From ed51c64f666e6ebbfb5372f92dd986145257aaa8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Tue, 24 Dec 2024 14:37:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-12-24 14:30:56 --- .../B3/1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.xml | 515 ++++++++++++++++++ .../B3/1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.xml | 378 +++++++++++++ .../B3/1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.xml | 386 +++++++++++++ .../B3/1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.xml | 492 +++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 1771 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.xml create mode 100644 data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.xml create mode 100644 data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.xml create mode 100644 data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.xml diff --git a/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.xml b/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1284bedbda3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.xml @@ -0,0 +1,515 @@ + + + +A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) + + + +Author + +Pyrcz, Tomasz +Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Mahecha-J., Oscar +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland & Programa Academico de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Matematicas y Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 3 No. 26 A - 40, Bogotá, Colombia + + + +Author + +Boyer, Pierre +7 Lotissement l’Horizon, Le Puy Sainte Réparade, France + + + +Author + +Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota +Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Cerdeña, Jose +Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru + + + +Author + +Farfán, Jackie +Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru + + + +Author + +Garlacz, Rafał +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Bálint, Zsolt +Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Barros utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary + + + +Author + +Fåhraeus, Christer +Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden + + + +Author + +Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S. +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Espeland, Marianne +Leibniz Institute for the Analysis for Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-24 + + +202 + + +2 + + +1 +20 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112 +0024-4082 + + + + + + +Nivaliodes negrobueno +Pyrcz, Fåhraeus & Boyer + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +Nivaliodes negrobueno +Pyrcz, Fåhraeus & Boyer + +: LSIDurn: l s i d z o o b a n k.o r g: a c t: +B3 9 B4 3 4 7 -5 A E A -4 C 7 8 -8 D 2 A - 5B860ED6E28E + + + + +Diagnosis + + +A large species with a dark brown upperside, most similar to the other two congeners described below, + +N. puriq + +, which is smaller and even darker, blackish brown on the upperside, with more compressed wings, and + +N. viracocha + +, which is lighter on the upperside, with a slightly larger FW white patch. + +Nivaliodes negrobueno + +also shares some common characters with previously described species, in particular + +Pedaliodes puracana +Krüger, 1924 + +, namely the whitish costal postdiscal patch, somewhat larger in + +N. negrobueno + +, and, in particular, the diagnostic for both species, a whitish median patch in CuA1–CuA2, with the difference that it is rather rounded in + +Pedaliodes puracana + +compared with elongated in + +N. negrobueno + +. Besides, + +N. negrobueno + +is larger than + +Pedaliodes puracana + +and has more elongated wings with conspicuous FW milky white and black fringes, all brown in + +Pedaliodes puracana + +. + + +Description: male +( +Fig. 3A–D +) + + +Head: +Eyes chestnut, hairy, with a milky white collar; palpi two times the length of head, ventrally covered with long, dorsally short, blackish brown hairy scales and laterally with milky white scales; frons with a tuss of long, blackish brown hair; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, dark brown, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally; thorax black, dorsally covered with short and sparse, golden brown hairy scales; mesothoracix legs covered with medium brown and blackish brown scales; FW length ( +27–28 mm +, mean. +27.4 mm +, +N += 18), with a subacute apex and slightly convex outer margin and with long intermittent milky white and black fringes; upperside blackish brown, lustrous, with a small costal patch one-third of the way from distal end of discal cell and apex, spreading over three spaces, costa, R4 + 5–M1, and M1–M2 widening in the middle, and a faint, elongated median patch in CuA1–CuA2, no scent patch; underside dull, blackish brown, with the white costal patch as on the upperside, and the median patch obsolete, sprinkled with white scales in the subapical and apical area. HW oval, with an undulating outer margin and with intermittently grey and whitish fringes, shorter than on the FW; HWD uniform blackish brown, lustrous; HWV ground colour blackish brown, with a heavy whitish ripple pattern covering the entire wing surface without producing any conspicuous pattern except for a very lightly marked, irregular black postdiscal line, edged distally with somewhat denser whitish patch, the unique well-marked pattern is an elongated, white midcostal band extending to vein M2. Abdomen is covered dorsally and laterally with thick black scales and ventrally with chestnut scales. + + +Genitalia +( +Fig. 5A +): Tegumen with a flat dorsum; uncus as long as the dorsum of the tegumen, aligned with tegumen, nearly straight, with a blunt tip; subunci approximately one-third the length of uncus, relatively stout; pedunculus short; saccus wide and relatively deep; valvae as long as tegumen + valva, slender, with a humped, smooth dorsum and a subacute apex; aedeagus short, wide, and tubular, compressed and spatulate in the proximal area, with an acute tip. + + + + +Description: female +( +Fig. 3E–H +) + + +FW length +28 mm +, lighter coloured on both the upper- and underside, otherwise similar. + + +Genitalia +( +Fig. 6A +): Papillae anales prominent, covered with long but sparse hair; postvaginal lamella strongly sclerotized, with a smooth surface, wide, enclosing a spacious antrum; ductus bursae wide, mildly sclerotized, opening into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no apparent signa. + + +Variation + +As observed so far, negligible, limited to the slightly variable expression of white elements of wing colour pattern, and the sheen of brown, which might be related to ageing of the individuals. + + +Type +material + + + + + + +Holotype + + +♂ +: +Perú +, +Lima +, +Abra Negrobueno +, + +12°08 +ʹ +53″S + +, + +75°37 +ʹ +22″W + +, + +4680–4750 m + +, + +2 October 2021 + +, +J. Cerdeña +, +J. Farfán +leg., +MUSA + +. + + + +Paratypes + +( +17 ♂ +and +three ♀ +): + +One ♂ +: same data as the holotype, +MUSA + +; + +two ♂ +and +one ♀ +: +Junín +, +Road 24 +, +below Abra Negrobueno +, + +4580–4600 m + +, + +2 October 2021 + +, +T.Pyrcz +leg., +CEPUJ + +; + +two ♂ +: +Junín +, +route 24 +, +Huancayo – Cañete km 222 +, + +12°08 +ʹ +52″S + +, + +75°37 +ʹ +28″W + +, + +4600 m + +, +P. Boyer +leg. + +; + +four ♂ +and +one ♀ +: +Lima +, +Abra Negrobueno +, +−12.1220 +, +−75.6233 +, + +4541 m + +, + +1–28 February 2022 + +, local/ +C. Fåhraeus + +; + +one ♂ +: +Lima +, +Abra Negrobueno +vic., +−12.1220 +, +−75.6233 +, + +4630 m + +, + +8 November 2021 + +, +C. Fåhraeus +and local collectors leg., +FILS + +; + +four ♂ +: HV, ruta +Seclla – Lircay +, + +13°05 +ʹ +19″S + +, + +75°34 +ʹ +25″W + +, + +4550–4650 m + +, + +28 September 2021 + +, +J. Cerdeña +, +J. Farfán +leg., +MUSM + +; + + +one ♀ +: +Huancavelica +, +route 26B pk 112 +, −13°05 +ʹʹ +20″S, + + +−74°34 +ʹ +26″W + +, + +27 September 2021 + +, + +4510–4600 m + +, +P. Boyer +leg., +PBF + +; + +three ♂ +: same data, +T. Pyrcz +leg., +CEPUJ + +. + + + + +Etymology + + +This species is named asser its +type +locality, the Abra (Pass) Negrobueno on the border of the departments of +Junín and Lima +. + + + + +Distribution + + + +Nivaliodes negrobueno + +was registered from two localities, the Abra Negrobueno on the border of the departments of +Junín +and +Lima +, at +4680–4750 m +, and above the settlement of Huarac Huachay in +Ayacucho +, at +4550–4650 m +, the two places being +150 km +away ( +Fig. 10 +). It is almost certain that the entire distribution of this species is wider and covers most of the high puna, at +4500–5000 m +, the rocky escarpments of central +Peru +. It occurs in open, rocky, windswept puna covered with sparse vegetation dominated by bunch grasses ( +Fig. 11 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.xml b/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e3b04fd512c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,378 @@ + + + +A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) + + + +Author + +Pyrcz, Tomasz +Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Mahecha-J., Oscar +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland & Programa Academico de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Matematicas y Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 3 No. 26 A - 40, Bogotá, Colombia + + + +Author + +Boyer, Pierre +7 Lotissement l’Horizon, Le Puy Sainte Réparade, France + + + +Author + +Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota +Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Cerdeña, Jose +Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru + + + +Author + +Farfán, Jackie +Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru + + + +Author + +Garlacz, Rafał +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Bálint, Zsolt +Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Barros utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary + + + +Author + +Fåhraeus, Christer +Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden + + + +Author + +Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S. +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Espeland, Marianne +Leibniz Institute for the Analysis for Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-24 + + +202 + + +2 + + +1 +20 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112 +0024-4082 + + + + + + +Nivaliodes +Pyrcz & Espeland + +gen. nov. + + + + + + +Nivaliodes +Pyrcz & Espeland + +: LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +E2E63ED0-6829-439F-8948-186DAC61B112 + + + + + +Type +species: + + +Nivaliodes negrobueno +Pyrcz, Fåhraeus & Boyer + +sp. nov. +Diagnosis and description + + + + +Adults of medium size, with a FW with costa length between 21 and +28 mm +, with brown or blackish brown FWD and HWD, except for a white postdiscal costal patch in the FW, and with an almost uniform underside with some faint white scaling, blackbrown FW and black HW freely sprinkled by snow-white scales, HWV median costal patch whitish. No androconial patch, except for a few vestigial androconial scales detected under the scanning electron microscope in one of the three known species, + +Nivaliodes puriq + +( +Figs. 7 +, +8 +). Wing venation similar to other genera of the + +Pedaliodes + +clade (see: + +Pyrcz +et al. +2023 + +). Eyes densely hairy; palpi two times the length of head; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally. + + + +Figure 1. +Maximum likelihood tree of + +Nivaliodes + +and other +Pronophilina +inferred in IQ-TREE based on target enrichment data and +COI +. + + + +Male genitalia: +With stout uncus and subunci and, contrary to the species of + +Pedaliodes + +, the valva is devoid of any dorsal process, instead with a humped, either slightly irregular or serrate dorsum, and with a short, straight, and wide, tubular aedeagus, differing from the contorted and usually considerably longer aedeagus of + +Pedaliodes + +, bearing a sharp apical ending and a widened proximal opening. + + +Female genitalia: +Papillae anales prominent, postvaginal lamella wide and strongly sclerotized with a smooth surface, enclosing a spacious antrum; ductus bursae mildly sclerotized, medium long and very wide, opening gradually into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no signa, unlike the species of + +Pedaliodes + +, which invariably have two parallel signa on corpus bursae. + + + +Figure 2. +Divergence analysis of + +Nivaliodes + +inferred in BEAST2. + + + +Scale morphology + + +Uppersides of wings are overlaid with two thickly packed layers of flat, cover scales, the top layer with predominantly elongated scales with dentate apices, and the bottom layer with scarcer, wide scales with gently undulating apices, visible only when top layer scales are removed; long, hairy scales are rather sparse and concentrate along outer areas of wings, fringes composed of elongated brushy scales. There are no specialized androconial scales. Scale ultramorphology is homogeneous, with the body of the individual scales being structured by longitudinal ridges and cross ribs connected by trabeculae, with no apparent lower-level lamina ( +Figs 7 +, +8 +). + + + + +Etymology + + +A compound noun: ‘ +Nival- +’, root of +snowy +in Latin, - +liodes +, an allusion to + +Pedaliodes + +. Noun grammatical gender is considered masculine. + + + + +Phylogeny and radiation + + +The genus + +Nivaliodes + +is fully supported and sister to the genus + +Pherepedaliodes +Forster, 1964 + +( +type +species: + +Pedaliodes pheretiades +Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1894 + +), with the two forming a fully supported clade sister to + +Pedaliodes + ++ the monotypic + +Dangond +Adams & Bernard, 1979 + +( +type +species: + +Dangond dangondi +Adams & Bernard, 1979 + +), within the diverse ‘ + +Pedaliodes + +clade’ of the subtribe +Pronophilina +( +Nymphalidae +: +Satyrinae +: +Satyrini +) ( +Fig. 1 +). The topology of + +Nivaliodes + +shows a fully supported + +Nivaliodes viracocha + +sp. nov. +sister to + +N. puriq + +sp. nov. ++ + +N. negrobueno + +sp. nov. +The latter clade is not entirely resolved, with a monophyletic + +N. negrobueno + +sp. nov. +but a paraphyletic + +N. puriq + +owing to the position of the sample DLC127. The latter comes from a different locality from the remaining + +N. puriq + +, from which only +two specimens +are available now, and only one was sequenced. + + + +Figure 3. +Adults. + +Nivaliodes negrobueno + +. A, male holotype, dorsal, Abra Negrobueno. B, idem, ventral. C, male paratype, dorsal, road Huarac– Huachay. D, idem, ventral. E, female paratype, dorsal, Abra Negrobueno. F, idem, ventral. G, female paratype, dorsal, road Huarac–Huachay. H, idem, ventral. + + + +The divergence of + +Nivaliodes + +started in the late Pliocene, ~3 Mya, and continued through the Pleistocene. The split between + +Nivaliodes + +and + +Pherepedaliodes + +occurred at the break of the Miocene and Pliocene some 5 Mya, and was preceded marginally by the separation of the +Pherepedaliodes ++ + +Nivaliodes + +clade from + +Pedaliodes + +, which occurred some 5.6 Mya ( +Fig. 2 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.xml b/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b3658a03e06 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,386 @@ + + + +A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) + + + +Author + +Pyrcz, Tomasz +Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Mahecha-J., Oscar +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland & Programa Academico de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Matematicas y Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 3 No. 26 A - 40, Bogotá, Colombia + + + +Author + +Boyer, Pierre +7 Lotissement l’Horizon, Le Puy Sainte Réparade, France + + + +Author + +Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota +Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Cerdeña, Jose +Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru + + + +Author + +Farfán, Jackie +Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru + + + +Author + +Garlacz, Rafał +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Bálint, Zsolt +Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Barros utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary + + + +Author + +Fåhraeus, Christer +Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden + + + +Author + +Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S. +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Espeland, Marianne +Leibniz Institute for the Analysis for Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-24 + + +202 + + +2 + + +1 +20 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112 +0024-4082 + + + + + + +Nivaliodes viracocha +Fåhraeus & Pyrcz + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +Nivaliodes viracocha +Fåhraeus & Pyrcz + +: LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: +7F1145FF-2DBC-4F82-9051-2E245EFB7CC9 + + + + +Diagnosis + + +Externally, this species closely resembles its congeners, + +V. puriq + +, from which it differs by the lighter upperside ground colour, and even more closely + +N. negrobueno + +, especially when it comes to size, with both being slightly larger than + +N. puriq + +, with more elongated wings. In contrast, + +N. puriq + +and + +N. viracocha + +have a darker, blackish brown HWV ground colour and marginally larger FW costal white patch. In + +N. viracocha + +the whitish HWV midcostal streak is nearly obsolete, and strongly produced basally along the vein M2. + + +Description: male +( +Fig. 4E, F +) + + +Head: +Eyes dark chocolate brown, densely hairy, with a milky white collar; palpi two times the length of head, ventrally covered with long, dorsally short, blackish brown hairy scales, and laterally with short, milky white scales; frons with a tuss of long, blackish brown hair; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, dark brown, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally; thorax black, dorsally covered with short and sparse, golden brown hairy scales; mesothoracix legs covered with grey scales; FW length (25.0– +26.5 mm +, mean: +25.7 mm +, +N += 9), with a subacute apex and slightly convex outer margin and with long, intermittent milky white and black fringes; upperside blackish brown, lustrous, with a white costal patch one-third of the way from distal end of discal cell and apex, spreading over four spaces, costa, R4 + 5–M1, and M2–M3 produced basally in the middle, and a faint, barely visible median patch in CuA1–CuA2, no scent patch; underside dull, blackish brown, with the white costal patch as on the upperside and the median patch obsolete, sprinkled with white scales in the subapical and apical area, and with a faint, blackish submarginal line. HW oval, with an undulating outer margin and intermittently grey and whitish fringes; HWD uniform blackish brown, lustrous; HWV ground colour blackish brown, with a heavy whitish ripple pattern covering the entire wing surface without producing any conspicuous pattern except for a zigzagging black submarginal line; the only well-marked pattern is an elongated, white midcostal band extending to vein M2, strongly produced basally along vein M1. Abdomen is covered dorsally and laterally with thick black scales and ventrally with chestnut scales. + + + +Figure 10. +Map of central Peruvian Andes with known localities of three species of + +Nivaliodes + +. + + + + +Figure 11. +Habitat of + +Nivaliodes negrobueno + +. A, view from Abra Negrobueno at 4750 m. B, Lake Cuncancocha below Abra Negrobueno, 4500 m. C, rocks with + +Senecio +sp. D + +, Jose Cerdeña on the steep slope where some individuals of + +N. negrobueno + +were observed. E, Pierre Boyer pointing to the place where the first individual of + +N. negrobueno + +was collected. F, butterfly net ring trace on the snow. G, + +Stipa +( +Pappostipa +) + +sp. bunch grasses. H, + +Stipa +( +Pappostipa +) + +sp. shortly asser a snow fall. + + + +Genitalia +( +Fig. 5C +): Tegumen with a flat dorsum; uncus massive, as long as the dorsum of tegumen, with a wide base, aligned with tegumen, with a blunt tip; subunci approximately one-third the length of uncus, relatively stout; pedunculus short, with a blunt tip; saccus wide and relatively deep; valvae as long as tegumen + valva, shorter, with a more strongly humped, serrated dorsum than in other two congeners and a blunt apex; aedeagus short, wide, and tubular, compressed and spatulate in the proximal area, with an acute, bifurcated tip. + + + + +Description: female +( +Fig. 4G, H +) + + +FW length +28 mm +, considerably lighter coloured on both the upper- and underside, chestnut, with more prominent FW white markings, otherwise similar. + + +Genitalia +( +Fig. 6C +): Papillae anales prominent, covered with long but sparse hair; postvaginal lamella strongly sclerotized, with a smooth surface, wide, enclosing a spacious antrum; ductus bursae wide, mildly sclerotized, gradually opening into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no apparent signa. + + + +Type +material + + + + + + +Holotype + + +♂ +: +Perú +, +Ayacucho +, +Viracochán +, +−12.5685 +−74.3089 +, + +4180 m + +, + +1–30 June 2022 + +, +C. Fåhraeus +and local collectors leg., +FILS +[to be deposited in +MUSM +] + +. + + + + +Paratypes +: + +Eight ( +seven ♂ +and +one ♀ +): same data, seven +FILS +, one +CEP-UJ + +. + + + + +Etymology + + +This species is named asser its +type +locality, Viracochán, and incidentally is an allusion to Wiraqucha, the chief creator deity of the pre-Inca and Inca mythology. + + + + +Distribution + + + +This species is known only from its +type +locality above the locality of +Viracochán +in the department of +Ayacucho +( +Fig. 10 +). +It +occurs in open puna habitats + +. + + + + +Range of temperature + + +It has been determined that + +N. negrobueno + +has in a temperature range of 5.9°C–7.4°C, whereas + +N. puriq + +and + +N. viracocha + +have a temperature range of 12.9°C–14.5°C and 10.4°C–11.2°C, respectively. In comparison, a species from the sister genus, + +Pherepedaliodes naevia + +, has a higher temperature range of 16.8°C–18.5°C ( +Fig. 9 +), which is significantly higher than the optimal temperature ranges observed in all + +Nivaliodes +species + +, particularly + +N. negrobueno + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.xml b/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..694785d5d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/17/32/B3/1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,492 @@ + + + +A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) + + + +Author + +Pyrcz, Tomasz +Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Mahecha-J., Oscar +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland & Programa Academico de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Matematicas y Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 3 No. 26 A - 40, Bogotá, Colombia + + + +Author + +Boyer, Pierre +7 Lotissement l’Horizon, Le Puy Sainte Réparade, France + + + +Author + +Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota +Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Cerdeña, Jose +Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru + + + +Author + +Farfán, Jackie +Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru + + + +Author + +Garlacz, Rafał +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Bálint, Zsolt +Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Barros utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary + + + +Author + +Fåhraeus, Christer +Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden + + + +Author + +Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S. +Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 380 Kraków, Poland + + + +Author + +Espeland, Marianne +Leibniz Institute for the Analysis for Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-24 + + +202 + + +2 + + +1 +20 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112 +0024-4082 + + + + + + +Nivaliodes puriq +Pyrcz, Boyer & Cerdeña + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +Nivaliodes puriq + +P yrcz,Boyer&Cerdeña:LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: +21C2C99B-BEE4-4B04-A086-9B056763E1FB +Diagnosis + + + + +A medium-sized species, externally most similar to its two congeners, from which it differs by the smaller size, being more compact (less elongated) and even darker, with almost black ground colour. Additionally, the FWD whitish costal patch is slightly smaller, with a straight inner edge, produced in + +N. negrobueno + +, and on the HWV the whitish costal patch is very small and narrow, not extending along the postdiscal line as much as in + +N. negrobueno + +; also, there are no traces of any reddish or rufous markings on the HWV as found in some specimens of + +N. negrobueno + +. + + + +Figure 5. +Male genitalia in lateral view, with aedeagus extracted in lateral and dorsal view. A, + +Nivaliodes negrobueno + +(prep. genit CEP_7679). B, + +Nivaliodes puriq + +(prep. genit CEP_10558). C, + +Nivaliodes viracocha + +(prep. genit. CEP_10615). + + + + +Figure 6. +Female genitalia in lateral view. A, + +Nivaliodes negrobueno + +(CEP_7680). B. + +Nivaliodes puriq + +(CEP_10615). C. + +Nivaliodes viracocha + +(prep. genit. CEP_10616). + + + +Description: male +( +Fig. 4A, B +) + + +Head: +Eyes blackish brown, covered with dense and medium long hair, with a milky white collar; palpi two times the length of head, covered with long, dorsally short blackish brown hairy scales, with a lateral row of milky white scales; frons with a tuss of blackish brown hair; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, dark brown, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally; thorax black, dorsally covered with short and sparse, golden brown hairy scales; mesothoracic legs covered with brown and blackish brown scales; FW length ( +21–23 mm +, mean: +22.5 mm +, +N += 3), with a subacute apex and slightly convex outer margin, and with long intermittent milky white and black fringes; upperside brown and blackish brown, a shade darker in median half, lustrous, with a small white costal patch one-third of the way from distal end of discal cell and apex, spreading over three spaces, costa, R4 + 5– M1, and M1–M2, widening in the middle, with a straight inner margin, no scent patch; underside dull, blackish brown, with the white costal patch as on the upperside, sprinkled with white scales in the subapical and apical area, and a row of four to five minute white submarginal dots from costa to cell M3–CuA1. HW rounded, with an undulating outer margin and with intermittently grey and milky white fringes; HWD uniform blackish brown, lustrous, hairy in median half; HWV ground colour greyish brown, with a heavy whitish and black ripple pattern covering the entire wing surface without producing any conspicuous pattern except for a very lightly marked, irregular black postdiscal line; the unique well-marked pattern is a short midcostal whitish streak. Abdomen is covered dorsally and laterally with thick black scales and ventrally with dark brown scales. + + +Genitalia +( +Fig. 5B +): Tegumen with a flat dorsum; uncus as long as the dorsum of tegumen, aligned with tegumen, nearly straight, with a blunt tip; subunci approximately half the length of uncus, stout; pedunculus short, with a sharp extremity curved downwards; saccus wide and deep; valvae as long as tegumen + valva, slender, with a moderately humped, slightly irregular dorsum and a subacute apex; aedeagus short, wide, and tubular, about the same length throughout, with an acute tip. + + +Description: female +( +Fig. 4C, D +) + + +FW length +25 mm +( +N += 2), lighter coloured on both the upperand underside, otherwise similar. + + +Genitalia +( +Fig. 6B +): Similar to + +N. negrobueno + +, with prominent papillae anales, covered with long but rather sparse hair; strongly sclerotized postvaginal lamella with a smooth surface, wide, enclosing a spacious antrum; short, mildly sclerotized, wide ductus burse, opening into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no apparent signa. + + +Variation + +Individual variation is negligible and affects mostly the size of the FWD postdiscal white patch; individuals from Puente Carrizales are characterized by a slightly larger patch. + + +Type +material + + + + + + +Holotype + + +♂ +: +Perú +, +Huancavelica +, +Est de Huari +, + +4 km +east of Trancapampa + +, HV109, PK26, + +12°02 +ʹ +48″S + +, + +74°55 +ʹ +05″W + +, + +3220 m + +, + +29 September 2021 + +, +P. Boyer +leg., +CEPUJ +, to be deposited in MUSM + +. + + + +Paratypes + +( +10 ♂ +and +two ♀ +): + +Two ♂ +, same data as the holotype [ +PBF +] + +; + +three ♂ +: +Huancavelica +, +Trancapampa +, + +3000–3200 m + +, + +29–30 September–1 October + +2021, +T. Pyrcz +leg., +CEPUJ + +; + +one ♀ +: +Huancavelica +, above +Trancapampa +, + +4200 m + +, + +29–30 September–1 October + +2021, +T. Pyrcz +leg., +CEPUJ + +; + +three ♂ +: HV [uancavelica], +Trancapampa +, + +30 km +east of Huancayo + +, + +3200 m + +, + +30 September 2021 + +, +J. Cerdeña +leg., +MUSM + +. + + +Additional material: + +One ♂ +: +Perú +, +Junín +, +Puente Carrizales +, +Route Satipo-Mariposa vers Concepción km 72 +, +−11.4867 +, +−74.8859 +, + +3300–3450 m + +, + +15 October2009 + +, +P.Boyer +leg.,[ +PBF +] + +; + +one ♂ +: +Junín +, +Puente Carrizales +, + +3400–3450 m + +, + +5 June 2019 + +, +T.Pyrcz +leg., +CEPUJ + +. + + + + +Etymology + + +The specific epithet of this taxon, + +‘ +puriq + +’, means traveller in Quechua and is an allusion to the apparent dispersalist tendency of this species. + + + + +Figure 7. +Scanning electron microscopy images of + +Nivaliodes negrobueno + +scales. A, scale-covered wing membrane, with visible discal veins also covered by ground scales. B, elongated cover scales with hairy scales. C, two morphotypes of scales: elongated cover scales and wide, shovel-shaped ground scales. D, elongated cover scales and hairy scales. E, elongated cover scale with pointed apical termini. F, shovellike cover scale with undulating terminus. G, detail of cover scale micro- and structures, median area. H, detail of cover scale micro- and nanostructures, apical area. + + + + +Figure 8. +Scanning electron microscopy images of + +Nivaliodes puriq + +scales. A, scale-covered wing membrane with visible veins free of scales. B, transformed cover scales with sparse hair-like androconial scales. C, transformed cover scales with elongated shape on top, shovel-like ground scales below. D, transformed cover scales and sparse androconial scales. E, transformed cover scale with pointed termini. F, fragments of a transformed cover scale and an androconial scale. G, detail of terminal part of a hair-like androconial scale. H, micro- and nanostructures in the transformed cover scale, median area. + + + + +Figure 9. +Temperature range of three species of + +Nivaliodes + +and + +Pherepedaliodes naevia + +(box plot with median and quartiles). + + + + +Distribution + + +So far, this species is known from three localities, all of which are within a +60 km +radius in the departments of +Junín +and +Huancavelica +( +Fig. 10 +). It occurs along the upper limit of cloud forest and in lower puna grasslands. + + + + \ No newline at end of file