shank length from outer edge of flexed knee to heel, 10.6; foot length from proximal edge of outer metatarsal tubercle to tip of Toe IV, 9.7; head width between angle of jaws, 7.3; head length diagonally from corner of mouth to tip of snout, 7.2; eye length from posterior to anterior corner, 3.0; eye to naris distance from anterior corner of eye to center of naris, 2.3; distance between centers of nares, 3.2; snout length from anterior corner of eye to tip of snout, 3.8; interorbital distance, 2.2; greatest diameter of tympanum, 1.3.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDAFCBE7230FBEF2F35" blockId="11.[801,1135,1557,1580]" box="[801,1135,1557,1580]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
DESCRIPTION OF
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF96FFDAFC7F7230FB9A2F35" box="[992,1050,1557,1580]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
SERIES
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<footnote id="28ED2A86FF96FFDAFF08720CFD072FD3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDAFF08720CFD072FD3" blockId="11.[128,658,1577,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF96FFDAFF08720CFF1E2F2A" attach="right" box="[151,158,1577,1588]" fontSize="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</superScript>
|
||||
Four specimens (AMNH 114946–114949) of an undescribed species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFEDA7267FE332F4B" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[325,435,1602,1621]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFEDA7267FE332F4B" box="[325,435,1602,1621]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were collected in sympatry with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFF74727FFE0E2F73" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[235,398,1626,1645]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFF74727FFE0E2F73" box="[235,398,1626,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
at Estirón, Río Ampiyacu. This species can be distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF96FFDAFD967257FF252F83" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFD967257FF252F83" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, in part, by its smaller size and paler throat in adult males. We prefer to await additional, better preserved material to thoroughly describe and name this species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</footnote>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF96FFDDFD427264FE5C282E" blockId="11.[704,1233,1601,1741]" lastBlockId="12.[134,663,193,1741]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
MORPHOLOGY: Adult males
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF96FFDAFBB97264FB502F46" box="[1062,1232,1601,1624]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.225" metricValueMax="2.34" metricValueMin="2.11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="22.25" valueMax="23.4" valueMin="21.1">21.1–23.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFC94727AFC9A2F68" box="[779,794,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 11,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFCEC727AFC002F68" box="[883,896,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 22.16 ± 0.22). Adult females
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF96FFDAFC8B7259FC452F8D" box="[788,965,1660,1683]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.245" metricValueMax="2.36" metricValueMin="2.13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="22.45" valueMax="23.6" valueMin="21.3">21.3–23.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFBBA7259FBB42F8D" box="[1061,1076,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 14,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF96FFDAFB027259FB2A2F8D" box="[1181,1194,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 22.24 ± 0.22). Ventral surfaces smooth. Dorsal surfaces smooth or weakly granular, with low, conical tubercles scattered over posterior part of body and dorsal surfaces of thighs and shanks. Weak bulge present immediately posterior to rictus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF91FFDDFF3C7513FEA12A1B" blockId="12.[134,663,193,1741]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Head width between angle of jaws 31– 34% of SVL, 0.96–1.11 times head length. Interorbital distance 26–30% of head width. Snout sloped, gently rounded or almost truncate in dorsal aspect, bluntly rounded in profile, protruding beyond jaws (fig. 6). Loreal region flat, vertical or weakly sloped outward to lips. Canthus rostralis sharply rounded, well defined. Eye 40–48% of head length. Eyenaris distance 56–61% of snout length and 61–77% of eye length. Nares directed posteriorly in profile, protuberant in dorsal aspect. Tympanum small; greatest diameter 30–43% of eye length. Teeth on maxillary arch straight, moderately long, not curved and fanglike.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF91FFDDFD7F76DEFD762A5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372358" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372358/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[736,774,763,784]" targetBox="[731,1217,188,740]" targetPageId="12">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF91FFDDFD7F76DEFD762A5B" blockId="12.[710,1238,763,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Fig. 9. Right foot and hand of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF91FFDDFBC476DEFCDD2A35" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF91FFDDFBC476DEFCDD2A35" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MUSM 15607). Scale bars = 2 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF91FFDDFF3C7729FEA52C4E" blockId="12.[134,663,193,1741]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hand length 20–25% of SVL, 0.89–1.09 times forearm length. Relative lengths of fingers III> I> II ± IV, with Finger II usually longer than IV. Finger IV extended to midpoint between proximal and distal subarticular tubercles of Finger III in most specimens; Finger IV extended to base of distal subarticular tubercle in a few specimens, in which Fingers II and IV are subequal (e.g., MUSM 15607; fig. 9). All fingers free of lateral fringes, with only faint trace of lateral keeling visible under high magnification. Metacarpal fold very weak, forming small, inconspicuous tubercle proximally. One well defined subarticular tubercle on Fingers I, II, and IV; two on Finger III. Palmar tubercle round, low. Thenar tubercle weak, fairly small, slightly elongate. Digital discs weakly expanded. Each finger with pair of prominent dorsal scutes.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF91FFDDFF3C7173FECE2F6B" blockId="12.[134,663,193,1741]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Condition of Finger III sexually dimorphic. In adult males, preaxial surface of Finger III with glandular appearance, thicker and ‘‘meatier’’ than other fingers, often with irregular outline in palmar view, enlarged, with subarticular tubercles closer to postaxial than preaxial side of finger (i.e., Finger III of males weakly swollen along entire length). Preaxial surface unexpanded and nonglandular in females.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF91FFDDFF3C7259FBA32F1E" blockId="12.[134,663,193,1741]" lastBlockId="12.[710,1239,897,1741]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Shank and foot length 41–47 and 38–46% of SVL, respectively. Relative lengths of appressed toes IV> III> V> II> I (fig. 9). Basal webbing between Toes II–III and III– IV; no webbing between IV–V; preaxial lateral fringe of Toe II welldefined but not expanded into webbing (webbing formula
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF91FFDDFB2077FCFB562AEF" bold="true" box="[1215,1238,985,1009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">II</emphasis>
|
||||
1
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF91FFDDFD4B77D3FD682D10" bold="true" box="[724,744,1014,1038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">½</emphasis>
|
||||
–3
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF91FFDDFC9A77D3FCC82D10" bold="true" box="[773,840,1014,1038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">½ III</emphasis>
|
||||
2
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF91FFDDFCFC77D3FCF72D10" bold="true" box="[867,887,1014,1038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">½</emphasis>
|
||||
–4
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF91FFDDFC3C77D3FC4B2D10" bold="true" box="[931,971,1014,1038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IV,</emphasis>
|
||||
following Myers and Duellman, 1982). Weak keels barely discernible on each edge of Toe V, but welldeveloped fringes present on both edges of all other toes. Weak outer metatarsal fold present, forming weak tubercle proximally in some specimens (e.g., MUSM 17741). Tarsal keel well defined, curved proximally, distally faint but extended to reach inner metatarsal tubercle. Toe discs weakly expanded, each with welldefined dorsal scutes. One subarticular tubercle on Toes I and II, two on III and V, three on IV; all welldefined and protuberant except proximal tubercle on right Toe IV, which is less prominent but always present. Round, protuberant outer metatarsal tubercle and elliptical inner metatarsal tubercle separated by slight bulge.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF91FFDCFD7C7223FF3B2D56" blockId="12.[710,1239,897,1741]" lastBlockId="13.[128,658,985,1741]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">COLOR IN PRESERVATIVE: The dorsum (fig. 10) is grayish brown. The dorsolateral stripe is stippled gray. In males, the throat is conspicuously solid black, and the chest, most of the belly, and the ventral surface of the upper arm are all stippled gray. Females are ventrally immaculate. Ventral surfaces of legs and groin are free of pigmentation in both sexes. Palmar and plantar surfaces are brown. Contact surfaces of tubercles are gray.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF90FFDCFF057768FEE62A86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372360" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372360/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[154,192,845,866]" targetBox="[127,1234,189,825]" targetPageId="13">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF90FFDCFF057768FEE62A86" blockId="13.[128,1233,845,920]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
Fig. 10. Ventral and dorsal views of adult male
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF90FFDCFD26776BFC552A7D" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[697,981,846,867]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF90FFDCFD26776BFC552A7D" box="[697,981,846,867]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the type locality. From left to right, top row: AMNH FS 11920, MUSM 17741 (holotype); bottom row: AMNH FS 11922, MUSM 15607. ×2.8.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF90FFDCFF02706BFEDB2F8D" blockId="13.[128,658,985,1741]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">The dorsal thigh color is pale brown, with one dark brown or gray crossband or spot that aligns with a similar band or spot on the dorsal surface of the shank. The anterior surface of the thigh has a diffuse, dark brown stripe from near the knee through the groin and continuous with the dark coloration of the flank. A conspicuous, curved, whitish spot occurs on each side of the cloaca. The shank is dorsally pale brown with a welldefined dark brown transverse band. Concealed surfaces of the thigh (= posterior surfaces of thigh) and shank are dark brown with minute whitish flecks and spots. The preaxial portion of each foot is whitish, free of melanophores. The foot is dorsally brown with one or more dark brown blotches. The posterior surface of the tarsus and plantar surface are dark brown. Contact surfaces of tubercles and digital discs are gray.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF90FFDCFF0272BCFCEF2D56" blockId="13.[128,658,985,1741]" lastBlockId="13.[704,1233,985,1742]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">The arm is tan or gray with scattered darker spots and blotches. The elbow is conspicuously dark brown. The anterior and posterior surfaces of the upper arm are darker in MUSM 15607, forming dark brown longitudinal stripes.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF90FFDCFD42706BFC552F1E" blockId="13.[704,1233,985,1742]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A broad, blackish brown stripe extends along the flank (fig. 6), through the loreal region, and around the tip of the snout (encompassing the nares). Along the flank, this dark coloration is bordered ventrally by a narrow, moderately defined, white ventrolateral stripe that extends from the groin, above the arm, to the posteroventral border of the eye. Below the ventrolateral stripe, the flank is stippled gray or pale brown, as is the face below the blackish brown face mask. The oblique lateral stripe is present as a diffuse, inconspicuous, pale region or group of small spots extending from the groin to midway along the flank (fig. 6).</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF90FFDFFD427223FD172FD3" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF90FFDFFD427223FDB128BB" blockId="13.[704,1233,985,1742]" lastBlockId="14.[134,663,193,421]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
NATURAL HISTORY: The
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF90FFDCFB897223FB512F03" box="[1046,1233,1542,1565]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
from the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF90FFDCFCAC7201FCE52F25" box="[819,869,1572,1595]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality were collected in the forest along a trail leading from the Explornapo Lodge to the Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research (ACEER). Like
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF90FFDCFCE172BCFBD22FAE" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[894,1106,1689,1712]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF90FFDCFCE172BCFBD22FAE" box="[894,1106,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Colostethus juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF90FFDCFB1572BCFC9C2FD0" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF90FFDCFB1572BCFC9C2FD0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF90FFDCFCA07292FB9D2FD0" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[831,1053,1719,1742]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF90FFDCFCA07292FB9D2FD0" box="[831,1053,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
occurs near streams but extends at least
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF93FFDFFE7574E4FDAB29C6" box="[490,555,193,216]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="25.0">
|
||||
<elevation id="C0DBD1BBFF93FFDFFE7574E4FDAB29C6" box="[490,555,193,216]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
into the forest, therefore differing from strictly riparian species confined to the streamside, such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFF36753CFEF9282E" authorityName="Silverstone" authorityYear="1975" box="[169,377,281,304]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abditaurantius">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFF36753CFEF9282E" box="[169,377,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. abditaurantius</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFE27753CFDD9282E" authorityName="Silverstone" authorityYear="1975" box="[440,601,281,304]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imbricolus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFE27753CFDD9282E" box="[440,601,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. imbricolus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFDF5753CFE272850" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFDF5753CFE272850" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFE6C7512FD172850" box="[499,663,311,334]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFE6C7512FD172850" box="[499,663,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
both occur at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF93FFDFFEC17571FE102875" box="[350,400,340,363]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFDBF7571FF672896" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFDBF7571FF672896" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
near the junction of the
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="AB2DACF2FF93FFDFFDBE7554FDCB2896" box="[545,587,369,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Río</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF93FFDFFDC87554FD162896" box="[599,662,369,392]" country="Ecuador" name="Napo" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Napo</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and the much smaller
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF93FFDFFE0E75ABFDAD28BB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF97FFDEFD487057FC0D2A86:4E296053FF93FFDFFE0E75ABFDAD28BB" box="[401,557,398,421]" municipality="Rio" name="Rio Sucusari" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="Napo">Río Sucusari</location>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDFFEA975F5FE6828F9" blockId="14.[310,488,464,487]" box="[310,488,464,487]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">VOCALIZATIONS</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDFFF3C7627FE082D9F" blockId="14.[134,663,514,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
MUSM 15607 (
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF93FFDFFEF47627FE5B2B07" box="[363,475,514,537]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="21.5">21.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL) was recorded for audiospectrographic analysis by Lily O. Rodríguez at 08:00 h from leaf litter at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF93FFDFFF4E767FFE832B6F" box="[209,259,602,625]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality (AMNH herpetology reel 271). Two uninterrupted sequences of calls were recorded approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF93FFDFFE7E76B1FDAD2BB5" box="[481,557,660,683]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 m</quantity>
|
||||
from the frog; temperature data were not taken. The first series includes 14 calls (72 notes) in 27 sec (0.52 calls per sec; 5.14 notes per sec); the second section of tape includes 39 calls (140 notes) in 71 sec (0.28 calls per sec; 1.97 notes per sec). Temporally, calls are highly variable. Each call consists of 1–6 notes (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFD167747FD162A67" box="[649,662,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 3.6 ± 0.2 notes; mode = 4 notes) separated by intervals of variable duration. Similarly, the time between calls varies from a few to many seconds, with no apparent pattern. Signal interference due to conspecific call overlap obscures many of the temporal parameters in most calls. Nevertheless, examination of isolated calls reveals that the signal is nonpulsatile.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF93FFDFFD7F76D0FBCD2A5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372362" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372362" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372362/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[736,774,757,778]" targetBox="[716,1234,188,734]" targetPageId="14">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDFFD7F76D0FBCD2A5E" blockId="14.[710,1239,757,832]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Fig. 11. Narrowband (59 Hz) spectrogram and waveform of advertisement call of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFBE17735FC112A5E" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFBE17735FC112A5E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MUSM 15607).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDFFF3C70A2FEF32F02" blockId="14.[134,663,514,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Detailed data were taken from one call composed of four notes (call duration = 751.2 msec), two of five (844.8 msec and 843.7 msec, respectively), and one singlenote call (54.7 msec). As shown in figure 11, emphasized frequencies lie between 3840– 4560 Hz. Notes are weakly frequency modulated from lower to higher. Note duration ranges from 47.3–59.8 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFE687157FD862C97" box="[503,518,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 15,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFDF97157FDF32C97" box="[614,627,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 53.98 ± 1.12 msec). Internote duration ranges from 123.4–236.7 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFE737189FE7B2CDD" box="[492,507,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 11,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFDFC7189FDF02CDD" box="[611,624,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 153.15 ± 10.76 msec). No pattern of spectral or amplitude modulation within or among calls was discerned.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDFFF3C7207FD172FD3" blockId="14.[134,663,514,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Throughout the recording, the voucher specimen chorused with another male, heard in the background. Either of the
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF93FFDFFD84727BFD172F6B" box="[539,663,1630,1653]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
|
||||
initiated calling, but the background male consistently called at a slightly faster rate and emitted longer calls (up to 14 notes per call).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF93FFDEFC077751FC0D2A86" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDFFC077751FB842A94" blockId="14.[920,1028,884,907]" box="[920,1028,884,907]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDFFD7C77BBFCE12DBE" blockId="14.[710,1239,926,1742]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Many species of dendrobatids that are <
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF93FFDFFB2677BBFD732ACD" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL lack the distal subarticular tubercle on Finger IV and have Fingers IV ³ II (TG, unpublished data). However,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFB8477D2FCCC2D35" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFB8477D2FCCC2D35" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the first species larger than
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF93FFDFFB267031FD732D56" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||||
that we have seen with this morphology, and it indicates that finger length and number of subarticular tubercles vary independently of body size.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDFFD7C7083FCDC2F1E" blockId="14.[710,1239,926,1742]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
As described above, we coded Finger III as weakly swollen in adult male
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFBD270E1FCEE2DE6" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFBD270E1FCEE2DE6" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. In some dendrobatids the swelling is conspicuous, either exaggerated distally (e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFCF87139FC6F2C2D" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[871,1007,1308,1331]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFCF87139FC6F2C2D" box="[871,1007,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. nubicola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) or along the entire length of the digit (e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFB9F711CFB202C4E" box="[1024,1184,1337,1360]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFB9F711CFB202C4E" box="[1024,1184,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). In others, including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFC2A7172FB172C70" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[949,1175,1367,1390]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFC2A7172FB172C70" box="[949,1175,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the swelling of Finger III is much more subtle, and in some cases the only way to unambiguously code this character is to compare directly wellprepared, sexually active males and females.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF93FFDEFD7C7223FEDF2A65" blockId="14.[710,1239,926,1742]" lastBlockId="15.[128,657,193,1741]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Although the call of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFC7C7222FC982F25" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFC7C7222FC982F25" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Colostethus melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs in a number of aspects from that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFCB87264FC482F46" box="[807,968,1601,1624]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFCB87264FC482F46" box="[807,968,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, it is nearly indistinguishable from the temporally highly variable call of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFCC47259FC452F8D" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[859,965,1660,1683]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFCC47259FC452F8D" box="[859,965,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Insofar as the call of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDFFD5972BCFCAF2FAE" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[710,815,1689,1712]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDFFD5972BCFCAF2FAE" box="[710,815,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has not been described previously, and it bears on the diagnosis of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF93FFDEFBCE7292FF5229C6" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF93FFDEFBCE7292FF5229C6" italics="true" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, we describe it here. Call data for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF92FFDEFDE974E4FF4429E8" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFDE974E4FF4429E8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
derive from recordings TG 9903 (ICN 44487,
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFF4374D9FEC7280D" box="[220,327,252,275]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="20.8">20.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL, recorded at 09:45 h,
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF92FFDEFF1F753CFEC1282E" box="[128,321,281,304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-08-15">15 August 1999</date>
|
||||
, air temperature 21.9°C, microphone
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFF697513FEC12853" box="[246,321,310,333]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||||
from frog; called from atop a mosscovered boulder immediately adjacent to the stream, overhung by vegetation) and TG 9904 (ICN 44486,
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFE4775ABFDC528BB" box="[472,581,398,421]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.03" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="20.3">20.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL, recorded at 08:20 h,
