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<document id="41A6B2FBAB5D83ACAC1C5520AC880A1E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3895.1.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4956649" ID-ZooBank="3F004F1A-D840-4AA5-97C2-1DDF31D47FDD" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="jonas" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1623761161772" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hou, Mian, Wu, Yunke, Yang, Kelin, Zheng, Sheng, Yuan, Zhiyong & Li, Pipeng" docDate="2014" docId="03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03895p102.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3895 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Echinotriton maxiquadratus Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="100" masterDocId="FFFE5D22FFAC7346522D776DFFC73B02" masterDocTitle="A missing geographic link in the distribution of the genus Echinotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) with description of a new species from southern China" masterLastPageNumber="102" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="96" updateTime="1730206005257" updateUser="jonas" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F19204F141F7DF2202A1B465A1CAF4A9">
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<mods:title id="DD0A9844555BA6191B1D199B36A6631F">A missing geographic link in the distribution of the genus Echinotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) with description of a new species from southern China</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="F330F52556AB949A930FE88887C7D68B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4054E907BED7A115E9FC89C2717A0033">Hou, Mian</mods:namePart>
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||||
<mods:affiliation id="19C8E0CDC2C893EE950BB1702F0C9952">College of Continuing Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China & Institute of Herpetology and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China & These authors contributed equally to this paper</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="78215EF50A05BFBB7BA9DA22AF6A4240">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BA1994FF30844E71413F45B099FC8BE5">Wu, Yunke</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6CFC33E3052BF2DD97A2549A4939A766">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA & These authors contributed equally to this paper</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="C0A0B1ED2589A6F1EDDAE17F658DE9DF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BAC1CFC39545B83CFBC345D6C7D6384D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="60F22607207B24E17B80024BFC23B067">Yang, Kelin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="46BC2D9F163F39279C7FD659CCBC26D7">College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C42CC4EA517FC3FC484819A30023351B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3BE420316B54DB1B1099310714F61337">Zheng, Sheng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B095E45B8A891E7A3EDD3AE5E54E35EF">Moët Hennessy Diageo (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 625014, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="50CF4EEB5EBDD55F964305764383E61D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A97C862F3D64E97FDB291F09600B403D">Yuan, Zhiyong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="66BBE4F30CA2FB23594E26B3402ABD69">State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="58A086BA43709EA229BFE5099D38F3C3">Li, Pipeng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="830B3303E6971EDE3F924A2883ABCA49">Institute of Herpetology and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9F6E8B8F0A17E3D712892B4F3215B0FA" type="email">lipipeng@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="AC7FFD9FF949B63BDE7CC610C365B83D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0C425B4D59AD08AC29E524DBB6810F77">
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<mods:date id="13AAD3A2E595EA5E0BADF88B52A40368">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CE525C29935E47273D6A55295B2BFF06">2014-12-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="637CDC9A83A8090F75A70A120E585A34">3895</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F8A6AD91AA86559EE9FF7AC7685CF796">89</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="D9BDD88D293CB209B168BCCDD331FB55">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="93FC4D280BB8027BF6D09C93243D9421" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3895.1.5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6C9EE2959690F318E866F73F9771193E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8F088794A0D6BC5D1C9E2B50940B42C5" type="Zenodo-Dep">4956649</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
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<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFAB734152BA75D9FD9739CF" box="[151,592,692,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152BA75D9FD9739CF" blockId="7.[151,592,692,751]" box="[151,592,692,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFAB734152BA75D9FE2839CC" ID-CoL="38LDD" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,495,692,718]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152BA75D9FE2839CC" bold="true" box="[151,495,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Echinotriton maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734153DB75D9FD9739CF" bold="true" box="[502,592,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFAB734153DB75D9FD9739CF" box="[502,592,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFAB734152BA75BBFEC139ED" box="[151,262,726,751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="description">
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||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152BA75BBFEC139ED" blockId="7.[151,592,692,751]" box="[151,262,726,751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135588C9FFAB734152B275BBFF3939ED" box="[159,254,726,751]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStart-3="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1469,1491]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1998,2020]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,250,833,855]" captionStartId-3="9.[151,250,1946,1968]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1432,337,1448]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1432,1572,1977]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1428,193,812]" captionTargetBox-3="[503,1084,936,1925]" captionTargetId-0="figure-129@8.[155,1432,337,1448]" captionTargetId-1="figure-138@8.[155,1432,1572,1977]" captionTargetId-2="figure-63@9.[155,1432,193,812]" captionTargetId-3="figure-72@9.[503,1084,936,1925]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the holotype of E. maxiquadratus sp. nov. (SY20131101ENT). Penetrated sharp rib extremities (red arrows) are visible at lateral warts in the dorsal view." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral close-up view of the head of specimen SY20131101ENT." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Close-up view of the right hand, right foot, and left foot of specimen SY20131101ENT. The 4th toe of the left foot has an extra phalanx." captionText-3="FIGURE 8. Radiograph of specimen SY20131101ENT. The quadrate spine unique to Echinotriton is visible." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956665" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956667" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956669" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956671" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4956665/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4956667/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4956669/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4956671/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Fig. 5–8</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFAB734152BA7473FDEE3858" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="vernacular_names">
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||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152BA7473FDCB3835" blockId="7.[151,553,798,859]" box="[151,524,798,823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Chinese name: Gāo Shān Jí Yuán</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152BA742FFDEE3858" blockId="7.[151,553,798,859]" box="[151,553,834,859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">English name: mountain spiny newt</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFAB734152BA74E7FB163F0D" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152BA74E7FB163F0D" blockId="7.[151,1437,906,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B069E11FFAB734152BA74E7FB0A3F0D" collectingDate="2013-11-08" collectionCode="SY" collectorName="Kelin Yang & Sheng Zheng" country="China" location="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" specimenCode="SY20131101ENT" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152BA74E7FECC38A1" bold="true" box="[151,267,906,931]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" reason="1">
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||||
<typeStatus id="54D52AEEFFAB734152BA74E7FEC138A1" box="[151,262,906,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||||
.
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||||
</emphasis>
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||||
<specimenCode id="DBC83C37FFAB7341533874E7FE1838A1" box="[277,479,906,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">SY20131101ENT</specimenCode>
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||||
, an
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||||
<specimenCount id="9D685FC5FFAB7341503E74E7FD8C38A1" box="[531,587,906,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
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||||
<specimenCount id="9D685FC5FFAB7341507874E7FD6638A1" box="[597,673,906,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="female">female</specimenCount>
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||||
collected under rocks on a mountain in southern
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<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFAB734156C774E7FAEA38A1" box="[1258,1325,906,931]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">China</collectingCountry>
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||||
by
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<collectorName id="269BF19AFFAB7341577374E7FF1638C5" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Kelin Yang</collectorName>
|
||||
and
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||||
<collectorName id="269BF19AFFAB7341532374C3FE6238C5" box="[270,421,942,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Sheng Zheng</collectorName>
|
||||
on
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||||
<date id="FFD0B28CFFAB734153FA74C3FD7438C5" box="[471,691,942,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" value="2013-11-08">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="EF944B64FFAB734153FA74C3FD7438C5" box="[471,691,942,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" value="2013-11-08">November 8, 2013</collectingDate>
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||||
</date>
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||||
. Coordinates and elevation data are deposited in the Institute of Herpetology and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang Normal University. An earlier search in
|
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<date id="FFD0B28CFFAB7341532F749AFEB33F0D" box="[258,372,1014,1039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" value="2011-05">May 2011</date>
|
||||
and a subsequent search in
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<date id="FFD0B28CFFAB73415081749BFCE13F0D" box="[684,806,1014,1039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" value="2014-04">April 2014</date>
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did not recover additional specimens
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFAB734152EA7377FD833E75" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="diagnosis">
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||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152EA7377FD833E75" blockId="7.[151,1437,906,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152EA7377FE863F31" bold="true" box="[199,321,1050,1075]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This specimen is assigned to the genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFAB734151367377FC6F3F31" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[795,936,1050,1075]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734151367377FC6F3F31" box="[795,936,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Echinotriton</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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based on its phylogenetic position derived from molecular data and the following morphological characters: flat body covered with tubercles of various sizes; an anteriorly curved bony spine on the posterolateral surface of the quadrate; a series of lateral glandular warts penetrated by distal rib extremities, which are free of muscle insertion.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFAB7341519C73EBFB2A3F9D" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[945,1261,1158,1183]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB7341519C73EBFB2A3F9D" box="[945,1261,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Echinotriton maxiquadratus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734156D973EBFA8A3F9D" bold="true" box="[1268,1357,1158,1183]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFAB734156D973EBFA8A3F9D" box="[1268,1357,1158,1183]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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can be diagnosed morphologically from congeners by the following combination of characters: a trapezoid projection behind the mouth corresponding to the quadrate spine (triangular projection in the other two species); a single row of 12 glandular warts on each side of body (extra 1–3 rows of smaller warts between lateral warts and the vertebral ridge in
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<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFAB734152D5727AFE4F3E2D" box="[248,392,1302,1327]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andersoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152D5727AFE4F3E2D" box="[248,392,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">E. andersoni</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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); normal development of the 5th toe (rudimentary in in
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFAB73415623727AFB583E2D" box="[1038,1183,1302,1327]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andersoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB73415623727AFB583E2D" box="[1038,1183,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">E. andersoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
); tip of longest finger exceeds tip of snout when forelimb is extended rostrally (approaching nostril in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFAB734156387256FB073E51" box="[1045,1216,1338,1363]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinhaiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734156387256FB073E51" box="[1045,1216,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">E. chinhaiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
); skin tubercles are conical (ridge-like in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFAB734153A47232FDF33E75" box="[393,564,1374,1399]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinhaiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734153A47232FDF33E75" box="[393,564,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">E. chinhaiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFAB734C52EA72EFFBF839CF" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152EA72EFFB0D3E99" blockId="7.[151,1437,906,2011]" box="[199,1226,1410,1435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152EA72EFFDC93E99" box="[199,526,1410,1435]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152EA72EFFDCD3E99" bold="true" box="[199,522,1410,1435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
Description of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54D52AEEFFAB7341538E72EFFDCD3E99" box="[419,522,1410,1435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
A moderately sized female salamander with a depressed body.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152EA72CBFC283C49" blockId="7.[151,1437,906,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152EA72CBFEC03EBD" bold="true" box="[199,263,1446,1471]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Head</emphasis>
|
||||
. Flat, depressed, and wider than long. The shape is subtriangular. A trapezoid projection behind the mouth corresponding to the quadrate spine. Snout short and truncate, depressed on top. Lateral cranial ridge prominent, starting from the top of the snout over upper eyelids and reaching the parotoid gland posteriorly; the posterior end of the lateral cranial ridge slightly curved inward like a scroll. Median cranial ridges are pad-like and less prominent; anterior part depressed. Posterior to the median cranial ridge is a V-shaped ridge, which connects to the vertebral ridge. Parotoid gland flattened but distinct; much longer than wide and enlarged at the lateral side; the posterior end elevated to the same height as the lateral cranial ridge. Nostril rounded and small, very close to the anterior extremity of the lateral cranial ridge. Eye moderately large. Upper eyelid glandular, rather broad and visible from above; lower eyelid finely tuberculated. Tongue nearly round and about 1/3 width of the mouth; free from the bottom of the mouth at lateral and posterior margins. Skull very robust, wider than long (length of quadrate spine excluded). An oval fontanelle is present. Frontosquamosal arch complete and robust. Both quadrate and pterygoid extend anteriorly and form separate connections with maxilla.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734152EA703BFC553C6D" blockId="7.[151,1437,906,2011]" box="[199,914,1878,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152EA703BFEC43C6D" bold="true" box="[199,259,1878,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Neck</emphasis>
|
||||
. More slender than the head and body. Gular fold distinct.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFAB734E52EA7017FF163A1F" blockId="7.[151,1437,906,2011]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFAB734152EA7017FEC43C91" bold="true" box="[199,259,1914,1939]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Body</emphasis>
|
||||
. A series of 12 glandular warts along each side of body. Thirteen trunk vertebrae. The first two warts are supported by the large epipleural process of the 3rd and 4th rib. The 3rd wart is supported by the distal extremity of the 4th rib. Remaining warts are supported by the distal extremity of 5th to 13th rib, respectively. The 3rd to 6th warts strongly extend laterally; sharp rib extremity can be seen piercing through these warts. The last five pairs of ribs are shorter in length and their distal portion flares dorsolaterally. A flattened vertebral ridge running from the V-shaped ridge on the head to the dorsal fin of the tail; vertebral ridge widest at the middle and tapers towards both ends.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF11C4C4FFA4734E52BA72D0FC723EF0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956665" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4956665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4956665/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" startId="8.[151,250,1469,1491]" targetBox="[155,1432,337,1448]" targetPageId="8">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA4734E52BA72D0FC723EF0" blockId="8.[151,1436,1469,1522]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA4734E52BA72D0FED23ED1" bold="true" box="[151,277,1469,1491]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
Dorsal, lateral, and ventral view of the holotype of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA4734E511372D3FC323ED1" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[830,1013,1469,1491]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA4734E511372D3FC8A3ED1" box="[830,845,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">E</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA4734E517072D0FC323ED1" box="[861,1013,1469,1491]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA4734E51D372D3FB963ED1" bold="true" box="[1022,1105,1470,1491]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA4734E51D372D3FB963ED1" box="[1022,1105,1470,1491]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(SY20131101ENT). Penetrated sharp rib extremities (red arrows) are visible at lateral warts in the dorsal view.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF11C4C4FFA4734E52BA70A3FBB13CE6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956667" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4956667" box="[151,1142,1998,2020]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4956667/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" startId="8.[151,250,1998,2020]" targetBox="[155,1432,1572,1977]" targetPageId="8">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA4734E52BA70A3FBB13CE6" blockId="8.[151,1142,1998,2020]" box="[151,1142,1998,2020]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA4734E52BA70A3FED53CE6" bold="true" box="[151,274,1998,2020]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||||
Lateral, dorsal, and ventral close-up view of the head of specimen SY20131101ENT.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF11C4C4FFA5734F52BA742CFEAA3874" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956669" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4956669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4956669/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" startId="9.[151,250,833,855]" targetBox="[155,1428,193,812]" targetPageId="9">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA5734F52BA742CFEAA3874" blockId="9.[151,1436,833,886]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA5734F52BA742CFED53855" bold="true" box="[151,274,833,855]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
Close-up view of the right hand, right foot, and left foot of specimen SY20131101ENT. The 4th toe of the left foot has an extra phalanx.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DF11C4C4FFA5734F52BA70F7FB2B3CB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956671" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4956671" box="[151,1260,1946,1968]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4956671/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" startId="9.[151,250,1946,1968]" targetBox="[503,1084,936,1925]" targetPageId="9">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA5734F52BA70F7FB2B3CB2" blockId="9.[151,1260,1946,1968]" box="[151,1260,1946,1968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA5734F52BA70F7FED53CAD" bold="true" box="[151,274,1946,1968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
Radiograph of specimen SY20131101ENT. The quadrate spine unique to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA5734F562E70F7FB443CB2" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[1027,1155,1946,1968]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA5734F562E70F7FB443CB2" box="[1027,1155,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Echinotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is visible.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734C52EA77FAFE983A61" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA77FAFEDD3BAD" box="[199,282,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA77FAFED43BB2" bold="true" box="[199,275,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Limbs</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Relatively slender and long. Palm and sole overlap when forelimb and hind limb are adpressed against flank. Tip of longest finger exceeds tip of snout when forelimb is extended rostrally. Fingers and toes compressed with rounded tips. Four fingers; relative length 3> 2> 1> 4. Left forelimb has only 2 fingers probably due to early injury. Five toes with very rudimentary interdigital web; relative length 3> 4> 2> 1> 5. The 5th toe develops into normal size. Left hind limb has an extra distal phalanx on the 4th toe (an abnormal condition). Tubercles present on carpus and tarsus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734C52EA7602FA893AD2" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA7602FF323A8A" bold="true" box="[199,245,367,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Tail</emphasis>
|
||||
. Laterally compressed. The ventral portion is much thicker than the dorsal portion. The sharp dorsal fin is the posterior continuation of the vertebral ridge. The ventral fin is less conspicuous and blunt. Posterior portion of the tail has been damaged and healed prior to collection. Only the first four caudal vertebrae bear short ribs.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734C52EA76B1FAA2393F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA76B1FF3A3AF7" bold="true" box="[199,253,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Skin</emphasis>
|
||||
. Glandular conical tubercles of various sizes densely distributed on the dorsal side and flanks. The venter is covered with larger rounded tubercles. Transverse ventral wrinkles are present. Snout, lips, digits, palms and soles, and the ventral edge of tail do not have tubercles. Glandular pores most visible on lateral cranial ridges.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734C52EA752AFACA3986" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA752AFED6395D" box="[199,273,583,608]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA752AFECD3962" bold="true" box="[199,266,583,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Color</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Mostly black in life. Tip of the 2nd to 7th lateral warts are grayish yellow. Tip of the quadrate projection, digits, carpal and tarsal tubercles, cloaca, and the ventral edge of tail are yellowish orange.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734C52EA75E2FBF839CF" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA75E2FE1239AA" box="[199,469,655,680]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA75E2FEAC39AA" bold="true" box="[199,363,655,680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Measurement</emphasis>
|
||||
(in mm).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
TTL: 129.47, SVL: 85.72, TAL: 43.75, AX: 39.01, CW: 16.69, AL: 26.32, PL: 27.62, HL: 18.28, HW: 25.81, HD: 9.92, SL: 6.77, ED: 4.48, IN: 5.31, ON: 6.12; IC: 6.94.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFA6734C52EA75BAFC45385F" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734C52EA75BAFC45385F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA75BAFE8A39ED" box="[199,333,727,752]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA75BAFE8139F2" bold="true" box="[199,326,727,752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
The specific epithet
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C501275BAFD2039F2" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[575,743,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C501275BAFD2039F2" box="[575,743,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is derived from the combination of the Latin word
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C571575B5FA5B39ED" box="[1336,1436,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">maximus</emphasis>
|
||||
(greatest) and the
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C53727591FE033817" box="[351,452,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">quadrate</emphasis>
|
||||
bone, which refers to the large quadrate projection of the species. This name also brings to our mind Dr. Max Sparreboom, who extensively studies Old World salamanders and recently published a book with comprehensive descriptions and illustrations of those species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFA6734C52EA740AFC753F37" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734C52EA740AFC753F37" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA740AFEED387D" box="[199,298,871,896]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA740AFEE43882" bold="true" box="[199,291,871,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
This species inhabits low depressions near the top of the mountain (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135588C9FFA6734C5603740AFBB43882" box="[1070,1139,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1574,1596]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,1129,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-661@10.[155,1432,1129,1553]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. Habitat of E. maxiquadratus sp. nov. Left: the rock pile where specimen SY20131101ENT was collected; right: another view near the mountain top." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4956673/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Depressions are covered with dense tall grasses, rhododendrons, and melastomes. Marshland and lentic ponds intersperse in depressions. Humidity is so high that fogs form in most of the time. Showers are frequent. The specimen was collected from under a rock pile at the root of vegetation. Earthworms, harvestmen, and millipedes are abundant under rocks. Other amphibians include
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C53EE749AFD5E3F12" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[451,665,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Hylarana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latouchii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C53EE749AFD5E3F12" box="[451,665,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Hylarana latouchii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C5084749AFC633F12" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[681,932,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nidirana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adenopleura">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C5084749AFC633F12" box="[681,932,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Nidirana adenopleura</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C51C9749AFB603F0D" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1842" box="[996,1191,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gargarizans">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C51C9749AFB603F0D" box="[996,1191,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Bufo gargarizans</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C569A749AFA5B3F12" baseAuthorityName="Vogt" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1207,1436,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="braueri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C569A749AFA5B3F12" box="[1207,1436,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Polypedates braueri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C52EB7371FEAB3F37" box="[198,364,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EB7371FEAB3F37" box="[198,364,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Hyla chinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be found either on the ground or on vegetation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF11C4C4FFA6734C52BA714BFDC23D59" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4956673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4956673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4956673/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" startId="10.[151,250,1574,1596]" targetBox="[155,1432,1129,1553]" targetPageId="10">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734C52BA714BFDC23D59" blockId="10.[151,1437,1574,1627]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52BA714BFED33D39" bold="true" box="[151,276,1574,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||||
Habitat of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C53A7714AFDF83D3E" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[394,575,1574,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C53A7714AFE5E3D3E" box="[394,409,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C538A714BFDF83D3E" box="[423,575,1574,1596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C506A714AFD5E3D3E" bold="true" box="[583,665,1575,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA6734C506A714AFD5E3D3E" box="[583,665,1575,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Left: the rock pile where specimen SY20131101ENT was collected; right: another view near the mountain top.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C374C7C7FFA6734D52EA71EAFB143D77" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA6734D52EA71EAFD4D3A42" blockId="10.[151,1438,1671,2020]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,1653]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA71EAFEFC3D9D" box="[199,315,1671,1696]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52EA71EAFEF33DA2" bold="true" box="[199,308,1671,1696]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
One hundred and twenty-two years after the description of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C51F371E5FBA93DA2" box="[990,1134,1671,1696]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andersoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C51F371E5FBA93DA2" box="[990,1134,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. andersoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and eighty-one years after that of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C52C471C1FE523DC6" box="[233,405,1707,1732]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinhaiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C52C471C1FE523DC6" box="[233,405,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. chinhaiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, we discovered a third species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C513771C6FC6F3DC6" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[794,936,1707,1732]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C513771C6FC6F3DC6" box="[794,936,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Echinotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Standard scientific description of new taxa should include coordinates of collection sites, elevations, and geographic distribution. But in this paper, we choose not to reveal the detailed collecting information of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C50CB7199FC773C0E" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[742,944,1779,1804]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C50CB7199FC773C0E" box="[742,944,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">E. maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C5194719EFBD23C0E" bold="true" box="[953,1045,1779,1804]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA6734C5194719EFBD23C0E" box="[953,1045,1779,1804]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
in the hope that illegal collection from hobbyists and pet dealers may be prevented. There are many examples showing how scientific descriptions ironically accelerate extinction of new species that are considered commercially valuable (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA6734C56917056FA563C56" author="Stuart, B. L. & Rhodin, A. G. J. & Grismer, L. L. & Hansel, T." box="[1212,1425,1851,1876]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="1137" refId="ref8333" refString="Stuart, B. L., Rhodin, A. G. J., Grismer, L. L. & Hansel, T. (2006) Scientific description can imperil species. Science, 312, 1137." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Stuart
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C57217051FA8E3C56" box="[1292,1353,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Although one of our major motives to describe this salamander is to drive conservation hopefully through the joint effort from local and state government and the public, publicity can also backfire and create trading demands that outweigh potential benefit (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA6734C53E670CAFD293CC2" author="Meijaard, E. & Nijman, V." box="[459,750,1959,1984]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref7558" refString="Meijaard, E. & Nijman, V. (2014) Secrecy considerations for conserving Lazarus species. Biological Conservation, 175, 21 - 24. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2014.03.021" type="journal article" year="2014">Meijaard & Nijman 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C515670CAFBCE3CC2" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[891,1033,1959,1984]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C515670CAFBCE3CC2" box="[891,1033,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Echinotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C561370CAFB053CC2" authorityName="Andersson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1086,1218,1959,1984]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C561370CAFB053CC2" box="[1086,1218,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Tylototriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are among the topwanted salamanders in the international pet trade. Over the internet,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C518170A6FBA03CE1" box="[940,1127,1995,2020]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C518170A6FBF73CE6" box="[940,1072,1995,2020]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Tylototriton</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(mostly
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734C56E370A1FA8B3CE6" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[1230,1356,1995,2020]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734C56E370A1FA8B3CE6" box="[1230,1356,1995,2020]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">T. shanjing</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA6734D57AA70A1FED53BB2" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA6734D57AA70A1FED53BB2" italics="true" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">T. verrucosus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) are traded at
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D539B77FAFE1D3BB2" box="[438,474,151,176]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">US</collectingCountry>
|
||||
$25–40 each and up.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D50F977FAFC1E3BB2" box="[724,985,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andersoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D50F977FAFC1E3BB2" box="[724,985,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Echinotriton andersoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a much higher price (
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D56D277FAFAE33BB2" box="[1279,1316,151,176]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">US</collectingCountry>
|
||||
$150–300 each) due to its restricted range. An extreme case is that of two wild-caught
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D51DB77D0FB663BD7" box="[1014,1185,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinhaiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D51DB77D0FB663BD7" box="[1014,1185,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. chinhaiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that appeared in a pet store in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D52DF778DFEF53BF5" box="[242,306,224,247]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
in 2012, where the salamanders were offered for sale at
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D519D77B2FC133BFA" box="[944,980,223,248]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">US</collectingCountry>
|
||||
$1400. Even though most species of the two genera are protected by law in their countries of origin (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D514E7669FC233A1F" author="Zhao, E." box="[867,996,260,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" refId="ref8973" refString="Zhao, E. (1998) China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Amphibia and Reptilia. Science Press, Beijing, 300 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1998">Zhao 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D51D97669FB013A1F" author="Igawa, T. & Sugawara, H. & Tado, M. & Nishitani, T. & Kurabayashi, A. & Islam, M. M. & Oumi, S. & Katsuren, S. & Fujii, T. & Sumida, M." box="[1012,1222,260,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="680 - 692" refId="ref7128" refString="Igawa, T., Sugawara, H., Tado, M., Nishitani, T., Kurabayashi, A., Islam, M. M., Oumi, S., Katsuren, S., Fujii, T. & Sumida, M. (2013) An attempt at captive breeding of the endangered newt Echinotriton andersoni, from the central Ryukyus in Japan. Animals, 3, 680 - 692. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3390 / ani 3030680" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Igawa
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D566E7668FBB83A1F" box="[1091,1151,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), illegal collection remains a major threat to those salamanders.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA7734D52EA7621FBFC385F" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D50C37620FCB83A67" box="[750,895,332,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andersoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D50C37620FCB83A67" box="[750,895,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. andersoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as endangered and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D564E7620FAD73A67" box="[1123,1296,332,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinhaiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D564E7620FAD73A67" box="[1123,1296,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. chinhaiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as critically endangered with as few as 300–400 breeding adults in the wild (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D518D7602FBEA3A8A" author="IUCN" box="[928,1069,367,392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" refId="ref8452" refString="IUCN (2014) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. Available from: http: // ww. iucnredlist. org (accessed 16 September 2014)" type="url" year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D56137602FB303A8A" author="Liu, C. & Xie, F. & Jiang, J. & Zheng, Z. & Liu, X. & Liu, Y. & Wu, M." box="[1086,1271,367,392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="24 - 26" refId="ref7397" refString="Liu, C., Xie, F., Jiang, J., Zheng, Z., Liu, X., Liu, Y. & Wu, M. (2010) Annual reproduction comparison and analysis of Chinhai Salamander (Echinotriton chinhaiensis) Ruiyansi population. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 29, 24 - 26." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||||
Liu
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D565C761CFB693A8A" box="[1137,1198,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2010
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D57237602FEF83AAF" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D57237602FEF83AAF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Echinotriton maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D536B76F9FE583AAF" bold="true" box="[326,415,404,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA7734D536B76F9FE583AAF" box="[326,415,404,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
likely suffers a similar level of population crisis. This species was unknown to science and even local people for a surprisingly long time despite dense human population and heavy human activity in this region, suggesting a very small population size. We did not encounter additional specimens in a previous and a subsequent search. It is highly likely that the new species will be pursued by hobbyists and pet dealers due to its rarity and, without immediate conservation action, will face the risk of extinction. The first two authors of this paper each have discovered new species of Chinese salamanders with very restricted ranges, which appeared in the pet trade shortly after publication of the description and disclosure of the collecting locality information (e.g.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D52BA75FDFD8B39AA" authority=", Wu et al. 2010 b" authorityName="Wu" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,588,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Cynops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fudingensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D52BA75FDFEB139AA" box="[151,374,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Cynops fudingensis</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D53A575FDFD8B39AA" author="Wu, Y. & Wang, Y. & Jiang, K. & Hanken, J." box="[392,588,655,680]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="42 - 52" refId="ref8704" refString="Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, K. & Hanken, J. (2010 b) A new newt of the genus Cynops (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Fujian Province, southeastern China. Zootaxa, 2346, 42 - 52." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||||
Wu
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D539675FCFE3039AA" box="[443,503,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2010b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D507175FCFD7D39A5" box="[604,698,656,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yangi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D507175FCFD7D39A5" box="[604,698,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">T. yangi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D50D475FCFB3B39AA" authority=", Hou et al. 2012" authorityName="Hou" authorityYear="2012" box="[761,1276,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="verrucosus" subSpecies="pulcherrima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D50D475FCFBED39AA" box="[761,1066,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">T. verrucosus pulcherrima</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D561175FDFB3B39AA" author="Hou, M. & Li, P. & Lu, S." box="[1084,1276,655,680]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="61 - 65" refId="ref7079" refString="Hou, M., Li, P. & Lu, S. (2012) Morphological research development of genus Tylototriton and primary confirmation of the status of four cryptic populations. Journal of Huangshan University, 14, 61 - 65. [in Chinese]" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||||
Hou
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D565A75FCFB7339AA" box="[1143,1204,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2012
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Given these precedents, we believe that only after effective conservation measures and legal protection status have been established for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D536C75B4FDCF39F2" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[321,520,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D536C75B4FDCF39F2" box="[321,520,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D502375BAFDA039F2" bold="true" box="[526,615,727,752]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA7734D502375BAFDA039F2" box="[526,615,727,752]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
, should the locality information be released. Until then, such information can be requested from the Institute of Herpetology and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49AA5AAEFFA7734D513A7591FCBB3817" box="[791,892,764,789]" country="China" name="Liaoning" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Liaoning</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang Normal University. Meanwhile, we urge all hobbyists to refrain themselves from collecting this salamander or leaking locality information if encountered, and boycott any trading.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA7734D52EA740AFD333F5A" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
Along with threat from illegal collection, habitat destruction is another critical factor that can lead to rapid decline of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D532174E0FE1438A7" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[268,467,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D532174E0FE1438A7" box="[268,467,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D53F774E1FDF338A7" bold="true" box="[474,564,908,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA7734D53F774E1FDF338A7" box="[474,564,908,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Part of the mountain has been converted into commercial plantations by local people. Empty pesticide bottles are frequently found. This mountain also attracts tourists, who set up tents near the collecting site. At a single night, over 50 tents were observed. The closest one was only 100 meters from where the salamander was found. These human activities are by no means sustainable to preserve the population. Therefore, we recommend
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D537C7370FDDB3F37" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[337,540,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D537C7370FDDB3F37" box="[337,540,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D500B7371FD433F37" bold="true" box="[550,644,1052,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA7734D500B7371FD433F37" box="[550,644,1052,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
to be listed as critically endangered (CR) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species based on criteria A3 and B1(a, b).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD1944CFFA7734D52EA7309FB143D77" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<location id="8EB1C297FFA7734D52EA7309FF343F7F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77:8EB1C297FFA7734D52EA7309FF343F7F" box="[199,243,1124,1149]" country="China" county="Before" municipality="The" name="Our" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Our</location>
|
||||
discovery of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D53BE7308FD9A3F7F" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[403,605,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D53BE7308FD9A3F7F" box="[403,605,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D504A7309FD043F7F" bold="true" box="[615,707,1124,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA7734D504A7309FD043F7F" box="[615,707,1124,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
fills a gap in geographic distribution of the genus.
|
||||
<location id="8EB1C297FFA7734D57347309FAF23F79" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77:8EB1C297FFA7734D57347309FAF23F79" box="[1305,1333,1124,1147]" country="China" county="Before" municipality="The" name="Its" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Its</location>
|
||||
range in southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D532D73EAFE843FA2" box="[256,323,1159,1184]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
provides strong evidence for a once continuous distribution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D563273EAFB6A3FA2" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[1055,1197,1159,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D563273EAFB6A3FA2" box="[1055,1197,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Echinotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from eastern coastal
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D52BA73C1FF1D3FC7" box="[151,218,1196,1221]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
to the
|
||||
<location id="8EB1C297FFA7734D531E73C1FDD83FC7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77:8EB1C297FFA7734D531E73C1FDD83FC7" box="[307,543,1196,1221]" country="China" county="Before" municipality="The" name="Ryukyu Archipelago" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Ryukyu Archipelago</location>
|
||||
via a historical land bridge, through which many other mainland organisms including plants, insects, frogs, reptiles, and possibly mammals reached different islands in the archipelago (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D52BA7399FEC63E0F" author="Ota, H." box="[151,257,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="189 - 204" refId="ref8023" refString="Ota, H. (1998) Geographic patterns of endemism and speciation in amphibians and reptiles of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, with special reference to their paleogeographical implications. Research on Population Ecology, 40, 189 - 204. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02763404" type="journal article" year="1998">Ota 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D53217399FD973E0F" author="Millien-Parra, V. & Jaeger, J." box="[268,592,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="959 - 972" refId="ref7602" refString="Millien-Parra, V. & Jaeger, J. (1999) Island biogeography of the Japanese terrestrial mammal assemblages: an example of a relict fauna. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 959 - 972. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2699.1999.00346. x" type="journal article" year="1999">Millien-Parra & Jaeger 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D50767399FCEF3E0F" author="Matsui, M. & Shimada, T. & Ota, H. & Tanaka-Ueno, T." box="[603,808,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="733 - 742" refId="ref7484" refString="Matsui, M., Shimada, T., Ota, H. & Tanaka-Ueno, T. (2005) Multiple invasions of the Ryukyu Archipelago by Oriental frogs of the subgenus Odorrana with phylogenetic reassessment of the related subgenera of the genus Rana. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37, 733 - 742. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.04.030" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||||
Matsui
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D50827398FD203E0F" box="[687,743,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2005
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D51197399FBC73E0F" author="Muraji, M. & Arakaki, N. & Tanizaki, S." box="[820,1024,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="653013" refId="ref7772" refString="Muraji, M., Arakaki, N. & Tanizaki, S. (2012) Evolutionary relationship between two firefly species, Curtos costipennis and C. okinawanus (Coleoptera, Lampyridae), in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan revealed by the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 653013. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1100 / 2012 / 653013" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||||
Muraji
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D51AB7398FC793E0F" box="[902,958,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2012
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D56267399FB363E0F" author="Shimono, Y. & Kurokawa, S. & Nishida, T. & Ikeda, H. & Futagami, N." box="[1035,1265,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="449 - 456" refId="ref8165" refString="Shimono, Y., Kurokawa, S., Nishida, T., Ikeda, H. & Futagami, N. (2013) Phylogeography based on intraspecific sequence variation in chloroplast DNA of Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae), a native pioneer grass in Japan. Botany-Botanique, 91, 449 - 456. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / cjb- 2012 - 0212" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Shimono
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D565A7398FB683E0F" box="[1143,1199,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D56D67399FF133E32" author="Koizumi, Y. & Ota, H. & Hikida, T." pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="228 - 236" refId="ref7264" refString="Koizumi, Y., Ota, H. & Hikida, T. (2014) Phylogeography of the two smooth skinks, Scincella boettgeri and S. formosensis (Squamata: Scincidae) in the southern Ryukyus and Taiwan, as inferred from variation in mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Zoological Science, 31, 228 - 236. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zs 130180" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Koizumi
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D57497398FA5B3E0F" box="[1380,1436,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="8EB1C297FFA7734D52C4727AFEDF3E32" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77:8EB1C297FFA7734D52C4727AFEDF3E32" box="[233,280,1303,1328]" country="China" county="Before" municipality="The" name="One" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">One</location>
|
||||
important biogeographic implication is that
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D5134727AFCA93E32" box="[793,878,1303,1328]" name="Taiwan" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, as the largest stepping stone in the land bridge, should be historically occupied by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D501E7251FD073E57" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[563,704,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D501E7251FD073E57" box="[563,704,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Echinotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as well.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D511D7251FBEC3E57" author="Zhao, E. & Adler, K." box="[816,1067,1340,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" refId="ref9004" refString="Zhao, E. & Adler, K. (1993) Herpetology of China. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, OH, 522 pp." type="book" year="1993">Zhao & Adler (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9D685FC5FFA7734D56B37251FA903E57" box="[1182,1367,1340,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D57A97250FEC03E7A" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andersoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D57A97250FEC03E7A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. andersoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
collected from northern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D50127232FD563E7A" box="[575,657,1375,1400]" name="Taiwan" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
in 1935.
|
||||
<location id="8EB1C297FFA7734D5139720DFCFB3E75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77:8EB1C297FFA7734D5139720DFCFB3E75" box="[788,828,1376,1399]" country="China" county="Before" municipality="The" name="But" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">But</location>
|
||||
subsequent searches did not yield any additional specimens.
|
||||
<location id="8EB1C297FFA7734D533172E9FE8F3E9F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7255AFFAB734D52BA75D9FB143D77:8EB1C297FFA7734D533172E9FE8F3E9F" box="[284,328,1412,1437]" country="China" county="Before" municipality="The" name="The" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">The</location>
|
||||
species is either believed extinct in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D50C672E9FCFA3E9F" box="[747,829,1412,1437]" name="Taiwan" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D516072E9FC0C3E9F" author="Zhao, E." box="[845,971,1412,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" refId="ref8973" refString="Zhao, E. (1998) China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Amphibia and Reptilia. Science Press, Beijing, 300 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1998">Zhao 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or its record is considered questionable (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D52B372CAFEBC3EC2" author="Matsui, M. & Ota, H." box="[158,379,1447,1472]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="234 - 250" refId="ref7460" refString="Matsui, M. & Ota, H. (1995) On Chinese herpetology. Herpetologica, 51, 234 - 250." type="journal article" year="1995">Matsui & Ota 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFE9BDFFA7734D53AA72CAFDEA3EC2" author="Fei, L. & Hu, S. & Ye, C. & Huang, Y." box="[391,557,1447,1472]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" refId="ref6911" refString="Fei, L., Hu, S., Ye, C. & Huang, Y. (2006) Fauna Sinica, Amphibia. Vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="2006">
|
||||
Fei
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D539F72C4FE2D3EC2" box="[434,490,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB50E36FFA7734D501272CAFDAC3EC2" box="[575,619,1447,1472]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">The</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
occurrence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D513C72C4FC1F3EC2" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[785,984,1447,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D513C72C4FC1F3EC2" box="[785,984,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D51F272CAFBFF3EC2" bold="true" box="[991,1080,1447,1472]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA7734D51F272CAFBFF3EC2" box="[991,1080,1447,1472]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
in southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D56EE72CAFAC13EC2" box="[1219,1286,1447,1472]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
suggests that species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D533972A1FE653EE7" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[276,418,1484,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D533972A1FE653EE7" box="[276,418,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Echinotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may still persist in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D50BD72A1FD213EE7" box="[656,742,1484,1509]" name="Taiwan" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="62B0ECC0FFA7734D50D972A1FC873EE7" box="[756,832,1484,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Before</collectingCounty>
|
||||
our discovery,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D51DA72A1FB423EE7" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[1015,1157,1484,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D51DA72A1FB423EE7" box="[1015,1157,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Echinotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was considered to only inhabit broadleaf or broadleaf/bamboo-mixed forests at coastal foothills (
|
||||
<elevation id="0043737FFFA7734D51DE7282FB293D0A" box="[1011,1262,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="150.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="100.0">
|
||||
elevation
|
||||
<quantity id="4C9639A9FFA7734D564A7282FB293D0A" box="[1127,1262,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="150.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="100.0">100–200 m</quantity>
|
||||
</elevation>
|
||||
), which are in contrast to the habitat of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D53E87178FD563D2F" authority="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li, 2014" authorityName="Hou & Wu & Yang & Zheng & Yuan & Li" authorityYear="2014" box="[453,657,1556,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxiquadratus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D53E87178FD563D2F" box="[453,657,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">E. maxiquadratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D50B07179FD3C3D2F" bold="true" box="[669,763,1556,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229F525FFA7734D50B07179FD3C3D2F" box="[669,763,1556,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
on higher mountains. Despite occupying lower latitudes, increased elevation, high air humidity, and dense vegetation can provide this terrestrial salamander with a cool and moist habitat. Therefore, future search for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C6EEFCFFFA7734D505E7131FCC63D77" authorityName="Nussbaum & Brodie" authorityYear="1982" box="[627,769,1628,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Echinotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B91A485EFFA7734D505E7131FCC63D77" box="[627,769,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Echinotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F379D4DCFFA7734D51097131FCB13D77" box="[804,886,1628,1653]" name="Taiwan" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
can expand to similar habitats.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue