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<document id="D991F912EDDAEA8E306204F27A93222F" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a7" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EF9974EE-8DC4-4D3B-BDE7-0B74DD7ABDC8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1742476223271" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Louail, Margot, Souron, Antoine, Merceron, Gildas & Boisserie, Jean-Renaud" docDate="2025" docId="03A49635B31CFFE3FF7AF9004555ECDA" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.24.7.89-122.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 24 (7)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a7" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Animalia" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="98" masterDocId="FF9DEE4DB317FFE8FFFEFFF24140EB36" masterDocTitle="New insights on feeding habits of Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen, 1932 from the Shungura Formation (Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia) using dental microwear texture analysis" masterLastPageNumber="122" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="98" updateTime="1743287089367" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B686DC6E480AF2C3994AEC97550D09B6">New insights on feeding habits of Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen, 1932 from the Shungura Formation (Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia) using dental microwear texture analysis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5FC66159BEAC80B14C2307863E2D4C2D">Louail, Margot</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9E80ACA74078A521FA334063EBF19487">Laboratoire Paléontologie Evolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM), CNRS-INEE, Université de Poitiers, TSA 51106, 6 rue Michel Brunet, F- 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 (France) margot. louail @ univ-poitiers. fr (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0BE96994D09119E8802AF44F98DD7AAD">Souron, Antoine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="16094F6F349605A1A49D484DE1FFF170">De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, Bâtiment B 2, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, F- 33600 Pessac (France) antoine. souron @ u-bordeaux. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F12FA778A1A35EEFA7BEF69B2C413B45">Merceron, Gildas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A72B45750F7385DC16B7895E269DBE51">Laboratoire Paléontologie Evolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM), CNRS-INEE, Université de Poitiers, TSA 51106, 6 rue Michel Brunet, F- 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 (France) gildas. merceron @ univ-poitiers. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D93B773162C6570BAFCEDE1463FFF5C7">Boisserie, Jean-Renaud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DD504F7A43E78009186A0ACD083CF355">French Center for Ethiopian Studies, CNRS, Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Addis Ababa, PO BOX 5554 (Ethiopia) and Laboratoire Paléontologie Evolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM), CNRS-INEE, Université de Poitiers, TSA 51106, 6 rue Michel Brunet, F- 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9 (France) jean. renaud. boisserie @ univ-poitiers. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FE6FF9014376EC3D" box="[401,566,1779,1804]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FE6FF9014376EC3D" box="[401,566,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">KOLPOCHOERUS</emphasis>
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</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FF7AF8EA4181EC1D" baselines="1830" box="[132,193,1816,1835]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="from" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">FROM</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FEB6F8EA4036EC1D" baselines="1830" box="[328,374,1816,1835]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">AND</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FE83F8EA4090EC1D" baselines="1830" box="[381,464,1816,1835]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="extant" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">EXTANT</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FE29F8EA4353EC1D" baselines="1830" box="[471,531,1816,1835]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="suids" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">SUIDS</smallCapsWord>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31774A8B31CFFE3FF7AF8C04555ECDA" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB22723B31CFFE3FF7AF8C04247ECDA" blockId="11.[131,775,1778,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
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Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FEE7F8C04312EC7A" authority="from Shungura" authorityName="FROM SHUNGURA" box="[281,594,1842,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FEE7F8C040E4EC7A" box="[281,420,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
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from Shungura
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</taxonomicName>
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show low values of complexity, being more similar to herbivorous genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF78F8804053ECBA" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[134,275,1906,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF78F8804053ECBA" box="[134,275,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FEB8F8804086ECBA" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[326,454,1906,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hylochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FEB8F8804086ECBA" box="[326,454,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Hylochoerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and clearly distinct from
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FD1CF8804245ECBA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[738,773,1906,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FD1CF8804245ECBA" box="[738,773,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
(
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<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FF73F860418AEC9A" box="[141,202,1938,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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, Table 2;
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<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FECCF86040FEEC9A" box="[306,446,1938,1964]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="32.[224,236,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,235,582]" captionTargetId="graphics-60@32.[224,2031,293,581]" captionText="APPENDIX 12. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter Asfc (complexity). P-values below a 10 % level of significance are HSD and LSD tests." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 12</figureCitation>
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). Regarding anisotropy, specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF23F8404025ECFA" box="[221,357,1970,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF23F8404025ECFA" box="[221,357,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
show the lowest values and only partly overlap with the values observed on extant suids (
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<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FD50F8234243ECDA" box="[686,771,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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;
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB22723B31CFFE3FCD3FF2A454DE9A7" blockId="11.[811,1456,216,657]" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
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||||
<tableCitation id="C68F1298B31CFFE3FCD3FF2A42C7EBC4" box="[813,903,216,242]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[215,226,435,452]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Descriptive statistics (mean,SD, standard deviation,median; Q1, first quartile;Q3, third quartile,range) of dental microwear texture parameters for extant suid taxa and Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Tables 1</tableCitation>
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; 2). Indeed, about half of the specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FA96FF2A423BEA24" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FA96FF2A423BEA24" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
show anisotropy values that are lower than the first quartile of each extant suid samples (
|
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<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB42FEE5444FEA04" box="[1212,1295,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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||||
). They are well distinct from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FC41FEC5450BEA67" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[959,1099,311,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FC41FEC5450BEA67" box="[959,1099,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FBA5FEC545EDEA64" box="[1115,1197,311,338]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FAECFEC544DFEA64" box="[1298,1439,311,338]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[637,649,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,212,559]" captionTargetId="graphics-38@33.[215,2022,271,559]" captionText="APPENDIX 15. — Alternative Dunn’s test on the SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) following the Kruskal-Wallis test." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
). When looking at the heterogeneity of complexity,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FAB1FEA54223EAA7" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FAB1FEA54223EAA7" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also tend to show low mean and median values and are similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FC2EFE65451FEA87" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[976,1119,407,433]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FC2EFE65451FEA87" box="[976,1119,407,433]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB8EFE654587EA84" box="[1136,1223,407,434]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C68F1298B31CFFE3FB2AFE654469EA87" box="[1236,1321,407,433]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[215,226,435,452]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Descriptive statistics (mean,SD, standard deviation,median; Q1, first quartile;Q3, third quartile,range) of dental microwear texture parameters for extant suid taxa and Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). However, while
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FC8DFE454543EAE7" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[883,1027,439,465]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FC8DFE454543EAE7" box="[883,1027,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
strongly differs from the three other extant genera,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FC27FE254527EAC7" box="[985,1127,471,497]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FC27FE254527EAC7" box="[985,1127,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
show some surfaces that are more heterogeneous than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FBBCFE05458DE927" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[1090,1229,503,529]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FBBCFE05458DE927" box="[1090,1229,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and overlap with the three other taxa. Still,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FBDEFDE545EBE907" box="[1056,1195,535,561]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FBDEFDE545EBE907" box="[1056,1195,535,561]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FAC4FDE5441DE907" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1338,1373,535,561]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FAC4FDE5441DE907" box="[1338,1373,535,561]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which has the highest values (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FBC2FDC445D4E967" box="[1084,1172,566,593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FAF6FDC444DEE967" box="[1288,1438,566,593]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="32.[224,236,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,235,582]" captionTargetId="graphics-60@32.[224,2031,293,581]" captionText="APPENDIX 13. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter HAsfc36 (heterogeneity of complexity through 36 cells). P-values below a 10 % level of significance are given." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Summary statistics of the total sample of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FB02FDA444C7E946" box="[1276,1415,598,624]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FB02FDA444C7E946" box="[1276,1415,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are provided in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C68F1298B31CFFE3FC4AFD844546E9A6" box="[948,1030,630,656]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[215,226,435,452]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Descriptive statistics (mean,SD, standard deviation,median; Q1, first quartile;Q3, third quartile,range) of dental microwear texture parameters for extant suid taxa and Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB22723B31CFFE3FCD3FD4445C4E9F9" blockId="11.[811,1457,694,2028]" box="[813,1156,694,720]" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
DMTA
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FC79FD4E4298E9F9" baselines="714" box="[903,984,700,719]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="among" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">AMONG</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FC21FD4545C4E9F9" box="[991,1156,695,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FC21FD4545C4E9F9" baselines="714,714" box="[991,1156,695,720]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Kolpochoerus" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FC21FD4545C4E9F9" box="[991,1156,695,720]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">KOLPOCHOERUS</emphasis>
|
||||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB22723B31CFFE3FCD3FD294581E9D8" blockId="11.[811,1457,694,2028]" box="[813,1217,726,752]" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FCD3FD2942DAE9D8" baselines="745" box="[813,922,731,750]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="through" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">THROUGH</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FC5FFD2E428CE9D9" baselines="746" box="[929,972,732,751]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="the" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">THE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FC2DFD24450CE9D8" baselines="745,745" box="[979,1100,726,752]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Shungura" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">SHUNGURA</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31CFFE3FBADFD294581E9D8" baselines="745" box="[1107,1217,731,750]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="sequence" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">SEQUENCE</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB22723B31CFFE3FCD3FD044555ECDA" blockId="11.[811,1457,694,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
Through the sequence, no significant difference in the complexity of wear surfaces of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FB62FCE4446CE806" box="[1180,1324,790,816]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FB62FCE4446CE806" box="[1180,1324,790,816]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is detected between members with both post-hoc tests, as well as in the heterogeneity of complexity. The complexity seems stable, except for specimens from members E and F that tend to display less complex surfaces (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB29FC674457E899" box="[1239,1303,917,943]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,143,1040,1057]" captionTargetBox="[143,1439,219,1001]" captionTargetId="figure-646@12.[325,886,227,773]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — A, Dental microwear texture parameters on extinct Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen, 1932 (black) through the different members (C-L) of the Shungura Formation (Asfc, complexity;epLsar, anisotropy; HAsfc36, heterogeneity of complexity).Median values are indicated and bars represent inter-quartile ranges. Data on extant suid genera Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (blue) and Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (pink) are indicated for comparison; B, enamel stable carbon isotopic compositions on Kolpochoerus through the same members of the Shungura Formation and on modern African suids (δ13C ‰ VPDB; data compiled from Bibi et al. 2013 and Negash et al. 2020 for Kolpochoerus and from the compilation available in Lazagabaster et al. 2021 for extant suids)." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C68F1298B31CFFE3FADBFC6744C1E899" box="[1317,1409,917,943]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[215,226,435,452]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Descriptive statistics (mean,SD, standard deviation,median; Q1, first quartile;Q3, third quartile,range) of dental microwear texture parameters for extant suid taxa and Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
; 2). Compared to extant suids, specimens from members E, F and G show significantly less complex surfaces than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FA70FC2744F1E8D9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1422,1457,981,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FA70FC2744F1E8D9" box="[1422,1457,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(p <0.03 with both post-hoc tests, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FAF0FC0744DEEF39" box="[1294,1438,1013,1039]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="32.[224,236,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,235,582]" captionTargetId="graphics-60@32.[224,2031,293,581]" captionText="APPENDIX 12. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter Asfc (complexity). P-values below a 10 % level of significance are HSD and LSD tests." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
). When looking at HAsfc36, we observe increasing values from Member C to Member F, then a decrease from Member F to Member J, and again higher values in Member L. The most heterogeneous surfaces are found in members F and G (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FCAAFB6642D6EF99" box="[852,918,1172,1199]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,143,1040,1057]" captionTargetBox="[143,1439,219,1001]" captionTargetId="figure-646@12.[325,886,227,773]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — A, Dental microwear texture parameters on extinct Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen, 1932 (black) through the different members (C-L) of the Shungura Formation (Asfc, complexity;epLsar, anisotropy; HAsfc36, heterogeneity of complexity).Median values are indicated and bars represent inter-quartile ranges. Data on extant suid genera Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (blue) and Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (pink) are indicated for comparison; B, enamel stable carbon isotopic compositions on Kolpochoerus through the same members of the Shungura Formation and on modern African suids (δ13C ‰ VPDB; data compiled from Bibi et al. 2013 and Negash et al. 2020 for Kolpochoerus and from the compilation available in Lazagabaster et al. 2021 for extant suids)." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C68F1298B31CFFE3FC5BFB664543EF99" box="[933,1027,1172,1199]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[215,226,435,452]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Descriptive statistics (mean,SD, standard deviation,median; Q1, first quartile;Q3, third quartile,range) of dental microwear texture parameters for extant suid taxa and Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
; 2). When compared to extant suids,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FCD0FB4642FAEFF8" box="[814,954,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FCD0FB4642FAEFF8" box="[814,954,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are generally more similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FAFDFB4644D2EFF8" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[1283,1426,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FAFDFB4644D2EFF8" box="[1283,1426,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in HAsfc36. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FCB2FB064558EE38" authority="from" authorityName="FROM" box="[844,1048,1268,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FCB2FB064298EE38" box="[844,984,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
members F and G have less homogeneous surfaces than those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FB79FAE64456EE18" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[1159,1302,1300,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FB79FAE64456EE18" box="[1159,1302,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, even though significant differences are only identified with LSD post-hoc test. In Member C, specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FB68FAA64461EE58" box="[1174,1313,1364,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FB68FAA64461EE58" box="[1174,1313,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