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF92FFDEFE0E7589FDDE28DD" box="[401,606,428,451]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-08-16">16 August 1999</date>
|
||||
, air temperature 21.4°C, microphone
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFD9975ECFDD028FE" box="[518,592,457,480]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
||||
from frog; frog perched on an almost horizontal portion of a mosscovered tree trunk of about
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFF1F7604FF3E2B26" box="[128,190,545,568]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
|
||||
diameter, approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF92FFDEFE6F7604FDA02B26" box="[496,544,545,568]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||||
from the stream up a very steepwalled canyon), both made by TG at Villavicencio (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF92FFDEFE6C7679FDA72B6D" box="[499,551,604,627]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality; see appendix for details), copied on AMNH herpetology reel 290. Although these two frogs called out in the open, most calling
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF92FFDEFDE97691FF442BF6" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFDE97691FF442BF6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were secluded in the leaf litter and other debris from this secondary forest. Calling began at daybreak and abruptly tapered off at around 09:00 h, with only sporadic calling produced infrequently throughout the rest of the daylight hours.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF92FFDEFF0277A4FE4A2FD3" blockId="15.[128,657,193,1741]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
TG 9903 includes two continuous trains of notes separated by a pause of 19 sec. The first continuous train consists of 93 calls (175 notes) in 2.95 min (0.52 calls per sec; 0.99 notes per sec) emitted as single notes, couplets, triplets, and quadruplets; the second train includes 20 calls in 1.17 min (0.28 calls per sec), all produced as single notes. TG 9904 includes one single train of 90 calls (138 notes) in 4.0 min (0.38 calls per sec; 0.58 notes per sec), a second train of 16 calls (32 notes) in 50 sec (0.32 calls per sec; 0.64 notes per sec), and a third train of 63 calls (140 notes) in 3.5 min (0.30 calls per sec; 0.67 notes per sec); the three trains on TG 9904 are all mixtures of single notes, couplets, triplets, and quadruplets. The time between the second and third trains is 63 sec (time between the first and second trains undetermined). Of 284 calls pooled from both recordings, 41.9% are single notes, 35.2% are couplets, 17.6% are triplets, and 5.3% are quadruplets (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFE857222FEA72F00" box="[282,295,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 1.86 ± 0.05 notes per call). No pattern was detected in the sequence of single notes, couplets, triplets, and quadruplets, except that trains begin with a series of single notes. Notes vary continuously from being nonpulsatile to consisting of two or three pronounced pulses.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF92FFDEFD4274E4FC0D2A86" blockId="15.[704,1233,193,920]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
Detailed analysis was carried out on the first 23 notes of the second train of recording TG 9904 (fig. 12). The first three notes are notably softer than the rest of the train, and they increase in duration (37.5, 46.9, and 62.5 msec, respectively) and emphasized frequency (3560–3720, 3600–3880, and 3720– 4080 Hz, respectively); as such, they appear to be typical ‘‘warmup’’ calls and are excluded from further analysis. The remaining 20 notes were emitted in 10 calls as two single notes (duration of each 59.4 msec), six couplets (duration 478.1–581.3 msec), one triplet (duration 1093.6 msec), and one quadruplet (duration 1256.2 msec; fig. 12). Signals are frequency modulated from lower to higher, with minimum emphasized frequencies of 3880–4160 Hz and maximum emphasized frequencies of 4120–4560 Hz. Note duration is 53.1–68.8 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFBB576CAFBB92A18" box="[1066,1081,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 20,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFB0076CAFB2C2A18" box="[1183,1196,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 62.03 ± 0.94 msec). Time between calls (groups of notes) is 2–4 sec, and time between notes within a single call (internote duration) is 271.9–468.7 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFBA07741FBCE2A65" box="[1087,1102,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 11,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF92FFDEFB3B7741FB312A65" box="[1188,1201,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 389.12 ± 18.89).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
673
data/C3/5F/87/C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B.xml
Normal file
673
data/C3/5F/87/C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
|
|||
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<mods:titleInfo id="E5A0B428FC48111B7C4BD6F6A9C2C692">
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<mods:title id="7B9ECA57281DCF6355FE8083F4F4DBB0">Two New Species of Frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Dendrobatidae) from Peru and a Redescription of C. trilineatus (Boulenger, 1883)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A1C36788B4D4FCF922A6C774CE319AB2">GRANT, TARAN</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B31D498E56860C60E0A6510E2CF8FEDD">Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Herpetology), American Museum of Natural History; Center for Environmental Research and Conservation / Faculty Fellow, Columbia University MC 5557, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C9280C3FDFC7F25D48759B85C2DFDC97">RODRÍGUEZ, LILY O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4B39C8125540432D8864102A7D127CAE">Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Herpetology), American Museum of Natural History; Investigadora Asociada: Asociación Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (APECO), Parque José de Acosta 187, Lima 17, Peru´; and Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 140434, Lima 17, Peru</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="380637E56E5A5CD4613EA0A8E8F5B531">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF9FFFD3FD6671BAFB192CAB" box="[761,1177,1438,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4B493688FF9FFFD3FD6671BAFB192CAB" blockId="2.[761,1177,1438,1462]" box="[761,1177,1438,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="100181E4FF9FFFD3FD6671BAFB192CAB" box="[761,1177,1438,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9FFFD3FD6671BAFB192CAB" authority="(Boulenger)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[761,1177,1438,1462]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9FFFD3FD6671BAFB842CA8" box="[761,1028,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Boulenger)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF9FFFD3FC09719AFB862CCC" box="[918,1030,1471,1490]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9FFFD3FC09719AFB862CCC" blockId="2.[918,1030,1471,1490]" box="[918,1030,1471,1490]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
<heading id="100181E4FF9FFFD3FC09719AFB862CCC" box="[918,1030,1471,1490]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="7">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="D3CD2A0DFF9FFFD3FC09719AFB862CCC" box="[918,1030,1471,1490]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="3.[730,768,603,624]" captionStartId-1="5.[154,192,859,880]" captionStartId-2="5.[730,768,885,906]" captionStartId-3="7.[154,192,1291,1312]" captionStartId-4="8.[160,198,1064,1085]" captionStartId-5="9.[154,192,909,930]" captionTargetBox-0="[708,1230,189,583]" captionTargetBox-1="[135,658,187,844]" captionTargetBox-2="[701,1233,187,865]" captionTargetBox-3="[239,1123,189,1271]" captionTargetBox-4="[139,657,185,1042]" captionTargetBox-5="[134,1231,189,884]" captionTargetId-0="figure-54@3.[708,1230,189,583]" captionTargetId-1="figure-15@5.[135,652,187,838]" captionTargetId-2="figure-46@5.[706,1233,188,865]" captionTargetId-3="figure-13@7.[239,1123,189,1271]" captionTargetId-4="figure-16@8.[139,657,185,1042]" captionTargetId-5="figure-13@9.[131,1231,189,889]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionText-0="Fig. 2. A specimen of Colostethus trilineatus from Cocha Cashu, Parque Nacional del Manu, Depto. Madre de Dios, Peru, ca. 380 m. [From color transparency by LOR.]" captionText-1="Fig. 3. Ventral and dorsal views of adult male Colostethus trilineatus from the type locality (Yurimaguas). Holotype BMNH 1947.2.14.20 (left), AMNH FS 8689 (center), MUSM 15611 (right). ×1.2." captionText-2="Fig. 4. Palmar view of right hand of Colostethus trilineatus, MUSM 15618. Note the swelling of the preaxial side of the Finger II. ×20." captionText-3="Fig. 5. Variation in ventral and dorsal coloration among adult male Colostethus trilineatus from Cocha Cashu. All specimens in top row have only Finger III swollen; those of bottom row have Fingers II and III swollen. From left to right, top row: AMNH 153038, MUSM 9201, MUSM 9184, MUSM 9182, MUSM 9198; bottom row: MUSM 9183, MUSM 9188, MUSM 15618, MUSM 9200, MUSM 9191. Slightly larger than life size." captionText-4="Fig. 6. Lateral view of two similar Amazonian species of Colostethus. Note the variation in the pale area anterior to the groin and the distance of the pale ventrolateral stripe from arm. From top to bottom, C. trilineatus (AMNH FS 8689 Ƌ; MUSM 15618 Ƌ), and C. melanolaemus (AMNH FS 11920 Ƌ; AMNH 114944 ♀). ×2.8." captionText-5="Fig. 7. Narrowband (59 Hz) spectrogram and waveform of advertisement call of Colostethus trilineatus from Yurimaguas, the type locality (AMNH FS 8689)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372344" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372348" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372350" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372352" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372354" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5372344/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5372348/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5372350/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5372352/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5372354/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 2–7</figureCitation>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF9FFFD3FD5971C3FB272CE4" box="[710,1191,1509,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9FFFD3FD5971C3FB272CE4" blockId="2.[710,1238,1509,1610]" box="[710,1191,1509,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9FFFD3FD5971C3FB222CE4" authority="Boulenger, 1883: 636" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="636" authorityYear="1883" box="[710,1186,1509,1531]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9FFFD3FD5971C3FC342CE5" box="[710,948,1510,1531]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Phyllobates trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF9FFFD3FC2371C0FB222CE4" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[956,1186,1509,1530]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="635 - 638" refId="ref13439" refString="Boulenger, G. A. 1883. On a collection of frogs from Yurimaguas, Huallaga River, northern Peru. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883 (IV): 635 - 638." type="book chapter" year="1883">Boulenger, 1883: 636</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF9FFFD3FB3271C0FC0B2F54" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9FFFD3FB3271C0FC0B2F54" blockId="2.[710,1238,1509,1610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="FB9E3CD5FF9FFFD3FB3271C0FC0B2F54" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Peru" location="Yurimaguas" municipality="Huallaga River" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="1947.2.14.20" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Departamento Loreto" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF9FFFD3FB3271C0FC9F2F0B" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2DE7AE4DFF9FFFD3FCAE7225FCFF2F0B" box="[817,895,1536,1557]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="1B509EF3FF9FFFD3FC0E7225FB9A2F0B" box="[913,1050,1536,1557]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1947.2.14.20</specimenCode>
|
||||
from ‘‘
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF9FFFD3FBE67225FC902F2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B:4E296053FF9FFFD3FBE67225FC902F2E" country="Peru" county="Northern" municipality="Huallaga River" name="Yurimaguas" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" stateProvince="Departamento Loreto">Yurimaguas</location>
|
||||
, [
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF9FFFD3FCB8723EFB962F2E" box="[807,1046,1563,1584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Departamento Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,]
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="AB2DACF2FF9FFFD3FBB2723EFB532F2E" box="[1069,1235,1563,1584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Huallaga River</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
, Northern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF9FFFD3FCDA7210FCFD2F54" box="[837,893,1589,1610]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.’’
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF9FFFD2FD7C727BFB992AE9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9FFFD2FD7C727BFDF52DE6" blockId="2.[710,1239,1630,1741]" lastBlockId="3.[128,657,956,1741]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
DIAGNOSIS: A very small
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9FFFD3FBDC727AFB572F68" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[1091,1239,1631,1654]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9FFFD3FBDC727AFB572F68" box="[1091,1239,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(males to about
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF9FFFD3FC047259FC762F8D" box="[923,1014,1660,1683]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL; females to about
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF9FFFD3FC8A72BCFCED2FAE" box="[789,877,1689,1712]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL); Finger III (and often Finger II) of adult males strongly swollen; throat evenly stippled gray in adult males; testes white (unpigmented) in adult males; Toes II–IV basally webbed; dorsolateral stripe present; oblique lateral stripe present as diffuse, inconspicuous, pale region or group of small spots extending from groin to midway along flank (see Remarks, below); ventrolateral stripe present; one or two subarticular tubercles on Finger IV; median lingual process absent; cloacal tubercles absent; anal sheath absent; black armband absent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF9EFFD2FD45767EFC742BDE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372344/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[730,768,603,624]" targetBox="[708,1230,189,583]" targetPageId="3">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9EFFD2FD45767EFC742BDE" blockId="3.[704,1233,603,704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
Fig. 2. A specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FC7E767EFB502B6E" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[993,1232,603,624]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FC7E767EFB502B6E" box="[993,1232,603,624]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Cocha Cashu, Parque Nacional del Manu, Depto. Madre de Dios, Peru, ca. 380 m. [From color transparency by LOR.]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF9EFFD2FF057705FDB72A9B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372346/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[154,192,800,821]" targetBox="[132,654,190,778]" targetPageId="3">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9EFFD2FF057705FDB72A9B" blockId="3.[128,657,800,901]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
Fig. 1. Map of western South America showing localities for material examined of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FDA7771EFEA52A75" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FDA7771EFEA52A75" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(-),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FEEE7773FDAE2A75" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[369,558,854,875]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FEEE7773FDAE2A75" box="[369,558,854,875]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(•),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FDE77773FF7A2A9B" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alessandroi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FDE77773FF7A2A9B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. alessandroi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FE937757FEA02A9B" bold="true" box="[268,288,882,901]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Δ</emphasis>
|
||||
), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FEF87755FD812A9B" authorityName="Reynolds y Foster" authorityYear="1992" box="[359,513,880,901]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcdiarmidi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FEF87755FD812A9B" box="[359,513,880,901]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. mcdiarmidi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(*).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9EFFD2FF0270DAFB992AE9" blockId="3.[128,657,956,1741]" lastBlockId="3.[704,1233,786,1279]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FF0270DAFE282C08" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[157,424,1279,1302]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FF0270DAFE282C08" box="[157,424,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
most resembles six nominal species from the Amazon basin:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FDE97139FEFD2C4E" authority="(Noble, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Noble" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FDE97139FF4C2C4E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. beebei</emphasis>
|
||||
(Noble, 1923)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FE15711CFD992C4E" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[394,537,1337,1360]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FE15711CFD992C4E" box="[394,537,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FDB5711CFEB02C73" authority="Morales, 1994" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FDB5711CFD112C4E" box="[554,657,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF9EFFD2FF1F7173FEB02C73" author="Morales, V. R." box="[128,304,1366,1389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="95 - 103" refId="ref14304" refString="Morales, V. R. 1994. Taxonomia sobre algunos Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de Sudamerica, con descripcion de dos especies nuevas. Rev. Esp. Herpetol. 8: 95 - 103." type="journal article" year="1994">Morales, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FEA17172FD852C70" baseAuthorityName="Melin" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[318,517,1367,1390]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marchesianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FEA17172FD852C70" box="[318,517,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. marchesianus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FD877172FEE52C95" authority="(Melin, 1941)" baseAuthorityName="Melin" baseAuthorityYear="1941" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruvianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FD877172FF372C95" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. peruvianus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Melin, 1941)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FE3B7151FF3E2CB6" authority="Martins, 1989" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1989" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stepheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FE3B7151FDA82C95" box="[420,552,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. stepheni</emphasis>
|
||||
Martins, 1989
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FF5371B4FE2C2CB6" baseAuthorityName="Noble" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[204,428,1425,1448]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FF5371B4FE2C2CB6" box="[204,428,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colostethus beebei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is most easily distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FEDB718AFE602CD8" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[324,480,1455,1478]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FEDB718AFE602CD8" box="[324,480,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by the possession of a median lingual process. Adult male
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FF1F71CCFE912F1E" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[128,273,1513,1536]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FF1F71CCFE912F1E" box="[128,273,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
lack a dark throat, swollen Finger III, and ventrolateral stripe.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FD977222FF442F25" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FD977222FF442F25" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colostethus juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a larger species (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="06740333FF9EFFD2FE437201FDDF2F25" box="[476,607,1572,1595]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[925,993,1335,1354]" captionStartId-1="4.[643,711,194,213]" captionTargetBox-0="[706,1248,1424,1736]" captionTargetId-0="figure-95@3.[712,1248,1432,1736]" captionTargetId-1="figure-45@4.[133,1240,291,667]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="TABLE 1 Adult SVL (in mm) of Four Similar Amazonian Species of Colostethus" captionText-1="TABLE 2 Results (Pvalues) of ANOVA Comparing SVL of Adult Males and Adult Females of Four Similar Amazonian Species of Colostethus (see table 1 for data)a" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">tables 1–2</tableCitation>
|
||||
) in which the gray stippling on the throat of adult males is concentrated into spots or mottling and Finger III of adult males is not swollen. Adult male
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FE1B72BCFDCD2FAE" baseAuthorityName="Melin" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[388,589,1689,1712]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marchesianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FE1B72BCFDCD2FAE" box="[388,589,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. marchesianus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have an immaculate throat (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF9EFFD2FE077293FDCC2FD3" author="Morales, V. R." box="[408,588,1718,1741]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="95 - 103" refId="ref14304" refString="Morales, V. R. 1994. Taxonomia sobre algunos Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de Sudamerica, con descripcion de dos especies nuevas. Rev. Esp. Herpetol. 8: 95 - 103." type="journal article" year="1994">Morales, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). According to Morales’s (1994) account and photographs of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF9EFFD2FC2B7715FB9A2A59" box="[948,1050,816,839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
in the possession of TG,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FCFF7768FB8A2A7A" baseAuthorityName="Melin" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[864,1034,845,868]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruvianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FCFF7768FB8A2A7A" box="[864,1034,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. peruvianus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a complete oblique lateral stripe and lacks a ventrolateral stripe.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FC8F77ADFB822A81" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1989" box="[784,1026,904,927]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stepheni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FC8F77ADFB822A81" box="[784,1026,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colostethus stepheni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a median lingual process, a welldefined, complete oblique lateral stripe, and lacks the dorsolateral and ventrolateral stripes.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF9EFFD9FD4277D8FBFD2BB3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9EFFD5FD4277D8FF532D4B" blockId="3.[704,1233,786,1279]" lastBlockId="4.[134,663,764,1109]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
MEASUREMENTS OF
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF9EFFD2FC4A77D8FBCB2D0D" box="[981,1099,1021,1044]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||||
(in mm): BMNH.1947.2.14.20 is an adult male with vocal slits and large, unpigmented (white) testes. SVL, 17.2; forearm length from proximal edge of palmar tubercle to outer edge of flexed elbow, 4.0; hand length from proximal edge of palmar tubercle to tip of Finger III, 3.8; shank length from outer edge of flexed knee to heel, 8.0; foot length from proximal edge of outer metatarsal tubercle to tip of Toe IV, 7.2; head width between angle of jaws, 6.0; head length diagonally from corner of mouth to tip of snout, 5.3; eye length from posterior to anterior corner, 2.5; eye to naris distance from anterior corner of eye to center of naris, 1.5; distance between centers of nares, 2.5; snout length from anterior corner of eye to tip of snout, 2.8; interorbital distance, 1.9; diameter of tympanum immeasurable (due to preservational artifact).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF9EFFD2FC027112FBBA2C9C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[925,993,1335,1354]" targetBox="[706,1248,1424,1736]" targetPageId="3">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9EFFD2FC027112FBBA2C9C" blockId="3.[704,1232,1335,1410]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
TABLE
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF9EFFD2FC777112FD7B2C79" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="adult">
|
||||
1
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FD5F7177FD7B2C79" bold="true" box="[704,763,1362,1383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Adult</emphasis>
|
||||
</specimenCount>
|
||||
SVL (in mm) of Four Similar Amazonian Species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9EFFD2FC597148FBBA2C9C" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[966,1082,1389,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9EFFD2FC597148FBBA2C9C" bold="true" box="[966,1082,1389,1410]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF99FFD5FD1C74E7FC3A281A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[643,711,194,213]" targetBox="[134,1237,289,666]" targetPageId="4">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF99FFD5FD1C74E7FC3A281A" blockId="4.[134,1238,194,269]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
TABLE 2
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FF1974F8FC3A281A" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
Results (Pvalues) of ANOVA Comparing SVL of Adult Males and Adult Females of Four Similar Amazonian Species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF99FFD5FDC274DDFD512813" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[605,721,248,269]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FDC274DDFD512813" bold="true" box="[605,721,248,269]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="06740333FF99FFD5FC9774DDFCCE2813" box="[776,846,248,269]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[925,993,1335,1354]" captionTargetId="figure-95@3.[712,1248,1432,1736]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1 Adult SVL (in mm) of Four Similar Amazonian Species of Colostethus" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
for data)
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF99FFD5FC2C74DDFC3A281A" attach="left" box="[947,954,248,260]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">a</superScript>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF99FFD5FEA6705FFE642D8F" blockId="4.[313,484,1146,1169]" box="[313,484,1146,1169]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">REDESCRIPTION</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF99FFD5FF3C7083FB8A2D1F" blockId="4.[134,663,1190,1741]" lastBlockId="4.[710,1239,764,1741]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
A composite redescription is provided based on
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF99FFD5FF6470E1FE2B2DC5" box="[251,427,1220,1243]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="generic">123 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
