diff --git a/data/03/C8/87/03C887CDFFB84A2FFED1F9F7FBAAFDAD.xml b/data/03/C8/87/03C887CDFFB84A2FFED1F9F7FBAAFDAD.xml index 5d315b6d9e4..5a903fbf165 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/87/03C887CDFFB84A2FFED1F9F7FBAAFDAD.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/87/03C887CDFFB84A2FFED1F9F7FBAAFDAD.xml @@ -1,563 +1,502 @@ - - - -Agarna malayi Tiwari 1952 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) Parasitising the Marine Fish, Tenualosa toli (Clupeidae) from India: Re-description / description of Parasite Life Cycle and Patterns of Occurrence + + + +Agarna malayi Tiwari 1952 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) Parasitising the Marine Fish, Tenualosa toli (Clupeidae) from India: Re-description / description of Parasite Life Cycle and Patterns of Occurrence - - -Author + + +Author -Aneesh, Panakkool Thamban -Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change, Govt. of India, Kolkata- 700 053, West Bengal, India. E-mail: anee 3716 @ gmail. com & Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, Kariavattam, Kerala, India -anee3716@gmail.com +Aneesh, Panakkool Thamban +Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change, Govt. of India, Kolkata- 700 053, West Bengal, India. E-mail: anee 3716 @ gmail. com & Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, Kariavattam, Kerala, India +anee3716@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Sudha, Kappalli -Department of Animal Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod- 671316, India +Sudha, Kappalli +Department of Animal Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod- 671316, India - - -Author + + +Author -Helna, Ameri Kottarathil -Post Graduate Department of Zoology and Research Centre, Sree Narayana College, Kannur- 670 007, India. +Helna, Ameri Kottarathil +Post Graduate Department of Zoology and Research Centre, Sree Narayana College, Kannur- 670 007, India. - - -Author + + +Author -Anilkumar, Gopinathan -School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India. E-mail: ganilkumar @ vit. ac. in -ganilkumar@vit.ac.in +Anilkumar, Gopinathan +School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India. E-mail: ganilkumar @ vit. ac. in +ganilkumar@vit.ac.in -text - - -Zoological Studies +text + + +Zoological Studies - -2018 - -25 + +2018 + +2018-06-07 + +57 + + +25 + + +1 +22 + -journal volume -1810-522X +journal article +10.6620/ZS.2018.57-25 +1810-522X +PMC6517805 +31966265 - - - - - - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 + + + + + + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 - - - - - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952: 295-300 + + + + + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952: 295-300 , pl. iv, text fig. 1-2; -Bowman and Tareen 1983 +Bowman and Tareen 1983 , 21; - -Aneesh et al. 2016a: 1-8 + +Aneesh et al. 2016a: 1-8 , fig. 1 a-d. - - -Indusa malayi + + +Indusa malayi ( -Pillai 1964 +Pillai 1964 ) : 211-223, fig. 3 and 7d; -Trilles 1994 +Trilles 1994 , 1981; -Trilles and Vala 1975 +Trilles and Vala 1975 - - - - -Indusa ophueseni -Pillai 1954: 15 + + + + +Indusa ophueseni +Pillai 1954: 15 . - - -Host + + +Host : All the present Indian material is from - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) ( -Clupeidae +Clupeidae ). The other host fishes are - -Nematalosa nasus + +Nematalosa nasus +( +Bloch, 1795 +) -(Bloch, - -page 3 of 22 - -1795) ( -Clupeidae +( +Clupeidae ) ( -Tiwari 1952 +Tiwari 1952 ) and - -Mugil ophueseni + +Mugil ophueseni (Bleeker) (= - -Valamugil cunnesius + +Valamugil cunnesius (Valenciennes)) ( -Mugilidae +Mugilidae ) ( -Pillai 1954 +Pillai 1954 , -1964 +1964 ). - -Distribution + +Distribution : Kolkata ( -Tiwari, 1952 +Tiwari, 1952 ), Travancore ( -Pillai 1954 +Pillai 1954 ), Kayamkulam Lake, -Kerala +Kerala , southwestern coast of -India +India ( -Pillai 1964 +Pillai 1964 ), Bay of Bengal and Malabar Coast of -Kerala +Kerala , -India +India (present study). - -Material examined + +Material examined : 55 ññ, 5 transitionals, 50 òò, -4 juveniles +4 juveniles , 28 manca I and 36 manca II. - -Type material + +Type material : - -Holotype + +Holotype : 1 ñ, from - -Nematalosa nasus + +Nematalosa nasus , purchased from Bow Bazar, Kolkata, -India +India ; -Coll. Shri Malay Kumar Datta +Coll. Shri Malay Kumar Datta , -Reg. No. C +Reg. No. C 3121/2 ZSI. - -Paratype + +Paratype : 1ñ from - -Nematalosa nasus + +Nematalosa nasus , purchased from Bow Bazar, Kolkata, -India +India ; Coll. Shri Malay Kumar Datta, Reg. No.C3122/2 ZSI (remaining 5 ññ deposited by Tiwari in 1954 were damaged). - -Non-type material + +Non-type material : All from - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli Ayyikkara Fish Landing Centre (Lat. -11°51'N +11°51'N , Long. -75°22'E +75°22'E ; Malabar Coast, -India +India ; Coll. Aneesh deposited in PCM. 1 ñ Reg. No. PCM AM-01; 1 ò Reg. No. PCM AM-02; 1 ñ Reg. No. PCM AM-03; 1 ò Reg. No. PCM AM-04; 1 ñ Reg. No. PCM AL-05; 1 transitional Reg. No. PCM AL-23; 1 transitional Reg. No. PCM AL-25; 12 manca I Reg. No. PCM AM-17; 7 manca II, Reg. No. PCM AM-27. - -Description + +Description ( -Figs. 1-13 +Figs. 1-13 ): -Ovigerous female +Ovigerous female ( - + Figs. -1 +1 , -2E, F +2E, F , -3 +3 , -4 -): Asymmetrical and hunched body, slightly longer than wide, widest at pereonite 4. One side of the body almost straight and other side strongly recurved. Cephalon symmetrical, 1.8- 2 x as wide as long, roughly triangular with narrow round apex, accommodated in the deeply recessed amphicephalic process of pereonite 1. Eyes small, distinct, sub-dorsal and in the posterio-lateral of cephalon. Pereonite 1 without coxa, all the coxae are visible in dorsal view; 2-3 transversely placed, 4-7, triangular, circuitously disposed on antero-lateral surface of the lateral margin and the posterior margin free from the pereonite. All the pereonite except p-1, asymmetrical. Pereonite 1 longest, pereonites 2-3 subequal in length; 4 longer than 3. Pereonite 5-7 decreasing in length progressively, pereonite 7 shortest. The pereonites 1-4 abruptly increase in width towards one side; pereonite 4 widest and gradually decrease the width from 5-7. Pleonites 2-5 visible, increasing progressively in width posteriorly from 1 to 5; pleonite 5 widest and longest. Pleotelson 1.6-1.8 x as wide as long, slightly shorter than pleonite 5, posterior margin broadly rounded. Presence of +4 +): Asymmetrical and hunched body, slightly longer than wide, widest at pereonite 4. One side of the body almost straight and other side strongly recurved. Cephalon symmetrical, 1.8- 2 x as wide as long, roughly triangular with narrow round apex, accommodated in the deeply recessed amphicephalic process of pereonite 1. Eyes small, distinct, sub-dorsal and in the posterio-lateral of cephalon. Pereonite 1 without coxa, all the coxae are visible in dorsal view; 2-3 transversely placed, 4-7, triangular, circuitously disposed on antero-lateral surface of the lateral margin and the posterior margin free from the pereonite. All the pereonite except p-1, asymmetrical. Pereonite 1 longest, pereonites 2-3 subequal in length; 4 longer than 3. Pereonite 5-7 decreasing in length progressively, pereonite 7 shortest. The pereonites 1-4 abruptly increase in width towards one side; pereonite 4 widest and gradually decrease the width from 5-7. Pleonites 2-5 visible, increasing progressively in width posteriorly from 1 to 5; pleonite 5 widest and longest. Pleotelson 1.6-1.8 x as wide as long, slightly shorter than pleonite 5, posterior margin broadly rounded. Presence of many pustules on dorsal surface of pleotelson. - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -page 4 of 22 - - -Fig. 1. + +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan + + + +Fig. 1. Photographs of the holotype and paratype of - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 specimens studied: (A) holotype (C3121/2) dorsal view; (B) holotype (C3121/2) ventral view; (C) paratype (C3122/2) dorsal view; (D) paratype (C3122/2) ventral view; (E) branchial cavity of - -Nematalosa nasus + +Nematalosa nasus , showing the holotype (C3122/2) -in situ +in situ ; (F) branchial cavity of - -Nematalosa nasus + +Nematalosa nasus , showing the paratype (C3122/2) in situ. - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -many pustules on dorsal surface of pleotelson. -Antennule stouter than antenna, composed of 8 articles; articles 4-8 with many setae. Antenna with 9-13 articles, longer and stouter than antennule. Mandible with a well-developed incisor process. Mandible palp 3 segmented and without setae in ovigerous female; basal segment border, apical segment short and conical. Maxillule with 4 unequal slightly recurved apical spines; outer pair much shorter than inner. Bi-lobed maxilla with 2 slightly recurved spines on inner median lobe and two spines on outer lateral lobe. Maxilliped without oostegial lobe; article 3 with 3 large terminal recurved spines. -Pereopods 1-7 without spines; pereopod 1 short and robust, gradually increase in size from 1 to 7, P-7 longest. Pleopods not distinctly visible in dorsal view; pleopod 2 without appendix masculina. Exopodite of pleopod 1-5 without setae. Uropod rami short, flattened extend almost up to the distal margin of pleotelson; rami subequal in length, curved and apically rounded. -Brood pouch with 4 pairs of overlapping oostegites arising from the bases of pereopods 2, 3, 4 and 6; 2nd oostegites small, 4th and 6th large and 3rd medium. Number of eggs or larvae per brood pouch ranges from 110 to 320 according to the size of the female. - -Male + +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan + +Antennule stouter than antenna, composed of 8 articles; articles 4-8 with many setae. Antenna with 9-13 articles, longer and stouter than antennule. Mandible with a well-developed incisor process. Mandible palp 3 segmented and without setae in ovigerous female; basal segment border, apical segment short and conical. Maxillule with 4 unequal slightly recurved apical spines; outer pair much shorter than inner. Bi-lobed maxilla with 2 slightly recurved spines on inner median lobe and two spines on outer lateral lobe. Maxilliped without oostegial lobe; article 3 with 3 large terminal recurved spines. +Pereopods 1-7 without spines; pereopod 1 short and robust, gradually increase in size from 1 to 7, P-7 longest. Pleopods not distinctly visible in dorsal view; pleopod 2 without appendix masculina. Exopodite of pleopod 1-5 without setae. Uropod rami short, flattened extend almost up to the distal margin of pleotelson; rami subequal in length, curved and apically rounded. +Brood pouch with 4 pairs of overlapping oostegites arising from the bases of pereopods 2, 3, 4 and 6; 2nd oostegites small, 4th and 6th large and 3rd medium. Number of eggs or larvae per brood pouch ranges from 110 to 320 according to the size of the female. + +Male ( -Figs. 2A, B +Figs. 2A, B , -5 +5 , -6 +6 ): Relatively smaller than ovigerous female and transitional stage. Body longer than wide and symmetrical, 2.5-2.6 x as long as wide. Cephalon triangular with subtruncate anterior border. Eyes dorsal and larger than female. Pereonite 1 anteriorly trisinuous, anterio-lateral corners slightly produced. Pereonite 1 longest, 2-6 successively shorter. Pereonites 3-5 subequal in width and widest. All the coxae visible in dorsal view, coxae 2-4 more or less equal to pereonite, 5 and 6 longer than pereonite and 7 shorter than pereonite. All pleonites except pleonite 1 visible, increasing progressively in width posteriorly; pleonite 5 widest and longest. Pleotelson as long as wide, slightly shorter than pleonite 5 and distally semicircular. -8 articled antennule stouter and shorter than antenna. Article 2 slightly wider than others. Antennae 9-11 articled, decreasing gradually in width, terminal article with 2-6 setae. Mandible palp 3 segmented, articles 3 with few setae on terminal margin. Maxillule with 4 apical spines slightly recurved; maxilla bi-lobed, with 1 slightly recurved spines on inner median lobe and two spines on outer lateral lobe. Maxilliped without oostegial lobe and a palp with 3 recurved spines on article 3. -page 5 of 22 - +8 articled antennule stouter and shorter than antenna. Article 2 slightly wider than others. Antennae 9-11 articled, decreasing gradually in width, terminal article with 2-6 setae. Mandible palp 3 segmented, articles 3 with few setae on terminal margin. Maxillule with 4 apical spines slightly recurved; maxilla bi-lobed, with 1 slightly recurved spines on inner median lobe and two spines on outer lateral lobe. Maxilliped without oostegial lobe and a palp with 3 recurved spines on article 3. + Pereopods 1-7 gradually increasing in size, without spines; basis increasing in width progressively. Penes visible on sternite 7. Pleopods not distinctly visible in dorsal view. Pleopod 2 with appendix masculina. Endopodite of pleopods 4 moderately and 5 strongly folded. Uropod rami, nearly reaching the distal margin of pleotelson; rami subequal in length, curved and apically rounded ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ). - + Pereopods 1-7 gradually increasing in size, without spines; Pereopods 1 short and robust, P-7 longest. Pleopods not distinctly visible in dorsal view; pleopod 2 with appendix masculina. Exopodite of pleopod 1-5 without setae. Uropod rami short, flattened extend up to the distal margin of pleotelson; rami subequal in length, curved and apically rounded ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ). - -Transitional + +Transitional ( -Figs. 1C, D +Figs. 1C, D , -5 +5 ): Body 2.35-2.4 times as long as wide; slightly curved towards one side, Eyes small and moderately distinct. Cephalon partially immersed in poorly developed amphicephalic process of pereonite 1, as long as wide, anterior margin truncate. Pereonites, pleonites, antennules, antenna and mandible palp are similar to those of the ovigerous female and maxilla, maxilliped similar to those of the male. A rudimentary penis is visible on sternite 7. Pleotelson 1.8-2 times as wide as long, slightly wider than pleonite 5 and uropods similar to those of the ovigerous female. Pereopods and pleopods similar to those of female and male. - -Juvenile + +Juvenile ( -Figs. 1H +Figs. 1H , -8 +8 ): Body approximately 3.3 times as long as wide, relatively narrower and smaller than those of the female, transitional stage and male. Eyes prominent, ovate and conspicuous in dorsal view; anterior margin of cephalon rounded, not immersed in pereonite 1. Pereonite 1 longest, pereonite 2, 3, 4 subequal; pereonite 4 and 5 widest and subequal. Pereonite 5-7 gradually decreasing in length. Pleonites, subequal in length, gradually decreasing in width towards posterior. Pleotelson as long as wide, apical margin rounded with many small reduced setae. -Antennule 8 articled, reaching the anterior margin of pereonite 1; articles 4-8 with few spinules and article 8 with few terminal aesthetics. Antenna longer than antennule, 9 articled, extending to anterior margin of pereonite 2; all the article with few spinules. Article 2 of mandible palp with 2 marginal setae; third article with 3 marginal setae and one apical recurved seta. Maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped similar to those of the male stage. -Pereopod 1-7 with 2-5 spines on posterior margin of propodus; except pereopod 5 and 7 all - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - +Antennule 8 articled, reaching the anterior margin of pereonite 1; articles 4-8 with few spinules and article 8 with few terminal aesthetics. Antenna longer than antennule, 9 articled, extending to anterior margin of pereonite 2; all the article with few spinules. Article 2 of mandible palp with 2 marginal setae; third article with 3 marginal setae and one apical recurved seta. Maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped similar to those of the male stage. + +Pereopod 1-7 with 2-5 spines on posterior margin of propodus; except pereopod 5 and 7 all other pereopod with one spine on the posterior margin of merus. Dactylus of pereopods without tooth and about two times longer than propodus. Penes not developed. The lateral margin of pleopods without setae. Median margin of protopod with 4/5 retinaculae. Pleopod 2 with thick and vestigial appendix masculina, as long as endopodite. Uropod extending beyond the distal margin of pleotelson, inner margin of basis with few setae; rami slightly curved, endopodite relatively large. Endopodite margin few setae. Exopodite few setae, restricted to the inner margin ( +Fig. 9 +). -page 6 of 22 - - -Fig. 2. - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 + +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan + + + +Fig. 2. + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 ex - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) . (A-B) male dorsal and ventral view; (C-D) transitional stage dorsal and ventral view; (E-F) ovigerous female dorsal view; (G) manca II larva; (H) juvenile; (I) ovigerous female on - -T. toli + +T. toli ; (J) manca II on - -T. toli + +T. toli . - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -page 7 of 22 -(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (H) (G) - - -Fig. 3. - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 + +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan + + + +Fig. 3. + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 ex - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) ovigerous female, (A-B) dorsal view; (C) ventral view; (D) antennule; (E) antenna; (F) mandible; (G) maxillule; (H) maxilla; (I) maxilliped. +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -page 8 of 22 - - -Fig. 4. - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 + + +Fig. 4. + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 ex - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) ovigerous female, (A-G) pereopods 1-7; (H) brood; (I) pleopod 2; (J) pleopod 5; (K) uropod; (L) pleotelson and uropods. - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -other pereopod with one spine on the posterior margin of merus. Dactylus of pereopods without tooth and about two times longer than propodus. Penes not developed. The lateral margin of pleopods without setae. Median margin of protopod with 4/5 retinaculae. Pleopod 2 with thick and vestigial appendix masculina, as long as endopodite. Uropod extending beyond the distal margin of pleotelson, inner margin of basis with few setae; rami slightly curved, endopodite relatively large. Endopodite margin few setae. -page 9 of 22 - -Exopodite few setae, restricted to the inner margin ( -Fig. 9 -). - - + +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan + + Manca II ( -Figs. 1G +Figs. 1G , -10 +10 , -11 +11 ): Body elongated and transparent, 3.3 times as long as wide, Eyes black, prominent, ovate and prominent in dorsal view. Cephalon 1.5 times as wide as long and golden yellow in colour. Pereonite 1 relatively long; pereonites 2, 3 and 4 subequal in length; longer than pereonites 5 and 6; pereonites 5 and 6 subequal in length; pereonite 7 short and narrow; pereonites 5 widest. All pleonites visible and - - -Fig. 5. - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 + + +Fig. 5. + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 ex - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) transitional stage, (A) dorsal view; (B) mandible; (C) maxillule; (D) maxilla; (E) maxilliped; (F) pleopod 2. - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -page 10 of 22 - - -Fig. 6. - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 + +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan + + + +Fig. 6. + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 ex - -Tenualosa toil + +Tenualosa toil (Valenciennes) male (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) antennule; (D) antenna; (E) mandible; (F) maxillule; (G) maxilla; (H) maxilliped. +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -(D -page 11 of 22 - - -Fig. 7. - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 +(D + + +Fig. 7. + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 ex - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) male, (A-G) pereopods 1-7; (H-L) pleopods 1-5; (M) pleotelson and uropods. +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -subequal in width and length; 4.5 times as wide as long. Pleotelson 1.3 times as wide as long and the apical margin with 40-42 plumose setae. -Eight articled antennule extends to posterior margin of pereonite 1; all the articles with setae and 3-4 spinules and article 8 with four terminal aesthetascs. Antenna longer than antennule, 11 articled, extending to posterior margin of pereonite 2; all the articles with spinules and article 11 with few terminal aesthetascs. Article 2 of the mandible palp with two seta arising from the disto-lateral margin; article 3 with four marginal setae and one apical recurved seta. Maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped similar to those of the male stage. -Six pereopods; pereopod 1-3, with one spine on merus. Dactyls of all the pereopod without tooth. Propodus of pereopod 1-3 broad with 5-6 -page 12 of 22 -tooth, 4-6 with few spines. Pleopods not distinctly visible in dorsal view. Pleopod 1 with 20-28 plumose setae on endopodite and 32-36 plumose setae on exopodite. Pleopod 2-5, apical margin of exopodite with 32-36 plumose setae. Uropod rami sub equal, extending strongly beyond the distal margin of pleotelson, curved and apically rounded. Exopodite with 26-28 plumose setae and apical margin with one small and one larger slightly recurved spine; endopodite with 20-22 plumose setae and apical margin with one slightly recurved spine. Uropods and pleotelson with many dark chromatophores. - +subequal in width and length; 4.5 times as wide as long. Pleotelson 1.3 times as wide as long and the apical margin with 40-42 plumose setae. +Eight articled antennule extends to posterior margin of pereonite 1; all the articles with setae and 3-4 spinules and article 8 with four terminal aesthetascs. Antenna longer than antennule, 11 articled, extending to posterior margin of pereonite 2; all the articles with spinules and article 11 with few terminal aesthetascs. Article 2 of the mandible palp with two seta arising from the disto-lateral margin; article 3 with four marginal setae and one apical recurved seta. Maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped similar to those of the male stage. +Six pereopods; pereopod 1-3, with one spine on merus. Dactyls of all the pereopod without tooth. Propodus of pereopod 1-3 broad with 5-6 tooth, 4-6 with few spines. Pleopods not distinctly visible in dorsal view. Pleopod 1 with 20-28 plumose setae on endopodite and 32-36 plumose setae on exopodite. Pleopod 2-5, apical margin of exopodite with 32-36 plumose setae. Uropod rami sub equal, extending strongly beyond the distal margin of pleotelson, curved and apically rounded. Exopodite with 26-28 plumose setae and apical margin with one small and one larger slightly recurved spine; endopodite with 20-22 plumose setae and apical margin with one slightly recurved spine. Uropods and pleotelson with many dark chromatophores. + Manca I ( -Fig. 12 -): Body elongated and transparent, 3.8-4.2 times as long as wide, Eyes black, prominent and conspicuous in dorsal view. Cephalon 1.5 times as wide as long, not immersed +Fig. 12 +): Body elongated and transparent, 3.8-4.2 times as long as wide, Eyes black, prominent and conspicuous in dorsal view. Cephalon 1.5 times as wide as long, not immersed in pereonite 1. Yolk globules are visible in the pereon, between the pereonites 2 and 6. Pereonite 1 slightly long, pereonite 7 short and narrow. Pereonites 5 widest. All pleonites visible and subequal in width and length; 3.3 times as wide as long. Pleotelson as wide as long, without plumose setae. - - -Fig. 8. - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 + + +Fig. 8. + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 ex - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) juvenile, (A) dorsal view; (B) antennule; (C) antenna; (D) mandible; (E) maxillule; (F) maxilla; (G) maxilliped. +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -in pereonite 1. Yolk globules are visible in the pereon, between the pereonites 2 and 6. Pereonite 1 slightly long, pereonite 7 short and narrow. Pereonites 5 widest. All pleonites visible and page 13 of 22 -subequal in width and length; 3.3 times as wide as long. Pleotelson as wide as long, without plumose setae. -Antenna larger than antennule. 8 articled - - -Fig. 9. - -Agarna malayi -Tiwari 1952 +Antenna larger than antennule. 8 articled antennule extends to anterior margin of pereonite 2; antenna longer than antennule, 11 articled, extending to posterior margin of pereonite 3; all articles without setae and spinules. Mouthparts are not well developed; mandible palp articles without setae and spines; maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped with poorly developed apical spines. Apical spines not recurved. + + +Fig. 9. + +Agarna malayi +Tiwari 1952 ex - -Tenualosa toli + +Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) juvenile, (A-G) pereopods 1-7; (H) pleopod 2; (I) pleopod 4; (J) uropod; (K) pleotelson and uropods. +© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan - - -Zoological Studies -57: -25 (2018) - - -antennule extends to anterior margin of pereonite 2; antenna longer than antennule, 11 articled, extending to posterior margin of pereonite 3; all articles without setae and spinules. Mouthparts are not well developed; mandible palp articles without setae and spines; maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped with poorly developed apical spines. Apical spines not recurved. -Six pereopods; pereopods 1-6 without spines. Distal margin of dactylus of pereopod 1-6 slightly indented and then forming a narrow terminal part. Propodus of pereopod not toothed. Pleopods not distinctly visible in dorsal view. Pleopods 1-5 without plumose setae. Uropod rami subequal, -page 14 of 22 -extending strongly beyond the distal margin of pleotelson, apically rounded without plumose setae. - -S i z e +Six pereopods; pereopods 1-6 without spines. Distal margin of dactylus of pereopod 1-6 slightly indented and then forming a narrow terminal part. Propodus of pereopod not toothed. Pleopods not distinctly visible in dorsal view. Pleopods 1-5 without plumose setae. Uropod rami subequal, extending strongly beyond the distal margin of pleotelson, apically rounded without plumose setae. + +S i z e : Ovigerous female ( -14-18 mm +14-18 mm ), transitional ( -12-15 mm +12-15 mm ), male ( -9-13 mm +9-13 mm ), juvenile ( -8 mm +8 mm ), manca I ( -2.4-2.8 mm +2.4-2.8 mm ), manca II ( -3.4-3.6 mm +3.4-3.6 mm ). - -Colour + +Colour : Male, transitional and female - body white, with scattered faint chromatophores on the dorsal side, more in proximal end of the telson. Juvenile, manca I and manca II- transparent with scattered chromatophores. diff --git a/data/03/DD/87/03DD87C2FE585602FF13FD25A19BFE70.xml b/data/03/DD/87/03DD87C2FE585602FF13FD25A19BFE70.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3f0c3a81a22 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/DD/87/03DD87C2FE585602FF13FD25A19BFE70.xml @@ -0,0 +1,306 @@ + + + +Borneosa tenebrosa + + + +Author + +Ng, Peter K L + + + +Author + +Grinang, Jongkar + +text + + +Zoological Studies + + +2022 + +2022-10-11 + + +61 + + +39 + + +1 +13 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055960 + +journal article +10.6620/ZS.2022.61-39 +1810-522X +PMC9745572 +36568810 +12826598 + + + + + + + +Pseudasphondylia elaeocarpi +Tokuda & Yukawa + + + + + + + +( +Fig. 4 +) + + +Diagnosis +: Adult palpus three-segmented, first to sixth tergites with a single row of posterior setae, hypoproct basally rather wide and extremely narrowing at apex. Pupal antennal horn triangular, well developed ( +Fig. 4A +). Pupal stigmatal tubercles present on second to fourth abdominal segments ( +Fig. 4B +), reduced on fifth to eighth abdominal segments. Larval sternal spatula with four lobes and the inner pairs longer than the outer ( +Fig. 4C +). + + +Material examined +: +Type materials +: +JAPAN +: ò (on slide, +Holotype +, ELKU), Shiroyama, +Kagoshima +, Kyushu, galls collected +1.v.1976 +and adult emerged on +2.v.1976 +., leg. J Yukawa; 10ò, 6ñ, +7 Larvae +(on slides, +Paratypes +, ELKU), same data as +holotype +; 3ò (on slides), Shiroyama, +Kagoshima +, Kyushu, +15.iv.1971 +, J Yukawa; 2ñ (on slides) Shiroyama, +Kagoshima +, Kyushu, galls collected on +22.iv.1974 +and adults emerged +26.iv.1974 +, leg. K Takahashi; 2ò, 5ñ, +2 Pupae +(on slides) Kekura, +Kagoshima +, Kyushu, galls collected on +29.iv.1977 +and adults emerged +4–11.v.1977 +, leg. T Sunose; 1ò, 1ñ, +2 Pupae +(on slides), Yona, Kunigami, +Okinawa +Island, +24.ii.2001 +, leg. M Tokuda and J Yukawa. + + +Other materials examined +: +TAIWAN +: [ +Taichung City +] 2ò, 2ñ, +6 Pupae +(on slides, NCHU), Mt. Tung-mao, galls collected on +25.iv.2017 +and adults emerged on +3.v.2017 +, leg. SF Lin; 2ò, 7ñ (in EtOH, NCHU), Mt. Tung-mao, galls collected on +25.iv.2017 +and adults emerged on +8–11.v.2017 +, SF Lin; [ +Pingtung +Co.] 10ò, 7ñ, (in EtOH, NCHU), Dahan forest rd., galls collected on +4.v.2017 +and adults emerged on +8–25.v.2017 +, leg. YM Chao and SF Lin. + + +Distribution +: +JAPAN +: Honshu, Kyushu, Tanegashima, Nakanoshima, Amamiohshima, and Okinawajima ( +Tokuda and Yukawa 2005 +; +Yukawa et al. 2013 +; +Tokuda 2018 +); and +TAIWAN +(New distribution records, see +Table 3 +). + + +Genetic distance and species delimitation + + +Sequences of + +five + +P. + + +kiwiphila +sp. nov. +(one Japanese and four Taiwanese individuals) and two Taiwanese + +P. elaeocarpi + +individuals were obtained for a partial +COI +gene (658–689 bp). Species delimitation of ABGD showed three presumptive species ( +Fig. 5 +) corresponding to our morphological examinations: (1) + +P. matatabi + +: one Japanese sequence; (2) + +P. elaeocarpi + +: one Japanese and two Taiwanese sequences; and (3) + +P. kiwiphila + +sp. nov. +: one Japanese and four Taiwanese sequences. + + + +Fig. 4. + +Pseudasphondylia elaeocarpi + +(A) Pupal face and antennal horns. (B) Pupal abdomen, arrows indicate stigmatal tubercles. (C) Larval sternal spatula. Scale bars: A and C = 0.3 mm; B = 0.5 mm. + + + +The genetic distance of + +P. elaeocarpi + +is 0.1% within Taiwanese individuals and 2.7% between Taiwanese and Japanese populations. As to + +Actinidia + +- associated species, the genetic distance is 0–2.6% among + +P. kiwiphila + +sp. nov. +and 5.1–6.7% between + +P. kiwiphila + +sp. nov. +and Japanese + +P. matatabi + +. + + +Phylogeny and divergence time + + +The phylogenetic trees constructed by Bayesian inference ( +Fig. 5A +) and by Maximum likelihood shared a similar topology except for the phylogenetic relationship among individuals of + +P. kiwiphila + +sp. nov. +, which was resolved in the IQ tree ( +Fig. 5B +) but not the BI tree. Leaf gallers of + +Pseudasphondylia + +, + +P. elaeocarpi + +, and + +P. saohimea + +, situated at the stem part of the tree and formed a paraphyletic group, whereas + +Pseudasphondylia +species + +including all flower-bud and fruit gallers formed a monophyletic clade (PP: 0.51 and ML: 40%). This clade is further divided into + +Actinidia + +- associated species, + +P. kiwiphila + +sp. nov. +and + +P. matatabi + +, (PP: 1 and ML: 97%) and Japanese species on other hosts (PP: 0.62 and ML: 95%). + + +In + +Actinidia + +-associated species, the divergence time for the two species was estimated to be 2.2–2.9 mya ( +COI +genetic distance: 5.1–6.7%). At the interspecific level, Taiwanese individuals of + +P. kiwiphila + +sp. nov. +were paraphyletic to the Japanese individual. Taiwanese taxa of + +P. elaeocarpi + +was reconfirmed as a sister group of Japanese + +P. elaeocarpi + +(PP: 1 and ML: 100%), and their divergence time was estimated to be around 1.2 mya ( +COI +genetic distance: 2.7%). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/E1/87/03E187869D0E3C5DFD7209B0FD3CFBA4.xml b/data/03/E1/87/03E187869D0E3C5DFD7209B0FD3CFBA4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3aeccaf27fe --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/E1/87/03E187869D0E3C5DFD7209B0FD3CFBA4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,490 @@ + + + +Description of A New Archaeococcoid of the Genus Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) from India. + + + +Author + +Das, Anirban +Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia- 741252, West Bengal, India. + + + +Author + +Das, Bijan Kumar +Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia- 741252, West Bengal, India. & AICR Project on Medicinal & Aromatic Plants and Betelvine, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia- 741235, West Bengal, India. * Correspondence: E-mail: bkdas 1963 @ rediffmail. com (BK Das) +bkdas1963@rediffmail.com + +text + + +Zoological Studies + + +2022 + +2022-10-11 + + +61 + + +54 + + +1 +10 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2022.61-54 + +journal article +10.6620/ZS.2022.61-54 +1810-522X +PMC9755985 +36568823 +12826751 + + + + + + + +Perissopneumon kalyaniense +Das and Das sp. + + + + + +nov. +( +Figs. 1–3 +) + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +CF596E5A-7DE0-4DC2-9F65- 8828277C3B88 + + + + + +Material examined +: + + +Holotype + +: +INDIA +: +West Bengal +, +Kalyani +( +22.97°N +, +88.43°E +), + +25. iv. 2021 + +, coll. +A. Das +, ex. + +Glycosmis pentaphylla + +, +1 adult +ñ +mounted on slide ( +ZSI +, +Registration No. +12211/H15). + + + + +Paratypes + +: Same collection data as for +holotype +; +2 adult +females mounted singly ( +ZSI +), registration nos. +12209/H15 +and +12210/H15 +; and +5 adult +females mounted singly and +2 adult +females in one vial of alcohol ( +BCKV +). + + +Etymology +: The species is named after the +type +locality, Kalyani, combined with the Latin suffix +-ense +, meaning “from a locality or place”. + + +Description of adult female +: The description is based on +10 adult +females (the +holotype +, and +9 paratypes +) and measurements are only from 5 good quality slide mounted specimens only. + + + +Appearance in life ( +Figs. 1A–D +) + +: Adult females found on twigs and small stems of the host. They are large, broadly elongaled oval with anterior end sinuate, posterior end rounded and dorsum convex; covered with a whitish mealy powder. Body colour dull orange, legs and antennae deep brown, and eyes dark brown. + + +Slide-mounted adult female +: +body shape and size +: Body elongate oval ( +Figs. 2A +, +3A +), +9.5–10.5 mm +long, broadest across abdomen which is 6.0– +6.5 mm +wide. + + + +Derm of slide mounted adult female ( +Fig. 2L +) + +: Derm densely crowded with small stout setae, multilocular pores and circular to oval translucent cells or areoles, generally each areole surrounds the base of a seta or pore, infrequently areoles of two setae or a pore and a seta combined; areoles associated with pores are larger than those associated with setae. Derm rather thick, not sclerotized, internally with apodeme-like thickening at the inter-segmental areas; both dorsal and ventral surfaces with a few scattered, irregularly shaped bare areas of cuticle without pores or setae ( +Figs. 2F +, +3F +) surrounded by small setae. Dorsal submargin with ten small roughly circular transluscent membranous areas on each side, present singly at anterior of each of the seven abdominal spiracles ( +Fig. 2d +), on meso- and meta-thorax, and a comparatively larger one on anterior part of head. + + + +Fig. 1. + +Perissopneumon kalyaniense +Das & Das + +sp. nov. +A and B, adult females on branches of + +Glycosmis pentaphylla +(Retz.) DC. C + +and D, dorsal and ventral views, respectively, of alcohol preserved adult female. + + + +Setae +: Small, stout, straight or slightly curved setae, each 50–75 μm long ( +Fig. 2L +), covering whole body, comparatively denser and longer in marginal and sub-marginal areas. Medium length to long setae with collared bases present at intervals along the margin, each 320–450 μm long ( +Figs. 2K +, +3G +), more numerous in posterior marginal areas of the body. Macro-setae also found on inter-antennal region (numbering 10–14, each 300–315 μm long), dermal areas laterad of labium (each 300–350 μm long), surrounding anal orifice (each 170–175 μm long), and some moderately long setae also sparsely scattered throughout. + + + +Multilocular pores ( +Figs. 2N +, +3I +) + +: Dorsum with only +4 types +of multilocular pores, each with thickened rim and unilocular centre of various shapes: (i) multilocular pores each 8–8.5 μm in diameter, with 4 rim loculi and elliptical to pentagonal centre, abundant throughout; (ii) multilocular pores each 10.5 μm in diameter, with 5 rim loculi and elliptical to pentagonal centre, sparsely present; (iii) multilocular pores each 12–12.5 μm in diameter, with 6 rim loculi and elliptical to pentagonal centre, rarely present; (iv) multilocular pores each 8 μm in diameter, with 4 rim loculi and approximately triangular centre, frequent throughout and fairly evenly distributed. + +Multilocular pores on venter same as dorsum; pores each with 4 rim loculi and both elliptical to pentagonal and triangular centres mostly distributed on anterior part of body, and pores with 5 or 6 rim loculi abundantly present around ventral cicatrices. + + +Antenna ( +Figs. 2B +, +3B +) + +: Antennae stout, each 8 segmented, 1.8–2.0 mm long; each segment bearing a few medium-sized setae. Basal segment stout, broadest and quadrate; second and third subequal, cylindrical, slightly longer than wide; fourth segment cylindrical, but thinner than preceding; fifth, sixth, and seventh segments each subequal to fourth but wider at the distal end; terminal segment longest, elongate, equal to or longer than six and seven together. Lengths of individual segments: I: 200–220 μm; II: 195–200 μm; III: 225–250 μm; IV: 175–200 μm; +V +: 200–215 μm; +VI +: 225–230 μm; VII: 200–225 μm; and VIII: 400–425 μm. Interantennal setae numbering 10–14, with lengths varying, 300–315 μm. + + +Eye +: Eyes subglobose or truncately conical, each located near antennal base, 150 μm in basal diameter. + + + +Rostrum ( +Figs. 2E +, +3D +) + +: stout conical, obscurely 3 segmented, about 400–410 μm long; apical segment with numerous long setae, each 300–350 μm long and small sensory tuft of setae at tip. + + + +Leg ( +Figs. 2C +, +3C +) + +: Legs all well developed, with all the segments bearing strong setae; inner and outer edges of each tibia and tarsus beset with stout spinelike setae. Each trochanter with a long trochanteral seta, 375–425 μm long; claw single, stout, moderately curved, bluntly pointed, with a pair of simple fragile ungual digitules. Lengths of metathoracic leg segments: coxa, 700–750 μm; trochanter, 520–550 μm; femur, 1200– 1250 μm; tibia, 1230–1250 μm; tarsus, 700–720 μm long; claw stout, 150–180 μm long, moderately curved, bluntly pointed, with a pair of simple, pointed and fragile, ungual digitules not exceeding claw apex. + + + +Thoracic spiracles ( +Figs. 2M +, +3E +) + +: Thoracic spiracles ventral, stout, all of approximately equal size; each 300–315 μm long with atrium 300–320 μm long and 100–120 μm wide, with about 65–75 multilocular pores. + + + +Abdominal spiracles ( +Figs. 2I +, +3J +) + +: Abdominal spiracles dorsal, numbering seven pairs, present on abdominal segments II–VIII, each with a short sclerotized cylindrical tube or atrium with a slightly expanded inner end and circular opening, about 45–50 μm diameter, and with a band of disc pores (numbering about 18–21 +) +in wall of atrium. + + + +Anal opening ( +Figs. 2G +, +3J +) + +: Anal opening surrounded by numerous long setae, each 170–175 μm long. Anal tube weakly sclerotized, long (340–360 μm), with a sclerotized inverted pear-shaped opening rim (maximum width 130–140 μm) and the rim is studded with obscured wax pores arranged mostly in a single row, some points with double pore width. + + + +Cicatrices ( +Figs. 2H +, +3K +) + +: Three large ventral cicatrices present, confined within a semicircular to irregularly quadrate area, posterior to vulva; median cicatrices largest, elongate, 325–350 μm long, lateral cicatrices irregular in shape, each 290–300 μm long. + + + +Marsupial opening ( +Fig. 2J +) + +: Large, 500–600 μm in long margins lined with setae, each 50–75 μm long. + + +Diagnostic comments +: + +Perissopneumon kalyaniense +Das and Das +sp. + +nov. and + +P. ferox +Newstead + +are similar in having a single, unique +type +of abundantly distributed dermal pore that has four rim loculi and a tri-angular centre, an important character state that distinguishes them from other species of + +Perissopneumon + +. + +Perissopneumon kalyaniense + +resembles + +P. ferox + +in having three ventral cicatrices. However, + +P. kalyaniense + +is easily distinguished from + +P. ferox + +by the following combination of features (character states of + +P. ferox + +in parenthesis): (i) ventral derm with 4–6 rim loculi (4–8 rim loculi); (ii) Anal tube long (short), with a pear-shaped opening (circular opening), and anal opening ring having wax pores arranged mostly in a single row, some points with double pore width. + + +Distribution +: The new species is known from Kalyani area of +West Bengal +, +India +. + + + + +Fig. 2. +Diagnostic characters of a slide-mounted adult female, + +Perissopneumon kalyaniense +Das & Das + +sp. nov. +A, whole body (ventral view). B, antenna. C, hind leg. D, abdominal spiracle and nearby transluscent membranous area. E, beak. F, bare areas of cuticle without pores or setae. osteole like structure derm. G, anus. H, cicatrics. I, abdominal spiracle. J, marsupial opening. K, posterior marginal area. L, lateral marginal area. M, thoracic spiracle. N, different multilocular pores. + + + + +Fig. 3. +Taxonomic illustration of diagnostic characters of adult female, + +Perissopneumon kalyaniense +Das & Das + +sp. nov. +A, whole body. B, antenna. C, hind leg. D, beak. E, thoracic spiracle. F, bare areas of cuticle without pores or setae. G, marginal setae. H, anus. I, multilocular pores. J, abdominal spiracle. K, ventral cicatrics. + + + + + +Key to world species of + +Perissopneumon +Newstead + + + + +Based on adult females and modified after + +Tang and Hao +( +1995) + +: the key does not necessarily reflect phylogenetic relationships. + + + + +1. Derm with abundant multilocular pores each containing 4-rim loculi and an approximately triangular centre ............................ 2 + + +- Derm without multilocular pores with approximately triangular centre centres .............................................................................. 3 + + + + + +2. Ventral derm with multilocular pores each containing 4–8 rim loculi .................................................................... + +ferox +Newstead + + + + + +- Ventral derm with multilocular pores each containing only 4–6 rim loculi ................................. + +kalyaniense +Das and Das +sp. + +nov. + + + + + + +3. Dermal alveoli distributed densely, the distance between alveoli smaller than the diameter of a larger one; with a single ventral cicatrice .................................................... + +cellulosus +(Takahashi) + + + + +- Dermal alveoli distributed sparsely, the distance between alveoli greater than the diameter of a larger one; ventral cicatrices numbering three or absent .......................................................... 4 + + + + + +4. The great majority of dorsal disk pores each with more than 4 rim loculi; ventral cicatrices absent ....................... + +phyllanthi +(Green) + + + + +- The great majority of dorsal disk pores with only 4 rim loculi; ventral cicatrices large, numbering 3 ......................................... 5 + + + + + +5. Atrium of each abdominal spiracle containing about 12–18 multilocular pores; derm strongly sclerotized, dark at maturity ... ........................................................................ +tamarindus +(Green) + + + + +- Atrium of each abdominal spiracle containing about 25–30 multilocular pores; derm not as above ......... + +tectonae +(Morrison) + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/81/19/87/811987ECDC34FFA7FDDBFD4AFC28E8CD.xml b/data/81/19/87/811987ECDC34FFA7FDDBFD4AFC28E8CD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..502a313c5be --- /dev/null +++ b/data/81/19/87/811987ECDC34FFA7FDDBFD4AFC28E8CD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2133 @@ + + + +Integrαted Tαxonomy Reveαls Hidden Diversity in Northern Austrαliαn Fishes: A New Species of Seαmoth (Genus Pegasus) + + + +Author + +Osterhage, Deborah + + + +Author + +Pogonoski, John J. + + + +Author + +Appleyard, Sharon A. + + + +Author + +White, William T. + +text + + +PLoS ONE + + +2016 + +e 0149415 + + +2016-03-02 + + +11 + + +3 + + +1 +26 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149415 + +journal article +300284 +10.1371/journal.pone.0149415 +dadc7897-47da-46e4-a3ca-51af1d1a1644 +1932-6203 +PMC4774964 +26934529 +12630599 +5CEA3535-4A26-4447-B42E-8ED17B368E9E + + + + + + +Pegasus tetrabelos +Osterhage, Pogonoski, Appleyard and White + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: +359804F0-30D0-4ECC-B355-D60D45556018 + +. + + +( +Figs 2 +, +3a +, +4a +, +5a +, +6a +, +7a +, +8–10 +; +Table 1 +) + + + + +Material. + +Holotype +. +CSIRO +H 6553–03 +, female +110 mm +PCL +, northeast of +Dungeness Island +, +Torres Strait +, +Australia +, +09°46’9” S +, +143°09’19” E +, + +19 m +depth + +, + +24 Jan 2004 + +. + + + + +Paratypes +. +Northern Territory +, +Australia +: +NTM +S. 10604–008, +32 mm + + +PCL +, near +North Oxley Island +, +Oxley Islands +, +11° S +, +132°49’1” E +, + +10 m +depth + +, + +19 Oct 1982 + + +; +NTM +S. 13283–003, +115 mm + +PCL +, northeast of +Charles Point +, +Beagle Gulf +, +12°15’ S +, +130°40’58” E +, + +26 m +depth + +, + +2 Sep 1992 + + +; + +NTM +S. 13284–003 ( +2 specimens +), +99–119 mm + + +PCL +, northeast of +Charles Point +, +Beagle Gulf +, +12°16’58” S +, +130°40’ E +, + +24 m +depth + +, + +2 Sep 1992 + + +; +WAM +P. 29139–002, 109+ mm + +PCL +(rostrum tip damaged), ~ +84 km +southwest of +Darwin +, +12°50’ S +, +130°10’ E +, + +34–45 m +depth + +, + +10 Sep 1965 + + +. + + + +Queensland +, +Australia +: AMS IA. 6761 ( +2 specimens +), +57–60 mm + + +PCL +, +Lindeman Island +, +20° 27’ S +, +149°02’ E + +, 1936; AMS I. 20771–097 ( +6 specimens +), +109–120 mm + +PCL +, +1–9 mile +east of +Captain Billy Creek +, +Cape York +, +11°37’ S +, +142°56’ E +, + +16–18 m +depth + +, + +18 Feb 1979 + + +; AMS I. 34375–001 ( +9 specimens +), +75–92 mm + +PCL +, +5 km +southwest of +Leicester Island +, +Shoalwater Bay +, +22°18’54” S +, +150°22’44” E +, + +16 m +depth + +, + +24 Oct 1993 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6520–02 +( +2 males +, +1 female +), +73–102 mm + + +PCL +, north of +Broad Sound +, +21°47’48” S +, +149°32’12” E +, + +10 m +depth + +, + +13 Nov 2005 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6543–03 +, +107 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 6543–04 +, male +109 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 6543–05 +, male +97 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Banks Island +, +Torres Strait +, +10°07’46” S +, +142°45’51” E +, + +19 m +depth + +, + +12 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6547–02 +( +1 male +, +1 female +), +100–123 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Newcastle Bay +, +10° 45’27” S +, +142°47’21” E +, + +26 m +depth + +, + +25 Sep 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6555–02 +, male +102 mm + + +PCL +, northeast of +Mackay +, +21°01’34” S +, +149°21’26” E +, + +25 m +depth + +, + +29 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6667–03 +, +114 mm + + +PCL +, north of +Dungeness Island +, +Torres Strait +, +9°26’57” S +, +142°51’12” E +, + +12 m +depth + +, + +23 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6688–02 +, male +110 mm + + +PCL +, west of +Mulgrave Island +, +Torres Strait +, +10° 10’33” S +, +141°58’39” E +, + +12 m +depth + +, + +17 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6738–06 +( +3 specimens +), +114–120 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 6738–07 +, female +110 mm + + +PCL +, southeast of +Mackay +, +21°17’58” S +, +149° 34’11” E +, + +21 m +depth + +, + +29 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6793–02 +, male +115 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Banks Island +, +Torres Strait +, +10°16’41” S +, +142°42’31” E +, + +19 m +depth + +, + +13 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6795–03 +( +2 specimens +), +101–106 mm + + +PCL +, west of Prince of Wales Island, +Torres Strait +, +10°41’38” S +, +141°53’36” E +, + +14 m +depth + +, + +18 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6912–06 +, female +112 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Saibai Island +, +Torres Strait +, +9°18’34” S +, +142°55’04” E +, + +11 m +depth + +, + +23 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 6914–04 +, female +114 mm + + +PCL +, west of +Mulgrave Island +, +Torres Strait +, +10°02’43” S +, +141°36’32” E +, + +16 m +depth + + +, 16 Jan + + + + +Fig 2. Holotype of + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +(CSIRO H 6553–03, 110 mm PCL). + +(A) dorsal; (B) lateral; and (C) ventral views. + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g002 + + +2004; + +CSIRO +H 6918–04 +( +2 specimens +), +91–92 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Bowling Green Bay +, +19°26’48” S +, +147°34’ E +, + +16 m +depth + +, + +2 Dec 2003 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7090–02 +( +15 specimens +), +88–121 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7090–03 +, +103 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7090–04 +, female +107 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7090–05 +(dry), ~ +109 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7090–06 +, +88 mm + + +PCL +, north of +Broad Sound +, +21°37’51” S +, +149°36’03” E +, + +15 m +depth + +, + +28 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7491–03 +, male +109 mm + + +PCL +, west of +Mulgrave Island +, +Torres Strait +, +10°02’55” S +, +141°39’37” E +, + +14 m +depth + +, + +16 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7502–03 +( +2 females +, rostra damaged), 86+ and 95+ mm + + +PCL +, south of +Whitsunday Island +, +20° 29’32” S +, +148°59’21” E +, + +31 m +depth + +, + +5 Dec 2003 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7660–03 +( +5 specimens +), +102–115 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Northumberland +Islands +, +21°37’22” S +, +150°07’47” E +, + +34 m +depth + +, + +28 Nov 2005 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7665–01 +, +111 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7665–03 +, female 110+ mm + + +PCL +(rostrum tip damaged), north of +Dalrymple Island +, +Torres Strait +, +9°21’55” S +, +143°24’18” E +, + +20 m +depth + +, + +25 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7666–01 +( +3 specimens +), +105–120 mm + + +PCL +, west of +Hook Island +, +20°09’46” S +, +148°46’43” E +, + +27 m +depth + +, + +4 Dec 2003 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7667–01 +, +74 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7667–02 +, female +103 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7667–03 +, +102 mm + + +PCL +, south of +Saibai Island +, +Torres Strait +, +9° 28’6” S +, +142°43’35” E +, + +8 m +depth + +, + +23 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7668–01 +( +3 specimens +), +64–74 mm + + +PCL +, north of +Broad Sound +, +21°52’58” S +, +149°30’56” E +, + +10 m +depth + +, + +28 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7673–02 +( +2 females +; +1 male +), +102–116 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Banks Island +, +Torres Strait +, +10°06’44” S +, +142°39’38” E +, + +17 m +depth + +, + +12 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7674–01 +( +2 specimens +), +89–99 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Flinders Group +, +14°10’48” S +, +144°11’38” E +, + +15 m +depth + +, + +21 Sep 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7675–01 +( +2 specimens +), both +71 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7675–02 +( +1 male +, +3 females +), +66–73 mm + + +PCL +, +Broad Sound +, +22°01’ S +, +149°32’56” E +, + +11 m +depth + +, + +28 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7676–01 +( +3 specimens +), +98– 107 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7676–02 +( +3 females +), +98–108 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7676–03 +, female +102 mm + + +PCL +, west of +Northumberland +Islands +, +21°35’36” S +, +149°42’15” E +, + +21 m +depth + +, + +28 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7677–01 +, +108 mm + + +PCL +, west of +Double Cone Island +, +20°06’33” S +, +148°41’10” E +, + +30 m +depth + +, + +4 Dec 2003 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7678–01 +, male +94 mm + + +PCL +, +CSIRO +H 7678–02 +( +2 female +, +1 male +), +90–94 mm + + +PCL +, northeast of +Broad Sound +, +21°53’35” S +, +150°04’48” E +, + +22 m +depth + +, + +9 Dec 2003 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7679–01 +( +10 specimens +), +86–105 mm + + +PCL +, north of +Broad Sound +, +21°44’17” S +, +149°36’11” E +, + +14 m +depth + +, + +12 Nov 2005 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7683–01 +, female +108 mm + + +PCL +, north of +Ince Bay +, +21°24’57” S +, +149°25’36” E +, + +10 m +depth + +, + +29 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7684–01 +, female 108+ mm + + +PCL +(rostrum tip damaged), south of +Scawfell Island +, +Cumberland Island +group, +20°55’32” S +, +149°38’22” E +, + +40 m +depth + +, + +29 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7685–01 +( +2 females +), +110–115 mm + + +PCL +, west of +Curlew Island +, +Northumberland +Island Group +, +21°41’18” S +, +149°41’38” E +, + +18 m +depth + +, + +28 Apr 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7686–01 +, male +114 mm + + +PCL +, northeast of +Newcastle +Bay +, +Torres Strait +, +10°34’23” S +, +142°58’22” E +, + +22 m +depth + +, + +9 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7687–01 +, female +115 mm + + +PCL +, west of +Mulgrave Island +, +Torres Strait +, +10°09’48” S +, +141°38’36” E +, + +15 m +depth + +, + +16 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7688–01 +, male +118 mm + + +PCL +, northwest of +Long Island +, +Torres Strait +, +9°58’51” S +, +142°45’53” E +, + +18 m +depth + +, + +20 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7689–01 +, male +111 mm + + +PCL +, northeast of +Dungeness Island +, +Torres Strait +, +9°39’29” S +, +142°47’36” E +, + +10 m +depth + +, + +23 Jan 2004 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7690–01 +, female +109 mm + + +PCL +, northeast of +Broad Sound +, +21°54’52” S +, +150°01’58” E +, + +21 m +depth + +, + +13 Nov 2005 + + +; + +CSIRO +H 7691–01 +, male +91 mm + + +PCL +, +Princess Charlotte Bay +, +14°19’19” S +, +143°54’44” E +, + +8 m +depth + +, + +3 Mar 2006 + + +; +NRM +66669, 108 mm + +PCL +, north of +Broad Sound +, +21°37’51” S +, +149°36’03” E +, + +15 m +depth + +, + +28 Apr 2004 + + +; + +QM +I. 36186 ( +3 specimens +), +91–103 mm + + +PCL +, northwest of +Osborne Island +, +22°13’ S +, +150°13’ E +, + +21 m +depth + +, + +10 May 2004 + + +; + +QM +I. 36040 ( +3 specimens +), +104–110 mm + + +PCL +, east of +Repulse Islands +, +20°36’5” S +, +148°55’59” E +, + +24 m +depth + +, + +30 Nov 2003 + + +; +WAM +P. 34325–001, +116 mm + +PCL +, east of +Newcastle +Bay +, +Torres Strait +, +10°50’49” S +, +142°52’43” E +, + +25 m +depth + +, + +25 Sep 2004 + + +; +USNM +434842, 113 mm + +PCL +, south of +Dalrymple Island +, +Torres Strait +, +9°41’05” S +, +143°21’41” E +, + +25 m +depth + +, + +24 Jan 2004 + + +. + + + +Fig 3. Lateral view of dorsal ridge. +(A) + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +(CSIRO H 7665–01); (B) + +Pegasus volitans + +(CSIRO H 6649–02). + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g003 + + + +Fig 4. Ventral view of preopercular plate. +(A) + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +(CSIRO H 7665–01), arrow indicates single ventral preopercular notch; (B) + +Pegasus volitans + +(CSIRO H 6649–02), arrows indicate double ventral preopercular notches. + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g004 + + + +Fig 5. Ventral view of tail from mid-tail ring IV to mid tail ring VII. +Caudolateral plate keels at intersects of tail rings. (A) + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +(CSIRO H 7665–01); (B) + +Pegasus volitans + +(CSIRO H 6649–02). + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g005 + + + +Fig 6. Dorsal view of posterior tail from mid-tail ring X to tail ring XII. +(A) + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +(CSIRO H 7665–01); (B) + +Pegasus volitans + +(CSIRO H 6649– 02). + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g006 + + + +Fig 7. Lateral view of tail ring XII. +(A) + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +(CSIRO H 7665–01) showing terminodorsal-lateral and terminoventral-lateral plates each with an anteriorly and posteriorly directed spine; (B) + +Pegasus volitans + +(CSIRO H 6649–02) showing terminal-lateral plate with an anteriorly and posteriorly directed spine. + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g007 + + + +Fig 8. Map showing the collection locations of the material examined. + +Pegasus volitans + +specimens indicated by yellow dots and + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +specimens indicated by black (holotype) and red (paratypes) dots. Map generated in QGIS using Natural Earth 1:10,000,000 data (www.naturalearthdata.com). + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g008 + + +Other specimens. + +AMS IA. 6803, +11 mm +PCL +, +Lindeman Island +, +Queensland +, +Australia +, +20° 27’ S +, +149°02’ E + +, + +1936; +NTM +S. 13721–009, +12 mm +PCL +, south of +Mitchell Creek +, +Darwin Harbour +, +12°30’46” S +, +130°56’23” E +, + +7 m +depth + +, + +16 Jul 1993 + + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. +Tail rings 12, anteriormost 9 mobile, articulating laterally, remaining 3 fused together, attenuated and dorsoventrally flattened; terminodorsal-lateral (tdl) and terminoventral-lateral (tvl) plates each with an anteriorly and posteriorly directed spine; terminal-lateral plates (tl) absent; interpectoral plate (ip) present; single ventral preopercular notch present; rostrum spatulate; carapace with three small posteriorly directed tubercles along each dorsal ridge, one at the centre of each dorsal plate; scales not present on orbit; pectoral fin composed of 9–10 (usually 10) soft rays, 5 +th +ray stouter than other rays; abdominal centra 7, caudal centra 14, total centra 21; tail with 4 dark saddles, no dark saddle on tail ring XI. + + + + +Description. +Body depressed, carapace depth +8.3 in +holotype +( +6.8–9.5 in +paratypes +)% SL, carapace depth generally constant; interpectoral width 17.3 (14.1–17.6)% SL; carapace width 16.5 (13.5–18.1)% SL; body width gradually tapering from mid-trunk to tail. Rostrum long, length 25.4 (22.5–29.5)% SL, tapering from anterior orbit to anterior subrostral chamber then about constant throughout its length; slightly club-shaped anteriorly, tip rounded (straight + + + +Fig 9. Trawl sites from the Torres Strait and Great Barrier Reef surveys. +Sites where + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +(red dots) and + +Pegasus volitans + +(yellow dots) were recorded; black dots refer to those sites where + +Pegasus + +specimens were not captured. Map generated in QGIS using Natural Earth 1:10,000,000 data (www. naturalearthdata.com). + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g009 + + +to club-shaped, tip rounded to truncate in +paratypes +), width at tip 3.5 (2.0–3.6)% SL; rostral spines present from rostrum tip to anterior subrostral chamber (sometimes covered with skin), 35 each side in +holotype +(often damaged in +paratypes +: 33–41 on left side [n = 7], 30–38 [n = 8] on right side). Orbit subcircular; length 6.1 (5.5–7.2)% SL, height 4.6 (4.1–5.5)% SL; interorbital width 5.0 (4.5–5.5)% SL, narrowest at posterior pupil; shallow interorbital depression; suborbital spines absent; parietals and epioccipitals with small tubercles. Carapace length 34.6 (31.3–36.8)% SL; low, paired dorsal ridges starting posterior to orbit and bisecting dorsal plates, parallel but widening slightly at carapace base, broadening onto anterior tail rings to form dorsolateral margin of tail; 3 small posteriorly directed tubercles on each dorsal ridge, one at the centre of each dorsal plate ( +Fig 3A +); weak transverse ridges interconnecting dorsal plate tubercles; shallow depressions formed by lattice of dorsal ridges and transverse ridges. Plates vl +3–5 +fold over plates dl +2–4 +, forming a grooved lateral carapace ridge between pectoral fin insertion and lateral junction of tail ring I; dorsolateral carapace plates each with a weak posteriorly directed tubercle; ventrolateral plates II to +V +with weak tubercles on lateral edges (weak to distinct in +paratypes +). A single ventral preopercular notch present where anterior point of vl +1 +slots into a single notch at outer junction of vl +1 +and preopercular plate ( +Fig 4A +). Body, rostrum, head, and tail covered in tiny denticles; denticles in longitudinal rows on rostrum; scales absent. + + + + +Fig 10. Molecular species identification of + +Pegasus +species + +using Genetic treeML trees. + +(A) sequences from the +16S +gene; (B) sequences from the +COI +gene. Trees are based on the K2 evolutionary distance model and are shown here with mined + +Pegasus + +and + +Eurypegasus + +sequences from GenBank. The trees are shown here with an + +E +. +draconis + +outgroup. Bootstrap support values (following 1000 replicates) are shown above the nodes. + +doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149415.g010 + + +Tail with 11 paired caudodorsal plates (cd +1–11 +), 11 paired caudoventral plates (cv +1–11 +), an unpaired termino-dorsal plate (td), an unpaired termino-ventral plate (tv), and terminodorsal-lateral (tdl) and terminoventral-lateral (tvl) plates each with an anteriorly and posteriorly directed spine; terminal-lateral plates (tl) absent; 6 paired caudolateral plates (cl +1–6 +), cl +1 +is on posterolateral side of tail ring I and does not overlap tail ring II; cl +2 +overlaps tail rings II–III, cl +3 +overlaps tail rings III to IV, cl +4 +overlaps tail rings IV to +V +, cl +5 +overlaps tail rings +V +to +VI +, and cl +6 +overlaps tail ring +VI +to VII; lateral plates are scutella-like anteriorly and keel-like posteriorly; keel on cl +1 +is largest, approximately ¾ visible tail ring length, elevated compared to remaining keels and broadly rounded; keels on remaining caudolateral plates posteriorly directed ( +Fig 5A +) and roughly diamond-shaped. Tail rings I–VIII rectangular in cross-section, with dorsal, ventral, and lateral faces joined at dorsolateral and ventrolateral margins; tail rings sequentially tapering to form a dorsoventrally flattened posterior section. Small tubercle on centre of each caudodorsal plate, most prominent anteriorly, and decreasing in size and barely visible beyond tail ring IX. Tail rings I–VIII with weak tubercles/keels at ventrolateral margin. Tail rings VIII– XII with translucent, lateral ridges that extend length of tail ring; each lateral ridge with fine denticulations along its length except where ending in a spine tip; tail ring IX ridge terminating in small single posteriorly-directed spine (spines sometimes encased within skin); tail ring X and XI ridges starting and ending with small single anterior and posterior spines; tail ring XI also with superior ridge starting mid-tail ring and terminating in an additional posterior spine; terminodorsal-lateral (tdl) and terminoventral-lateral (tvl) plates each with an anteriorly and posteriorly directed spine, plates diverge posteriorly with distance between posterior spines twice the distance between anterior spines ( +Fig 7A +). + + +Pectoral fin with 10 soft rays (9 on both sides of +paratype +CSIRO +H 6543–04), 5 +th +ray stouter than other rays. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 2 rays; 2 +nd +ray reduced to a single element, very small in size and connected by thin membrane to 1 +st +ray. Dorsal fin with 5 rays; anal fin with 5 rays; length of dorsal and anal fin rays not equal, anterior ray longest, posterior ray shortest. Caudal fin with 8 rays, truncate to slightly convex. + + +Colour. +Holotype +(female, +Fig 2 +): Prior to preservation (post-thawing, specimen frozen for 10 years). Dorsal and lateral body surfaces cream to medium brown, overlaid with dark brown to black spots, blotches and saddles. Trunk medium brown with small dark brown to black spots; a dark brown to black transverse bar across plate dl +2 +; dorsal ridges cream; plate dl +4 +with black border, thickest anteriorly at margin with plate dl +3 +. Head cream to reddish-brown with pale brown to black spots; a triangular pattern of dark brown spots between posterior orbits and anterior junction of plates dl +1 +, with a small, dark V-shaped marking posteriorly; three prominent dark brown to black spots about half pupil width, first below anterior eye (only visible laterally), second below posterior pupil, and third anterior of 3 +rd +circumorbital (second and third spots visible dorsally, laterally and ventrally). Rostrum translucent, in dorsal view from posterior to anterior: small dark brown spots between orbit and above subrostral chamber, a pair of large pupil-sized spots wrapping around lateral edges in line with anterior subrostral chamber, followed by a single dark brown bar and 5 roughly pupil-sized dark brown spots that alternate along the rostrum edges, ending just before the rostral tip; in lateral view: 3 horizontal blotches between anterior orbit and level of anterior subrostral chamber; in ventral view: no additional pigmentation, but dorsal and lateral markings visible through translucent section of rostrum. Pectoral-fin base cream to pale-brown with small reddish-brown spots. Pectoral fins translucent with small dark brown spots on fin membranes and fin rays; two sets of large, dark brown spots on fin rays, first at about their mid-length and second closer to outer membrane; large spots in pairs on 4 +th +–8 +th +fin rays; remaining rays with single spots; no large spots centrally on the stout 5 +th +pectoral fin ray; dark brown spots basally on 3 +rd +–5 +th +pectoral rays. Tail cream dorsally and laterally with small reddish-brown spots; dark brown blotch centrally on anterior part of tail ring I; clusters of larger spots or blotches forming 4 dark saddles, first on tail rings III– +V +at about position of dorsal-fin base, second on tail rings VII–VIII, third on tail ring IX–X, and last on tail ring X; some less distinct saddles or groupings of spots present. Dark brown spots present on lateral side of caudoventral plates 1–3 and 6–7. Dorsal and anal fins translucent; each dorsal-fin ray with a small dark brown spot near base and near tip; each anal-fin ray with a small dark spot distally. Caudal fin translucent with dark brown blotch at base and dark brown spots on rays, most evident distally. Pelvic rays cream with 2 faint brown blotches toward tip. Ventral surfaces mostly pale cream and whitish, mediumbrown at pectoral-fin base and anterior half of head, including mouth; some dorsal saddles visible ventrally through tail rings, especially posteriorly. + +In preservative: Reddish brown and cream fade to shades of greyish brown and yellow, respectively. On carapace, pale dorsal ridges less distinct and blending into background colouration; transverse bar less distinct; dorsal lateral plates finely outlined in black. Dorsal plate margins, ventral plate margins posterior to gular plate, and ventral tail margins outlined in light grey. Pectoral and ventral plates darkened to yellowish brown; ventral base of pectoral fins coloured yellow to yellowish brown. + + + +Paratype +( +CSIRO +H 7491–03 +, male): Prior to preservation (post-thawing, specimen frozen for 10 years). Similar to +holotype +, but bands of spots on pectoral fins are usually single spots (not paired), except midway along on 4 +th +and 7 +th +rays which are paired. Each dorsal-fin ray with an additional medial small dark brown spot; each anal-fin ray with two small dark spots distally. + + +Colour variation amongst measured +paratypes +and rostrum markings from sexed specimens: Some +paratypes +without rostral markings, and/or single dark brown bar either absent or replaced by parallel spots, and/or when present, remaining markings appear as 4–8 alternating spots along rostrum edges or 3–4 bars. Large spots on pectoral fins occur either paired or singly. Dark brown to black spots below anterior eye and/or below posterior pupil may be absent. Sometimes with 3 pelvic fin spots. + + + +Freshly caught specimen ( +paratypes +CSIRO +H 6543–04 +and +CSIRO +H 7678–01 +, both males): Carapace including supraorbital tinged olive to dark green; pectoral fins and dorsal tail rings with small orange-brown spots; single orange-brown spot on base of 1 +st +dorsal ray visible in dorsal view; single orange-brown spots anteriorly on tail rings I and II along both dorsal tail ridges + +. + +Size + + +Type specimens ranged from +32 to 123 mm +PCL +(morphometric +types +ranged from +79 to 98 mm +SL, +94 to 116 mm +PCL +). Two non-type specimens of 11 and +12 mm +PCL +are probably this species + +. + + + +Distribution + + +Pegasus tetrabelos + +is known from the east coast of +Queensland +and Torres Strait between latitudes +9°15’ S +and +22°01’ S +, and in the +Northern Territory +from the Beagle Gulf to off Darwin ( +Fig 8 +). Specimens collected during the Torres Strait and Great Barrier Reef trawl surveys [ +27 +, +28 +] formed three distinct clusters ( +Fig 9 +). The first cluster was located in the Torres Strait between latitudes +9°15’ S +and +10°51’ S +; the second cluster in Princess Charlotte Bay (~ +14°15’ S +); and the third from Bowling Green Bay ( +19°26’ S +) south to Broad Sound ( +22°01’ S +). Despite intensive trawling, no specimens of the new species (or + +P +. +volitans + +) were caught between these clusters in the trawl survey. This likely reflects specific habitat preferences. There are currently no records of this species from the Gulf of Carpentaria or +Western Australia +. + + +Specimens of + +P +. +tetrabelos + +were collected at depths of +8–45 m +, mostly in depths less than +30 m +. Although the trawling surveys of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait were conducted to depths of +100 m +, + +P +. +tetrabelos + +was not collected in depths greater than + +40 m +. + + + + +Etymology + +The species name + +tetrabelos + +is a combination of the Greek ‘ +tetra’ +meaning four and ‘ +belos +’ meaning dart or arrow in allusion to the four backward pointing spines on the terminal tail ring (two on each side). The name is treated as a noun in apposition. + + + +Vernacular names +Short-spined Seamoth. + + +Genetic analyses + +The genetic identity of the + +Pegasus + +specimens was based here on their +16S +and +COI +sequence information. Each of the 24 samples sequenced successfully for both mtDNA fragments; average +COI +sequence was 583 base pairs, while the average +16S +sequence was 546 base pairs. The + +14 + +P +. +volitans + + +samples were all highly matched (99.7% pairwise identity) to Accession No. AP005984 ( + +P +. +volitans + +mtDNA complete genome, [ +31 +]) while the + +nine + +P +. +tetrabelos + + +samples matched the same Accession (No. AP005984) at a lower level of 97.3% pairwise identity. + + +Average +16S +nucleotide composition across the + +P +. +volitans + +specimens consisted of 23.6% Thymine, 23.5% Cytosine, 30.9% Adenine and 22.0% Guanine residues. This was essentially the same across the + +P +. +tetrabelos + +specimens with the exception of a higher Cytosine content (24.2%). For +COI +, the residue content varied slightly more between the species ( + +P +. +volitans + +: 27.4% +T +, 27.8% C, 26.1% A, 18.7% G; + +P +. +tetrabelos + +: 27.6% +T +, 27.9% C, 25.0% A, 19.5% G). + + +Evolutionary divergence over pairs of + +P +. +volitans + +samples (i.e. average genetic distances/ diversity from the number of base substitutions per site, ± +SE +) was 0.001 (±0.001) for +16S +and 0.011 (±0.003) for +COI +. In + +P +. +tetrabelos + +, the 16S genetic diversity among specimens was also low at 0.001 (±0.000), with a slightly higher divergence of 0.004 (±0.001) for +COI +. The K2 divergence between the two species at the +16S +gene was 0.015 (±0.004), while the +COI +gene reflected a much higher divergence of 0.081 (±0.011). This concordant, yet higher sequence divergence between the two species in the two mtDNA genes was observed in the longer branch lengths of the +ML +trees for +COI +as compared to +16S +(see +Fig 10a and 10b +). As +Fig 10 +shows, there was clear delineation of the species. The + +P +. +tetrabelos + +sequences clustered together, and specimens of the two + +Pegasus +species + +formed separate groups (with external branch lengths well supported by high bootstrap values). Both species were definitively separated from the outgroup specimen, + +E +. +draconis + +(Accession No. AP005983). The NJ and Bayesian trees while not shown here, displayed the same topology. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/DD/76/56/DD765617330D596040C52393A390FC3B.xml b/data/DD/76/56/DD765617330D596040C52393A390FC3B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d8002794655 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/DD/76/56/DD765617330D596040C52393A390FC3B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,450 @@ + + + +Descriptive Morphology of Male and Female Genitalia of the Long-horned Grasshopper in the Tribe Aphractini (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), with a Key to the Genera. + + + +Author + +Vera, Alejandro +Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Chile. + + + +Author + +Prelo, Paula +Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Chile. + +text + + +Zoological Studies + + +2022 + +2022-08-15 + + +61 + + +37 + + +1 +9 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2022.61-37 + +journal article +10.6620/ZS.2022.61-37 +1810-522X +PMC9579953 +36330035 +12826540 + + + + + + + +Aphractus acuminatus +Brunner von Wattenwyl, + + + + + + +1895 + +( +Figs. 1A +, +2A–C +, +4A–B +, +5A–B +and +6A +) + + + + +Male: Tergum X depressed in the midline. Epiproct as a prominent triangular sheet, with acute apex; 1.5 times as long as tergum X ( +Fig. 2B +). Cercus cylindrical, slender, extended, sometimes with the distal half slightly dorsal, length 2.5–3.0 mm; apex rounded, with small subapical medial spine ( +Fig. 2A, B and C +). Paraproct with elongated trapezoidal dorsal lobe; ventral lobe small, as sclerotized tubercle. Subgenital plate elongated, posterior margin narrow, triangular emarginated; style cylindrical, elongated, 0.3 as long as cercus, length equal or greater to the distance between them ( +Fig. 2A +). Epiphallus with titillator sclerite (TS) apodemes rounded; middle keel ensiform, base with triangle not sclerotized, TS as long as middle keel ( +Fig. 4A +). Articulated titillatory processes elongated, three times as long as the width of sclerite TS; apex acute, dorsal curved, with abundant subapical spines ( +Fig. 4B +). + + +Female: Ovipositor length +12–15 mm +; dorsal valvulae toothed on the first third; ventral valvulae with small basal process ( +Fig. 5B +). Subgenital plate transverse, posterior margin truncated, with two marginal processes rounded and folded forward ( +Fig. 5A +). Sternites II–VI with two parallel and rectangular plates, sternite VII with divergent plates (“V”). Genital chamber with spermathecal pore in its posterior margin. Spermatheca with spherical capsule, diameter +1.5–3 mm +; spermathecal duct wavy ( +Fig. 6A +), length +2.47–3.64 mm +. + + + +Fig. 1. +Live habitus of +Aphractini +genera, females and males: A, + +Aphractus acuminatus +(Los Ruiles) + +; B, + +Polycleptis scutellifera +(Vilches Alto) + +; C, + +Paraphractus abbreviatus + +(ñ Los Ruiles, ò Licán Ray); D, + +Polycleptidella chilensis +(Anticura) + +. Scale bars = 10 mm. + + + + +Fig. 2. +Male abdominal apex. A, B, C, + +Aphractus acuminatus + +; D, E, F, + +Polycleptis scutellifera + +; G, H, I, + +Polycleptidella chilensis + +; J, K, L, + +Paraphractus abbreviatus + +. A, D, G, I ventral view; B, E, H, K dorsal view; C, F, I, K lateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm. + + + + +Fig. 3. + +Paraphractus abbreviatus + +male paraproct. A, ventral view; B, lateral view. Scale bars 1mm; arrows indicate ventral tubercle. + + + + +Fig. 4. +Micrographs of male titillator and apex process.A, B, + +Aphractus acuminatus + +; C, D, + +Polycleptis scutellifera + +; E, F, + +Polycleptidella chilensis + +; G, H, + +Paraphractus abbreviatus + +. Scale bars:A, C = 500 µm; E, G = 250 µm; B, D, F, H = 50 µm. + + + + + +Polycleptis scutellifera +Karsch, 1891 + + +( +Figs. 1B +, +2D–F +, +4C–D +, +5C–D +and +6B +) + + +Male: Tergum X depressed. Epiproct posterior margin rounded and dorsally folded; 0.3 as long as tergum X ( +Fig. 2E +). Cercus conical, wide, length +2.3–2.5 mm +; strongly curved towards the middle line with its apex sclerotized in a conical spine ( +Fig. 2D, E and F +). Paraproct dorsal lobe tongue-shaped, with round apex; ventral lobe small, as a sclerotized tubercle. Subgenital plate transverse, posterior margin wide, broadly emarginated; style absent ( +Fig. 2D +). Epiphallus with titillator sclerites (TS) apodemes truncated; middle keel not sclerotized; middle keel smaller than TS length ( +Fig. 4C +). Articulated titillatory processes smaller than the width of TS; apex rounded, laterally curved, with subapical spines rings ( +Fig. 4D +). + + + +Fig. 5. +Female abdomen. A, C, E, G, ventral view of subgenital plate, scale bar = 1 mm; B, D, F, G, lateral view of subgenital plate and ovipositor, scale bar: 3 mm. A, B, + +Aphractus acuminatus + +; C, D, + +Polycleptis scutellifera + +; E, F, + +Paraphractus abbreviatus + +; G, H, + +Polycleptidella chilensis + +. + + + +Female: Ovipositor length +18–21 mm +; dorsal valvulae with small tooth on the second third; ventral valvulae with prominent basal process ( +Fig. 5D +). Subgenital plate transverse, posterior margin with medial triangle and two lateral tubercles ( +Fig. 5C +). Sternites II–VII with a transverse and rectangular plate, sternite VII with two posterior tubercles. Genital chamber with spermathecal pore in its anterior fold. Spermatheca with spherical capsule, diameter +1.8–2.5 mm +; spermathecal duct straight ( +Fig. 6B +), length +1.88–2.17 mm +. + + + + + + +Paraphractus abbreviatus +Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 + + +( +Figs. 1C +, +2J–L +, +3A–B +, +4G–H +5E–F +and +6C +) + + +Male: Tergum X convex. Epiproct posterior margin rounded or acute, as long as tergum X ( +Fig. 2K +). Cercus cylindrical, apex laterally flat, with dorsal apical spine, length 1.5–2.0 mm ( +Figs. 2J–L +, +3B +). Paraproct dorsal lobe with triangular-tongue shape; ventral lobe as a prominent cylindrical process ( +Fig. 3A, B +). Subgenital plate elongated, posterior margin narrow, triangular emarginated; style small, cylindrical, length equal to the distance between them ( +Fig. 2J +). Epiphallus with TS apodemes truncated; middle keel not sclerotized, with sclerotized scale-like microstructures; middle keel smaller than TS length ( +Fig. 4G +). Articulated titillatory processes smaller than width of TS; apex acute, dorsal curved, with few dorsal subapical spines ( +Fig. 4H +). + + + + +Female: Ovipositor length +8–11 mm +; dorsal valvulae not toothed ( +Fig. 5F +); ventral valvulae with small basal process. Subgenital plate transverse, trapezoidal, divided in two obvious sclerites, posterior margin with U-shape emargination and prominent vertices; between them the margin of the ventral valvulae fits ( +Fig. 5E +). Sternites II–VII not sclerotized. Genital chamber with spermathecal pore in its posterior margin. Spermatheca with spherical capsule, diameter 1.3–2.0 mm; spermathecal duct small ( +Fig. 6C +), straight, length +0.16–0.58 mm +. + + + + + + +Polycleptidella chilensis +Beier, 1962 + + +( +Figs. 1D +, +2G–I +, +4E–F +, +5G–H +and +6D +) + + +Male: Tergum X convex. Epiproct with posterior margin truncated or bilobed, as long as tergum X ( +Fig. 2H +). Cercus cylindrical, lightly dorsally curved, apex with small subapical medial spine length +1.3–1.8 mm +( +Figs. 2J–L +, +3B +). Paraproct with dorsal lobe thick rectangular; ventral lobe as small tubercle. Subgenital plate elongate, posterior margin narrow, triangular emarginated or truncated; style small, length equal to the distance between them ( +Fig. 2G +). Epiphallus with TS apodemes rounded; middle keel sclerotized, smooth; middle keel smaller than TS length ( +Fig. 4E +). Articulated titillatory processes smaller than width of TS; apex acute, dorsally curved, without subapical spines ( +Fig. 4F +). + + + + +Female: Ovipositor length +8–12 mm +; dorsal valvulae not toothed ( +Fig. 5H +); ventral valvulae with small basal process. Subgenital plate transverse, trapezoidal, posterior margin with quadrangular emargination, and two digitiform processes, between them the margin of the ventral valvulae fits ( +Fig. 5G +). Sternites II–VII not sclerotized. Genital chamber with spermathecal pore in the middle. Spermatheca with oval capsule, diameter +1.8–2.5 mm +; spermathecal duct small ( +Fig. 6D +), straight, length +1.2–1.47 mm +. + + + + + +Key for +Aphractini +genera based on abdominal terminalia + + + + + + +1. Tergum X with prominent epiproct in triangular sheet. Male with cylindrical cercus, extended, rounded apex, with small subapical spine; long articulated titillatory processes (larger than the width of TS); style long, equal or greater to the distance between them. Female subgenital plate with marginal processes rounded and folded forward ........................................... + +Aphractus acuminatus + + + + + +Fig. 6. +Lateral view of the female spermathecal. A, + +Aphractus acuminatus + +; B, + +Polycleptis scutellifera + +; C, + +Paraphractus abbreviatus + +; D, + +Polycleptidella chilensis + +. AcGld, accessory gland; Dct, duct of the spermatheca; GC, genital chamber; Odl, lateral oviduct; Sgp, subgenital plate; Spt, spermatheca; St, abdominal sternite; VI, ovipositor blade. Scale bars = 1 mm. + + + +- Tergum X without prominent epiproct in triangular sheet. Male with cylindrical or conical cercus, curved differently, apex different than above; short titillatory articulated processes (smaller than the width of TS); style smaller than distance between them. Female subgenital plate without marginal processes or present but not folded ............................................................................. 2 + + + + + +2. Medially curved cercus with acute large spine-shaped apex. Male subgenital plate without style; articulated titillatory processes with round apex and subapical spine rings. Female with prominent basal process in ventral valve; ovipositor more than seven times the length of the subgenital plate ..... + +Polycleptis + +ssp. + + + +- Cercus lightly dorsally curved, with small apical spine. Male subgenital plate with digitiform styles; articulated titillatory processes with acute apex. Female without prominent basal process in ventral valve; ovipositor less than seven times the length of the subgenital plate ..................................................... 3 + + + + + +3. Male epiproct rounded or acute; cercus apex laterally flat, with dorsal apical spine; paraproct ventral lobule as a prominent cylindrical process; articulated titillatory processes with few dorsal subapical spines. Female subgenital plate with divergent U-shape emargination in its posterior margin ............................... ............................................................. + +Paraphractus abbreviatus + + + + + +- Male epiproct truncated; cylindric cercus apex, with small medial apical spine; paraproct ventral lobule small; articulated titillatory processes without subapical spines. Female subgenital plate with quadrangular emargination in its posterior margin, and with two digitiform processes .............................. + +Polycleptidella chilensis + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file