significantly differ from the three other extant genera (p <0.03 with both post-hoc tests,Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB92FA6145BCEE98" box="[1132,1276,1427,1454]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="32.[224,236,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,235,582]" captionTargetId="graphics-60@32.[224,2031,293,581]" captionText="APPENDIX 13. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter HAsfc36 (heterogeneity of complexity through 36 cells). P-values below a 10 % level of significance are given." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In members E and J, they significantly differ from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FB4CFA464595EEF8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1202,1237,1460,1486]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FB4CFA464595EEF8" box="[1202,1237,1460,1486]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
only (p <0.05 with both post-hoc tests, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB92FA2145BCEEDB" box="[1132,1276,1491,1517]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="32.[224,236,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,235,582]" captionTargetId="graphics-60@32.[224,2031,293,581]" captionText="APPENDIX 13. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter HAsfc36 (heterogeneity of complexity through 36 cells). P-values below a 10 % level of significance are given." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Regarding the anisotropy, mean and median values are stable within the sequence. Specimens from the lower part of Member G are slightly more anisotropic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB86F9C145F7ED7B" box="[1144,1207,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,143,1040,1057]" captionTargetBox="[143,1439,219,1001]" captionTargetId="figure-646@12.[325,886,227,773]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — A, Dental microwear texture parameters on extinct Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van Hoepen, 1932 (black) through the different members (C-L) of the Shungura Formation (Asfc, complexity;epLsar, anisotropy; HAsfc36, heterogeneity of complexity).Median values are indicated and bars represent inter-quartile ranges. Data on extant suid genera Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (blue) and Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (pink) are indicated for comparison; B, enamel stable carbon isotopic compositions on Kolpochoerus through the same members of the Shungura Formation and on modern African suids (δ13C ‰ VPDB; data compiled from Bibi et al. 2013 and Negash et al. 2020 for Kolpochoerus and from the compilation available in Lazagabaster et al. 2021 for extant suids)." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C68F1298B31CFFE3FB3AF9C1445FED7B" box="[1220,1311,1587,1613]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[215,226,435,452]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Descriptive statistics (mean,SD, standard deviation,median; Q1, first quartile;Q3, third quartile,range) of dental microwear texture parameters for extant suid taxa and Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
; 2), but they significantly differ from members E and L only (p <0.02,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FCD2F98142FAEDB8" box="[812,954,1651,1678]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[637,649,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,212,559]" captionTargetId="graphics-38@33.[215,2022,271,559]" captionText="APPENDIX 15. — Alternative Dunn’s test on the SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) following the Kruskal-Wallis test." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Compared to extant taxa,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FB16F98144EFEDBB" authority="from" authorityName="FROM" box="[1256,1455,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FB16F9814432EDBB" box="[1256,1394,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
all members except G strongly differ from herbivorous
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FCD1F94042FEEDFA" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[815,958,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FCD1F94042FEEDFA" box="[815,958,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(p <0.02, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB62F940446DEDFB" box="[1180,1325,1714,1741]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[637,649,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,212,559]" captionTargetId="graphics-38@33.[215,2022,271,559]" captionText="APPENDIX 15. — Alternative Dunn’s test on the SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) following the Kruskal-Wallis test." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
). They also show less anisotropic surfaces than
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FB44F9204403EDDA" box="[1210,1347,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FB44F920447FEDDA" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1210,1343,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hylochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hylochoerus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
except in members G and J (p <0.02, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB33F900441DEC3B" box="[1229,1373,1778,1805]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[637,649,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,212,559]" captionTargetId="graphics-38@33.[215,2022,271,559]" captionText="APPENDIX 15. — Alternative Dunn’s test on the SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) following the Kruskal-Wallis test." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Only specimens from members E and L show significantly less anisotropic surfaces than omnivorous genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FAE2F8C0447FEC7A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1308,1343,1842,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FAE2F8C0447FEC7A" box="[1308,1343,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FA88F8C142DCEC5A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FA88F8C142DCEC5A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Potamochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(p <0.02, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FB78F8A04459EC5B" box="[1158,1305,1874,1901]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[637,649,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,212,559]" captionTargetId="graphics-38@33.[215,2022,271,559]" captionText="APPENDIX 15. — Alternative Dunn’s test on the SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) following the Kruskal-Wallis test." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Altogether, even though DMTA parameters do not reveal substantial changes between members, our results highlight some variations in dental microwear textures of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FADCF84044F1ECFA" box="[1314,1457,1970,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FADCF84044F1ECFA" box="[1314,1457,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