from one Ecuadorian and 13 Peruvian localities. Many of these localities and/or their anuran assemblages have been described in detail (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FDB97139FEC82C4E" author="Toft, C. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="71 - 77" refId="ref14934" refString="Toft, C. A., and W. E. Duellman 1979. Anurans of the lower Rio Llullapichis, Amazonian Peru: A preliminary analysis of community structure. Herpetologica 35 (1): 71 - 77." type="journal article" year="1979">Toft and Duellman, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FEC9711CFD962C4E" author="Aichinger, M." box="[342,534,1337,1360]" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="583 - 592" part="71" refId="ref13357" refString="Aichinger, M. 1987. Annual activity patterns of anurans in a seasonal neotropical environment. Oecologia 71: 583 - 592." title="Annual activity patterns of anurans in a seasonal neotropical environment" type="journal article" year="1987">Aichinger, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Duellman and Koechlin, 1991;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FEE47173FDC12C73" author="Rodriguez, L. O." box="[379,577,1366,1389]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="151 - 197" refId="ref14746" refString="Rodriguez, L. O. 1992. Structure et organisation du peuplement d'anoures de Cocha Cashu, Parc National Manu, Amazonie Peruvienne. Rev. Ecol. 47: 151 - 197." type="journal article" year="1992">Rodríguez, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FDD37173FE572C95" author="Duellman, W. E. & Mendelson III" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="329 - 376" refId="ref13761" refString="Duellman, W. E., and J. R. Mendelson III 1995. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: taxonomy and biogeography. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 55 (10): 329 - 376." type="journal article" year="1995">Duellman and Mendelson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Duellman and Thomas, 1996;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FEA171B4FE442CB6" author="Wild, E. R." box="[318,452,1425,1448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref14976" refString="Wild, E. R. 1996. Natural history and resource use of four Amazonian tadpole assemblages. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 176: 59 pp." type="book" year="1996">Wild, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FE4F71B4FD0A2CB6" author="Parmelee, J. R." box="[464,650,1425,1448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref14499" refString="Parmelee, J. R. 1999. Trophic ecology of a tropical anuran assemblage. Sci. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 11: 59 pp." type="book" year="1999">Parmelee, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). All localities are below
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF99FFD5FE2C718BFD8A2CDB" box="[435,522,1454,1477]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="generic">
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF99FFD5FE2C718BFD862CDB" box="[435,518,1454,1477]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</specimenCount>
|
||||
Given that several of the most crucial diagnostic characters are restricted to adult males, the four localities for which adult males were not available are marked with an asterisk and are only tentatively referred to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF99FFD5FE507264FF522F68" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FE507264FF522F68" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(number of specimens examined in parentheses; see fig. 1 and appendix): Aguas Negras* (5); Río Alto Purús (1); Candamo* (2); Cocha Cashu (26); Río Curanja (4); Cuzco Amazónico (16); Explornapo* (1); Genaro Herrera (4); Limoncocha,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF99FFD5FBA1773CFB1F2A2E" box="[1086,1183,793,816]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(3); Panguana (50); Río Santiago (1); Tambopata (2); Teniente López* (3); Yurimaguas (5).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF99FFD5FD597757FC4E2A97" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[710,974,882,905]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FD597757FC4E2A97" box="[710,974,882,905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also has been reported from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF99FFD5FC9577B5FCE02AB9" box="[778,864,912,935]" name="Bolivia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FCED77B5FBA32AB9" author="Morales, V. R." box="[882,1059,912,935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="95 - 103" refId="ref14304" refString="Morales, V. R. 1994. Taxonomia sobre algunos Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de Sudamerica, con descripcion de dos especies nuevas. Rev. Esp. Herpetol. 8: 95 - 103." type="journal article" year="1994">Morales, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FBAC77B5FCB22ADB" author="De la Riva, I., R." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1413 - 1420" refId="ref13563" refString="De la Riva, I., R. Marquez, and J. Bosch 1996. The advertisement calls of three South American poison frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae), with comments on their taxonomy and distribution. J. Nat. Hist. 30 (9): 1413 - 1420." type="journal article" year="1996">De la Riva et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Köhler and Lötters, 1999;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF99FFD5FB1E778BFC032AFD" author="Gonzalez, L." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="179 - 186" refId="ref14062" refString="Gonzalez, L., S. Lotters, and S. Reichle 1999. On the dendrobatid frogs from Bolivia: rediscovery of Epipedobates bolivianus (Boulenger, 1902), first record of Colostethus brunneus (Cope, 1887) and comments on other species. Herpetozoa 12 (3 / 4): 179 - 186." type="journal article" year="1999">Gonzalez et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), but Bolivian material was not examined in this study.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF99FFD5FD7C7022FC212F26" blockId="4.[710,1239,764,1741]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
MORPHOLOGY: Adult males 15.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF99FFD5FBF27022FB562D00" box="[1133,1238,1031,1054]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="17.7">17.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FC8F7003FC9F2D23" box="[784,799,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 48,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FCE87003FC042D23" box="[887,900,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 16.45 ±
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF99FFD5FB877000FB062D22" box="[1048,1158,1061,1084]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||||
), adult females
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF99FFD5FCB27066FC5B2D44" box="[813,987,1091,1114]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.725" metricValueMax="1.93" metricValueMin="1.52" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="17.25" valueMax="19.3" valueMin="15.2">15.2–19.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FBA97066FBC52D44" box="[1078,1093,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 57,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FB397066FB332D44" box="[1190,1203,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 17.09 ±
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF99FFD5FCA77044FC2B2D66" box="[824,939,1121,1144]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
). The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF99FFD5FC607044FBE52D66" box="[1023,1125,1121,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is larger than the other
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF99FFD5FCE2705AFC792D88" box="[893,1017,1151,1174]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
|
||||
from Yurimaguas (MUSM 15611 =
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF99FFD5FC0070B8FB872DAA" box="[927,1031,1181,1204]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="16.1">16.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
SVL; AMNH FS 8689 = 16.0; see fig. 3), but the difference in SVL is less than that observed within some other populations (e.g., Panguana). Testes unpigmented (white) in all males. Mature ova pigmented black or brown. Most of dorsal and ventral surfaces smooth, except variably expressed tubercles scattered over posterior part of body and dorsal surfaces of legs and a weak, low tubercle on each eyelid in well preserved specimens. A weak to strong postrictal bulge present, reminiscent of postrictal spicules or tubercles found in many
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF99FFD5FC8F7204FC192F26" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[784,921,1569,1592]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF99FFD5FC8F7204FC192F26" box="[784,921,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF99FFD4FD7C721AFD122C4E" blockId="4.[710,1239,764,1741]" lastBlockId="5.[128,658,1044,1741]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
Head width between angle of jaws 31– 36% of SVL, 1.02–1.25 times head length in males and
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF99FFD5FCD6725EFC5E2F8C" box="[841,990,1659,1682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6542999999999997" metricValueMax="2.8956" metricValueMin="2.413" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="1.045" valueMax="1.14" valueMin="0.95">0.95–1.14 in</quantity>
|
||||
females. Interorbital distance 27–38% of head width. Snout sloped, rounded in dorsal aspect, sharply rounded in profile, protruding beyond jaws. Loreal region flat or weakly concave, not sloping outward to lip. Canthus rostralis sharply rounded and well defined. Eye length 39–53% of head length. Eyenaris distance 50–64% of snout length and 54–80% of eye length. Nares directed posteriorly in profile, protuberant in dorsal aspect. Tympanum small; greatest diameter 33–48% of eye length. Teeth on maxillary arch straight, moderate in length, not curved and fanglike.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF98FFD4FF05777EFF3C2AC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372348/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[154,192,859,880]" targetBox="[135,658,187,844]" targetPageId="5">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF98FFD4FF05777EFF3C2AC4" blockId="5.[128,657,859,986]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
Fig. 3. Ventral and dorsal views of adult male
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF98FFD4FF1F7753FEEE2A95" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[128,366,886,907]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF98FFD4FF1F7753FEEE2A95" box="[128,366,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the type locality (Yurimaguas). Holotype BMNH 1947.2.14.20 (left), AMNH FS 8689 (center), MUSM 15611 (right). ×1.2.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF98FFD4FD457750FB2D2ADE" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[730,768,885,906]" targetBox="[701,1233,187,865]" targetPageId="5">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF98FFD4FD457750FB2D2ADE" blockId="5.[704,1233,885,960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
Fig. 4. Palmar view of right hand of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF98FFD4FB147753FC532ABB" authority=", MUSM" authorityName="MUSM" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF98FFD4FB147753FCF32ABB" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
, MUSM
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
15618. Note the swelling of the preaxial side of the Finger II. ×20.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF98FFD4FF027173FD912FAE" blockId="5.[128,658,1044,1741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hand length (fig. 4) 20–26% of SVL, 0.89–1.15 times forearm length. Finger I> Finger II when appressed. Relative lengths of appressed fingers III> I> II> IV. Fingers weakly keeled distally. Metacarpal fold absent. A single, protuberant subarticular tubercle on each of Fingers I and II, two on Finger III, and one or two on Finger IV. Palmar tubercle well defined, elliptical or subtriangular. Thenar tubercle weak, elliptical. Digital discs weakly expanded. A pair of strong dorsal scutes on each disc.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF98FFD4FF027293FCF92CE9" blockId="5.[128,658,1044,1741]" lastBlockId="5.[704,1233,1046,1741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
Finger III swollen in all adult males (contra
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF98FFD4FD707033FB432D33" author="Duellman, W. E. & Mendelson III" box="[751,1219,1046,1069]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="329 - 376" refId="ref13761" refString="Duellman, W. E., and J. R. Mendelson III 1995. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: taxonomy and biogeography. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 55 (10): 329 - 376." type="journal article" year="1995">Duellman and Mendelson, 1995: 338</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), not distally exaggerated. Degree of swelling somewhat variable, but strong and conspicuous along entire length of preaxial side of digit in all but a few adult males. Finger II also swollen along preaxial side between level of subarticular tubercle and finger disc (fig. 4) in five (of 11) adult males from Cocha Cashu, two (of six) from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF98FFD4FBA8712FFB012C3F" box="[1079,1153,1290,1313]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cuzco</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Amazónico, and 12 (of 20) from Panguana (Finger II of several other specimens from these and other localities could not be unequivocally coded as swollen or not). Not all males from a locality had Finger II swollen, and no specimen had Finger II swollen and Finger III not swollen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF98FFD7FD4271DBFE632B26" blockId="5.[704,1233,1046,1741]" lastBlockId="6.[134,664,192,1507]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
Shank length and foot length 41–49 and 37– 47% of SVL, respectively. Relative lengths of appressed toes IV> III> V> II> I. Basal webbing between Toes II–IV (webbing formula
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF98FFD4FC3A725CFC3C2F8F" bold="true" box="[933,956,1657,1681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">II</emphasis>
|
||||
1
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF98FFD4FC47725DFC6C2F8E" bold="true" box="[984,1004,1656,1680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">½</emphasis>
|
||||
–3
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF98FFD4FB96725DFBCD2F8F" bold="true" box="[1033,1101,1656,1681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">½ III</emphasis>
|
||||
2
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF98FFD4FBF6725DFBFD2F8E" bold="true" box="[1129,1149,1656,1680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">½</emphasis>
|
||||
–4
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF98FFD4FB36725CFB512F8F" bold="true" box="[1193,1233,1657,1681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">IV,</emphasis>
|
||||
following Myers and Duellman, 1982). Weak keels or fringes present on both edges of all toes. Outer metatarsal fold
