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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.431.7561" ID-GBIF-Dataset="62ac91a7-de7d-4f51-8455-5ffd8a60c1f8" ID-PMC="PMC4141175" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-431-79" ID-PubMed="25152669" ID-ZBK="4DF7DB7F624242EC8933B707A5B2324A" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-431-79" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 431" ModsDocTitle="The earliest fossil record of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China" checkinTime="1451245533570" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ding, He, Shih, Chungkun, Bashkuev, Alexei, Zhao, Yunyun &amp; Ren, Dong" docDate="2014" docId="4EE26673CF47358E7364D99EAE9F5B1A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 431: 79-92" docOrigin="ZooKeys 431" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.431.7561" docTitle="Jurassipanorpa Ding, Shih &amp; Ren, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="5D919FDF-18E3-48D5-B723-2BDCE98B900B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="80" masterDocId="FF8A7E6CFFE82F16FFC8EC413905057E" masterDocTitle="The earliest fossil record of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="79" pageNumber="80" updateTime="1668159098008" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>The earliest fossil record of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ding, He</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Shih, Chungkun</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bashkuev, Alexei</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhao, Yunyun</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ren, Dong</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>431</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>79</mods:start>
<mods:end>92</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.431.7561</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.431.7561</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-431-79</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">4DF7DB7F624242EC8933B707A5B2324A</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4DF7DB7F624242EC8933B707A5B2324A</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152054827" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5D919FDF-18E3-48D5-B723-2BDCE98B900B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4EE26673CF47358E7364D99EAE9F5B1A" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="80" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Taxon classification Animalia Mecoptera Panorpidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="80" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/5D919FDF-18E3-48D5-B723-2BDCE98B900B" authority="Ding, Shih &amp; Ren" class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Jurassipanorpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Jurassipanorpa" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Jurassipanorpa Ding, Shih &amp; Ren</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="80">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="80" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
The generic name is a combination of Jurassic, highlighting the age of these fossil panorpids, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Panorpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panorpa" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panorpa</taxonomicName>
, the type genus of
<taxonomicName family="Panorpidae" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" rank="family">Panorpidae</taxonomicName>
. Gender feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="80" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Jurassipanorpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Jurassipanorpa impunctata" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impunctata">Jurassipanorpa impunctata</taxonomicName>
Ding, Shih &amp; Ren, sp. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="80" type="other included species">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Other included species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Jurassipanorpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Jurassipanorpa sticta" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sticta">Jurassipanorpa sticta</taxonomicName>
Ding, Shih &amp; Ren sp. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="80" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">In forewing, Sc reaching the anterior margin near or beyond the middle of the wing; both R1 and Rs1 with two branches; 1A reaching posterior margin distad of the forking of Rs from R1; 3 anal veins present; one crossvein between Cu1 and Cu2 and between 1A and 2A respectively.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="80" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
We assigned this genus to
<taxonomicName family="Panorpidae" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" rank="family">Panorpidae</taxonomicName>
mainly based on the following characters: (1) head capsule with prolonged downward mouthparts; (2) slender wings and forewing slightly larger than hind wing with similar veins; (3) forewing Rs with five branches; (4) forewing M with four branches; (5) forewing Cu1 not fused with M basally, one crossvein between M4 and Cu1; and (6) hind wing Rs with five and M with four branches as those of forewing.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.828.32200" ID-GBIF-Dataset="883fd9fb-163a-4c5c-821f-1a60675e05ef" ID-PMC="PMC6418079" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-828-1" ID-PubMed="30940991" ID-ZBK="2A63A74D8B304C83AB747BAF6AF6984E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-828-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 828" ModsDocTitle="One hundred and three new species of Trigonopterus weevils from Sulawesi" checkinTime="1552048160513" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Riedel, Alexander &amp; Narakusumo, Raden Pramesa" docDate="2019" docId="4EE26EC07EA20EEBFD8593F94CAB18E4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 828: 1-153" docOrigin="ZooKeys 828" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.828.32200" docTitle="Trigonopterus serripes Riedel, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="41B24644-E9B5-4F85-83E6-BC94150CA9CC" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="E804FFCCFFD90005C61ECB67306EFFB7" masterDocTitle="One hundred and three new species of Trigonopterus weevils from Sulawesi" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668166989935" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>One hundred and three new species of Trigonopterus weevils from Sulawesi</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Riedel, Alexander</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Narakusumo, Raden Pramesa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:number>828</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.828.32200</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">2A63A74D8B304C83AB747BAF6AF6984E</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154295743" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:41B24644-E9B5-4F85-83E6-BC94150CA9CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4EE26EC07EA20EEBFD8593F94CAB18E4" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
89.
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/41B24644-E9B5-4F85-83E6-BC94150CA9CC" authority="Riedel" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Trigonopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonopterus serripes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serripes">Trigonopterus serripes Riedel</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnostic description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Holotype, male (Fig. 89a). Length 2.28 mm. Color of antennae and legs ferruginous; elytral humeri dark ferruginous; remainder black. Body subovate; in dorsal aspect with moderate constriction between pronotum and elytron; in profile dorsally convex. Rostrum dorsally with median carina and pair of submedian ridges; intervening furrows with sparse, erect scales; epistome short, posteriorly with transverse ridge. Pronotum with lateral edges weakly converging, with weak subapical constriction; disk with pair of distinct longitudinal impressions; medially broadly swollen, densely coarsely punctate; interspaces subglabrous, with narrow median costa; with scattered yellow elongate scales. Elytra sparsely punctate with minute punctures; striae marked by fine hairlines; in basal 1/3, at middle and subapically with sparse yellow recumbent scales. Femora dentate, with acute tooth; anteroventral ridge of metafemur crenate. Metafemur with dorsoposterior edge denticulate; subapically with stridulatory patch. Meso- and metatibia in basal 1/2 widened, dorsal edge serrate. Metatibia curved. Abdominal ventrites 1-2 concave, subglabrous, sparsely punctate, with few scattered piliform scales; ventrite 5 weakly concave, punctate, with sparse erect setae. Penis (Fig. 89b) with sides of body weakly diverging; apex subtruncate, with fringe of long curly setae; apodemes 2.9
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as body of penis; transfer apparatus flagelliform, 1.8
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than body of penis; ductus ejaculatorius with indistinct bulbus. Intraspecific variation. Length 2.28-2.36 mm. Female rostrum slender, in apical 1/2 with submedian row of punctures and sublateral furrows; epistome simple. Female ventrite 5 flat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Holotype (MZB): ARC3170 (GenBank # MK260591), SE-Sulawesi Prov., N Kolaka, Uluwolo village,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-3.8012166">03°48.073'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="121.28093">121°16.856'E</geoCoordinate>
, 182 m, sifted, 21-IV-2013. Paratypes (MZB, SMNK): 14 exx, ARC3171 (GenBank # MK260590), ARC3172 (GenBank # MK260592), same data as holotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">SE-Sulawesi Prov. (Kolaka). Elevation ca. 180 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">In leaf litter of lowland forest.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">This epithet is a combination of the Latin noun serra (a saw) and the noun pes (foot, leg) and is to be treated as noun in apposition.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Trigonopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonopterus serripes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serripes">Trigonopterus serripes</taxonomicName>
Riedel, sp. n. was coded as &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Trigonopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trigonopterus</taxonomicName>
sp. 533&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="4EE2721D1F1F7A0EA10455C342D04197" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6243304" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100121845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6243304" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4EE2721D1F1F7A0EA10455C342D04197" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4EE2721D1F1F7A0EA10455C342D04197" lastPageNumber="56" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName id="26A402E4EFE9D889178CB3B7D037B6A4" ID-CoL="58YTT" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Triplophysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strauchii">T. strauchii (Kessler)</taxonomicName>
:
</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="6B3FDAE3CF228A4385689EA66400921C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923903261" country="China" stateProvince="Xinjiang">
<collectionCode id="335B20964AA34CE0B6CCBFA6E3FEC016" collectionName="KIZ">KIZ</collectionCode>
20040830699-719, 21 spc, 67-84mm SL, Jiudaowan, Urumqi,
<collectingRegion id="8CF5AE1041597B3072E28C82BDC58083">Xinjiang</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="2393FE8F8CAA4C5CFBA2658A1480975B">China</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="96A4B12A18C517A82A84FF9A2AB6B2B3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923903258" country="China" stateProvince="Xinjiang">
<collectionCode id="DD6598D69481479892F0AB76F6C8784D" collectionName="KIZ">KIZ</collectionCode>
200409020929-930, 934-935, 939, 955, 957, 960, 964-965, 969, 975, 979, 981, 984, 988-989, 17 spc, 51-88mm SL, Yili He, Yining,
<collectingRegion id="B60D134D1CC79E3754685C7B1F7964D4">Xinjiang</collectingRegion>
,
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.
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/13FCB617-738B-4272-AA9A-225E7C88B53E" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Bidessodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bidessodes erythros" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythros">Bidessodes erythros</taxonomicName>
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Figs 6-10, 97
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="17" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
locality.
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">
Guyana, Region 8, Konawaruk River, Basecamp (blackwater camp),
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.0647335">5°03.884'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-59.213966">59°12.838'W</geoCoordinate>
.
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">Type material.</paragraph>
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Holotype in MIZA, male labeled, &quot;GUYANA:Region 8
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, 75 m Konawaruk River, Basecamp (blackwater camp): Blackwater crk along margin, with leaf litter leg. Salisbury &amp; La Cruz 10.ix.2014: GY14-0910-02/ SEMC1428326 [barcode label]/ HOLOTYPE
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Miller, 2016 [red label with black line border].&quot; Paratypes, 15, labeled same as holotype except with different specimen barcode labels and each with
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PARATYPE
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Miller, 2016 [blue label with black line border].&quot;
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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This species does not have a carinate prosternum in either male or female. The prosternal process is broadly triangular, slightly convex and apically acuminate. The male mesotibia is unmodified. The male metatrochanter and metafemur are unmodified (Fig. 10) and the male last abdominal ventrite is unmodified. The male median lobe in lateral aspect is broadly lobate basally with the apical portion long, sublinear, moderately broad with somewhat undulate dorsal and ventral margins and of somewhat even width to a rounded apex (Fig. 7). In ventral aspect the median lobe is moderately broad and similar in width to the apex which is divided into two long rami separated by a narrow, deep medial emargination, with the apex of each ramus narrowed to a point (Fig. 8). The basal segment of the lateral lobe is elongate and irregularly shaped (Fig. 9). The apical segment is small with the apex characterized by an anteriorly directed spinous process on the dorsal margin (Fig. 9). Externally,
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is similar to many other species of
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with relatively unmodified ventral surfaces and legs in males or females. The main difference between this species and others is the
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genitalia as described above. The male median lobe and lateral lobes (Figs 7-9) are unlike any other species in the genus.
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Measurements. TL = 2.3-2.4 mm, EW = 1.2-1.3 mm, PW = 1.0-1.1 mm, HW = 0.7-0.9 mm, ED = 0.4-0.5 mm, TL/EW = 2.1-2.3, HW/ED = 1.7-1.8. Body shape elongate oval, pronotum widest medially, width less than greatest width of elytra, lateral outline slightly discontinuous between pronotum and elytron, posteriorly somewhat attenuate.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Coloration (Fig. 6). Head and pronotum yellow-orange, posterior margin of pronotum medially narrowly brown. Elytron with base color dark brown with weakly differentiated, diffuse, transverse pale fasciae anteriorly, medially and at apex, anterior and medial pale regions meeting in longitudinal areas medially (Fig. 6); surface not iridescent. Head appendages, legs and ventral surfaces yellow to yellow-orange.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Sculpture and structure (Fig. 6). Head with dorsal surface smooth and shiny, with extremely fine micropunctures, broadly dispersed. Pronotum (Fig. 6) smooth and shiny with broadly dispersed micropunctures; lateral margins broadly rounded, pronotum broadest medially, slightly constricted at posterior angles, somewhat less in width than greatest width of elytra; basal striae moderately well impressed, extending about 2/5 distance across pronotum. Elytron (Fig. 6) very broadly curved laterally; shiny, finely microreticulate across surface, distinctly punctate. Prosternal process basally broad and posteriorly slightly convergent to broadly pointed apex, lateral margins somewhat straight and convergent; surface approximately flat. Metaventrite process anteriorly produced with weak lateral carinae that do not extend posteriorly; surface of metaventrite smooth and shiny, not carinate or otherwise modified. Metacoxa with lateral portions shiny, not punctate; metacoxal lines elongate, subparallel, apically distinctly convergent; metatrochanter and metafemur relatively unmodified. Abdominal ventrites smooth, impunctate; ventrite VI smooth, evenly convex, apically broadly pointed.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Male genitalia. Median lobe in lateral aspect with elongate, oval basal part, apical portion nearly straight, robust, with lateral margins subparallel to rounded apex (Fig. 7); median lobe in ventral aspect broad, lateral margins weakly sinuate, similar in width throughout, apex bifid, each branch apically broadly pointed and slightly curved inward, emargination V-shaped (Fig. 8); lateral lobe in lateral aspect with basal segment elongate, subtriangular with distict apicoventral lobe at base of apical segment; apical segment short and small, apically with truncate and laterally toothed apex, with large, basally-directed tooth on dorsal margin (Fig. 9).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Sexual dimorphism. Male pro- and mesotarsomes I-III broader than in female and with extensive ventral adhesive setae. Otherwise males and females similar.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Variation. Specimens are relatively consistent in color pattern and other features.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
This species is named
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, Greek for
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after one of the four horsemen of the apocalypse.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">This species is known only from central Guyana (Fig. 97).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">The type series was collected from a leaf litter area along the margins of a blackwater creek.</paragraph>
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607
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<mods:title id="1A7503BFE7893C1DD70EC1A3B3228960">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BC20432FBE1C3AC541018B4C100DD855">2024</mods:date>
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<subSection id="7411F1D57432AADDCC2491E8D5C11A43" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="11. tribe erythrophleeae">
<treatment id="4EE2E737FF4F568F1F5FA3FB1FD8C14B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4EE2E737FF4F568F1F5FA3FB1FD8C14B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4EE2E737FF4F568F1F5FA3FB1FD8C14B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="1DD7CF6841ACB508ED40089B57003A2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FE60B89B1A51576ECE4FCED4BD385553" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="8A1C2B057D08D569146E5A5AFDEA0447" ID-CoL="9CLKK" authority="Harms, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 428. 1913." authorityName="Harms, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 428. 1913." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pachyelasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pachyelasma" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pachyelasma Harms, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 428. 1913.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4FF16FD1F7E61EB3D1396D38F8B11238" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="118F2D5FCCB82054D59C82A7B2860A02" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="2BD39F98DED02987841744EA6A702AD3" captionStart="Figure 99" captionStartId="F106" captionText="Figure 99. Habit, bark and foliage of Erythrophleeae A Erythrophleum fordii Oliv. at Hung Temple, Vietnam B bark of Erythrophleum couminga Baill. in Madagascar C Pachyelasma tessmannii (Harms) Harms in Congolian rainforest D, E, H Erythrophleum chlorostachys Baill. D rugous bark E tree in northern Australian savannas H foliage F Erythrophleum lasianthum Corbishley foliage G Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. &amp; Perr.) Brenan foliage and terminal inflorescences, Ntumbachusi falls, Zambia. Photo credits A Hungda (https: // tropical. theferns. info / image. php? id = Erythrophleum + fordii) B Solofo Eric Rakotoarisoa, iNaturalist (https: // www. inaturalist. org / photos / 42581094) C Bart Wursten (https: // www. flickr. com / photos / zimbart / 8212743587 / in / photolist-dvJsxn-dvJnwi) D, E, H G Mahajan (https: // alchetron. com / Erythrophleum-chlorostachys) F JMK (https: // wikiwand. com / en / Erythrophleum _ lasianthum) G MG Bingham (https: // malawiflora. com / speciesdata / image-display. php? species _ id = 126540 &amp; image _ id = 8)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure99" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014772" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 99</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="9F34DC2918AB8583021D4630D92492D9" captionStart="Figure 101" captionStartId="F108" captionText="Figure 101. Tribe Erythrophleeae inflorescences, fruits and seeds A-D Spicate racemes of species of Erythrophleum with small flowers, erect sepals and petals and hairy stamen filaments A E. suaveolens (Guill. &amp; Perr.) Brenan with a visiting fly B E. chlorostachys (F. Muell.) Baill. (Ironwood) C, D E. lasianthum Corbishley E-I Fruits and seeds E dehisced fruits of Erythrophleum suaveolens F, G ripe fruits of Erythrophleum lasianthum H, I dispersed fruits of Pachyelasma tessmannii (Harms) Harms on the forest floor, showing the flat valves and raised margins. Photo credits: A AlkalIn (https: // commons. wikimedia. org / wiki / File: Flowers _ of _ Erythrophleum _ suaveolens. jpg) B T Harley (https: // territorynativeplants. com. au / erythrophleum-chlorostachys-ironwood) C, D SAplants E Oliver Haumann, iNaturalist (https: // www. inaturalist. org / photos / 60428121) F, G JMK (https: // commons. wikimedia. org / wiki / File: Erythrophleum _ lasianthum, _ loof _ en _ peule, _ Manie _ van _ der _ Schijff _ BT, _ a. jpg) H B Wursten (https: // flickr. com / photos / zimbart / 8212726705) I T Stevart (https: // tropicos. org / ImageDownload. aspx? imageid = 100336252)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure101" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014774" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 101</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="239AFD10F352988B6A968CF0E86DBDC9" captionStart="Figure 102" captionStartId="F109" captionText="Figure 102. Distribution of Pachyelasma based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014775" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 102</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2C88F6DDC61AC69F830D947124E77703" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2E9BA57DD95B12935E16FD2B281B2830" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="E9676CC56E4E8A62B07C8B0D506CB590">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D323842362DF1D95A87D1813157C270E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="95C35EE7E3081F850F347F3E80299207" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Pachyelasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pachyelasma tessmannii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tessmannii">
<emphasis id="DDDEF83B0DF02EA5932690E558E5D4DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pachyelasma tessmannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Harms) Harms [≡
<taxonomicName id="711EB7B627522AD0ABDFEE6013EED6DB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Stachyothyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stachyothyrsus tessmannii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tessmannii">
<emphasis id="642A868C2ABB9E73C5641E2C7D244AA0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stachyothyrsus tessmannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Harms]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAD8B917C8DCA2B65BDE896E919282C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="A5183693805BE1B61FD49B9478B05E22" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BE9C60B0510D2A5927BC66F6DD91B2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Unarmed trees, frequently emergent above forest canopies, to 60 m and 2.5 m diameter (Fig.
<figureCitation id="EC17311485A0DDE3F154D7B582590DF2" captionStart="Figure 99" captionStartId="F106" captionText="Figure 99. Habit, bark and foliage of Erythrophleeae A Erythrophleum fordii Oliv. at Hung Temple, Vietnam B bark of Erythrophleum couminga Baill. in Madagascar C Pachyelasma tessmannii (Harms) Harms in Congolian rainforest D, E, H Erythrophleum chlorostachys Baill. D rugous bark E tree in northern Australian savannas H foliage F Erythrophleum lasianthum Corbishley foliage G Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. &amp; Perr.) Brenan foliage and terminal inflorescences, Ntumbachusi falls, Zambia. Photo credits A Hungda (https: // tropical. theferns. info / image. php? id = Erythrophleum + fordii) B Solofo Eric Rakotoarisoa, iNaturalist (https: // www. inaturalist. org / photos / 42581094) C Bart Wursten (https: // www. flickr. com / photos / zimbart / 8212743587 / in / photolist-dvJsxn-dvJnwi) D, E, H G Mahajan (https: // alchetron. com / Erythrophleum-chlorostachys) F JMK (https: // wikiwand. com / en / Erythrophleum _ lasianthum) G MG Bingham (https: // malawiflora. com / speciesdata / image-display. php? species _ id = 126540 &amp; image _ id = 8)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure99" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014772" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">99C</figureCitation>
), frequently buttressed; bark greyish and rugose, thick, peeling off in irregular flakes; short shoots absent.
<emphasis id="1B319D05912E9EAA5C965E7C2245A3FC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stipules</emphasis>
inconspicuous, caducous.
<emphasis id="135E762A2F823CE3F535559D8EC77666" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
bipinnate, petiole and leaf rachis cylindrical; pinnae 2-3 pairs, opposite or, rarely, subopposite, articulated with leaf rachis; leaflets 9-14 per pinna, alternate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, pinnately veined, shortly petiolulate; stipels not seen; extrafloral nectaries absent.
<emphasis id="C5E3E5821A4B75EB18E242799A0BC869" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Inflorescences</emphasis>
densely flowered spicate racemes, clustered in short axillary panicles, the peduncle short or absent and a short rachis.
<emphasis id="7ACDD838ACDE9546CF1BDF60D7E69066" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
small (ca. 5 mm long), wine red with a yellowish base, actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual (staminate), pedicellate; hypanthium short, cupuliform; sepals 5, free; petals 5, free, imbricate, obovate, margins ciliate; stamens 10, free, equally long, anthers dehiscing through longitudinal slits, dorsally attached to a massive connective; pollen in isopolar, trizonocolporate monads, exine perforate to finely rugulate; intrastaminal disk attached to the hypanthium surface; ovary shortly stipitate, glabrous, ovules numerous (15-20), style cylindrical, stigma punctiform.
<emphasis id="D753A235953D0A70118C4F15FF9919B8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fruit</emphasis>
indehiscent or late dehiscent, with a thick body, flat compressed, straight or slightly curved, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, each margin provided with two thick erect ribs; valves thick, smooth, the mesocarp gelatinous-resinous, the endocarp internally septate into 10-15 one-seeded envelopes.
<emphasis id="EFF44F702E5CFD35D94C453FAC4105E3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seeds</emphasis>
ellipsoid, only slightly compressed, testa bright, pleurogram absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1E6BC9D7B0D73E55C1BE85BA02D7F3FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph id="6EE213FB149B364AA1299B1105D45D4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB19FADE933D0083AE46AAA787CE4695" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F563CB8037EBB566A954DB48BFBA3D5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B8A6CB19CF4901E5067CD92C7A97B96C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Included species and geographic distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EDBF6B12D69A8F8B468EA0A6C7A96212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Monospecific (
<taxonomicName id="F5DEAE80F6DC94BFAC44E78BE83D1BF7" lsidName="P. tessmannii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tessmannii">
<emphasis id="3A0B742FBF046C2B825ADF0CC5A0E801" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. tessmannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), distributed in west tropical Africa (Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; Fig.
<figureCitation id="3A4247F4900858F038FB8254E3E1AAC8" captionStart="Figure 102" captionStartId="F109" captionText="Figure 102. Distribution of Pachyelasma based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014775" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">102</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="A3A7121702B200789A6E65CD90C2AFCF" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure101" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014774" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 101" startId="F108">
<paragraph id="496F1B81D8C072D1799958E9021643F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="05C34FB515577CD712672F145D9AF740" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 101.</emphasis>
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="8C5867361451E309A5806580761270A7" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Erythrophleeae">Erythrophleeae</taxonomicName>
inflorescences, fruits and seeds
<emphasis id="B8D9C8CDEFBD26439CB205F04398CFE1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
Spicate racemes of species of
<taxonomicName id="A04CBDDE487D48CD9CEF304815FFC6DC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Erythrophleum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrophleum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5108AE79B0BF9B5476A6E8422C45A9EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erythrophleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with small flowers, erect sepals and petals and hairy stamen filaments
<emphasis id="A26725AB64CA5FAEF40DDBB3096A752D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F76FEF57F4B09D2A5C8605DDD6580DBC" lsidName="E. suaveolens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="suaveolens">
<emphasis id="7BA796C6BE2FC2564B64900811A8E692" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. suaveolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Guill. &amp; Perr.) Brenan with a visiting fly
<emphasis id="E351B66CD1EA5FDD54168CE9F5E50AFD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0CDF8B24ACA9965AF006DA620F3E048" lsidName="E. chlorostachys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chlorostachys">
<emphasis id="D34E0C2E8E969B15FD47B2A70A4BD140" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. chlorostachys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F. Muell.) Baill. (Ironwood)
<emphasis id="A19CC0B8A05919F87482E30EE21FD29B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7809522864DE3BAB9873208B256EE03F" lsidName="E. lasianthum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasianthum">
<emphasis id="EE253DDBE3C94428940FC48CD3FF57C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. lasianthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Corbishley
<emphasis id="788FD040987255600D90D4108E81B4D3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-I</emphasis>
Fruits and seeds
<emphasis id="6953A0CBDFA450FB79256E0F1E16AB19" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
dehisced fruits of
<taxonomicName id="5B8C13DBC774A85DE75B67BB0E93AE26" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Erythrophleum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrophleum suaveolens" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suaveolens">
<emphasis id="BB49D367542A1EC6467B0A1CBCCB6FEC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erythrophleum suaveolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="640F3CB4284FD3AAB4E78A293C8CE68F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, G</emphasis>
ripe fruits of
<taxonomicName id="95BA4FB2E5EC0865CDA3F18B06139B09" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Erythrophleum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrophleum lasianthum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasianthum">
<emphasis id="208957AA3C64DB12D5F2DF8B3CA318F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erythrophleum lasianthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8D8129DB5954250A5D07CE8CCDA4CD09" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H, I</emphasis>
dispersed fruits of
<taxonomicName id="B662CECBF7E226F3216591E4BA10A62E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Pachyelasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pachyelasma tessmannii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tessmannii">
<emphasis id="201200145151160FBAF65292DF444210" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pachyelasma tessmannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Harms) Harms on the forest floor, showing the flat valves and raised margins. Photo credits:
<emphasis id="19FFA71E62F84C4B2ECC1D5D40E4B707" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
AlkalIn (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Erythrophleum_suaveolens.jpg)
<emphasis id="43BF37459DB670C28FE474134ED6C6E8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
T Harley (https://territorynativeplants.com.au/erythrophleum-chlorostachys-ironwood)
<emphasis id="589A44106D3DD6681A48A9A6E9F2E9B3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
SAplants
<emphasis id="649E10AD93BBF8B2ECCAEA6651403BF8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
Oliver Haumann, iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/60428121)
<emphasis id="68932A4A3329DF6A7C7264C0AF667B32" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, G</emphasis>
JMK (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erythrophleum_lasianthum,_loof_en_peule,_Manie_van_der_Schijff_BT,_a.jpg)
<emphasis id="D76C9F6F977B9102E938517B0839DF1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
B Wursten (https://flickr.com/photos/zimbart/8212726705)
<emphasis id="0D293A88D773AF129D9B9889A49D2345" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
T
<normalizedToken id="67BAF46249BAD47A09C90D03AF3C65D9" originalValue="Stévart">Stevart</normalizedToken>
(https://tropicos.org/ImageDownload.aspx?imageid=100336252).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F6B01A99C9C80656CF33D8B2ACBC5ADA" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014775" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 102" startId="F109">
<paragraph id="EBDB800141CFF928466836F6541ACE0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="962952C14B2262455751EF392B104D25" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 102.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="401DA7615216564E1E772EAC8E98C9EE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Pachyelasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pachyelasma" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ABF9283F8B455EA70259EC5BB5635A80" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pachyelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1D01E23DE04905C1A9DFD7390C47A84A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="1E1D86F51C7B3D980E738FFBD1FACDED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A58A5C8E5A20A4D6A23E4AE146EA1378" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tropical lowlands rainforests of the Guinean and Congolian ecoregions.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="62056E7CF6464D7534D7BEDF372B10C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="20B4408BC6B3C13D425FD47744FA4BD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9AC2D8FF8E6BA68E43B004D09B914382" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
From the Greek,
<emphasis id="5E95E2629CC2B95B2BB3F780815E2A70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pachy</emphasis>
- (= thick) and
<emphasis id="637FFA9659004BC6655CECC5713E0C00" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">elasmos</emphasis>
(= plate), in reference to the thick pod.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A21971F01C5BE07CD22B83CFB8DD334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="human uses">
<paragraph id="A6D440AFD4B2E19AEFF7CE4A313234F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Human uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36E34A72280C07D851062CC6C3F7CF19" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="0FAE5459B8FA28E4475DE867C1C906E6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Pachyelasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pachyelasma tessmannii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tessmannii">
<emphasis id="8C5993A2BD51908496D1B59B58CBE566" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pachyelasma tessmannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, locally known as Mekogho and Mundumbula in Gabon, is used medicinally in various capacities. Fruits are used in traditional folk medicine to cure diarrhoea and abdominal pain (
<bibRefCitation id="F3EFBD72CC8CA60EFD470A2066F65F98" author="Betti, JL" journalOrPublisher="African Studies Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="47 - 64" refId="B79" refString="Betti, JL, 2002. Medicinal plants sold in Yaounde markets, Cameroon. African Studies Monographs 23: 47 - 64" title="Medicinal plants sold in Yaounde markets, Cameroon." volume="23" year="2002">Betti 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The root bark exhibits potent molluscicidal properties against the schistosomiasis snail
<taxonomicName id="4EB6757C25721B7D3EA1DB2513097622" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biomphalaria glabrata" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="glabrata">
<emphasis id="4BB6F2AA8D643302D22B36AC87F2BAB2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biomphalaria glabrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Say, 1818) (
<bibRefCitation id="4FEFF8B0342373E9D29C80D324E41CA9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048570w" author="Nihei, K" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="608 - 613" refId="B619" refString="Nihei, K, Ying, BP, Murakami, T, Matsuda, H, Hashimoto, M, Kubo, I, 2005. Pachyelasides A-D, novel molluscicidal triterpene saponins from Pachyelasma tessmannii. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (3): 608 - 613, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048570w" title="Pachyelasides A-D, novel molluscicidal triterpene saponins from Pachyelasma tessmannii." url="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048570w" volume="53" year="2005">Nihei et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Crushed pods and bark are used as an abortifacient and fish poison (Mouele 2022).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0C1ED797D50DA04C020FB5271DB0B8F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="8B14DB32F49C9DCC7FED8492EA05354D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24E3489AC71AC89877F2EF2C1192A174" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E67B971667B8E0869A33C71288F92D87" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Pachyelasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pachyelasma tessmannii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tessmannii">
<emphasis id="B5D7B25DD5DC2C70DEC09A01F32BF537" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pachyelasma tessmannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a dominant tree in West African rainforests, where it is one of the tallest trees, frequently emergent beyond the forest canopy. Its flowers are described as having a very unpleasant odour at night, which can be detected even from a distance of 300 m (
<emphasis id="2C1B2319B338EAADF7ABFCF203215838" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Breteler 1026</emphasis>
, P).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="59757FF1DC55B23C2CEC46243B68BC2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic references">
<paragraph id="0A52D2D97C6371007E7F970A550F719B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic references.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0505B1C66DA5E9640BA6B2BA8A7AED31" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="8105B0E28E5B0EE79088C7416202470B" author="Harms, H" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="419 - 454" refId="B347" refString="Harms, H, 1913. Leguminosae africanae VI. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 419 - 454" title="Leguminosae africanae VI." volume="49" year="1913">Harms (1913)</bibRefCitation>
with illustration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>