within the sequence.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
336
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<treatment id="03A49635B31EFFE3FC1EF880400CEDFB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A49635B31EFFE3FC1EF880400CEDFB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A49635B31EFFE3FC1EF880400CEDFB" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31EFFE1FC1EF880452CECBA" ID-CoL="6MB2" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[992,1132,1906,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979FB31B31EFFE1FC1EF880452CECBA" box="[992,1132,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
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exhibits the most anisotropic surfaces when compared to other extant suid taxa (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31EFFE1FAA6F86044EBEC9A" box="[1368,1451,1938,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C68F1298B31EFFE1FCD3F84042C2ECFA" box="[813,898,1970,1996]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[215,226,435,452]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Descriptive statistics (mean,SD, standard deviation,median; Q1, first quartile;Q3, third quartile,range) of dental microwear texture parameters for extant suid taxa and Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van" pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Tables 1</tableCitation>
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; 2;
|
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<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31EFFE1FC56F8404570ECFA" box="[936,1072,1969,1996]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[637,649,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,212,559]" captionTargetId="graphics-38@33.[215,2022,271,559]" captionText="APPENDIX 15. — Alternative Dunn’s test on the SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) following the Kruskal-Wallis test." pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Appendix 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Its mean and median epLsar values are significantly higher than in omnivorous
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31EFFE1FAEAF82344F0ECDD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" box="[1300,1456,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31EFFE1FAEAF82344F0ECDD" box="[1300,1456,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Potamochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF7277ABB31DFFE2FF7AF89440E7ECDF" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" startId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" targetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB22723B31DFFE2FF7AF89440E7ECDF" blockId="10.[132,1457,1894,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="8D54B1FFB31DFFE2FF7AF89441DDEC41" baselines="1907,1908" box="[132,157,1894,1911]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FDE0F8944257EC41" authority="F. Cuvier, 1826" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[542,791,1894,1911]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FDE0F89443D6EC41" box="[542,662,1894,1911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
F.Cuvier, 1826
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(n = 23,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FC9AF89442D7EC41" bold="true" box="[868,919,1894,1911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">green</emphasis>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FC56F89445CFEC41" authority="Thomas, 1904" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[936,1167,1894,1911]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hylochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FC56F8944550EC41" box="[936,1040,1894,1911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Hylochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
Thomas, 1904
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(n = 21,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FB22F894445BEC41" bold="true" box="[1244,1307,1894,1911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">orange</emphasis>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FAD5F89441A0ECB8" authority="Gray, 1854" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FAD5F89444EFEC41" box="[1323,1455,1894,1911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Potamochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
Gray, 1854
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(n = 33,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FED7F88F400FECB8" bold="true" box="[297,335,1917,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">blue</emphasis>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FEA0F88F4342ECB8" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[350,514,1917,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FEA0F88F403DECB8" box="[350,381,1917,1934]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(n = 25,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FDB5F88F4331ECB8" bold="true" box="[587,625,1917,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">pink</emphasis>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FD61F88F4570ECB8" authority="Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932" authorityName="van Hoepen & van Hoepen" authorityYear="1932" box="[671,1072,1917,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Kolpochoerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FD61F88F4253ECB8" box="[671,787,1917,1934]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Kolpochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(n = 68,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FB87F88F45E9ECB8" bold="true" box="[1145,1193,1917,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">black</emphasis>
|
||||
). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FE3EF8664368EC93" bold="true" box="[448,552,1940,1957]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">dotted lines</emphasis>
|
||||
):
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FDC9F866426BEC93" authority="(Pallas, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[567,811,1940,1957]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FDC9F86643F7EC93" box="[567,695,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Ph. aethiopicus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Pallas, 1766)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FCC8F8664218EC93" authorityName="Pate" authorityYear="1944" box="[822,856,1940,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FCC8F8664218EC93" bold="true" box="[822,856,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Pae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, n = 14),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FC5BF86645CEEC93" authority="(Gmelin, 1788)" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[933,1166,1940,1957]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FC5BF8664551EC93" box="[933,1041,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Ph. africanus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Gmelin, 1788)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FB66F86645F6EC93" bold="true" box="[1176,1206,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Paf</emphasis>
|
||||
, n = 9),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FB04F86641F2EC8D" authority="(F. Cuvier, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larvatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FB04F866441BEC93" box="[1274,1371,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Po. larvatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(F.Cuvier, 1822)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FF43F8584199EC8D" box="[189,217,1962,1979]" class="Phycisphaerae" genus="Pla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Planctomycetota" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FF43F8584199EC8D" bold="true" box="[189,217,1962,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Pla</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, n = 18),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FED7F8584353EC8D" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[297,531,1962,1979]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porcus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FED7F85840C4EC8D" box="[297,388,1962,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Po. porcus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FDE3F858437FEC8D" box="[541,575,1962,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Ppo</emphasis>
|
||||
, n = 15),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FD71F858421FEC8D" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[655,863,1962,1979]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FD71F8584399EC8D" box="[655,729,1962,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">S. scrofa</emphasis>
|
||||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Poland (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FC2BF85842B8EC8D" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1836" box="[981,1016,1962,1979]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FC2BF85842B8EC8D" bold="true" box="[981,1016,1962,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Spo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, n = 19),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31DFFE2FBB6F85845D2EC8D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1096,1170,1962,1979]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FBB6F85845D2EC8D" box="[1096,1170,1962,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">S. scrofa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from France (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FAF9F8584461EC8D" bold="true" box="[1287,1313,1962,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Sfr</emphasis>
|
||||
, n = 6).
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FA99F8584434EC8D" bold="true" box="[1383,1396,1962,1979]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">A</emphasis>
|
||||
, Biplot of complexity (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FEFEF8334068ECE4" bold="true" box="[256,296,1985,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Asfc</emphasis>
|
||||
) and anisotropy (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FE44F83340B7ECE4" bold="true" box="[442,503,1985,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">epLsar</emphasis>
|
||||
);
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FDF9F8334354ECE4" bold="true" box="[519,532,1985,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">B</emphasis>
|
||||
, biplot of complexity (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FD31F83343B7ECE4" bold="true" box="[719,759,1985,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">Asfc</emphasis>
|
||||
) and heterogeneity of complexity (
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31DFFE2FBE4F8334524ECE4" bold="true" box="[1050,1124,1985,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="97">HAsfc36</emphasis>
|
||||
). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB22723B31CFFE3FF7AFF2A43C7E826" blockId="11.[130,778,216,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF4AFF2A4197EBC4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[180,215,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF4AFF2A4197EBC4" box="[180,215,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(p <0.02, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FE55FF2A4378EBC5" box="[427,568,216,243]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[637,649,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,212,559]" captionTargetId="graphics-38@33.[215,2022,271,559]" captionText="APPENDIX 15. — Alternative Dunn’s test on the SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) following the Kruskal-Wallis test." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FD84FF2A4245EBC4" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[634,773,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FD84FF2A4245EBC4" box="[634,773,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
does not significantly differ from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FE0AFF0A4333EA24" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[500,627,248,274]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hylochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FE0AFF0A4333EA24" box="[500,627,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Hylochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FD7FFF0A41E4EA07" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FD7FFF0A41E4EA07" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Potamochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF24FEEA41BDEA04" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[218,253,280,306]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF24FEEA41BDEA04" box="[218,253,280,306]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are similar in anisotropy and include the lowest values. In terms of complexity, we observe that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FD8BFECA43D7EA64" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[629,663,312,338]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FD8BFECA43D7EA64" box="[629,663,312,338]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
shows the highest values among our sample of extant suids. However, significant differences with the three other taxa are identified with LSD post-hoc tests (p <0.03, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FD96FE6543B6EA87" box="[616,758,407,433]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="32.[224,236,137,154]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,235,582]" captionTargetId="graphics-60@32.[224,2031,293,581]" captionText="APPENDIX 12. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter Asfc (complexity). P-values below a 10 % level of significance are HSD and LSD tests." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
), not HSD tests.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FED4FE454086EAE7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" box="[298,454,439,465]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FED4FE454086EAE7" box="[298,454,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Potamochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tends to exhibit shearing surfaces that are slightly more complex than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FDA6FE254397EAC7" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[600,727,471,497]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hylochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FDA6FE254397EAC7" box="[600,727,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Hylochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF7AFE054050E927" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[132,272,503,529]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF7AFE054050E927" box="[132,272,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. When looking at the heterogeneity of complexity (here, HAsfc36;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FE7FFDE540FDE907" box="[385,445,535,561]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
), we observe that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FD82FDE54245E907" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[636,773,535,561]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FD82FDE54245E907" box="[636,773,535,561]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is significantly lower than all other taxa (p <0.03, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FF7AFDA44058E947" box="[132,280,598,625]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="32.[224,236,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,235,582]" captionTargetId="graphics-60@32.[224,2031,293,581]" captionText="APPENDIX 13. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter HAsfc36 (heterogeneity of complexity through 36 cells). P-values below a 10 % level of significance are given." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and strongly differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FDA4FDA5433DE947" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[602,637,599,625]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FDA4FDA5433DE947" box="[602,637,599,625]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(p <0.001, Table 2;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FF13FD8440C4E9A6" box="[237,388,630,656]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="32.[224,236,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,235,582]" captionTargetId="graphics-60@32.[224,2031,293,581]" captionText="APPENDIX 13. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter HAsfc36 (heterogeneity of complexity through 36 cells). P-values below a 10 % level of significance are given." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FE5EFD844365E9A6" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[416,549,630,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hylochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FE5EFD844365E9A6" box="[416,549,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Hylochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FD9DFD844246E9A6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" box="[611,774,630,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FD9DFD844246E9A6" box="[611,774,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Potamochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tend to show intermediate HAsfc36 values between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FD18FD65424AE987" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[742,778,663,689]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FD18FD65424AE987" box="[742,778,663,689]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF48FD444002E9E6" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[182,322,694,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF48FD444002E9E6" box="[182,322,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but do not significantly differ from our
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF78FD2441E9E9C6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[134,169,726,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF78FD2441E9E9C6" box="[134,169,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sample. Summary statistics for the extant suid genera analyzed in this study are presented in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C68F1298B31CFFE3FDD0FD04433FE826" box="[558,639,758,784]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[215,226,435,452]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Descriptive statistics (mean,SD, standard deviation,median; Q1, first quartile;Q3, third quartile,range) of dental microwear texture parameters for extant suid taxa and Kolpochoerus van Hoepen & van" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BB22723B31CFFE3FF65FCE4400CEDFB" blockId="11.[130,778,216,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
We also observe differences within the genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FD67FCE441F9E879" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FD67FCE441F9E879" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Potamochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF0BFCC4403EE866" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" box="[245,382,822,848]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF0BFCC4403EE866" box="[245,382,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, as well as intra-specific differences within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF28FCA4407DE846" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[214,317,854,880]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF28FCA4407DE846" box="[214,317,854,880]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus scrofa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FEAEFCA740E7E846" box="[336,423,853,880]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). These differences concern the anisotropy (epLsar) and the heterogeneity (HAsfc36) of surface textures, not the complexity (Asfc; Appendices 12; 13; 15). Notably, common warthogs (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FDDFFC4743EBE8F9" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[545,683,949,975]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FDDFFC4743EBE8F9" box="[545,683,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Ph. africanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) exhibit wear surfaces less anisotropic than those of desert warthogs (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF73FC074067EF39" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[141,295,1013,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF73FC074067EF39" box="[141,295,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Ph. aethiopicus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), as shown by the median value of the former being 1.5 times lower than for the latter (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FDCDFBE7432FEF19" box="[563,623,1045,1071]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FD85FBE743B7EF19" box="[635,759,1045,1071]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="27.[529,541,314,331]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="APPENDIX 7. — Descriptive statistics (mean; SD, standard deviation; median; Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile, range) on extant suid species." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, the two samples of warthogs do not significantly differ (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FF2DFBA74027EF59" box="[211,359,1109,1135]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[215,227,1102,1119]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,1223,1455]" captionTargetId="graphics-357@33.[215,2022,1271,1455]" captionText="APPENDIX 17. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) measured on extant suid samples Hylochoerus 1904, Phacochoerus africanus (Gmelin, 1788), Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766), Potamochoerus larvatus (F. Cuvier, 1822), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758), and the two populations of boars from Poland and France. below a 10 % level of significance are given for HSD and LSD tests." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 17</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Common warthogs even exhibit a median epLsar value below the ones measured for the two populations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FED1FB6740D4EF98" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[303,404,1172,1199]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FED1FB6740D4EF98" box="[303,404,1172,1199]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Sus scrofa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the one of
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FDB7FB67438EEF98" box="[585,718,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FDB7FB67438AEF98" baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[585,714,1172,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larvatus">Po. larvatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Still, they show the highest inter-quartile range with specimens that present more anisotropic surfaces than all other omnivores, and no significant difference is identified between them and the other suid samples (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FE7BFAE64352EE18" box="[389,530,1300,1326]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="33.[215,227,1102,1119]" captionTargetBox="[215,2022,1223,1455]" captionTargetId="graphics-357@33.[215,2022,1271,1455]" captionText="APPENDIX 17. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter epLsar (anisotropy) measured on extant suid samples Hylochoerus 1904, Phacochoerus africanus (Gmelin, 1788), Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766), Potamochoerus larvatus (F. Cuvier, 1822), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758), and the two populations of boars from Poland and France. below a 10 % level of significance are given for HSD and LSD tests." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 17</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Regarding HAsfc36, although desert warthogs tend to show higher values than common warthogs, they do not significantly differ, and both species tend to display more homogeneous wear surfaces than omnivorous and less-specialized suids (p <0.04 with LSD test only;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FF08FA4140C3EEF8" box="[246,387,1459,1486]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="34.[224,236,619,636]" captionTargetBox="[224,2031,740,973]" captionTargetId="graphics-95@34.[224,2031,788,972]" captionText="APPENDIX 18. — Combined HSD (above diagonal) and LSD (below diagonal) post-hoc tests following one-way ANOVAs on SSFA parameter HAsfc36 (heterogeneity of complexity through 36 cells) measured on extant suid samples Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904, Phacochoerus africanus (Gmelin,1788), Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766), Potamochoerus larvatus (F. Cuvier, 1822), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758), and the two populations of boars from Poland and France. P-values below a 10 % level of significance are given." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Appendix 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FDEBFA4143F0EEFB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" box="[533,688,1459,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FDEBFA4143F0EEFB" box="[533,688,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Potamochoerus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
slightly differ,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FF37FA264003EEDB" baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[201,323,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larvatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FF37FA264003EEDB" box="[201,323,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Po. larvatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
showing more anisotropic, more complex and more heterogeneous surfaces than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D5CA0B31CFFE3FDE2FA0643C1ED3B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[540,641,1524,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Potamochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porcus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B979FB31B31CFFE3FDE2FA0643C1ED3B" box="[540,641,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Po. porcus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FD6FFA01438DED3B" box="[657,717,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but differences are not significant (Appendices 17; 18). At last, the two wild boar populations also slightly differ (though not significantly;Appendices 17; 18), the boars from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31A67B3B31CFFE3FD41F9A14247ED5B" box="[703,775,1619,1645]" name="France" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">France</collectingCountry>
|
||||
showing more complex, more anisotropic and less heterogeneous wear surfaces than boars from the Białowieża Forest in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F31A67B3B31CFFE3FF5DF94041AEEDFA" box="[163,238,1714,1740]" name="Poland" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13363BA6B31CFFE3FF03F940407CEDFB" box="[253,316,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1894,1911]" captionTargetBox="[261,1389,200,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-197@10.[281,853,774,1334]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Biplots of SSFA parameters on extant Phacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 (n = 23, green), Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 (n = 21, orange), Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 (n = 33, blue), Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 25, pink) and Kolpochoerus Van Hoepen & Van Hoepen, 1932 (n = 68, black). Inter- and intra-specific variations within extant genera are shown (dotted lines): Ph. aethiopicus (Pallas, 1766) (Pae, n = 14), Ph. africanus (Gmelin, 1788) (Paf, n = 9), Po. larvatus (F.Cuvier, 1822) (Pla, n = 18), Po. porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ppo, n = 15), S. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Poland (Spo, n = 19), S. scrofa from France (Sfr, n = 6). A, Biplot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar); B, biplot of complexity (Asfc) and heterogeneity of complexity (HAsfc36). Median values are indicated and bars represent the inter-quartile ranges." pageId="11" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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Reference in a new issue