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF9BFFD7FE4974E5FE5F29D0" attach="left" box="[470,479,192,206]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</superScript>
|
||||
present, often forming small tubercle. Tarsal keel on distal third of tarsus well defined, tuberclelike, arising roughly onethird to onefourth tarsus length from the distal end of the tarsus, not extended distad to reach outer edge of inner metatarsal tubercle. Toe discs weakly expanded; each with pair of welldefined scutes on dorsal surface. One subarticular tubercle on Toes I and II, two on III and V, and three on IV. Outer metatarsal tubercle round; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical; both tubercles welldefined and protuberant.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9BFFD7FF3C761BFE952ACD" blockId="6.[134,664,192,1507]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
COLOR IN PRESERVATIVE: The dorsal coloration (figs. 2, 3, 5) is tan to dark brown, either uniform or with small, dark spots scattered over the dorsum. Withinpopulation variation in the expression of a narrow, pale vertebral stripe is as follows (present:absent): Aguas Negras (0:5); Río Alto Purús (0:1); Candamo (0:2); Cocha Cashu (19:7); Río Curanja (1:3);
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF9BFFD7FEA6770CFE032A5E" box="[313,387,809,832]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cuzco</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Amazónico (8:8); Explornapo (0:1); Genaro
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF9BFFD7FE287763FD902A43" box="[439,528,838,861]" country="Panama" name="Herrera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Herrera</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(0:4); Limoncocha (0:3); Panguana (0:50); Río Santiago (0:1); Tambopata (1:1); Teniente López (0:3); Yurimaguas (1:4); total for all localities (30:93).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9BFFD7FF3C77FCFD8D2C0B" blockId="6.[134,664,192,1507]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
All specimens have a pale dorsolateral stripe from the posterior corner of the eyelid to almost the end of the urostyle, although it is inconspicuous in specimens that are dorsally very light (e.g., MUSM 9186 and 9195, both from Cocha Cashu). In
|
||||
<specimenCount id="5DF0FD01FF9BFFD7FE6E7049FD172D9D" box="[497,663,1132,1155]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||||
(AMNH FS 8689 from the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF9BFFD7FE5170ACFD802DBE" box="[462,512,1161,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality; see fig. 3) the pale dorsolateral stripes broaden medially just behind the eyelids to form the outline of an hourglass pattern. The eyelid is blackish brown in all specimens.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9BFFD7FF3C7139FB3628FE" blockId="6.[134,664,192,1507]" lastBlockId="6.[710,1239,193,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ventral coloration among adult males is somewhat variable (figs. 3, 5). In most specimens, the throat and chest are stippled gray, but in some (e.g., MUSM 9196 and 15611) the stippling is much heavier, making the throat and chest dark gray or brown (but never solid black). In females, the throat, chest, and medial belly are immaculate or nearly so (very weak stippling often occurs on the chin). In all specimens examined, the belly is more strongly pigmented laterally than medially. In some specimens (e.g., MUSM 9184) the lateral belly ventral (medial) to the ventrolateral stripe is dark brown with whitish spots, whereas in others (e.g., KU 194916) it is stippled brown or gray with a variable number of elongate brown spots.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9BFFD7FD7C75C3FC7B2C2D" blockId="6.[710,1239,193,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
Thigh coloration is highly variable (figs. 3, 5). Dorsally, thighs are tan or light brown, free of dark markings (e.g., AMNH FS 8689, fig. 3) or with numerous, irregular, small spots or blotches, one or more welldefined blotches, or one welldefined transverse band of variable width. In most specimens, the anterior surface of the thigh exhibits a diffuse pale brown, brown, or black (in dark specimens, e.g., MUSM 15611) stripe from the knee through the groin and continuous with the dark coloration of the flank. A few specimens (e.g., KU 194916) lack a dark anterior thigh stripe; in these, the anterior surface is the same color as the dorsal surface. A flash mark is absent from the groin. The posterior surface of the thigh is gray, pale brown, brown, or dark brown and invariably with minute, diffuse, whitish dots. The white spot on either side of the cloaca that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF9BFFD7FBC27031FC942D56" author="Boulenger, G. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="635 - 638" refId="ref13439" refString="Boulenger, G. A. 1883. On a collection of frogs from Yurimaguas, Huallaga River, northern Peru. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883 (IV): 635 - 638." type="book chapter" year="1883">Boulenger (1883)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described is present in all wellpreserved specimens, although it varies from a prominent, welldefined spot (e.g., AMNH FS 8689) to an inconspicuous narrow line (e.g., MUSM 9184; much of the variation in this character is shown in fig. 5). Thighs are usually ventrally immaculate, although they occasionally have a few diffuse gray or brown specks of pigment.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9BFFD7FD7C711CFBD52FD3" blockId="6.[710,1239,193,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The dorsal surface of the shank has one poorly to welldefined transverse band in most specimens, although in some (e.g., MUSM 9183) the shank is covered in irregular, dark brown blotches that fail to define a transverse band. Concealed surfaces of the shank are invariably pigmented pale brown or gray (i.e., flash marks absent). The inner surface of the foot is immaculate creamy white, free of melanophores. The plantar surface is brown or gray with creamy white blotches and spots; contact surfaces of tubercles are dark gray. Webbing between Toes III–IV is creamy white or brown.</paragraph>
|
||||
<footnote id="28ED2A86FF9BFFD7FF027234FF432FD3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9BFFD7FF027234FF432FD3" blockId="6.[134,663,1553,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF9BFFD7FF027234FF242F02" attach="right" box="[157,164,1553,1564]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</superScript>
|
||||
Following
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF9BFFD7FE8C7237FE272F3B" author="Edwards, S. R." box="[275,423,1554,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13952" refString="Edwards, S. R. 1974 a. Taxonomic notes on South American dendrobatid frogs of the genus Colostethus. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 30: 14 pp. 1974 b. A phenetic analysis of the genus Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Unpublished Ph. D. diss., Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, v + 419 pp." type="book" year="1974">Edwards (1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
b), this structure is often incorrectly referred to as the ‘‘outer tarsal fold’’ (e.g., Duellman and Lynch, 1988; Duellman and Simmons, 1988;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF9BFFD7FF5B727FFEF82F73" author="Kaiser, H." box="[196,376,1626,1645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="23 - 32" refId="ref14162" refString="Kaiser, H., L. A. Coloma, and H. M. Gray 1994. A new species of Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Martinique, French Antilles. Herpetologica 50 (1): 23 - 32." type="journal article" year="1994">Kaiser et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF9BFFD7FE1A727FFD8F2F73" author="Coloma, L. A." box="[389,527,1626,1645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13478" refString="Coloma, L. A. 1995. Ecuadorian frogs of the genus Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 87: 72 pp." type="book" year="1995">Coloma, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). At its strongest, this fold runs between the postaxial edge of the base of Toe V and the outer metatarsal tubercle, but it never extends beyond the metatarsal tubercle onto the tarsus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</footnote>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF9AFFD6FF05712EFE772C94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372350" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372350/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[154,192,1291,1312]" targetBox="[239,1123,189,1271]" targetPageId="7">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9AFFD6FF05712EFE772C94" blockId="7.[128,1233,1291,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
Fig. 5. Variation in ventral and dorsal coloration among adult male
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF9AFFD6FC3F712EFB122C3E" box="[928,1170,1291,1312]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF9AFFD6FC3F712EFB122C3E" box="[928,1170,1291,1312]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Cocha Cashu. All specimens in top row have only Finger III swollen; those of bottom row have Fingers II and III swollen. From left to right, top row: AMNH 153038, MUSM 9201, MUSM 9184, MUSM 9182, MUSM 9198; bottom row: MUSM 9183, MUSM 9188, MUSM 15618, MUSM 9200, MUSM 9191. Slightly larger than life size.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9AFFD6FF0271E9FC922F25" blockId="7.[128,657,1484,1741]" lastBlockId="7.[704,1233,1484,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The arm is dorsally gray or tan with variably expressed darker brown blotches that extend from the anterior and posterior surfaces. The anterior and posterior surfaces of the upper arm have welldefined, dark brown, longitudinal stripes. The anterior stripe extends from near the base of the arm almost to the elbow; the posterior stripe extends from the axilla around the elbow, where it meets the dark brown mottling on creamy white ground of the outer and ventral sides of the forearm. Palmar surfaces are brown.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF9AFFD9FD427264FD7C2853" blockId="7.[704,1233,1484,1741]" lastBlockId="8.[710,1239,193,920]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The flank is dark brown or blackish brown with or without pale flecks and spots (fig. 6). The dark coloration of the flank is delimited ventrally by a moderately to welldefined ventrolateral stripe passing just dorsal to the arm, present in all specimens. Most specimens in all populations have a diffuse pale area anterior to the groin that extends anterodorsad to a point no further than half the distance to the arms (figs. 2 and 6). In some (e.g., MUSM 9201), this pale area includes several diffuse, whitish spots. In a few specimens (e.g., KU 194916), the area anterior to the groin is not obviously lighter than the rest of the flank, but this is probably a preservational artifact, as all wellpreserved and living frogs have this pale region (e.g., fig. 2). The dark coloration of the flanks continues anteriad from the eye, through the loreal region, and around the snout (encompassing nares) to form a face mask. Below this, the face is creamy white with gray stippling or a blackish brown stripe along the upper lip (e.g., MUSM 15611). Dark lower lip line absent.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF95FFD9FD7C7571FBFD2BB3" blockId="8.[710,1239,193,920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
COLOR IN LIFE: Color in life was described for specimens from Teniente López (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF95FFD9FB147554FB8228BB" author="Duellman, W. E. & Mendelson III" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="329 - 376" refId="ref13761" refString="Duellman, W. E., and J. R. Mendelson III 1995. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: taxonomy and biogeography. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 55 (10): 329 - 376." type="journal article" year="1995">Duellman and Mendelson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and Río Curanja (Duellman and Thomas, 1996), and color photographs of Bolivian specimens were published in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF95FFD9FCF975C3FBF928E3" author="Gonzalez, L." box="[870,1145,486,509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="179 - 186" refId="ref14062" refString="Gonzalez, L., S. Lotters, and S. Reichle 1999. On the dendrobatid frogs from Bolivia: rediscovery of Epipedobates bolivianus (Boulenger, 1902), first record of Colostethus brunneus (Cope, 1887) and comments on other species. Herpetozoa 12 (3 / 4): 179 - 186." type="journal article" year="1999">Gonzalez et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Photographs taken by LOR of material from Cocha Cashu (e.g., fig. 2) and Genaro
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF95FFD9FBA77604FB112B26" box="[1080,1169,545,568]" country="Panama" name="Herrera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Herrera</collectingRegion>
|
||||
agree with the published accounts except that the spots on either side of the cloaca and the vertebral stripe are yellowish bronze and the vertebral stripe is bordered by black.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF95FFD9FD7C7691FBA72AC7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF95FFD9FD7C7691FB442A86" blockId="8.[710,1239,193,920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
NATURAL HISTORY:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF95FFD9FC537691FB572BD5" box="[972,1239,692,715]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FC537691FB572BD5" box="[972,1239,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a forestdwelling species not closely associated with bodies of water. Numerous aspects of its ecology have been reported (usually under the name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF95FFD9FC4A770CFB202A5E" baseAuthorityName="Melin" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[981,1184,809,832]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marchesianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FC4A770CFB202A5E" box="[981,1184,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. marchesianus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF95FFD9FD597763FC7A2A43" author="Toft, C. A." box="[710,1018,838,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="71 - 77" refId="ref14934" refString="Toft, C. A., and W. E. Duellman 1979. Anurans of the lower Rio Llullapichis, Amazonian Peru: A preliminary analysis of community structure. Herpetologica 35 (1): 71 - 77." type="journal article" year="1979">Toft and Duellman (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF95FFD9FB997763FB522A43" author="Aichinger, M." box="[1030,1234,838,861]" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="583 - 592" part="71" refId="ref13357" refString="Aichinger, M. 1987. Annual activity patterns of anurans in a seasonal neotropical environment. Oecologia 71: 583 - 592." title="Annual activity patterns of anurans in a seasonal neotropical environment" type="journal article" year="1987">Aichinger (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF95FFD9FD597741FC192A65" author="Rodriguez, L. O." box="[710,921,868,891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="151 - 197" refId="ref14746" refString="Rodriguez, L. O. 1992. Structure et organisation du peuplement d'anoures de Cocha Cashu, Parc National Manu, Amazonie Peruvienne. Rev. Ecol. 47: 151 - 197." type="journal article" year="1992">Rodríguez (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF95FFD9FC387741FC962A86" author="Duellman, W. E. & Mendelson III" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="329 - 376" refId="ref13761" refString="Duellman, W. E., and J. R. Mendelson III 1995. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: taxonomy and biogeography. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 55 (10): 329 - 376." type="journal article" year="1995">Duellman and Mendelson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF95FFD9FCBA77A4FC382A86" author="Wild, E. R." box="[805,952,897,920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref14976" refString="Wild, E. R. 1996. Natural history and resource use of four Amazonian tadpole assemblages. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 176: 59 pp." type="book" year="1996">Wild (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF95FFD9FC6577A4FB412A86" author="Parmelee, J. R." box="[1018,1217,897,920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref14499" refString="Parmelee, J. R. 1999. Trophic ecology of a tropical anuran assemblage. Sci. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 11: 59 pp." type="book" year="1999">Parmelee (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF95FFD9FCE977E6FBA72AC7" blockId="8.[886,1063,963,986]" box="[886,1063,963,986]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">VOCALIZATIONS</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF95FFD8FD7C77D1FF7C2C65" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF95FFD8FD7C77D1FF7C2C65" blockId="8.[710,1239,1012,1741]" lastBlockId="9.[128,657,1028,1403]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
AMNH FS 8689 (16.0 mm SVL) was collected at Yurimaguas, the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF95FFD9FC667037FBAB2D37" box="[1017,1067,1042,1065]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality. A recording of this frog (AMNH herpetology reel 272, made by Javier Icochea at 15:18 h on
|
||||
<date id="3F481048FF95FFD9FD59704FFC322D9F" box="[710,946,1130,1153]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1993-09-25">25 September 1993</date>
|
||||
, 27°C) includes 27 calls in 3.08 min of continuous tape (0.15 calls per sec). The advertisement call (fig. 7) is a series of short, highpitched peeps. Calls consist of 9–13 notes (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FC2D70FAFC412DE8" box="[946,961,1247,1270]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 26,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FB8470FAFBA82DE8" box="[1051,1064,1247,1270]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 11.2 ± 0.3 notes, mode = 10 notes; one obviously anomalous call of four notes is excluded). Call duration is 972–1550 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FBC27112FBEC2C50" box="[1117,1132,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 26,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FB567112FB562C50" box="[1225,1238,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 1260 ± 29.8 msec). Detailed data were taken from the first two calls on the tape, constituting 12 and 11 notes, respectively. In both calls, the first two notes are shortest (both 41.8 msec in call 1; 39.5 and 41.0 msec, respectively, in call 2). Similarly, internote duration between the first two notes of both calls is less than half of that of the other notes (25.8 msec in call 1; 29.9 msec in call 2). Video spectrographic scrolling revealed that in 17 of the 27 calls the internote duration between the first two notes is conspicuously less than between the remaining notes. For the remaining notes, note duration is 43.0–45.3 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FEF87004FEF62D26" box="[359,374,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 19,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FE597004FE532D26" box="[454,467,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 43.79 ± 0.15 msec); internote duration is 71.1–88.7 msec (
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FF157079FF192D6D" box="[138,153,1116,1139]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
|
||||
= 17,
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FF717079FF7B2D6D" box="[238,251,1116,1139]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">x</emphasis>
|
||||
= 77.92 ± 1.25 msec). Each note weakly frequency modulated from lower to higher, with emphasized frequencies of the 23 notes between 4920 and 6040 Hz. Minor frequency modulation is detected among the notes of each call, in which notes are emitted at increasing frequencies, then decreasing frequencies, and again increasing frequencies, before terminating at a relatively high frequency.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF95FFD9FF3F700DFDB22DC3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372352/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[160,198,1064,1085]" targetBox="[139,657,185,1042]" targetPageId="8">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF95FFD9FF3F700DFDB22DC3" blockId="8.[134,663,1064,1245]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
Fig. 6. Lateral view of two similar Amazonian species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF95FFD9FEB17066FE292D46" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[302,425,1091,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FEB17066FE292D46" box="[302,425,1091,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Note the variation in the pale area anterior to the groin and the distance of the pale ventrolateral stripe from arm. From top to bottom,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF95FFD9FE9870B6FE182DB6" box="[263,408,1171,1192]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FE9870B6FE182DB6" box="[263,408,1171,1192]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH FS 8689 Ƌ; MUSM 15618 Ƌ), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF95FFD9FE1F708BFDB62DDD" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" box="[384,566,1198,1219]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF95FFD9FE1F708BFDB62DDD" box="[384,566,1198,1219]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(AMNH FS 11920 Ƌ; AMNH 114944 ♀). ×2.8.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="1F896600FF94FFD8FF0577A8FCA72AA3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5372354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5372354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5372354/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[154,192,909,930]" targetBox="[134,1231,189,884]" targetPageId="9">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF94FFD8FF0577A8FCA72AA3" blockId="9.[128,1232,909,957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
Fig. 7. Narrowband (59 Hz) spectrogram and waveform of advertisement call of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF94FFD8FBB577ABFF532AA3" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FBB577ABFF532AA3" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Yurimaguas, the type locality (AMNH FS 8689).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="03EC6503FF94FFDBFECD7185FB192D4B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF94FFD8FECD7185FE3F2CA8" blockId="9.[338,447,1440,1463]" box="[338,447,1440,1463]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF94FFD8FF0271E9FCBF2D27" blockId="9.[128,657,1484,1741]" lastBlockId="9.[704,1232,1028,1081]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF94FFD8FF0271E9FE242CFD" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[157,420,1484,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FF0271E9FE242CFD" box="[157,420,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colostethus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF94FFD8FE6E71E9FF372F1E" baseAuthorityName="Melin" baseAuthorityYear="1941" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marchesianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FE6E71E9FF372F1E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. marchesianus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have been reported from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="33E17618FF94FFD8FE6471CCFDB02F1E" box="[507,560,1513,1536]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF94FFD8FDDA71CCFE052F03" author="Duellman, W. E." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="60 - 70" refId="ref13914" refString="Duellman, W. E., and C. A. Toft 1979. Anurans from Serrania de Sira, Amazonian Peru: taxonomy and biogeography. Herpetologica 35 (1): 60 - 70." type="journal article" year="1979">Duellman and Toft, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF94FFD8FE047223FF3E2F25" author="Toft, C. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="71 - 77" refId="ref14934" refString="Toft, C. A., and W. E. Duellman 1979. Anurans of the lower Rio Llullapichis, Amazonian Peru: A preliminary analysis of community structure. Herpetologica 35 (1): 71 - 77." type="journal article" year="1979">Toft and Duellman, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF94FFD8FF4B7201FE082F25" author="Schluter, A." box="[212,392,1572,1595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="149 - 161" refId="ref14904" refString="Schluter, A. 1980. Bio-akustiche Untersuchungen an Dendrobatiden in einem begrenzten Gebiet des tropischen Regenwaldes von Peru. Salamandra 16 (3): 149 - 161." type="journal article" year="1980">Schlüter, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Frost, 1985;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF94FFD8FDDA7201FE8A2F46" author="Rodriguez, L. O." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="151 - 197" refId="ref14746" refString="Rodriguez, L. O. 1992. Structure et organisation du peuplement d'anoures de Cocha Cashu, Parc National Manu, Amazonie Peruvienne. Rev. Ecol. 47: 151 - 197." type="journal article" year="1992">Rodríguez, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF94FFD8FE837264FDB32F46" author="Rodriguez, L. O." box="[284,563,1601,1624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14781" refString="Rodriguez, L. O., J. H. Cordova, and J. Icochea 1993. Lista preliminar de los anfibios del Peru´. Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. UNMSM (A) 45: 22 pp." type="book" year="1993">Rodríguez et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Rodríguez and Duellman, 1994;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF94FFD8FE55727BFDD22F6B" author="Wild, E. R." box="[458,594,1630,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14976" refString="Wild, E. R. 1996. Natural history and resource use of four Amazonian tadpole assemblages. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 176: 59 pp." type="book" year="1996">Wild, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF94FFD8FDFD727BFE952F8D" author="Parmelee, J. R." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14499" refString="Parmelee, J. R. 1999. Trophic ecology of a tropical anuran assemblage. Sci. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 11: 59 pp." type="book" year="1999">Parmelee, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, none of the material we examined is referable to those taxa, and we suspect that previous reports were based on erroneously determined specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF94FFD8FB297021FCB72D27" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FB297021FCB72D27" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF94FFDBFD42701AFEB92853" blockId="9.[704,1233,1087,1741]" lastBlockId="10.[134,663,193,1595]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
The diffuse, pale region extending from the groin to midway along the flank is located in the same area as the oblique lateral stripe and is presumably homologous with it. However, this pattern does not conform to any of the previously delimited states (i.e., complete from groin to eye, e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF94FFD8FBD670D6FB512C14" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[1097,1233,1267,1290]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FBD670D6FB512C14" box="[1097,1233,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. nubicola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[Dunn, 1924]; broken into series of spots, e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF94FFD8FC9A710AFD7E2C7A" authority="Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1985" authorityName="Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch" authorityYear="1985" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FC9A710AFCF42C58" box="[773,884,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. agilis</emphasis>
|
||||
RuizCarranza and Lynch, 1985
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; partial or incomplete, e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF94FFD8FBFD7168FD7D2C9C" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1918" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kingsburyi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FBFD7168FD7D2C9C" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. kingsburyi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[Boulenger, 1918]), and it is frequently overlooked. It is often difficult to code unambiguously, as it is hard to distinguish from chafing, fading, and other preservational artifacts, or from the white spots and flecks that are roughly uniformly scattered over the flank of many species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF94FFD8FC647205FB042F29" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[1019,1156,1568,1591]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF94FFD8FC647205FB042F29" box="[1019,1156,1568,1591]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Nevertheless, all wellpreserved and live exemplars of a number of similar species possess this diffuse, pale area on the flank, and we have not noticed it in any species west of the Amazonian slopes of the Andes. In the Amazon basin, we have observed this state in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFDE474E4FF7229E8" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFDE474E4FF7229E8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFE9874FAFEF329E8" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[263,371,223,246]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFE9874FAFEF329E8" box="[263,371,223,246]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(in which it is usually quite prominent),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFEFF74D9FE7D280D" box="[352,509,252,275]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFEFF74D9FE7D280D" box="[352,509,252,275]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFD8E74D9FF58282E" authorityName="GRANT & RODRÍGUEZ" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanolaemus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFD8E74D9FF58282E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. melanolaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(named below), and at least five unnamed species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF97FFDBFF3C7571FE362C4E" blockId="10.[134,663,193,1595]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
The discovery of the swollen second finger in some specimens was initially taken as evidence for the recognition of two species. However, related evidence indicates that this interpretation was spurious. Specimens with the swollen second finger were all found in sympatry with specimens that exhibit swelling only of the third finger. Field notes and other data do not indicate differences in microhabitat selection, and the specimens are otherwise indistinguishable (e.g., fig. 5). Similarly, both conditions were found at localities separated by>
|
||||
<quantity id="8C0E9B6DFF97FFDBFE047691FE742BD5" box="[411,500,692,715]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="km" value="700.0">700 km</quantity>
|
||||
(Panguana in the middle portion of the range, and Cocha Cashu and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF97FFDBFE9676CBFED32A1B" box="[265,339,750,773]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cuzco</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Amazónico in the southern portion), and the swollen secondfinger morphology was detected only in the three largest samples. The expression of swelling of the third finger is known to vary among males taken in large series (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFE6C77A4FF432AAB" author="Myers & Charles W. & Alfredo Paolillo O. & John W." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref14389" refString="Myers, Charles W., Alfredo Paolillo O., and John W. Daly 1991. Discovery of a defensively malodorous and nocturnal frog in the family Dendrobatidae: phylogenetic significance of a new genus and species from the Venezuelan Andes. Am. Mus. Novitates 3002: 33 pp." type="book" year="1991">Myers et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; personal obs., TG), probably as a function of reproductive activity, and it is likely that the swollen second finger would serve the same function and undergo the same kind of variation. This claim is further supported by our observation of apparently continuous variation in the amount of swelling of the second finger (which prevented us from clearly assigning several specimens to either of the morphological classes). It should be noted, however, that swelling of Finger II does not appear to covary with age (inferred from SVL) or other secondary sex characters that often vary with reproductive activity (e.g., throat color; fig. 5).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<footnote id="28ED2A86FF97FFDBFD42712CFC312FD3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF97FFDBFD42712CFC312FD3" blockId="10.[710,1239,1289,1741]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF97FFDBFD42712CFD642C0A" attach="right" box="[733,740,1289,1300]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5</superScript>
|
||||
AMNH FS 8689, the specimen recorded at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF97FFDBFB31712FFB562C03" box="[1198,1238,1290,1309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality, differs from other examined
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFBAA7107FC832C53" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFBAA7107FC832C53" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in having an hourglass dorsal color pattern. Although the possibility exists that this specimen is not conspecific with the other material taken at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF97FFDBFB12714FFB352C63" box="[1165,1205,1386,1405]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality, in all other respects it falls well within the range of variation seen in other populations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFBCC71BFFB502CB3" box="[1107,1232,1434,1453]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFBCC71BFFB502CB3" box="[1107,1232,1434,1453]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and this hourglass dorsal pattern occurs commonly as part of the repertory of intraspecific variation in numerous species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFCF171C7FC5B2CEB" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[878,987,1506,1525]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFCF171C7FC5B2CEB" box="[878,987,1506,1525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colostethus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFBC571C7FB562CEB" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1114,1238,1506,1525]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFBC571C7FB562CEB" box="[1114,1238,1506,1525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFD5371DFFCBE2F13" author="Cope, E. D." box="[716,830,1530,1549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="44 - 60" refId="ref13516" refString="Cope, E. D. 1887. Synopsis of the Batrachia and Reptilia obtained by H. H. Smith in the province of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 24 (125): 44 - 60." type="journal article" year="1887">Cope, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFCD671DFFC542F13" author="Morales, V. R." box="[841,980,1530,1549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="95 - 103" refId="ref14304" refString="Morales, V. R. 1994. Taxonomia sobre algunos Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de Sudamerica, con descripcion de dos especies nuevas. Rev. Esp. Herpetol. 8: 95 - 103." type="journal article" year="1994">Morales, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; personal obs., TG),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFB0071DFFD6A2F3B" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFB0071DFFD6A2F3B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFD687237FC012F3B" author="Morales, V. R." box="[759,897,1554,1573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="95 - 103" refId="ref14304" refString="Morales, V. R. 1994. Taxonomia sobre algunos Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de Sudamerica, con descripcion de dos especies nuevas. Rev. Esp. Herpetol. 8: 95 - 103." type="journal article" year="1994">Morales, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; personal obs., TG),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFBD97237FCD62F23" authority="Schmidt, 1932" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1932" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandelorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFBD97237FB562F3B" box="[1094,1238,1554,1573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. mandelorum</emphasis>
|
||||
Schmidt, 1932
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Rivero, ‘‘1982’’ [1984];
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFBF1720FFD772F4B" author="La Marca, E." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="4 - 19" refId="ref14254" refString="La Marca, E. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of Colostethus mandelorum (Anura: Dendrobatidae), with notes on coloration, natural history, and description of the tadpole. Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 29 (1): 4 - 19." type="journal article" year="1993">La Marca, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFCAF7267FD772F73" authority="Rivero, Langone, and Prigioni, 1986" authorityName="Rivero, Langone, and Prigioni" authorityYear="1986" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanmartini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFCAF7267FC302F4B" box="[816,944,1602,1621]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. sanmartini</emphasis>
|
||||
Rivero, Langone, and Prigioni, 1986
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFC9D727FFB832F73" author="Gonzalez, L." box="[770,1027,1626,1645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="179 - 186" refId="ref14062" refString="Gonzalez, L., S. Lotters, and S. Reichle 1999. On the dendrobatid frogs from Bolivia: rediscovery of Epipedobates bolivianus (Boulenger, 1902), first record of Colostethus brunneus (Cope, 1887) and comments on other species. Herpetozoa 12 (3 / 4): 179 - 186." type="journal article" year="1999">Gonzalez et al. (1999: 185</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, fig. 5A) also provide a photograph of an unidentified specimen with this dorsal pattern. Based on available data, we are unable to conclude that more than one species occurs at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF97FFDBFB317287FB562FAB" box="[1198,1238,1698,1717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFCB1729FFC2B2FD3" box="[814,939,1722,1741]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFCB1729FFC2B2FD3" box="[814,939,1722,1741]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</footnote>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF97FFDBFF3C7173FBDE2ADB" blockId="10.[134,663,193,1595]" lastBlockId="10.[710,1239,193,1109]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
Several differences in temporal patterning are observed between the vocalizations recorded at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF97FFDBFEB971B4FED82CB6" box="[294,344,1425,1448]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality and those reported for
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="A2284E04FF97FFDBFF26718BFEAA2CDB" box="[185,298,1454,1477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panguana</collectingCounty>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFEDC718BFE782CDB" author="Schluter, A." box="[323,504,1454,1477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="149 - 161" refId="ref14904" refString="Schluter, A. 1980. Bio-akustiche Untersuchungen an Dendrobatiden in einem begrenzten Gebiet des tropischen Regenwaldes von Peru. Salamandra 16 (3): 149 - 161." type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="AB2DACF2FF97FFDBFEDC718BFE262CDB" box="[323,422,1454,1477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Schlüter</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
, 1980
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="8932F86AFF97FFDBFDD3718BFD162CDB" box="[588,662,1454,1477]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cuzco</collectingRegion>
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF97FFDBFF1971E9FE8C2CFD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B:4E296053FF97FFDBFF1971E9FE8C2CFD" box="[134,268,1484,1507]" county="Panguana" municipality="Schluter" name="Amazonico" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cusco">Amazónico</location>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFE8371E9FE462CFD" author="Coloma, L. A." box="[284,454,1484,1507]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13478" refString="Coloma, L. A. 1995. Ecuadorian frogs of the genus Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 87: 72 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF97FFDBFE8371E9FEFD2CFD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B:4E296053FF97FFDBFE8371E9FEFD2CFD" box="[284,381,1484,1507]" county="Panguana" municipality="Schluter" name="Coloma" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cusco">Coloma</location>
|
||||
, 1995
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFE4D71E9FF452F1E" author="De la Riva, I., R." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1413 - 1420" refId="ref13563" refString="De la Riva, I., R. Marquez, and J. Bosch 1996. The advertisement calls of three South American poison frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae), with comments on their taxonomy and distribution. J. Nat. Hist. 30 (9): 1413 - 1420." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF97FFDBFE4D71E9FDCF2CFD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B:4E296053FF97FFDBFE4D71E9FDCF2CFD" box="[466,591,1484,1507]" county="Panguana" municipality="Schluter" name="De la Riva" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cusco">De la Riva</location>
|
||||
et al., 1996
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF97FFDBFF4E71CDFF5A2CE8" attach="left" box="[209,218,1512,1526]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</superScript>
|
||||
<location id="4E296053FF97FFDBFF7871CCFEA32F1E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C35F879EFF9FFFDBFD6671BAFB192D4B:4E296053FF97FFDBFF7871CCFEA32F1E" box="[231,291,1513,1536]" county="Panguana" municipality="Schluter" name="Calls" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Cusco">Calls</location>
|
||||
recorded at the latter two localities consist of couplets repeated at roughly 200 msec intervals; each note of the couplets has a duration of <30 msec. Rodríguez and Duellman (1994: 16) report a similar call of ‘‘two chirplike notes produced at a rate of about 72 per minute’’, but no further data are provided. In contrast, the calls recorded at the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="944D882AFF97FFDBFD637574FCAE2876" box="[764,814,337,360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality are composed of single notes (i.e., not couplets) of usually> 40 msec duration, repeated at <90 msec intervals. Although these differences in amplitude modulation could conceivably indicate the existence of two species, the calls of the three populations are spectrally identical and no significant morphological differences were detected among the specimens examined.
|
||||
<superScript id="BC839BC0FF97FFDBFD607676FC882B7F" attach="left" box="[767,776,595,609]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5</superScript>
|
||||
It has long been known that signal structure may vary greatly among populations, individuals, and even calls of the same individual (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFCCB768EFC7A2BDC" author="Bogert, C. M." box="[852,1018,683,706]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="137 - 320" refId="ref13381" refString="Bogert, C. M. 1960. The influence of sound on the behavior of amphibians and reptiles. In W. E. Lanyon and W. N. Tavolga (eds.), Animal sounds and communication. Am. Inst. Biol. Sci. Publ. 7: 137 - 320." type="journal article" year="1960">Bogert, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; see Junca´, 1998 and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2F674B79FF97FFDBFD6276E2FC622BC0" author="Myers, C. W." box="[765,994,711,734]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref14443" refString="Myers, C. W., L. O. Rodriguez, and J. Icochea 1998. Epipedobates simulans, a new cryptic species of poison frog from southeasternPeru, with notes on E. macero and E. petersi (Dendrobatidae). Am. Mus. Novitates 3238: 20 pp." type="book" year="1998">Myers et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, as well as the discussion of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFCD676C1FC322BE5" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1994" box="[841,946,740,763]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juanii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFCD676C1FC322BE5" box="[841,946,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. juanii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, below, for examples of variation of temporal patterning in dendrobatids). When acoustic samples are small and the differences between them unaccompanied by morphological or other correlates, taxonomic interpretations should be conservative. For this reason, we continue to refer to all these frogs as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFC24778BFBD62ADB" box="[955,1110,942,965]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFC24778BFBD62ADB" box="[955,1110,942,965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4B493688FF97FFDBFD7C77EEFB192D4B" blockId="10.[710,1239,193,1109]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||||
In contrast to the above, another similar species occurs in the same vicinity as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CF64D0BFF97FFDBFB1677CDFC0B2D05" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trilineatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7982EA9AFF97FFDBFB1677CDFC0B2D05" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colostethus trilineatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but differs in both temporal and spectral call parameters as well as in morphology. Consequently, we name it
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue