Add updates up until 2024-12-20 13:49:16
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<document id="4C3552746B37235F73E48FBE07DB2DB0" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12015645" ID-ISSN="0073-134X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015645" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1718659846632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Au, Michelle G. & Wright, Mark G." docDate="2022" docId="316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB" docLanguage="en" docName="PHawaiiEntomolSoc.54.63-76.pdf" docOrigin="Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 54" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F23399B9330408C614D890974D7E38A2.2:PHawaiiEntomolSoc.2012-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="F23399B9330408C614D890974D7E38A2" docStyleName="PHawaiiEntomolSoc.2012-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Arcte coerula" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="CD50FF857314FFCAEE030536FFEBF041" masterDocTitle="Ramie Moth, Arcte coerula (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A New Invasive Pest in Hawaii on Endemic Plants" masterLastPageNumber="76" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1734702555784" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="8822D5B1AA8631C9FAFA03C9884D7188" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DE6060C5A2DA97A1E27EE45106D1CD9C">
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<mods:title id="5465CEA966A5AB8C7ED593CE14E6BFF7">Ramie Moth, Arcte coerula (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A New Invasive Pest in Hawaii on Endemic Plants</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name id="1E39CB768886AB8619D5301333F41BB2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7DC857C63F90A36EE7D9905DF6663A70">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="2E7C8A51A182661BC162F827740425D6">Au, Michelle G.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8DE1A8370C38A8103C1BC63005CB47E6" type="email">aumi@hawaii.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="8C681B68C269D533D60FEF3C56413CB4" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="B28071701F51A1BB16BE6D77921A7FC8">
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<mods:roleTerm id="440175D8326C3A08D8FD861625982E18">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="F2B6FE61D30797DF471FC2BB4ADE531B">Wright, Mark G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="C8648DC0B6725DBA06ED41D19E235120">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem id="CD0E3892E9CD51F3734D7C45E6CC027A" type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo id="1260279F6EBA34F1E9A4423C46EEA622">
|
||||
<mods:title id="397BA9AAA06B36AC213F7BC20CC687E2">Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part id="3C86065F74DDC11E3B642D8D7409992B">
|
||||
<mods:date id="41CA2B2CA433A685BACB5D49BF41DD22">2022</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="8239DA023E79038BD9A4B40C337D9F92" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="D99A39603E584EA3C56828E6AB0EEBCE">2022-07-19</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="6ACB840D35731F4C201790B1A6299D9D" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="DED01E7A456E3100C6AEAB8CFA88B3D6">54</mods:number>
|
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="299486A436EE06F544EA2BB28581413A" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="6B9B6AEFA6045EFB8EA03C848E2175A7">63</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="7C13B35BE9D5532D8F51440DD732BECE">76</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="E2F16FFF936DA32CE0B2F449BB5BECE4">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="8F136EB91E171F16815244FC0FA69D17" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.12015645</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier id="6095B172B1A59793B49C99DFF321E8AE" type="ISSN">0073-134X</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier id="B3CF1D71A57E07804DD72C6924727D20" type="Zenodo-Dep">12015645</mods:identifier>
|
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</mods:mods>
|
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<treatment id="316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F1DA65607315FFCBEFAA009AFE44F5A3" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7315FFCBEFAA009AFE44F5A3" blockId="1.[144,560,1452,1567]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBEFAA009AFDDBF585" ID-CoL="5W3MW" authority="(Guenee, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[425,560,1452,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBEFAA009AFDDBF585" box="[425,560,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is native to Southeast Asia.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F1DA65607315FFCBEFBB00FDFC41F213" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7315FFCBEFBB00FDFDC4F65E" blockId="1.[144,560,1452,1567]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
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It has since spread into other parts of Asia including
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C1D7767B7315FFCBEE93033EFF26F65E" box="[144,205,1544,1567]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
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<collectingCountry id="C1D7767B7315FFCBEED80331FEF8F65E" box="[219,275,1543,1567]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C1D7767B7315FFCBEF530331FE50F65E" box="[336,443,1543,1567]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
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as well as
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7315FFCBEC5305A7FC41F213" blockId="1.[592,1009,145,1568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<location id="BC1F60307315FFCBEC5305A7FD43F0E8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307315FFCBEC5305A7FD43F0E8" box="[592,680,145,169]" country="Australia" county="As" municipality="Hawaii island" name="Oceania" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Oceania</location>
|
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including
|
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<collectingCountry id="C1D7767B7315FFCBED2205A7FC6DF0E8" box="[801,902,145,169]" name="Australia" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
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<collectingCountry id="C1D7767B7315FFCBED9605A7FC50F0E8" box="[917,955,145,169]" name="Fiji" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
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, and
|
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<collectingCountry id="C1D7767B7315FFCBEC530586FCCBF086" box="[592,800,175,199]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
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(Jackson and Mua 2016).
|
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<location id="BC1F60307315FFCBEC9905F8FCECF0A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307315FFCBEC9905F8FCECF0A7" box="[666,775,206,230]" country="Australia" county="As" municipality="Hawaii island" name="In Hawaii" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">In Hawaii</location>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBED1505F8FC6CF0A7" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[790,903,206,230]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
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<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBED1505F8FC6CF0A7" box="[790,903,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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has been recorded feeding in both wild and cultivated populations of māmaki on
|
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<location id="BC1F60307315FFCBED91043CFC2CF163" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307315FFCBED91043CFC2CF163" box="[914,967,266,290]" country="Australia" county="As" municipality="Hawaii island" name="Maui" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Maui</location>
|
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and
|
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<location id="BC1F60307315FFCBEC53041FFD36F100" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307315FFCBEC53041FFD36F100" box="[592,733,297,321]" country="Australia" county="As" municipality="Hawaii island" name="Hawaii island" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Hawaii island</location>
|
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.
|
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<location id="BC1F60307315FFCBECE6041FFCE6F100" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307315FFCBECE6041FFCE6F100" box="[741,781,297,321]" country="Australia" county="As" municipality="Hawaii island" name="The" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">The</location>
|
||||
known distribution on
|
||||
<location id="BC1F60307315FFCBEC530471FD6DF11E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307315FFCBEC530471FD6DF11E" box="[592,646,327,351]" country="Australia" county="As" municipality="Hawaii island" name="Maui" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Maui</location>
|
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is scattered across the island in a range of habitats (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7315FFCBED030450FCA8F13F" box="[768,835,358,382]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[144,217,1260,1284]" captionTargetBox="[183,969,145,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[144,1008,112,703]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. a. Distribution (red dots) of Arcte coerula on the island of Maui:1 Kahakuloa, 2 ʻĪao Valley, 3 Waikapū, 4 Olowalu, 5 Olinda, 6 Kēōkea; b. Distribution (red dots) of A. coerula on the island of Hawaii: 1 Honokaʻa, 2 Pāpaʻikou, 3 Hilo, 4 Mountain View, 5 Pāhoa, 6 Kalapana, 7 Volcano, 8 Pāhala." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015649/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
|
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).
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<location id="BC1F60307315FFCBED570450FC3CF13F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307315FFCBED570450FC3CF13F" box="[852,983,358,382]" country="Australia" county="As" municipality="Hawaii island" name="In November" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">In November</location>
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of 2019,
|
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<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBEC8904B2FD1FF1DD" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[650,756,388,412]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
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<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBEC8904B2FD1FF1DD" box="[650,756,388,412]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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was detected in the
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<location id="BC1F60307315FFCBEDBF04B3FCE0F1FB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307315FFCBEDBF04B3FCE0F1FB" country="Australia" county="As" municipality="Hawaii island" name="Puna District of Hawaii" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
Puna District of
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<collectingMunicipality id="591BAC917315FFCBECC10494FCB8F1FB" box="[706,851,418,442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Hawaii island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
</location>
|
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.
|
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<collectingCounty id="501E4E677315FFCBED5D0495FC91F1FA" box="[862,890,419,443]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">As</collectingCounty>
|
||||
of
|
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<date id="CD7E102B7315FFCBEDA30495FD6DF198" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" value="2022-01">
|
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<collectingDate id="DD3AE9C37315FFCBEDA30495FD6DF198" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" value="2022-01">January 2022</collectingDate>
|
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</date>
|
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, this pest has been detected from the Kaʻū District and up north to the Hilo and Hāmākua Districts. (
|
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<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7315FFCBED4C04C8FC7DF257" box="[847,918,510,534]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[144,217,1260,1284]" captionTargetBox="[183,969,145,1236]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[144,1008,112,703]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. a. Distribution (red dots) of Arcte coerula on the island of Maui:1 Kahakuloa, 2 ʻĪao Valley, 3 Waikapū, 4 Olowalu, 5 Olinda, 6 Kēōkea; b. Distribution (red dots) of A. coerula on the island of Hawaii: 1 Honokaʻa, 2 Pāpaʻikou, 3 Hilo, 4 Mountain View, 5 Pāhoa, 6 Kalapana, 7 Volcano, 8 Pāhala." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015649/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
|
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). Larvae have been recorded in residential areas, māmaki farms, and native forests.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="F1DA65607315FFC8EC6B076FFE54F587" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="biology_ecology">
|
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<paragraph id="B97F36EB7315FFCBEC6B076FFD64F4D5" blockId="1.[592,1009,145,1568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBEC6B076FFD0DF230" bold="true" box="[616,742,601,625]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Host range.</emphasis>
|
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Larvae are known to feed and reproduce on a range of host plants in the nettle family (
|
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<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBECFD07A0FC84F2EF" box="[766,879,662,686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). In its native range of Southeast Asia,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBED460782FC46F28D" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[837,941,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
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<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBED460782FC46F28D" box="[837,941,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae are found on various ramie species (
|
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<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBEDB007E4FD57F348" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Boehmeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBEDB007E4FD67F348" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Boehmeria</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), which are commonly used as a natural fiber crop (Ide 2006). However, it has also been reported feeding on other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBEC53067AFD57F325" box="[592,700,844,868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
genera including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBED69067AFD41F3C3" authority="Weddell" authorityName="Weddell" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cypholophus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBED69067AFC1BF325" box="[874,1008,844,868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Cypholophus</emphasis>
|
||||
Weddell
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBECB4065CFC74F3C3" authority="Gaudich" authorityName="Gaudich" box="[695,927,874,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Debregeasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBECB4065CFCD0F3C3" box="[695,827,874,898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Debregeasia</emphasis>
|
||||
Gaudich
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBEDAF065DFD04F3E0" authority="Gaudich" authorityName="Gaudich" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Girardinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBEDAF065DFD63F3E0" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Girardinia</emphasis>
|
||||
Gaudich
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBED2C06BCFCBFF3FE" authority="Weddell (Jackson and Mua 2016)" authorityName="Weddell (Jackson and Mua" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBED2C06BCFC66F3E0" box="[815,909,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||||
Weddell (Jackson and Mua 2016)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Other authors have noted larvae feeding on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBED9B06F0FC1AF39C" box="[920,1009,966,989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBED9B06F0FC22F39C" box="[920,969,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Vitis</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Linnaeus (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBECB406D2FCFBF3BD" box="[695,784,996,1020]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBED4706D3FCFCF45B" authority="(Roxburgh) H. Hara" authorityName="H. Hara" baseAuthorityName="Roxburgh" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Trema" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBED4706D3FC1BF3BD" box="[836,1008,997,1020]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Trema tomentosa</emphasis>
|
||||
(Roxburgh) H. Hara
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687315FFCBED210134FC42F45B" box="[802,937,1026,1050]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DD514B1A7315FFCBEDBF0134FD11F478" author="Robinson, G. S. & Ackery, I. J. & Kitching, G. W." pageId="1" pageNumber="64" refId="ref4357" refString="Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni, and L. M. Hernandez. 2010. HOSTS - A database of the world's Lepidopteran hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / hosts." type="url" year="2010">Robinson et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Adults will sometimes feed on tree sap and decaying or overripe fruit such as bananas (Jackson and Mua 2016).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7315FFCBEC6B01ACFC1BF65E" blockId="1.[592,1009,145,1568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBEC6B01ACFC5EF4F3" bold="true" box="[616,949,1178,1203]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
Biology and description.
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97315FFCBED7F01ADFC5EF4F3" bold="true" box="[892,949,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Eggs.</emphasis>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Eggs are clear-white, circular, about
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7315FFCBED96018FFC38F491" box="[917,979,1209,1233]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter, and usually laid singly on the underside of leaves (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7315FFCBED3701C0FC68F54F" box="[820,899,1270,1294]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[144,217,1293,1317]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,148,1273]" captionTargetId="figure-11@3.[144,1008,697,1273]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. a. Unhatched Arcte coerula egg (arrow), 1 mm in diameter. Laid on the underside of host plant leaves; b. Arcte coerula egg mass with 150 hatched eggs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015653/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some instances, multiple eggs may be laid on a single leaf. In general, females will lay an average of five to ten eggs per plant. However, we have found up to
|
||||
<specimenCount id="AFC6FD627315FFCBED860059FC3AF5C9" box="[901,977,1391,1416]" count="75" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="egg">75 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||||
on a single tree, indicating that the females may egg dump during the end of their life cycle. There have been several observed occurrences of a female laying an egg mass with as many as
|
||||
<specimenCount id="AFC6FD627315FFCBED460331FC48F661" box="[837,931,1543,1568]" count="220" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="egg">220 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||||
on the
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7316FFC8EE9405ADFF43F0F6" blockId="2.[151,168,155,183]" box="[151,168,155,183]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8EE9405ADFF43F0F6" bold="true" box="[151,168,155,183]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">a</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7316FFC8EE9407F8FF42F2AB" blockId="2.[151,169,718,746]" box="[151,169,718,746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8EE9407F8FF42F2AB" bold="true" box="[151,169,718,746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">b</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF66637316FFC8EE9301DAFDD4F521" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015649" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015649/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" startId="2.[144,217,1260,1284]" targetBox="[183,969,145,1236]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7316FFC8EE9301DAFDD4F521" blockId="2.[144,1008,1260,1376]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8EE9301DAFEEDF545" bold="true" box="[144,262,1260,1284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Figure 1. a.</emphasis>
|
||||
Distribution (red dots) of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687316FFC8EC0001DBFD67F545" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[515,652,1260,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8EC0001DBFD67F545" box="[515,652,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
on the island of Maui: 1 Kahakuloa, 2 ʻĪao Valley, 3 Waikapū, 4 Olowalu, 5 Olinda, 6 Kēōkea;
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8ECD8003DFD04F562" bold="true" box="[731,751,1291,1315]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">b.</emphasis>
|
||||
Distribution (red dots) of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687316FFC8EE93001FFF11F500" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[144,250,1321,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8EE93001FFF11F500" box="[144,250,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
on the island of Hawaii: 1 Honokaʻa, 2 Pāpaʻikou, 3 Hilo, 4 Mountain View, 5 Pāhoa, 6 Kalapana, 7 Volcano, 8 Pāhala.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7316FFC8EE9300B9FE54F587" blockId="2.[144,560,1423,1569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||||
underside of a leaf (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7316FFC8EF5E00B9FE4CF5E6" box="[349,423,1423,1447]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[144,217,1293,1317]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,148,1273]" captionTargetId="figure-11@3.[144,1008,697,1273]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. a. Unhatched Arcte coerula egg (arrow), 1 mm in diameter. Laid on the underside of host plant leaves; b. Arcte coerula egg mass with 150 hatched eggs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015653/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
|
||||
). It takes less than a week for eggs to hatch.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F1DA65607316FFC0EEAB00FAFDE8F437" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7316FFCFEEAB00FAFD5BF54C" blockId="2.[144,560,1423,1569]" lastBlockId="5.[594,1011,1238,1566]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8EEAB00FAFF12F5A2" bold="true" box="[168,249,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Larvae.</emphasis>
|
||||
Early instar larvae are green and white (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7316FFC8EF0600DCFEA9F642" box="[261,322,1514,1539]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[144,217,512,536]" captionTargetBox="[143,1009,144,491]" captionTargetId="figure-79@4.[143,1009,144,491]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. First instar larva of Arcte coerula. Black markings (arrow) on its side distinguish these larvae from other Lepidoptera that also use māmaki as a food source." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015655/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and may be mistaken for the native Kamehameha butterfly,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687316FFC8EC5300A6FC51F5E6" authority="(Escholtz 1821)" baseAuthorityName="Escholtz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[592,954,1423,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tameamea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8EC5300A6FCFDF5E6" box="[592,790,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Vanessa tameamea</emphasis>
|
||||
(Escholtz 1821)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7316FFC8EDCB00B9FD83F587" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[146,219,1512,1536]" captionTargetBox="[145,1010,643,1492]" captionTargetId="figure-78@4.[146,1010,643,1080]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. a. First instar larva of Vanessa tameamea; b. Larvae typically found in a tent-like protective structure at the edge of a leaf. Photo courtesy of DLNR-DOFAW." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015657/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Fig. 4a</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or the endemic moth
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687316FFC8ED610098FD31F5A5" authority="(Butler 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Udea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97316FFC8ED610098FC1BF587" box="[866,1008,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Udea stellata</emphasis>
|
||||
(Butler 1883)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687316FFC8ECE900FAFC87F5A5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[746,876,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687316FFC8ED7A00FAFC01F5A5" box="[889,1002,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7316FFC8EC5B00DCFD4FF643" box="[600,676,1514,1538]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[144,217,1098,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1010,144,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-182@5.[146,1010,572,1083]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. a. Sixth instar larva of Udea stellata; b. Larvae typically found in a silken protective structure (arrow) on the underside of leaves with brown speckling from feeding damage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015661/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
|
||||
) which also use māmaki as a host plant. We have also found tomato looper,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687317FFC9EEE60047FF20F5E6" authority="(Esper 1789)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1789" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysodeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcites">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97317FFC9EEE60047FE34F5C8" box="[229,479,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Chrysodeixis chalcites</emphasis>
|
||||
(Esper 1789)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687317FFC9EEDD00B9FE81F5E6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[222,362,1423,1447]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687317FFC9EF7B00B9FE01F5E6" box="[376,490,1423,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7317FFC9EC0700B9FF76F587" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[144,217,657,681]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,144,638]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[144,1008,62,638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Late instar larvae of tomato looper, Chrysodeixis chalcites. Although this caterpillar also has black markings on its side like A. coerula, their head capsule is green rather than tan or black and has a black line across the side (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015665/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
) feeding on māmaki. However,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687317FFC9EFFB0098FF34F5A5" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97317FFC9EFFB0098FF34F5A5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be distinguished from these other Lepidopterans by the presence of black dotted markings on the side of its body, thin white setae or hairs, and its defensive behaviors described in the biology and behavior section below. As they develop,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687317FFC9ECA800FAFCF3F5A5" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[683,792,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97317FFC9ECA800FAFCF3F5A5" box="[683,792,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae become more distinctive, with vibrant yellow and black patterning and bright orange-red spots on their sides. There are two color morphs of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687311FFCFEEAD01C3FEF1F54C" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[174,282,1269,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97311FFCFEEAD01C3FEF1F54C" box="[174,282,1269,1293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that develop in response to varying population densities which impact the production of a juvenile hormone (JH) analogue (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DD514B1A7311FFCFEF2D0066FE54F529" author="Ikemoto, H." box="[302,447,1360,1384]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" pagination="520 - 521" refId="ref4069" refString="Ikemoto, H. 1984. Density-related color variation in larvae of the ramie moth, Arcte coerulea Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): effect of a compound with juvenile hormone activity. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 19: 520 - 521." type="journal article" year="1984">Ikemoto 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The black bands on the larva’s body are narrow under solitary conditions, creating a yellow morph larva (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7311FFCFEF1D009DFE8EF582" box="[286,357,1451,1475]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[145,218,1117,1141]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,144,1100]" captionTargetId="figure-11@7.[145,1008,545,1120]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. a. Fifth instar yellow morph Arcte coerula larva; b. Fifth instar black morph A. coerula larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015667/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and conspicuously widen under crowded conditions, creating a black morph (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7311FFCFEF3500DEFE94F641" box="[310,383,1512,1536]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[145,218,1117,1141]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,144,1100]" captionTargetId="figure-11@7.[145,1008,545,1120]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. a. Fifth instar yellow morph Arcte coerula larva; b. Fifth instar black morph A. coerula larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015667/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DD514B1A7311FFCFEF9600DEFDC3F641" author="Ikemoto, H." box="[405,552,1512,1536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" pagination="520 - 521" refId="ref4069" refString="Ikemoto, H. 1984. Density-related color variation in larvae of the ramie moth, Arcte coerulea Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): effect of a compound with juvenile hormone activity. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 19: 520 - 521." type="journal article" year="1984">Ikemoto 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Most larvae collected in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7B04F8097311FFCFEF9A0330FE09F65F" box="[409,482,1542,1566]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||||
are the black morph indicating gregarious larval behavior.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF66637317FFC9EE93003BFC29F505" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015653" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015653/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" startId="3.[144,217,1293,1317]" targetBox="[144,1008,148,1273]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7317FFC9EE93003BFC29F505" blockId="3.[144,1008,1293,1348]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97317FFC9EE93003BFEFAF564" bold="true" box="[144,273,1293,1317]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Figure 2. a.</emphasis>
|
||||
Unhatched
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687317FFC9EF93003BFDF4F564" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[400,543,1293,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97317FFC9EF93003BFDF4F564" box="[400,543,1293,1317]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
egg (arrow), 1 mm in diameter. Laid on the underside of host plant leaves;
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97317FFC9EFCB001AFE37F505" bold="true" box="[456,476,1324,1348]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">b.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687317FFC9EFE1001AFD84F502" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[482,623,1323,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97317FFC9EFE1001AFD84F502" box="[482,623,1323,1347]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
egg mass with 150 hatched eggs.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF66637310FFCEEE930736FC03F277" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015655" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015655/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" startId="4.[144,217,512,536]" targetBox="[143,1009,144,491]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7310FFCEEE930736FC03F277" blockId="4.[144,1010,512,566]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97310FFCEEE930736FF18F259" bold="true" box="[144,243,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
First instar larva of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687310FFCEEFCB0736FDBEF259" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[456,597,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97310FFCEEFCB0736FDBEF259" box="[456,597,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Black markings (arrow) on its side distinguish these larvae from other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687310FFCEEFDF0728FDBCF277" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[476,599,542,566]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that also use māmaki as a food source.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF66637310FFCEEE9100DEFC1AF65E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015657" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015657/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" startId="4.[146,219,1512,1536]" targetBox="[145,1010,643,1492]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7310FFCEEE9100DEFC1AF65E" blockId="4.[146,1011,1512,1567]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97310FFCEEE9100DEFEFBF641" bold="true" box="[146,272,1512,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Figure 4. a.</emphasis>
|
||||
First instar larva of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687310FFCEEFEB00DFFD45F641" baseAuthorityName="Escholtz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[488,686,1513,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tameamea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97310FFCEEFEB00DFFD45F641" box="[488,686,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Vanessa tameamea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97310FFCEECBE00DEFD3AF641" bold="true" box="[701,721,1512,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">b.</emphasis>
|
||||
Larvae typically found in a tent-like protective structure at the edge of a leaf. Photo courtesy of DLNR-DOFAW.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF66637311FFCFEE93017CFED2F4DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015661" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015661/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" startId="5.[144,217,1098,1122]" targetBox="[144,1010,144,1081]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7311FFCFEE93017CFED2F4DE" blockId="5.[144,1008,1098,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97311FFCFEE93017CFEE7F422" bold="true" box="[144,268,1098,1123]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Figure 5. a.</emphasis>
|
||||
Sixth instar larva of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687311FFCFEFE6017CFD86F423" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[485,621,1098,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Udea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97311FFCFEFE6017CFD86F423" box="[485,621,1098,1122]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Udea stellata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97311FFCFEC7F017DFD64F422" bold="true" box="[636,655,1099,1123]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">b.</emphasis>
|
||||
Larvae typically found in a silken protective structure (arrow) on the underside of leaves with brown speckling from feeding damage.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7311FFCCEC690025FE17F43E" blockId="5.[594,1011,1238,1566]" lastBlockId="6.[144,561,793,1577]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
First instar
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687311FFCFECE40025FCBEF56A" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[743,853,1299,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97311FFCFECE40025FCBEF56A" box="[743,853,1299,1323]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae emerge at about
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7311FFCFECAB0004FD09F508" box="[680,738,1330,1354]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in length and grow rapidly through five instars, up to
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7311FFCFED5A0066FC47F526" box="[857,940,1360,1384]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||||
before pupating. Although previous studies have indicated six larval instars (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DD514B1A7311FFCFED6200BBFC04F5E4" author="Ikemoto, H." box="[865,1007,1421,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" pagination="520 - 521" refId="ref4069" refString="Ikemoto, H. 1984. Density-related color variation in larvae of the ramie moth, Arcte coerulea Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): effect of a compound with juvenile hormone activity. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 19: 520 - 521." type="journal article" year="1984">Ikemoto 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Ide 2006), specimens collected in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7B04F8097311FFCFEDAA009DFC19F582" box="[937,1010,1451,1475]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||||
typically had only five instars, with occasional larvae going through six or seven molts. Head capsule size was measured after each molt using a microscope micrometer from captive larvae reared from eggs, reported here as mean head capsule width and range: 1
|
||||
<superScript id="4EB59BA37312FFCCEF4D0645FEB3F3C0" attach="left" box="[334,344,883,897]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">st</superScript>
|
||||
instar: x =
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEFD30642FDC7F3CA" box="[464,556,884,908]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEE9306A4FEF6F3EB" box="[144,285,914,938]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="0.775" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.45">0.45–1.10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, (n = 25); 2
|
||||
<superScript id="4EB59BA37312FFCCEF8F06A7FE70F3DE" attach="left" box="[396,411,913,927]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">nd</superScript>
|
||||
instar: x =
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEC0606A4FF51F389" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="1.26">1.26 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, 0.75–2.00 mm, (n = 19); 3
|
||||
<superScript id="4EB59BA37312FFCCEFD80686FE03F3FF" attach="left" box="[475,488,944,958]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">rd</superScript>
|
||||
instar: x = 2.00 mm,
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEF1D06F9FE5FF3A6" box="[286,436,975,999]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="1.3">1.30–2.80 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, (n = 17); 4
|
||||
<superScript id="4EB59BA37312FFCCEC2706F8FDDBF39D" attach="none" box="[548,560,974,988]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">th</superScript>
|
||||
instar: x =
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEF0206D8FEB0F444" box="[257,347,1006,1030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.12" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="3.12">3.12 mm</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEF6506DBFE17F444" box="[358,508,1005,1029]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.85" metricValueMin="2.25" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="3.05" valueMax="3.85" valueMin="2.25">2.25–3.85 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, (n = 15); 5
|
||||
<superScript id="4EB59BA37312FFCCEECF013DFF33F458" attach="left" box="[204,216,1035,1049]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">th</superScript>
|
||||
instar: x = 5.3
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEF7E013AFE50F462" box="[381,443,1036,1060]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, 5.00–6.00 mm, (n = 9). Larval duration averaged about a month from egg emergence to pupation, but duration was variable.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF66637312FFCCEE9307A7FC96F2A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015665" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015665/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" startId="6.[144,217,657,681]" targetBox="[144,1008,144,638]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7312FFCCEE9307A7FC96F2A7" blockId="6.[144,1008,657,743]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCEE9307A7FF18F2E8" bold="true" box="[144,243,657,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||||
Late instar larvae of tomato looper,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCEC6E07A7FCBEF2E8" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[621,853,657,681]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysodeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcites">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCEC6E07A7FCBEF2E8" box="[621,853,657,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Chrysodeixis chalcites</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Although this caterpillar also has black markings on its side like
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCECA10786FCE5F289" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[674,782,688,712]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCECA10786FCE5F289" box="[674,782,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, their head capsule is green rather than tan or black and has a black line across the side (arrow).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7312FFCCEEAB01B0FF03F515" blockId="6.[144,561,793,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCEEAB01B0FF0DF4DC" bold="true" box="[168,230,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||||
Larvae pupate in the soil or at the base of the plant in leaf litter. Pupae are an average of
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEF1901F4FE89F49B" box="[282,354,1218,1242]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEF6801F4FE31F49B" box="[363,474,1218,1242]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="32.0" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="25.0">25–39 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, (n = 20) in length (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7312FFCCEEFB01D7FED8F4B8" box="[248,307,1249,1273]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="8.[144,217,719,743]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,144,703]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[68,1074,87,744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 8. Arcte coerula pupa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015669/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and take about 13 to 25 days to emerge. Variation in emergence time is likely due to seasonal temperature changes.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7312FFCCEEAB006CFC6DF4DF" blockId="6.[144,561,793,1577]" lastBlockId="6.[592,1009,793,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCEEAB006CFF18F533" bold="true" box="[168,243,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Adults.</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="501E4E677312FFCCEEF8006CFED5F533" box="[251,318,1370,1394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Adults</collectingCounty>
|
||||
are large moths with a forewing length (FWL) ranging from
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEC14004FFF53F5EE" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEEDB00A1FEF4F5EE" box="[216,287,1431,1455]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(x =
|
||||
<quantity id="7E389B0E7312FFCCEF5700A1FE74F5EE" box="[340,415,1431,1455]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; n = 20).
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="591BAC917312FFCCEFFF00A1FDDBF5EE" box="[508,560,1431,1455]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">They</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
have a dark brown head and dark brown forewings with black markings, speckles of silvery-blue, and scalloped termen or wing edges (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7312FFCCEF360327FE9FF668" box="[309,372,1553,1577]" captionStart="Figure9" captionStartId="8.[142,215,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[168,1008,784,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-25@8.[144,1008,765,1341]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure9. Arcte coerula adult.The hindwingmarkings are distinctive of this species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015671/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="BC1F60307312FFCCEF8B0327FE13F668" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307312FFCCEF8B0327FE13F668" box="[392,504,1553,1577]" county="Adults" municipality="They" name="Hindwings" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" stateProvince="Hawaii">Hindwings</location>
|
||||
have distinctive bright silvery-bluish markings which distinguish them from the similarly large black witch moth
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCED320663FD1EF3CD" authority="(Linnaeus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Ascalapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="odorata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCED320663FC1BF32C" box="[817,1008,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Ascalapha odorata</emphasis>
|
||||
(Linnaeus 1758)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCED000642FC6FF3CD" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[771,900,884,908]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCED8D0642FC02F3CD" box="[910,1001,884,908]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) that is also found in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7B04F8097312FFCCED1506A4FC8AF3EB" box="[790,865,914,938]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<location id="BC1F60307312FFCCED6B06A4FC40F3EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307312FFCCED6B06A4FC40F3EB" box="[872,939,914,938]" county="Adults" municipality="They" name="Adults" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" stateProvince="Hawaii">Adults</location>
|
||||
reared in captivity had a short lifespan, living no more than a week and sometimes feeding on decaying fruit and sugar water in the cages.
|
||||
<location id="BC1F60307312FFCCEC92013AFD27F465" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:316987FD7315FFC1EFAA009AFE77F2AB:BC1F60307312FFCCEC92013AFD27F465" box="[657,716,1036,1060]" county="Adults" municipality="They" name="There" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" stateProvince="Hawaii">There</location>
|
||||
was approximately a 1:
|
||||
<specimenCount id="AFC6FD627312FFCCEDAC013AFC1BF465" box="[943,1008,1036,1060]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||||
to female ratio. Sex was determined during the pupal stage based on the genital opening on the ventral side of the abdominal segments (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DD514B1A7312FFCCECE101B3FC90F4DF" author="Lin, C. & Pan, M. S." box="[738,891,1157,1182]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" pagination="1458 - 1463" refId="ref4304" refString="Lin, C., Q. J. Pan, M. S. Waqas, and T. X. Liu. 2020. Morphologicaltraitsforsexidentifica- tion of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Integr. Agric. 19: 1458 - 1463." type="journal article" year="2020">Lin et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7312FFCDEC6B0192FC23F533" blockId="6.[592,1009,793,1577]" lastBlockId="7.[592,1009,1218,1576]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCEC6B0192FC8EF4FD" bold="true" box="[616,869,1188,1212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Biology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||||
In Southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C1D7767B7312FFCCEC5301F5FD67F49B" box="[592,652,1219,1242]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
where ramie plants (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCED7801F4FCA2F4B8" authority="Koidzumi" authorityName="Koidzumi" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Boehmeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nipononivea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCED7801F4FD3FF4B9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Boehmeria nipononivea</emphasis>
|
||||
Koidzumi
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) are grown,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCEDDA01D7FD74F556" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCEDDA01D7FD74F556" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is multivoltine with populations appearing in the spring and fall with densities peaking in August and September (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DD514B1A7312FFCCEC54006CFD57F533" author="Ide, J. Y." box="[599,700,1370,1394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" pagination="49 - 55" refId="ref4028" refString="Ide, J. Y. 2005. Inter-and intra-shoot distributions of the ramie moth caterpillar, Arcte coerulea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in ramie shrubs. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 41: 49 - 55." type="journal article" year="2005">Ide 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Field surveys on Maui and Hawaii island have also shown
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCED84004FFC1BF5D0" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[903,1008,1401,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCED84004FFC1BF5D0" box="[903,1008,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be multivoltine; however, populations peaked in the spring, from March to May, and decreased dramatically in the summer. Low-density populations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687312FFCCEDD900C5FD74F668" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97312FFCCEDD900C5FD74F668" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be found throughout the year in Hawaii.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDEF0401F4FE7CF49B" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[263,407,1218,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEF0401F4FE7CF49B" box="[263,407,1218,1242]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae can be distinguished from endemic species on māmaki by their active movements and aggressive defensive behavior. Early instar larvae were observed defensively dropping from leaves when disturbed and moving quickly between leaves on the plant.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDEFFA004FFF35F5EE" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEFFA004FFF35F5EE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
does not produce any protective structures, unlike the leaf folding behavior seen in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDEEE300E2FE4DF5AA" baseAuthorityName="Escholtz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[224,422,1492,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tameamea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEEE300E2FE4DF5AA" box="[224,422,1492,1515]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Vanessa tameamea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7313FFCDEFB700E2FE16F5AD" box="[436,509,1492,1516]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[146,219,1512,1536]" captionTargetBox="[145,1010,643,1492]" captionTargetId="figure-78@4.[146,1010,643,1080]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. a. First instar larva of Vanessa tameamea; b. Larvae typically found in a tent-like protective structure at the edge of a leaf. Photo courtesy of DLNR-DOFAW." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015657/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and silk coverings made by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDEF7400C4FE16F64B" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[375,509,1522,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Udea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEF7400C4FE16F64B" box="[375,509,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Udea stellata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7313FFCDEC0B00C4FF41F669" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[144,217,1098,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1010,144,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-182@5.[146,1010,572,1083]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. a. Sixth instar larva of Udea stellata; b. Larvae typically found in a silken protective structure (arrow) on the underside of leaves with brown speckling from feeding damage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015661/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In later instars,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDEF510327FE30F669" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[338,475,1552,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEF510327FE30F669" box="[338,475,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
displays a distinctive, aggressive, defensive behavior when disturbed or threatened. The larva rears up its head and legs, thrashes around, and regurgitates a green liquid to defend itself. Similar behavior was also reported by Jackson and Mua (2016).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF66637313FFCDEE92016BFED6F4D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015667" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015667/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" startId="7.[145,218,1117,1141]" targetBox="[144,1008,144,1100]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7313FFCDEE92016BFED6F4D5" blockId="7.[145,1008,1117,1172]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEE92016BFEE3F437" bold="true" box="[145,264,1117,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Figure 7. a.</emphasis>
|
||||
Fifth instar yellow morph
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDEC100168FD75F434" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[531,670,1117,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEC100168FD75F434" box="[531,670,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larva;
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDECE00168FD1DF437" bold="true" box="[739,758,1118,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">b.</emphasis>
|
||||
Fifth instar black morph
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDEE92014AFF17F4D5" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[145,252,1148,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEE92014AFF17F4D5" box="[145,252,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larva.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB7313FFC3EC6B004FFE2AF527" blockId="7.[592,1009,1218,1576]" lastBlockId="9.[145,561,1328,1565]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDEC6B004FFD2DF5D0" bold="true" box="[616,710,1401,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Damage.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDECC8004FFCB9F5D1" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[715,850,1400,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDECC8004FFCB9F5D1" box="[715,850,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae will feed on both young and mature leaves of host plants. Early instars create small holes on the leaves as they feed (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E7313FFCDED7300E2FC2CF5AD" box="[880,967,1492,1516]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="9.[144,217,1206,1230]" captionTargetBox="[145,1008,144,1188]" captionTargetId="figure-10@9.[145,1008,613,1188]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 10. a. Feeding damage by 1st instar Arcte coerula larvae; b. Feeding damage by 3rd instar larvae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015673/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Fig. 10a</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In later larval stages,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D687313FFCDED1300C4FC97F64B" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[784,892,1522,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF97313FFCDED1300C4FC97F64B" box="[784,892,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae create sizable areas of feeding damage and completely strip leaves, leaving only the major veins (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E731CFFC2EF190085FE98F58A" box="[282,371,1459,1483]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="9.[144,217,1206,1230]" captionTargetBox="[145,1008,144,1188]" captionTargetId="figure-10@9.[145,1008,613,1188]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 10. a. Feeding damage by 1st instar Arcte coerula larvae; b. Feeding damage by 3rd instar larvae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015673/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Fig. 10b</figureCitation>
|
||||
). We conducted a simple laboratory experiment using 1-gallon potted māmaki to quantify the extent of damage
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731CFFC2EEFD0338FE8CF667" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[254,359,1550,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731CFFC2EEFD0338FE8CF667" box="[254,359,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
inflicts.Plants were infested with one or two newly hatched
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731CFFC2EDD900A2FD74F58A" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731CFFC2EDD900A2FD74F58A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae. Within two weeks, we observed 100% defoliation and the eventual death of the potted māmaki plants infested with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731CFFC2EC850338FD18F667" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[646,755,1550,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731CFFC2EC850338FD18F667" box="[646,755,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae by the second or third instar. Adults do not cause any feeding damage to the host plants.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF6663731CFFC2EE9307F9FE28F2A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015669" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015669" box="[144,451,719,743]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015669/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" startId="8.[144,217,719,743]" targetBox="[144,1008,144,703]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB731CFFC2EE9307F9FE28F2A6" blockId="8.[144,451,719,743]" box="[144,451,719,743]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731CFFC2EE9307F9FF19F2A6" bold="true" box="[144,242,719,743]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731CFFC2EEFA07E6FE6EF2A6" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[249,389,719,743]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731CFFC2EEFA07E6FE6EF2A6" box="[249,389,719,743]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
pupa.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF6663731CFFC2EE8D007BFC2EF524" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015671" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015671" box="[142,965,1357,1381]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015671/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" startId="8.[142,215,1357,1381]" targetBox="[168,1008,784,1341]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB731CFFC2EE8D007BFC2EF524" blockId="8.[142,965,1357,1381]" box="[142,965,1357,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731CFFC2EE8D007BFF00F524" bold="true" box="[142,235,1357,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731CFFC2EEEC0078FE9CF524" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[239,375,1357,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731CFFC2EEEC0078FE9CF524" box="[239,375,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
adult. The hindwing markings are distinctive of this species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF6663731DFFC3EE930180FEBFF4AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015673/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" startId="9.[144,217,1206,1230]" targetBox="[145,1008,144,1188]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB731DFFC3EE930180FEBFF4AC" blockId="9.[144,1008,1205,1261]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731DFFC3EE930180FEF3F48F" bold="true" box="[144,280,1206,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Figure 10. a.</emphasis>
|
||||
Feeding damage by 1
|
||||
<superScript id="4EB59BA3731DFFC3EFF80183FDEEF482" attach="left" box="[507,517,1205,1219]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">st</superScript>
|
||||
instar
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731DFFC3EC4F0181FD32F48F" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[588,729,1206,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731DFFC3EC4F0181FD32F48F" box="[588,729,1206,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae;
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731DFFC3ED2F0180FCD4F48F" bold="true" box="[812,831,1206,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">b.</emphasis>
|
||||
Feeding damage by 3
|
||||
<superScript id="4EB59BA3731DFFC3EEBF01E5FF22F4A0" attach="left" box="[188,201,1235,1249]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">rd</superScript>
|
||||
instar larvae.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB731DFFC0EEAA005BFDE8F437" blockId="9.[145,561,1328,1565]" lastBlockId="10.[144,560,1118,1568]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731DFFC3EEAA005BFED7F5C4" bold="true" box="[169,316,1389,1413]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Management.</emphasis>
|
||||
There is very little information available on how to manage this pest. In
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="C1D7767B731DFFC3EEE5009FFEADF580" box="[230,326,1449,1473]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, botanical insecticides (such as neem, derris powder, pyrethrum), insecticidal soaps, and microbial products such as spinosad and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731DFFC3EF670333FD2EF509" box="[356,709,1328,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="thuringiensis" subSpecies="kurstaki">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731DFFC3EF670333FD2EF509" box="[356,709,1328,1565]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have been used (Jackson and Mua 2016). However, these products are not labeled for use in Hawaii on māmaki plants and are not recommended in Hawaii as they will also impact the endemic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731DFFC3EDB9009FFD76F5A1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
populations that feed on māmaki and other endemic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731DFFC3ED1A00D0FC62F5BF" box="[793,905,1510,1534]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Classical biological control is potentially the best management strategy for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EF900169FE16F437" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[403,509,1118,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EF900169FE16F437" box="[403,509,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="EDBF6663731EFFC0EE9306E2FEC9F468" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015675" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12015675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015675/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" startId="10.[144,218,980,1004]" targetBox="[144,1008,144,964]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB731EFFC0EE9306E2FEC9F468" blockId="10.[144,1008,980,1065]" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EE9306E2FEF1F3AC" bold="true" box="[144,282,980,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Figure 11. a.</emphasis>
|
||||
Egg parasitoid of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EFDA06E3FD8CF3AD" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[473,615,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EFDA06E3FD8CF3AD" box="[473,615,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
emerging;
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0ECDF06E3FD1BF3AC" bold="true" box="[732,752,981,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">b.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0ECFB06E2FC5EF3AD" box="[760,949,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Trichogrammatidae" genus="Trichogramma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0ECFB06E2FC7BF3AD" box="[760,912,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Trichogramma</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
parasitizing the egg of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EF5706C5FE09F44A" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[340,482,1011,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EF5706C5FE09F44A" box="[340,482,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EFF206C5FDE9F44A" bold="true" box="[497,514,1011,1035]" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">c.</emphasis>
|
||||
Gregarious larval
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0ECCB06C5FCD7F44A" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1829" box="[712,828,1011,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
ectoparasitoid of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EE930124FEF0F468" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[144,283,1041,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EE930124FEF0F468" box="[144,283,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Arcte coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F1DA6560731EFFC1EEAB014BFE77F2AB" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB731EFFC0EEAB014BFED1F5E7" blockId="10.[144,560,1118,1568]" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EEAB014BFE80F4D4" bold="true" box="[168,363,1149,1173]" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
|
||||
Field surveys detected egg parasitism on both Maui and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7B04F809731EFFC0EE93018CFF36F493" box="[144,221,1210,1234]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||||
island (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E731EFFC0EF3F018CFE73F493" box="[316,408,1210,1234]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="10.[144,218,980,1004]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,144,964]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[144,1008,426,964]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 11. a. Egg parasitoid of Arcte coerula emerging; b. Trichogramma sp. parasitizing the egg of Arcte coerula; c. Gregarious larval Eulophidae ectoparasitoid of Arcte coerula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015675/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Fig. 11a</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Several egg parasitoids have been found including a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EE9301C0FEA6F54F" box="[144,333,1270,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Trichogrammatidae" genus="Trichogramma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EE9301C0FEC3F54F" box="[144,296,1270,1294]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Trichogramma</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E731EFFC0EF5F01C0FE5AF54F" box="[348,433,1270,1294]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="10.[144,218,980,1004]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,144,964]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[144,1008,426,964]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 11. a. Egg parasitoid of Arcte coerula emerging; b. Trichogramma sp. parasitizing the egg of Arcte coerula; c. Gregarious larval Eulophidae ectoparasitoid of Arcte coerula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015675/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Fig. 11b</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A gregarious, larval
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EEFE0023FE9AF56C" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1829" box="[253,369,1301,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
ectoparasitoid was also found on
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7B04F809731EFFC0EF2F0005FE9DF50A" box="[300,374,1331,1355]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||||
island (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="21FB2A6E731EFFC0EFCC0005FDCEF50A" box="[463,549,1331,1355]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="10.[144,218,980,1004]" captionTargetBox="[144,1008,144,964]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[144,1008,426,964]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 11. a. Egg parasitoid of Arcte coerula emerging; b. Trichogramma sp. parasitizing the egg of Arcte coerula; c. Gregarious larval Eulophidae ectoparasitoid of Arcte coerula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12015675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12015675/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Fig. 11c</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Further work is needed to identify the parasitoids using morphological and molecular methods.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B97F36EB731EFFC1EEAB009BFE77F2AB" blockId="10.[144,560,1118,1568]" lastBlockId="11.[144,561,145,746]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">
|
||||
Surveying the same plants on successive trips showed more eggs than larvae present on the trees, indicating that larval predation may occur. We have not determined the species responsible but hypothesize that ants might predate on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EC5301AAFD56F4F2" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[592,701,1179,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EC5301AAFD56F4F2" box="[592,701,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, as they are often present on the māmaki plants surveyed. Little fire ant,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EC8101EFFD62F54F" authority="(Roger 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wasmannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auropunctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0EC8101EFFC77F4B1" box="[642,924,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">Wasmannia auropunctata</emphasis>
|
||||
(Roger 1863)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0EC9901C0FCC6F54F" box="[666,813,1270,1294]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0ED3901C0FC58F54F" box="[826,947,1270,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), was observed feeding on collected
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731EFFC0ED860023FC1BF56C" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[901,1008,1301,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731EFFC0ED860023FC1BF56C" box="[901,1008,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
eggs. The number of early instar larvae collected during surveys was much greater than the number of later instar larvae collected despite larger instars being more conspicuous, again suggesting that larval mortality by predation may be substantial. We frequently observed the aforementioned characteristic feeding damage on leaves during our surveys despite no larvae being found on the plant. We have also observed that the larvae are palatable to birds such as chickens (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731FFFC1EFA705DAFE5BF163" authority="(Linnaeus 1758))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Gallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallus" subSpecies="domesticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731FFFC1EFA705DAFEE8F163" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Gallus gallus domesticus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Linnaeus 1758))
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
despite their bright, putatively aposematic, coloration. At least seven species of oligophagous parasitoid wasps are known to parasitize
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731FFFC1EEB504B2FEA9F1DD" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[182,322,388,412]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Udea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731FFFC1EEB504B2FEA9F1DD" box="[182,322,388,412]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Udea stellata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
on māmaki (Kaufman and Wright 2010) and twelve species of parasitoids have been recorded on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731FFFC1EFFC04F4FE3EF1B6" authority="(Leeper 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Leeper" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tameamea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731FFFC1EFFC04F4FED8F1B6" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Vanessa tameamea</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DD514B1A731FFFC1EF4704E9FE25F1B6" author="Leeper, J." box="[324,462,479,503]" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="1906 - 2012" refId="ref4247" refString="Leeper, J. 2014. Vanessa tameamea Esch. and related introduced species: Citations in the Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society (1906 - 2012). https: // cms. ctahr. hawaii. edu / Portals / 60 / Documents / LEEPER _ KAMEHAMEHA _ BUTTERFLY _ CITATIONS. pdf." type="book chapter" year="2014">Leeper 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Further research will be undertaken to determine whether any of these resident species of wasps might provide biotic resistance to this new invasive species. If resident natural enemies do not exert significant population control on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7EC04D68731FFFC1EF6A07A0FE3BF2EF" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[361,464,662,686]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arcte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coerula">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8BB4EAF9731FFFC1EF6A07A0FE3BF2EF" box="[361,464,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="74">A. coerula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, classical biocontrol agents may need to be sought for importation to
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="7B04F809731FFFC1EF4F07E4FE73F2AB" box="[332,408,722,746]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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Reference in a new issue