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<document id="0A64318F16AA86FA80BEB2CEB4413114" ID-DOI="10.3897/dez.71.134268" ID-ZooBank="A1638EDA-A566-4837-A558-AA2707FBD0EB" ID-publisher-id="134268" URI-arpha="174753C4-D831-5CF5-A5C0-E6529D4F5A1C" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/A1638EDA-A566-4837-A558-AA2707FBD0EB" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1732027755009" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liebherr, James K., Roig-Juñent, Sergio &amp; Will, Kipling W." docDate="2024" docId="14FE6E48D8265989B1B8B4B003008764" docLanguage="en" docName="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 71(2): 319-338" docOrigin="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 71 (2)" docSource="https://dez.pensoft.net/article/134268/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Amaroxenus embersoni Liebherr &amp; Roig-Juñent &amp; Will 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="45DA3BFE-373C-47A0-B736-B8406053EDAD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="338" masterDocId="174753C4D8315CF5A5C0E6529D4F5A1C" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic analysis of the circum-Antarctic Subfamily Migadopinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and assessment of the trans-Tasman Amarotypus clade" masterLastPageNumber="338" masterPageNumber="319" pageNumber="319" updateTime="1732027817041" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods id="9849B5D5FE357BFCF91AFE6B396DD2C5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="475302C3ED0D90DFA296911BBBFE8B67">
<mods:title id="38F4A9ADC9C6CFD1EBADD2DA7A420A61">Phylogenetic analysis of the circum-Antarctic Subfamily Migadopinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and assessment of the trans-Tasman Amarotypus clade</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="C6CC6E0F1BFF1BAB525176F112160032" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E98D168CCC0163C7CDDC67390B1DEC55">
<mods:roleTerm id="5FEF496B12B073D9FBEF6E90E03DC38B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="33CCCB0E2B2D90F045AD8C4AECD45CF3">Liebherr, James K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8D76E8D59833B3A38DA5A8D6FCA42C84" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9831-884X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="E7AFF02F5B5466C1FCE38CDA4DE03CEC">Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, NY 14853 - 2601 USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E0E20ECA509230FF13EE0D6AACD7EDE7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="188EDE2BFCF8F7783AB75935F11DB787">
<mods:roleTerm id="C1E32A148334F604A8B633BB8C3F160E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D72236801D56C1B2A4BAB4EF0A51CD4C">Roig-Juñent, Sergio</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="232EE7306F3648F1CA2FD4D25CEDE5A3" type="ORCID">0000-0002-3619-5351</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A963AFF54122EC3037D8A3F889752024">Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Argentina de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (IADIZA, CCT – CONICET, Mendoza), 5500 Mendoza, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="4DAD2245B6D198F94A4492F2DBA4225F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="015441C0E2CF48DDCA7E94120DC745EB">
<mods:roleTerm id="231E86B0AAC364B547B73415F02DCAB2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="33A79AB84D5A53FCA8EDFF90F99B267C">Will, Kipling W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="790B69247EB6EF56E1DAAC39D2E64F66" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7056-9011</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="AF5211A4FC96A48D1CA0866D5FEE2A23">Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 - 3112 USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="6D2EA95CAFB4D98197F8947F00A0B837">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="77007B93EBFC82EBEFEABAB8C4C73D97" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="D434A867259AF2E58552EC1F15BB5858">
<mods:title id="1D6795537D059A983EA61D53E950F055">Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="23E8A07DD88CD984EAD24033E981F7F4">
<mods:date id="C586ECF4DDFEFC40251A08041CBC327C">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="79BFEB7703753BADB754975482D3979C" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="E7C078611A6AE4EF1DF081DDCAED7717">2024-11-19</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="9EC904CC2C85D1B0FF97BE09BF0A32B1" type="volume">
<mods:number id="DCE446103DE2FF7C20603AF741DD3FDB">71</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:number id="700FF4C332791526CF752C80E6CD575D">2</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="BC2929CF6EC004FD768A71A9198F93A5">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="2FFD0D6D118FF1DADA63D50EA3EB24E6" type="DOI">10.3897/dez.71.134268</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9C7E1C10E9CA381DBD43462F15A57411" type="ZooBank">A1638EDA-A566-4837-A558-AA2707FBD0EB</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="14FE6E48D8265989B1B8B4B003008764" ID-arpha="14FE6E48-D826-5989-B1B8-B4B003008764" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/45DA3BFE-373C-47A0-B736-B8406053EDAD" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:45DA3BFE-373C-47A0-B736-B8406053EDAD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:45DA3BFE-373C-47A0-B736-B8406053EDAD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/14FE6E48D8265989B1B8B4B003008764">
<subSubSection id="CB1248DA2C4C4F901337DA2FF6598FD4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D6D1F7AC1642AE47F7279B9596057D2A">
<taxonomicName id="A5AD26F4026072A4F39C919C5C0B174E" authority="Liebherr &amp; Will" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Roig-Juñent &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="embersoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9114274878BBCCF6DE07C27F9C103CA9" italics="true">Amaroxenus embersoni</emphasis>
Liebherr &amp; Will
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9355F963C5B99A7E58E5F7072E63C848" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ENTBG" type="Types">
<paragraph id="F2FE2E2AD59F22452D6DFD40325DC997">
<heading id="8915C62407520643CED560905F373655" reason="title">Types.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B273C7FF76D7082B0809CF285AF27B17">
<emphasis id="88BB177C571E15717CE25E616A567BBB" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="BAF5DEA7C699A2902917DB868EA1105A" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
male (
<named-content id="3B76AC952F7B91C373AF5DA8063C2481" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/lincoln-university-entomology-research-museum" xlink_title="Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection">
<collectionCode id="C94B1B3648C9724044EAC0009E879D49" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" type="">LUNZ</collectionCode>
</named-content>
) mislabeled:
<emphasis id="2BA6C3F36AC5D62B53C7EFDD3EEA4940" italics="true">
Arthurs Pass Nat. / Pk, NC
<quantity id="97754CEAEA424686E132515049B28F0D" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" unit="m" value="1650.0">1650 m</quantity>
/ Mt. Philistine /
<date id="AA61D2EF64035F54C0DAB96FE7F63111" value="1988-01-01">1 - i- 1988</date>
P. Syrett /
<collectionCode id="020D1DB1A67A5C2467FC4122DE3C2E4D" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
. M. Emberson // under rock / in fine damp / gravel
</emphasis>
//
<typeStatus id="684150230B297AAD183D8BBBF9A247CA" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="ACEB853D356DF851B9FAB43F0F3449B5" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
/
<taxonomicName id="46AA8D3ED27D109C95FBC433EFD5AD66" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A593AC7E794B023F1C592DD92FDD6305" italics="true">Amaroxenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="1A05C68E14205CE957133F7F905A5557" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Roig-Juñent &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="embersoni">
<emphasis id="FBE7C29B434935794E329559E48A5962" italics="true">embersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ Liebherr and Will 2023 (black-bordered red label). Based on consultation with Emberson field notes (P. Syrett pers. comm.) the
<typeStatus id="A784372909BDE9D9A52FE02E43407BBD" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was actually collected at: Arthur’s Pass N. P., Mt. Aicken,
<quantity id="258EBBCB9686D8D9DB1BC7409F75DBD6" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" unit="m" value="1750.0">1750 m</quantity>
,
<date id="57DEA64201A769919B5E0545062335F9" value="1988-01-01">1 - i- 1988</date>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="8CADFD8E1E93129F9B0EE84C53E15C92" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Type locality of Amaroxenus embersoni showing Professor Rowan Emberson collecting the type series (photo courtesy Pol Syrett)." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177808">7</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="3DC0D8D91187E9A15417F9450B353908" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="A7A7923676508BA0C54DBBA23215AD9F" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: same incorrect data label as
<typeStatus id="52D168B0ED10565A6243D39538637A59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<named-content id="0A95149B93FFF22D9081C256EA058F7C" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/lincoln-university-entomology-research-museum" xlink_title="Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection">
<collectionCode id="AB1D91D5842C923E8A774007666B7294" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" type="">LUNZ</collectionCode>
</named-content>
,
<specimenCount id="83016E56FA829A14F53D015D524A3CCA" count="1" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
);
<collectingCountry id="FC8841AB4478D64FAE1291BB4F0DEE9E" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
: Arthur’s Pass N. P., Mt. Aicken,
<quantity id="00DD360EDB0BC341F5C2B98DCD6E4A81" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" unit="m" value="1750.0">1750 m</quantity>
,
<date id="3198CACC66CAC8C155172FA377FB3DF1" value="1988-01-01">1 - i- 1988</date>
,
<collectionCode id="98001BA46A8287B18266F22E879EFB86" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
. M. Emberson and P. Syrett, under rock sparse fell field vegetation (
<named-content id="F5928D6EA1677E1FA521FF19FB2ACC5B" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/lincoln-university-entomology-research-museum" xlink_title="Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection">
<collectionCode id="D7558F8DB771376678949B97EADFBE27" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" type="">LUNZ</collectionCode>
</named-content>
,
<specimenCount id="FC67E8E951B1F8A75F7083940D5BC38A" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
) [as noted above, these data are appropriate for all
<specimenCount id="51A98B93852711E526823784357B4CB0" count="3" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="C7A125190BA891102ECCB4AEFF2524BD" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Roig-Juñent &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="embersoni">
<emphasis id="F2574423042C2D3E439A177EA389B321" italics="true">A. embersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHVBG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="56FE2DEC2B1E64BAE13DC10F9D1B6522">
<heading id="0059F5996DCBEAF3CA8C479A81A9A0F5" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97C7F34CBD8B648F2DB4351949ADF6BC">
A broad-bodied species, with transverse pronotum,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENVBG" xlink_title="maximal pronotal width">MPW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERVBG" xlink_title="pronotal length measured along the midline">
<collectionCode id="4D6CDD4D86BF398EA14969989AB298D5" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" type="Museum">PL</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
= 1.42, and broadly ovate elytra,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVVBG" xlink_title="maximal elytral width">MEW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZVBG" xlink_title="elytral length measured from the base of the scutellum to the apex of the left elytron">EL</abbrev>
= 0.76 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="91D90BF941AC9532B8372121A0D0A67F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Representative taxa of the Amarotypus clade, dorsal view. A. Amarotypus edwardsii; B. Amaroxenus embersoni; C. Amaroxenus marrisi; D. Amarophilus otagoensis; E. Migadopiella convexipennis; F. Migadopiella octoguttata." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177803">2 B</figureCitation>
); elytra moderately convex but with disc flat; elytral striae punctate in basal ¾ of length, intervals moderately convex on disc; standardized body length
<quantity id="EB354262A02FA1254DB212A3BD5043F5" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.949999999999999" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" unit="mm" value="7.949999999999999" valueMax="8.1" valueMin="7.8">7.8–8.1 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBWBG" type="description">
<paragraph id="D6D5DE41035D2942D1F7D0747B6F344E">
<heading id="9034EF8733EFA7160B5848D07E33ABD7" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F62B152DED07B258B0C3E388B81F6480">
<emphasis id="89852FE19B769B1F8CE32AA7E802B2F9" bold="true">
<emphasis id="C5EDE78C08BC746BD865C026F9A5A8DD" bold="true" italics="true">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Frons broad, frontal grooves broad and shallow depressions isolated from clypeus, lined with shallow oblique wrinkles on mesal surface; eyes slightly convex, horizontal diameter intersecting ~ 20 ommatidia, ocular ratio = 1.28.
<emphasis id="CFB2F284A69464644BFCDBA6AFAB9AA1" bold="true" italics="true">Prothorax</emphasis>
broadly convex dorsally, middle of disc flat, lateral margins distinctly sinuate anteriad slightly acute hind angles,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPWBG" xlink_title="maximal pronotal width">MPW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETWBG" xlink_title="basal pronotal width measured between the basal angles">BPW</abbrev>
= 1.05; basal margin trisinuate, medial margin extended slightly posteriad line intersecting hind angles; base indistinctly, narrowly margined, marginal bead narrowest posteriad laterobasal depression; median base smooth, with shallow ovoid depression at midline; laterobasal depressions broad, defined mesally by irregular declivity, surface dimpled laterad declivity and depression curved upward to broadly meet the narrow lateral margin; median impression very fine, intersecting ~ 12 fine, transverse impressions that represent little more than irregularities in microsculpture; lateral marginal bead narrowly upraised, lateral marginal depression very narrow and immediately abutting convex disc; anterior margin with distinct, broad lateral bead laterally, but margin nearly smooth medially, margin traceable only in certain orientations of light source; front angles acute, inner margin adhering to lateral surface of head,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXWBG" xlink_title="apical pronotal width measured at the front angles">APW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2WBG" xlink_title="basal pronotal width measured between the basal angles">BPW</abbrev>
= 0.74; prosternum smooth medially, lateral reaches slightly undulated; posterior margin of prosternal process extended as adze-like projection, its ventral surface bearing a deep longitudinal declivity; proepisternum / proepimeron juncture lined with ~ 7 rugose longitudinal depressions.
<emphasis id="FAB8C843B7A9D302CDBD4BC9010604E8" bold="true" italics="true">Elytra</emphasis>
narrow basally,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECXBG" xlink_title="width across the humeral angles">HuW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGXBG" xlink_title="maximal elytral width">MEW</abbrev>
= 0.59, humeri evenly expanded posteriad narrowly rounded humeral angle defined by basal and lateral margins; elongate parascutellar stria joined basally to stria 2, the fused trunk curved laterally parallel to sutural stria; parascutellar stria free apically, terminated at 0.70 × elytral length; elytral stria 2 extended nearly to apex, finely punctate even apically, striae 3–6 progressively shorter on apex, stria 7 fused both basally and apically to stria 8, both striae distinctly punctate anteriad posterior juncture, stria 8 irregularly punctate posteriad juncture; stria 9 — i. e. lateral marginal depression — punctate nearly to juncture of striae 7 and 8; elytral interval 3 bearing two very fine setae in obscure depressions set at and posteriad elytral mid-length, the impressions situated just mesad stria and associated with slight deviations in the strial orientation; 11–13 lateral elytral setae situated just laterad stria 8.
<emphasis id="844B36CD7B87C57C5578A277A9C70BEF" bold="true" italics="true">Pterothorax</emphasis>
foreshortened, mesepisternum broadly punctate, with ~ 20 punctures in posterior 2 / 3 of length; mesosternum smooth, with fine median crest aligned with adze-like prosternal projection; mesepimeron a narrow longitudinal strap bordering posterior margin of mesepisternum, both sclerites reaching disjunct mesothoracic coxal cavity; metepisternum irregularly quadrate, anterior and posterior margins parallel, medial margin concave along juncture with mesosternum; lateral reaches of metasternum punctate, ~ 8 punctures over surface.
<emphasis id="98E9EDE66E58416A252EB6DEE734A0D6" bold="true" italics="true">Abdomen</emphasis>
finely punctate basally on first visible ventrite; lateral reaches of ventrites 2–3 longitudinally wrinkled, ventrites 4–6 very finely punctulate over surface; apical ventrite of
<specimenCount id="58649DFAB72990C95B3D152CF1112E2C" count="1" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
and the female specimen with one seta each side of midline, second male with two setae on right, and one on left side of the ventrite.
<emphasis id="12D672D40D1D624224A1A107DEC0BB25" bold="true" italics="true">Legs</emphasis>
with expanded tarsomeres on pro- and mesothoracic legs; males with protarsomere 2 w / l = 1.33, mesotarsomere 2 w / l = 1.04, and females with protarsomere 2 w / l = 1.37, mesotarsomere 2 w / l = 0.81; male pro- and mesotarsomeres 1–4 both with ventral surfaces clothed with laterally expanded setae, those on protarsomeres 1–3 broadly expanded laterally, squamose; female protarsomeres 1–4 and mesotarsomeres 2–4 clothed with dense, apical fields of thick, silky, presumably flexible setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C22609752EAACCB3DA231D0BA082AA9C">
<emphasis id="35C3D3D7E78AD4B05BF9D17C26CEF9E3" bold="true">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="B14ACFC46035CD9690AFDF988D3AF3AC" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 A – C</figureCitation>
). Aedeagal median lobe robust, broad dorsoventrally and bilaterally from base to apically rounded apex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DC812409E1AAF11B8B748179DAF9FC95" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 A, B</figureCitation>
), median lobe basal bulb closed, bearing an apically divergent sagittal crest; median lobe sclerotized basally, ostium opening apically on left side; right paramere broadly conchoid, parallel sided with narrowly rounded ventral apex, ventral margin lined with 3 dense rows of long setae; left paramere conchoid, parallel sided, glabrous, acuminate apicoventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8B9627C53800DC43770A5C3E28B010E2" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 B</figureCitation>
); aedeagal internal sac with heavily sclerotized fields including a dorsal flagellum and a dense ventral spicular field (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FB5165C87D6EC7202A2BF2F9D6D7D520" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 A</figureCitation>
); mediotergite VIII broadly rounded distally, sclerotized apex broadened relative to tubular lateral margin (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E83FDCAA6C5B91C7819989F557D8E47A" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ELYBG" type="Female reproductive tract">
<paragraph id="A85FF20314CC2D2F664DABC62BE45455">
<heading id="1413AD6A9B07DF1B0788D917CA062B09" reason="title">Female reproductive tract.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E6EDFAB25BD24A634F657B9B8F5A090">
Gonocoxite narrow, elongate, unipartite, articulated basally with heavily sclerotized median boss along anterior margin of laterotergite IX (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9105BBF87429B8728770B8F3389FFDB0" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Female left gonocoxite, ventral view. A. Amarotypus edwardsii; B. Amaroxenus embersoni; C. Amaroxenus marrisi; D. Migadopiella octoguttata; E. Amarophilus otagoensis." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177804">3 B</figureCitation>
); two nematiform setae in apical sensorial pit; ventroapical surface of gonocoxite lined with campaniform sensoria, with several small trichoid sensilla in median half of coxite; bursa copulatrix circular (when compressed on microslide), with common oviduct-bursal juncture on ventral surface, and cristate “ helminthoid sclerite ” near juncture (Fig.
<figureCitation id="56FB3E16B19BF80504471A483223371B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Female reproductive tract, ventral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm to right of each figure. A. Stichonotus piceus; B. Amarotypus edwardsii; C. Migadopiella octoguttata; D. Amaroxenus embersoni; E. Amaroxenus marrisi; F. Amarophilus otagoensis. Abbreviations for anatomical structures include: bc, bursa copulatrix; bd, bursal diverticulum; co, common oviduct; dbs, distal bursal sclerite; gc, gonocoxa; ls, ligular sclerite; lt, laterotergite." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177805">4 B</figureCitation>
); ventroapical surface of bursa broadly, moderately sclerotized, resulting in a discrete plate just distad the bursal-oviduct juncture.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EC24B9D01E92D6FF3C801C808EE3CF03" ID-DOI="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure4" ID-arpha="B75D0D10-EC15-5AB6-96B2-099962665324" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177805" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="FBF2FBA0119BE53DC6E7360600B94E75">
<label id="12E235460CAF5E9061F2411725B59066">Figure 4.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4842BD323B20EBE5064532DFFEC15517">
Female reproductive tract, ventral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm to right of each figure.
<emphasis id="0CFEBDF6E899D49CECAC3A0BC91EAADE" bold="true">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1F485D61C52B1C4C88B3DB7775CB4E4C" authorityName="Sloane" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stichonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceus">
<emphasis id="29AF2B8A760B1C74175DEE4E1098B530" italics="true">Stichonotus piceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="734D3A02F7A3EC5814D0087A82FBE3DE" bold="true">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="29CB112349EA3263B2DBB5548E00FC94" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amarotypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsii">
<emphasis id="70DCEE1355A5128B81DBF1CE9F850CBD" italics="true">Amarotypus edwardsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="7462B46302AF8C7A6ED8843572D99D54" bold="true">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6440E25F63F9EED34018A9EC0EDB8E7F" authorityName="Baehr" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Migadopiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octoguttata">
<emphasis id="AF0912B4D5EC23F5692F0B7F9DBBE545" italics="true">Migadopiella octoguttata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="F192E2661382CDB0CF102E7F4F840B2B" bold="true">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="98D234E5D1BF44E3581BA6D00E7CCE18" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Roig-Juñent &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="embersoni">
<emphasis id="0E52271BC69EB1AEEF6EAAA9F0993587" italics="true">Amaroxenus embersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="6664D70AFF92B35A4F9ABDBAE68F425E" bold="true">E.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="54E6174BAB8120AD8BBDDEE9FFE3EC37" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marrisi">
<emphasis id="7C52C75BFBAA3347BDEF2737AE20EB19" italics="true">Amaroxenus marrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="C60608A0C54C6B8929D17F57479FFB80" bold="true">F.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8A8E94B5A1515A0ECB2787B0682E8B34" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amarophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otagoensis">
<emphasis id="E3245B68EF120D9E36550FEEF8309873" italics="true">Amarophilus otagoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Abbreviations for anatomical structures include: bc, bursa copulatrix; bd, bursal diverticulum; co, common oviduct; dbs, distal bursal sclerite; gc, gonocoxa; ls, ligular sclerite; lt, laterotergite.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EU2BG" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="5666A72EA7D48EF41A742C14E62088B3">
<heading id="63091820E7364D980A24DD05028A150F" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1DD6C80B18F92FCA4207BF28DD0F147B">
We take great pleasure in naming this species for Professor Rowan M. Emberson (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C95D782E9EC5A94BB8008EE77841616E" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Type locality of Amaroxenus embersoni showing Professor Rowan Emberson collecting the type series (photo courtesy Pol Syrett)." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177808">7</figureCitation>
), late of Lincoln University. He collected the
<specimenCount id="F47F0CA08E6C4E2F9ABF13F35AA71938" count="3" type="generic" typeStatus="type">three type</specimenCount>
specimens during a hike, accompanied by Pauline Syrett, to the summit of Mt. Aicken in the Southern Alps of
<collectingCountry id="BED403A0B60775CE4439983F77A42972" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, December, 1987. The species epithet recognizes Professor Emberson’s dedication to the study of New Zealand’s insects, including discovery of this high montane
<collectingCountry id="0337C2D6F8B87D3E9CB43F67F47CB36C" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
insect species comprising animals that live in extreme situations far beyond the limits of most entomological exploration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E52BG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3DDF59B533701A40D11C5E37A7CD1B23">
<heading id="E5A1F5012E1A8F19D13D2D4F849427E3" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7EE0A70679D80724996B7FE6BC7C311D">
Mt. Aicken is located at
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EH3BG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[171.595000,-42.930833]}">
<geoCoordinate id="549D6474A2F8FD413D36710287164B66" degrees="42" direction="south" minutes="55.85" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-42.930832">42 ° 55.85 ' S</geoCoordinate>
, 171 ° 35.70 ′ Е
</named-content>
, and has a summit elevation of
<quantity id="E4C0EBE31FA022257F110418E2724377" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.859" unit="m" value="1859.0">1859 m</quantity>
(
<ext-link id="B6C5E9858758D2AA2A2BB1CF09E7B411" ext-link-type="uri" xlink_href="https://climbnz.org.nz/nz/si/arthurs-pass/mt-aicken" xlink_type="simple">https://climbnz.org.nz/nz/si/arthurs-pass/mt-aicken</ext-link>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ER3BG" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="4F8CB095FBEA441DCD0EE69EE3495F6E">
<heading id="C76AB136A36333A7131B811AF543A939" reason="title">Habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9DD0DA143CCAA43199CEED4B0DB2D3A0">
This is a species of high montane grassland and exposed glacial till. At elevations of
<quantity id="E6058152D861FF50AB632E8DE1501FE7" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="1.65" unit="m" value="1700.0" valueMax="1750.0" valueMin="1650.0">1650–1750 m</quantity>
in the Southern Alps, these habitats are strictly alpine in character. The
<specimenCount id="4A3E1CB7FFC3625A9857EF28462C04A6" count="3" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
were collected under rocks at the edge of receding snowfields (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E0F45AFCD1B9028A04CE12520E70F0AA" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Type locality of Amaroxenus embersoni showing Professor Rowan Emberson collecting the type series (photo courtesy Pol Syrett)." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177808">7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="7120658E0B71CD13F987704BC5CC040B" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AA62B8BD8D12550DF38F0696AD7D16A7">
<taxonomicName id="C967816DED65096902DF1045AAE775B8" authority="Liebherr &amp; Will" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marrisi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9B93BB507C2500C43BB5BD349CC36441" italics="true">Amaroxenus marrisi</emphasis>
Liebherr &amp; Will
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ECF76D374E187025FF56390EA72BD2D2" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EE5BG" type="Types">
<paragraph id="AAB57A7749B3928DA050891DBEAFD049">
<heading id="876346A9DC9BE1F1F87E11E084FEE9E5" reason="title">Types.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F4153886CC905179052D2119AE8F2454">
<emphasis id="120CDBCF88F75B92264F937A8C28E205" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="57C4F7288098F4F33B3EE2F1E3378F7C" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
male (
<named-content id="50442DA5B4F46F29C9BE45D5CAF1302A" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/lincoln-university-entomology-research-museum" xlink_title="Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection">
<collectionCode id="D36A07AA56CB9BDE309853E520FA6CCF" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" type="">LUNZ</collectionCode>
</named-content>
):
<collectingCountry id="13641E7D7E201E7E17A456DF5A6A1139" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
<collectionCode id="D64CE209AFE7ABDB5CA38F494BD339C0" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Agrobiology Diazothrophic Microbial Culture Collection">BR</collectionCode>
/ Ridge above Mt. Cedric,
<quantity id="F7A241BB20EE1FDB9DE032F52A2FEBBE" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6949999999999998" unit="m" value="1695.0">1695 m</quantity>
/ GPS
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<geoCoordinate id="EBD275F871F010C55AE6626C59033E17" degrees="41" direction="south" minutes="53.380" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-41.889668">41 ° 53.380 S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="49D6EC8B44F53356334FF1E7F241D517" degrees="172" direction="east" minutes="43.520" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="172.72533">172 ° 43.520 E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
/
<date id="4B1547F8F996CAF9A1ACF2FAA1D6C3FD" value="2008-12-13">13 Dec 2008</date>
, J. W. M. Marris / Under rock in outcrop //
<specimenCount id="070F80F7906D4244FD73BE863A45F3BC" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
//
<typeStatus id="677844EC4A7DC621186BA860CAC05E3B" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="6D40FCCAC924A37EF2617C599AA1E4E1" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
/
<taxonomicName id="2FF1CE540B7494E8F9EF0F27587A8817" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39C190C132C835137A02C225A007287F" italics="true">Amaroxenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="096CF36F67F052434FEC6A8F32382EAC" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marrisi">
<emphasis id="1EC1A8024B76E360187756F7BD2C3BEE" italics="true">marrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ Liebherr and Will 2023 (black-bordered red label).
<emphasis id="B9C8D2187D382A8CFBB4D00DE922418B" bold="true" italics="true">
Paratypic
<typeStatus id="26735D3F1468C483C305315A4762F0DC" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
female (
<named-content id="438DA575FB0A5A141B84E831C7CC8D07" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/lincoln-university-entomology-research-museum" xlink_title="Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection">
<collectionCode id="8439FE35DE8B44FC4B94EC4E6724D071" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" type="">LUNZ</collectionCode>
</named-content>
): same data as holotype //
<specimenCount id="78C9A2D6C283AB4F3D77DB8B4133444F" count="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
//
<typeStatus id="54DA3FCE54C8B2889D8BBB87CDB4952C" type="allotype">ALLOTYPE</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="5A988BEF958F6B0803F472410A4CE3AF" count="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
/
<taxonomicName id="45921FE06583542B594AB71C52EFDD59" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5EB10687A7E3BAFE1F70191C41C56C3B" italics="true">Amaroxenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="7D53D76379AAE5027CC7AB29EBBE77B7" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marrisi">
<emphasis id="5CF63BB215E11FEF61561291C1E0AEA4" italics="true">marrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ J. K. Liebherr 2023 (black-bordered red label).
<emphasis id="B8D966BBA72C0CFCB0945C3D10CF39DE" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="138301280DF853EB504BDC5C7AAADB7C" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="5AA64D647C442DCC166B1BA72328F920" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, Buller,
<collectingRegion id="5D37522C85D882EC02B3235F87F517BC" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson">Nelson</collectingRegion>
Lakes N. P., ridge ENE Mt. Cedric,
<quantity id="4B3C486CAE903FD44AD631BC2D4FA5EB" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.698" unit="m" value="1698.0">1698 m</quantity>
,
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EQAAI" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[172.725000,-41.889333]}">
<geoCoordinate id="9BE7519016C71312CDB4C33CE988A02B" degrees="41" direction="south" minutes="53.36" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-41.88933">41 ° 53.36 ' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5552B2C6C032BBDEC280B8A7FF3C7670" degrees="172" direction="east" minutes="43.50" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="172.725">172 ° 43.50 ' E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
,
<date id="BFB272F6FC853E416EAE8214AECF4288" value="2008-12-13">13 - xii- 2008</date>
, J. K. Liebherr, under fractured graywacke on moist ground, snowmelt (
<named-content id="1F2871FD802A39CFA42F9CCFED084854" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/cornell-university-insect-collection" xlink_title="Cornell University Insect Collection">
<collectionCode id="20EC14305BC7FDECFE19FB174F3C32A3" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sxrc-6x8s" name="Cornell University Insect Collection" type="University or college">CUIC</collectionCode>
</named-content>
,
<specimenCount id="A2EAE174DBAE16AD8ED08A5270E825F1" count="2" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="32AA7E558357305A728FF9EDAC3EEADC" count="2" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
;
<named-content id="6908E61666DA66E4BA8AE3DB085E6F3B" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/new-zealand-arthropod-collection" xlink_title="New Zealand arthropod Collection">
<collectionCode id="1D8982730C4539C255F6249116EA5F1C" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" type="Other institutional type">NZAC</collectionCode>
</named-content>
,
<specimenCount id="F4AC8A76F1C8D31278AA39E3BAFA06CD" count="1" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="09E176771E574FE0BB925E078DFCD9E6" count="1" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4AAI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A9E59A052841EC2E8951632EB3C0DF8D">
<heading id="EEB702C6B37270712D67164E9234D85B" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6666DED574CBB1E3B18407B400B6A40C">
Pronotum slightly transverse,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDBAI" xlink_title="maximal pronotal width">MPW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHBAI" xlink_title="pronotal length measured along the midline">
<collectionCode id="EB64A5CC7F259C2B6A92FD24F29D29EF" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" type="Museum">PL</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
= 1.27, narrower than prothorax of the similar
<taxonomicName id="4BFDF4442AD4E1AD282219A49753EEE8" authorityName="Larochelle &amp; Lariviere" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahurangiensis">
<emphasis id="52A92F86E12A518D114962A687512C7F" italics="true">A. kahurangiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EWBAI" xlink_title="maximal pronotal width">MPW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1BAI" xlink_title="pronotal length measured along the midline">
<collectionCode id="2D163E13FA1ECDBFD01261EC66A6CCE8" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" type="Museum">PL</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
= 1.39; eyes small, indistinctly convex, ocular ratio = 1.27, versus ocular ratio = 1.31 for
<taxonomicName id="A85A35AB9B6BA138A111A6391102D7CE" authorityName="Larochelle &amp; Lariviere" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahurangiensis">
<emphasis id="7B63F55526A522E95D0204FE01FE24B7" italics="true">A. kahurangiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; parascutellar stria and stria 2 punctate, continuous on disc, versus shallower, finely incised with smaller, isolated punctures in
<taxonomicName id="BC610D92B02D99A789E17DC2BE2B36F6" authorityName="Larochelle &amp; Lariviere" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahurangiensis">
<emphasis id="CFCF1DFFAE23467191DAE65BE96E072E" italics="true">A. kahurangiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; three dorsal elytral setae set just mesad stria 3, the anterior two at 0.25 × and 0.34 × elytral length, the posterior seta posteriad mid-length, near 0.57 × elytral length versus only two dorsal elytral setae set before elytral mid-length in
<taxonomicName id="CF367E2214AAE41C15E1AE964BB5638F" authorityName="Larochelle &amp; Lariviere" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahurangiensis">
<emphasis id="CF31EA1287E4BB7C295726F59523490B" italics="true">A. kahurangiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; standardized body length =
<quantity id="C3D53BDD8A15FFA3906519B9365ECDC5" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" metricValueMax="7.4" metricValueMin="6.9" unit="mm" value="7.15" valueMax="7.4" valueMin="6.9">6.9–7.4 mm</quantity>
, tending larger in the extreme than
<taxonomicName id="B54E2171EEC96371FCE99A6E860D8538" authorityName="Larochelle &amp; Lariviere" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahurangiensis">
<emphasis id="49966D7B71C649F249CF49D0F3BEE591" italics="true">A. kahurangiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at
<quantity id="F2A8BDC08650FA21477B1F9582BDCBF4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.975" metricValueMax="7.05" metricValueMin="6.9" unit="mm" value="6.975" valueMax="7.05" valueMin="6.9">6.9–7.05 mm</quantity>
. [Note that this size range, based on a male and female (
<named-content id="4BB46AF8B2332C3601A7625C2E78216B" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/lincoln-university-entomology-research-museum" xlink_title="Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection">
<collectionCode id="DCD9D4EF81A5940247FF79DEC5D1D6BC" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" type="">LUNZ</collectionCode>
</named-content>
) from the same series as the
<typeStatus id="014F8145D86E0D9768CBEB3EFB328177">types</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation id="59EE485B0853AAC39C2690DB0A65E613" DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7300590" author="Larochelle A &amp; Larivière M-C" firstAuthor="Larochelle" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" page="13" pagination="1-30" refId="B28" refString="Larochelle A, Larivière M-C (2022) Synopsis of the tribe Amarotypini in New Zealand (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 0942: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7300590" title="Synopsis of the tribe Amarotypini in New Zealand (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." volume="942" year="2022">Larochelle and Larivière 2022: 13</bibRefCitation>
), were measured using the protocol described above. Even though the landmarks used in this study deviate little from those suggested for measuring body length in the works of Larochelle and Larivière (e. g., 2007, fig. 119), our body length measurements for
<taxonomicName id="3612E2A845977861EBB5886553D24CF2" authorityName="Larochelle &amp; Lariviere" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahurangiensis">
<emphasis id="447F2D8D437CFB166939A34007B1B47C" italics="true">A. kahurangiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are significantly greater than the
<quantity id="E863D6219712F03AFCBD9B9A09A6D0E6" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.949999999999999" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="5.3" unit="mm" value="5.949999999999999" valueMax="6.6" valueMin="5.3">5.3–6.6 mm</quantity>
value reported in
<bibRefCitation id="277D2260E8E12FAAB9DC739CCFBBC79E" DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7300590" author="Larochelle and Lariviere" firstAuthor="Larochelle" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pagination="1-30" refId="B28" refString="Larochelle A, Larivière M-C (2022) Synopsis of the tribe Amarotypini in New Zealand (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 0942: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7300590" title="Synopsis of the tribe Amarotypini in New Zealand (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." volume="942" year="2022">Larochelle and Larivière 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBEAI" type="description">
<paragraph id="A035CB5CF867E73A5256CD59C6DECA61">
<heading id="1BD04B26195CFCCA4716210DBDE04E22" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C6BA311A9186333B11C4DFAA8CAFB7C">
<emphasis id="FE69FCA5606BDF3B9FB2572C810B9383" bold="true">
<emphasis id="00867D248D542C2D3879BF3443B7B7F4" bold="true" italics="true">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Frons broad, flat, with only very shallow frontal impressions traceable each side of midline, middle of frons narrowly flattened, with shallow wrinkles obliquely emanating from flat area approaching the shallow frontal impressions; eyes with horizontal diameter intersecting ~ 20 ommatidia.
<emphasis id="7B3175F23FE00373AE5BDBFAA8AFBED2" bold="true" italics="true">Prothorax</emphasis>
broadly convex dorsally, middle of disc flat, lateral margins moderately sinuate anteriad slightly obtuse hind angles,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPEAI" xlink_title="maximal pronotal width">MPW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ETEAI" xlink_title="basal pronotal width measured between the basal angles">BPW</abbrev>
= 1.11; basal margin trisinuate, medial margin extended slightly posteriad line intersecting hind angles; base with distinct, narrow marginal bead medially, bead less upraised and flatter laterally but continuous to hind angle; median base smooth, convex; laterobasal depressions ovoid, defined mesally by a smooth declivity, surface of depression smooth, only slightly dimpled, depression isolated from lateral margin by broad convexity; median impression very finely inscribed on elevated disc, intersecting ~ 5 broad transverse impressions between elevated disc and median base; lateral marginal bead very narrow, only slightly upraised, lateral marginal depression exceedingly narrow and immediately abutting convex disc; anterior margin with broad, irregularly flattened lateral bead in medial 4 / 5 of breadth, distinctly upraised only immediately mesad front angles; front angles acute, inner margin adhering to the lateral surface of the head,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EXEAI" xlink_title="apical pronotal width measured at the front angles">APW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2EAI" xlink_title="basal pronotal width measured between the basal angles">BPW</abbrev>
= 0.86; prosternum smooth medially, lateral reaches slightly depressed anteriad prosternal-proepisternal suture; posterior margin of prosternal process extended as adze-like projection, its ventral surface bearing a narrow longitudinal declivity that deepens toward apex of projection; proepisternum / proepimeron juncture lined with ~ 5 rugose longitudinal depressions.
<emphasis id="13761D1FE15CC928F4CE6068E2E5F4E7" bold="true" italics="true">Elytra</emphasis>
narrowly ovate,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECFAI" xlink_title="maximal elytral width">MEW</abbrev>
/
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EGFAI" xlink_title="elytral length measured from the base of the scutellum to the apex of the left elytron">EL</abbrev>
= 0.74, narrow basally,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EKFAI" xlink_title="width across the humeral angles">HuW</abbrev>
/ HEW = 0.58, humeri narrowly expanded posteriad rounded humeral angle defined by basal and lateral margins; elongate parascutellar stria free from stria 2 at basal groove; parascutellar stria free apically, terminated at 0.73 × elytral length; elytral stria 2 obsolete near elytral apex, impunctate and discontinuous apicad termination of parascutellar stria, striae 3–7 progressively reduced on apex, discontinuous to obsolete, stria 8 a discontinuous series of distant punctures near humerus, punctures more closely set near mid-length, stria shallow and impunctate in apical half of elytra; stria 9 — i. e. lateral marginal depression — closely set with ~ 10 punctures posteriad humerus, minutely punctate at mid-length and smooth apically; 11–13 lateral elytral setae situated just laterad stria 8.
<emphasis id="4C12D103939372AA6BE51B391C74F6AF" bold="true" italics="true">Pterothorax</emphasis>
foreshortened, mesepisternum broadly, shallowly punctate with ~ 16 punctures across surface; mesosternum smooth, with narrowly cristate median crest aligned with prosternal projection; mesepimeron a narrow parallel-sided strap bordering posterior margin of mesepisternum, both sclerites broadly reaching disjunct mesothoracic coxal cavity; metepisternum subquadrate, appearing slightly longer than broad due to concave medial margin along juncture with mesosternum, surface undulated with ~ 5 minute punctures near medial margin; lateral reaches of mesosternum irregularly undulated along metacoxal juncture.
<emphasis id="110087D31A34738A0583089018BC2E41" bold="true" italics="true">Abdomen</emphasis>
with first visible ventrite smooth, slightly longitudinally wrinkled; lateral reaches of ventrites 2–3 longitudinally wrinkled; ventrites 4–6 smooth except for broad depression halfway between abdominal articulatory setae and lateral margin; apical ventrite of both males and females with one seta each side of midline.
<emphasis id="0A8D537D56659B86EA088A66AA159C6B" bold="true" italics="true">Legs</emphasis>
with expanded tarsomeres on pro- and mesothoracic legs; males with protarsomere 2 w / l = 1.2, mesotarsomere 2 w / l = 1.0, and females with protarsomere 2 w / l = 1.37, mesotarsomere 2 w / l = 0.81; male pro- and mesotarsomeres 1–4 both with ventral surfaces clothed with laterally expanded setae, those on protarsomeres 1–3 broadly expanded laterally, squamose, those on tarsomere 4 tightly packed, silky looking; female protarsomeres 1–4 and mesotarsomeres 2–4 clothed with dense, apical fields of thick, silky, presumably flexible setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DC059BB5E8825A21C8DFD40555566CD">
<emphasis id="7CEB71B2390792DC74571FA86E07BECD" bold="true">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
Aedeagal median lobe robust, broad dorsoventrally and bilaterally from base to narrow, parallel-sided and apically rounded apex (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D7D7534167EE97D8AE95A3CAB791DD3A" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 D – F</figureCitation>
), median lobe basal bulb closed, bearing an apically divergent sagittal crest (Fig.
<figureCitation id="EC5E7BB2E04F5EF547DECA1C08F2A3A5" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 D, E</figureCitation>
); median lobe sclerotized basally, ostium opening apically on left side; right paramere broadly conchoid, parallel sided with narrowly rounded ventral apex, ventral margin lined with three dense rows of long setae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B165D07F559C529911B9A7EBC4D43B23" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 F</figureCitation>
); left paramere conchoid, parallel sided, glabrous, acuminate apicoventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0B2A7BEF1BB11F6583332333F303577A" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 E</figureCitation>
); aedeagal internal sac with heavily sclerotized fields including dorsal flagellum and a dense ventral spicular field (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6D37781D63E08028DDE42CA93ACD4FE6" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male aedeagal complex. A – C. Amaroxenus embersoni. A. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; B. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; C. Metatergite, ventral view. D – F. Amaroxenus marrisi: D. Median lobe and parameres, dextral view; E. Median lobe and parameres, sinistral view; F. Median lobe and parameres, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177807">6 D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPGAI" type="Female reproductive tract">
<paragraph id="58269EABAF921DE7D530AA8DA86BC037">
<heading id="336BA3264760895319576C525DA9557A" reason="title">Female reproductive tract.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="830BD4630A0A6B6BFB30A396A167A404">
Gonocoxite narrow, elongate, apparently unipartite, articulated basally with heavily sclerotized median boss along anterior margin of laterotergite IX (Fig.
<figureCitation id="486A911E8853DFF229A496CCC3BE0E82" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Female left gonocoxite, ventral view. A. Amarotypus edwardsii; B. Amaroxenus embersoni; C. Amaroxenus marrisi; D. Migadopiella octoguttata; E. Amarophilus otagoensis." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177804">3 B</figureCitation>
); two nematiform setae in apical sensorial pit; ventral surface of gonocoxite lined with campaniform sensoria, with a small number of trichoid sensilla along the median half of coxite; bursa copulatrix broadly ovoid (when compressed on microslide), with common oviduct-bursal juncture on ventral surface, and cristate “ helminthoid sclerite ” near juncture (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0C1C394998CB2C17FB8CEAE81EB35624" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Female reproductive tract, ventral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm to right of each figure. A. Stichonotus piceus; B. Amarotypus edwardsii; C. Migadopiella octoguttata; D. Amaroxenus embersoni; E. Amaroxenus marrisi; F. Amarophilus otagoensis. Abbreviations for anatomical structures include: bc, bursa copulatrix; bd, bursal diverticulum; co, common oviduct; dbs, distal bursal sclerite; gc, gonocoxa; ls, ligular sclerite; lt, laterotergite." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177805">4 C</figureCitation>
); ventroapical surface of bursa broadly, moderately sclerotized, resulting in discrete plate just distad the bursal-oviduct juncture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4GAI" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="62A8BC37C3F516DF40A10903FBBE6CA8">
<heading id="DFD3EEA19FEE077A2D57C400A61F2234" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E6518F8A222145FE5EF65E16CE49DFA5">
This species is named to honor John W. M. Marris for his support of
<collectingCountry id="ABD92E3E7EB2E7FA992828ADF946BC88" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
entomology, including his efforts to document the high elevation alpine insects of
<collectingCountry id="075867A0CEBEC6467617F887AE8A97ED" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
; among others the very interesting, lichenophilic
<taxonomicName id="52DAE8BBD279867788F87C3F871B940B" authority="Thomas" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Protodendrophagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antipodes">
<emphasis id="4DB1ADF0EB5C00DB35C7D6F06115B8BD" italics="true">Protodendrophagus antipodes</emphasis>
Thomas
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4586D2B96252B403D22852E7520D53C3" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4AF91420EF91E365181B39DFF6D61911" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Silvanidae</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="D7AA5577CB0216A656312264BAF5118D" DOI="10.1002/ecy.2598" author="Marris" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Marris" refId="B36" refString="Marris J, Hawke D, Glenny D (2019) Eating at high elevation: an herbivorous beetle from alpine rock outcrops relies on ammonia-absorbing lichens. Ecology 100 (5): e 02598. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2598" year="2019">Marris et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E3HAI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="84BB9D937ABA0652629E2241E584B56F">
<heading id="93788DC42A6C1EAE86448732689BC911" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE1F80A73BD4751BCF4971D9B1E01186">
This species is known only from
<typeStatus id="1FE654F20D6214AD2A905A9EDE4938F2">type</typeStatus>
locality on the ridge above and ENE of Mt. Cedric, in Buller District. The collecting site is along the valley rim above the headwaters of Open Creek south branch, which flows southwest into the Sabine River.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBIAI" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="D6DE126E227C0BB8A5A4C06C8E9A8A9A">
<heading id="828956259779C3EF63A08C8B5570AF4F" reason="title">Habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66EB46A79AA34D07DC49E06A83130886">
Adult beetles were found within cracks of exposed and crumbling blocks of graywacke in an area of recently melted snow, with the rocky substrate still moist. The rocks had been separated through frost action, with the cracks infiltrated by plant roots, thereby providing moist laminar spaces for insect habitation. The
<taxonomicName id="B103A8C7260DDC2914B58615523BEE09" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="78906F866DF155BB89908C9B10A1E0D9" italics="true">Amaroxenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beetles were cohabiting the rock crevices along with adults and larvae of
<taxonomicName id="AF7707EFE43F0D5AD5B5C7E4A87CEA79" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Protodendrophagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antipodes">
<emphasis id="272B57DFE08A4794C628E451EA08E156" italics="true">Protodendrophagus antipodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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117
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<emphasis id="EC1D59F6AF515B1669C216F90AED64A9" italics="true">Amaroxenus</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8C712B5AF268132BE5A764BF0EB0FA51">
<heading id="DE28FF3924D188CD68E35394EF66458F" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="C00D02FD98B26C4C2EDD2FEE52671E1D">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</heading>
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<paragraph id="19E8242897C5F73ABCB281F15CC7FEA3">
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<emphasis id="67C6384402574DA131F23F4AED5FBB46" italics="true">Amaroxenus kahurangiensis</emphasis>
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(by original designation).
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<paragraph id="3CD08137F66E951D8FD4490403F8E3C0">
<heading id="84502DB8D68B3E93E9E507539C073E80" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C2BF389688FBF740AFA5E1A20E5AC026">
Within
<taxonomicName id="DFF7683C9FAE10D061EE263751A93271" authorityName="Chaudoir" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Migadopini">Migadopini</taxonomicName>
exhibiting an elongate parascutellar stria that extends beyond the elytral mid-length; mentum medially bidentate, the mentum tooth notched medially; submentum with six setae; pronotum cordate, with basal width subequal to apical width, the lateral margin sinuate anteriad distinct hind angle; pronotal anterior marginal bead usually incomplete medially — in
<taxonomicName id="0A326FB34509D83A002A083B50FD7C6B" authorityName="Liebherr &amp; Roig-Juñent &amp; Will" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amaroxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="embersoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B181959CCF214A53CC6DA9CE6D4DC8B4" italics="true">A. embersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9D5A80A10008AEF7CF1EFA6E7E81E664" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
polymorphically complete or incomplete medially — always present laterally; metathoracic wings vestigial; pro- and mesothoracic legs with tarsomeres 1–4 laterally expanded in both sexes; female gonocoxite unipartite, the narrower apical portion indistinctly defined relative to the equally sclerotized, broader basal portion, no microtrichia — or a single small seta — situated along the inner margin of the gonocoxite at the point of apical narrowing (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FC1F532D173778B142CC2E191EBE6574" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Female left gonocoxite, ventral view. A. Amarotypus edwardsii; B. Amaroxenus embersoni; C. Amaroxenus marrisi; D. Migadopiella octoguttata; E. Amarophilus otagoensis." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.71.134268.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1177804">3 B, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4F397DDC84B87469CD709AFAB5C8F0D1">
<heading id="A2EC689F198232A506F45B1014BEC319" reason="title">Diversity.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AEF722A94B44407D8C296DBE15E13D51">
Four species were described by
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, to which we add two new species, with the six species determinable using the following key.
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<mods:namePart id="8D34B99884A3617BA69AF614D09FD63C">Ector, Luc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9150E58B7BF488FAC0B4FC0FBB68B24E">Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), 41 rue du Brill, L- 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg. &amp; luc. ector @ list. lu; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4573 - 9445</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9FBB1D2D5E6C785E75152DCBD3F2D8FD" type="email">luc.ector@list.lu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="686A6066B9B72A93F56DEA89D6D0B4B3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="131E8FE3E04E85F8884EEBB370A94799">
<mods:roleTerm id="356B3E266C6B0A6A291A48DADF4570E2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="232AE8BA98A1C5B49E70260D667449A0">Rodrigues, Liliana</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A02841F774158CADD1024D2FC267F242" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1333-7035</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DB115285E20773D1A6F2732F90456E25">Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais - PEA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM. Av. Colombo 5790, Bloco G 90, CEP 87020 - 900, Maringá-PR, Brazil. &amp; lrodrigues @ nupelia. uem. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1333 - 7035</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F39C2729D89E515565D36B2E2E18ADE1" type="email">lrodrigues@nupelia.uem.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B07714821F298A0DE3FAF2FAE35C9448" type="personal">
<mods:role id="737D57C1E04289A09FBA156F3BC79523">
<mods:roleTerm id="ED21008EC08A0DDE29AA589C5E1A8843">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8A3B9D93CEF5DC3E2D240EC8D1096E61">Wetzel, Carlos E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="19801A6E8FCA8FD1C88E2AA9909830E2" type="ORCID">0000-0001-5330-0494</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="B0639AFA97D6ED30D51FE8708E6FD882">Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), 41 rue du Brill, L- 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg. &amp; wetzel. cew @ gmail. com; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5330 - 0494</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6928E530A97F912D34337682B8045273" type="email">wetzel.cew@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="2E60181D09A4DE5D366089F065A59E7F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="6A230399CE89C4B8B6DC7418A5BA2C29" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="19A871CD3F325DDC93ECDFF12FCF3FE7">
<mods:title id="782F18ADF5EA5FC1C361D6FDEB2D74F3">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="2E45B6F45CE316EB60690ED4DD30D349">
<mods:date id="B4DD15484824F052B62DC9CA03897CCA">2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="65CA4197E42D9AA5790BC6261715A7A1" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="85925FCDED1B6D9B1662D0DD741D776B">2021-01-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="6CA6D87326191565413191E26CFB49AB" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D87182E6557B7791A82211621C8F3591">480</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="56DCA6229DCC65DC0F99468C6605D231" type="issue">
<mods:number id="B123505BE8A1FAC2E0FBB9BC2FC9D196">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="352392DF3C116ADE9E41E51F0FAFA253" unit="page">
<mods:start id="BE87A4FC4009AD578F7888388EB21492">163</mods:start>
<mods:end id="6B66CDDBECED9CE66DE793CAE2C7F2B2">173</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="FA483A9D593E1A51C6D3AD197DA998EB">
<mods:url id="E9A7931FE02C48454E33888717A6DAA2">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.480.2.5</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="9350352B67522FF95FCD84F7EDC1EF54">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A84A7B0F5DFFFD0D7B7D0285C2B8B442" type="CLB-Dataset">305265</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A42357CF2CD5867E9FACE872D2C84B4A" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.480.2.5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="08C2E074309309AE033CAF62523A0291" type="GBIF-Dataset">7a828edd-34de-40a5-a71e-4c768e6f081e</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="76230F290756D3D0D65B0E383F097BF9" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FBA22A24EBB31544601A193E46423E71" type="Zenodo-Dep">5415965</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14186830" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14186830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED0186FBD5FA3BFBA7" box="[136,1438,1040,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED0186FBD5FA3BFBA7" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" box="[136,1438,1040,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0186FBD5FC0EFBA6" authority="N.C.Osorio, Ector, L.Rodrigues, C.E.Wetzel" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[136,939,1040,1067]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Staurosiraceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0186FBD5FE15FBA6" bold="true" box="[136,432,1040,1067]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
N.C.Osório, Ector, L.Rodrigues, C.E.Wetzel
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED02B8FBD4FBAEFBA6" box="[950,1035,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BE5E75FFF8FFED02B8FBD4FBAEFBA6" box="[950,1035,1041,1066]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(LM,
<figureCitation id="98C22399FFF8FFED055DFBD5FB60FBA6" box="[1107,1221,1040,1066]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–38" captionStartId="2.[136,243,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,390,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-133@2.[189,1399,389,1797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 2–38. LM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 2–34. LM. 2–9, 13–34. Valve view. 10–12. Girdle view. 35– 38. SEM–External view. Valve views depicting characteristics of the central narrow sternum, striae, and apical pore fields. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle, with areolae slit-like. 36–37. Apical pore fields. Broken spines suggesting initially hollow then becoming a solid structure. LM scale bar 10 μm, in SEM the scale bars are identified in the images. Figure 21* indicates the holotype specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5415967/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Figs 2–34</figureCitation>
, SEM,
<figureCitation id="98C22399FFF8FFED0416FBD5FA33FBA7" box="[1304,1430,1040,1067]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2–38" captionStart-1="FIGURES 39–44" captionStart-2="FIGURES 45–50" captionStartId-0="2.[136,243,1822,1844]" captionStartId-1="3.[136,243,1351,1373]" captionStartId-2="6.[136,243,1387,1409]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1399,390,1797]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1399,191,1326]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1399,191,1362]" captionTargetId-0="figure-133@2.[189,1399,389,1797]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@3.[189,1399,190,1326]" captionTargetId-2="figure-23@6.[189,1399,190,1362]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 2–38. LM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 2–34. LM. 2–9, 13–34. Valve view. 10–12. Girdle view. 35– 38. SEM–External view. Valve views depicting characteristics of the central narrow sternum, striae, and apical pore fields. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle, with areolae slit-like. 36–37. Apical pore fields. Broken spines suggesting initially hollow then becoming a solid structure. LM scale bar 10 μm, in SEM the scale bars are identified in the images. Figure 21* indicates the holotype specimen." captionText-1="FIGURES 39–44. SEM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 39–41. Girdle view of a complete frustule showing wider valvocopulae still attached to both valves. 42. Union of two valves by spines and formation of colonies. 43. Spines detail showing solid spines and an apically elongated structure with a lamina that becomes spatulate with two prominences in shape at the top. 44. View of the spine’s junction of copula, spines terminating near or over the neighboring valve areolae. Scale bars are identified in the SEM images." captionText-2="FIGURES 45–50. SEM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 45–50. Internal view. 47. Virgae doubly flared, internally, axial area and virgae are raised leaving the striae in depressions. 48–50. Volae branched and originated from the sides of the areolae projected towards the valve interior. Scale bars are identified in the SEM images." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415967" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415969" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415971" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5415967/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5415969/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5415971/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Figs 35–50</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED0186FBF1FA33FA3B" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="description">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED0186FBF1FB15FA1E" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Frustules rectangular in girdle view, joined by interlocking spines. Valves elliptical, most frequently isopolar to rarely slightly heteropolar with rounded apices. Axial area narrowly lanceolate giving sometimes the impression of having a zig-zag shape. Virgae doubly flared, internally, axial area and virgae are raised leaving the striae in depressions. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle. Volae branched and originated from the sides of the areolae projected towards the valve interior. Solid and thin spines, and there are one per costae it originating from one point on each virgae at the valve face-mantle junction, initially hollow then becoming an apically elongated structure with a lamina that becomes spatulate with two prominences in shape at the top. Apical pore fields located on the valve mantle, reaching the valve face-mantle junction at the polar nodules and isolated from neighboring striae, usually equally developed on both valve poles composed of round poroids. Girdle elements variable in number, open, lacking pores, ligulated, and with valvocopula being larger.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED01B3FA59FA33FA3B" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" box="[189,1430,1436,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED01B3FA59FE11FA3A" bold="true" box="[189,436,1436,1462]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Dimensions (n&gt;100):</emphasis>
—Length 6–10 µm; width 3.0–4.5 µm; 8–11 striae per 10 µm; mantle depth 2.5–3.5 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED01B3FA05FA9CFA72" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED01B3FA05FA9CFA72" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED01B3FA05FEA4FA56" bold="true" box="[189,257,1472,1498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Type:</emphasis>
—
<materialsCitation id="B0913541FFF8FFED0011FA05FA90FA72" collectingDate="2019-08" collectionCode="BR" collectorName="N. C. Osorio" country="Brazil" latitude="-22.724216" location="Garcas Lagoon, Upper Parana River Floodplain" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-53.217934" municipality="Porto Rico" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Parana" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="78EE7F8CFFF8FFED0011FA05FE22FA56" box="[287,391,1472,1498]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="C23DF1FEFFF8FFED0097FA05FE4FFA56" box="[409,490,1472,1498]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Paraná</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingMunicipality id="E022A566FFF8FFED00F3FA04FD24FA56" box="[509,641,1472,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Porto Rico</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="052669C7FFF8FFED039BFA05FB7EFA56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D:052669C7FFF8FFED039BFA05FB7EFA56" box="[661,1243,1472,1499]" country="Brazil" latitude="-22.724216" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-53.217934" municipality="Porto Rico" name="Garcas Lagoon, Upper Parana River Floodplain" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" stateProvince="Parana">Garças Lagoon, Upper Paraná River Floodplain</location>
, lake, epiphyton,
<geoCoordinate id="65CD59DBFFF8FFED0186FA21FE97FA72" box="[136,306,1508,1534]" degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" precision="1" seconds="27.18" value="-22.724216">22°43’27.18”S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="65CD59DBFFF8FFED0030FA21FE47FA73" box="[318,482,1508,1535]" degrees="53" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" precision="1" seconds="4.56" value="-53.217934">53°13’4.56”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="744719DCFFF8FFED00E2FA21FDDAFA72" box="[492,639,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" value="2019-08">
<collectingDate id="6403E034FFF8FFED00E2FA21FDDAFA72" box="[492,639,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" value="2019-08">August 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0384FA21FCB7FA72" box="[650,786,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<collectorName id="AD0C5ACAFFF8FFED0384FA21FCB7FA72" box="[650,786,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">N.C. Osório</collectorName>
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="DF4281BEFFF8FFED022FFA21FC2CFA72" box="[801,905,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="66E8A7D9FFF8FFED029DFA21FC1BFA72" box="[915,958,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">BR</collectionCode>
! 4609, here illustrated in
<figureCitation id="98C22399FFF8FFED05D4FA21FA89FA72" box="[1242,1324,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–38" captionStartId="2.[136,243,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,390,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-133@2.[189,1399,389,1797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 2–38. LM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 2–34. LM. 2–9, 13–34. Valve view. 10–12. Girdle view. 35– 38. SEM–External view. Valve views depicting characteristics of the central narrow sternum, striae, and apical pore fields. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle, with areolae slit-like. 36–37. Apical pore fields. Broken spines suggesting initially hollow then becoming a solid structure. LM scale bar 10 μm, in SEM the scale bars are identified in the images. Figure 21* indicates the holotype specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5415967/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED01B3F9CDFB9BF9CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED01B3F9CDFB9BF9CA" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED01B3F9CDFEEDF9AE" bold="true" box="[189,328,1544,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Etymology:</emphasis>
—This species is named in honor of the Brazilian state where it was discovered. It comes from the Tupy–Guarani native language referring the river “as large as the sea” (i.e.
<collectingRegion id="C23DF1FEFFF8FFED02DFF9E9FBA2F9CA" box="[977,1031,1580,1606]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Pará</collectingRegion>
+nã).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED01B3F995FC07F796" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED01B3F995FC07F796" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED01B3F995FE11F9E6" bold="true" box="[189,436,1616,1642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Taxonomic remarks:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED00DEF995FD55F9E6" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[464,752,1616,1642]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED00DEF995FD55F9E6" box="[464,752,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show similarities with the species listed in the
<tableCitation id="4D7B0AA7FFF8FFED05F8F995FAEDF9E6" box="[1270,1352,1616,1642]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[129,217,507,533]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphological features of Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. and similar species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Smaller individuals of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0021F9B1FE73F902" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[303,470,1652,1678]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0021F9B1FE73F902" box="[303,470,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble in LM the smaller specimens of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED02C9F9B1FEBEF93E" authority="(Heribaud) E. Morales &amp; Manoylov" authorityName="E. Morales &amp; Manoylov" baseAuthorityName="Heribaud" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="martyi">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED02C9F9B1FB0FF902" box="[967,1194,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella martyi</emphasis>
(Héribaud) E.Morales &amp; Manoylov
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0026F95DFC00F93E" authority="(E. Morales) E. Morales &amp; Manoylov" authorityName="E. Morales &amp; Manoylov" baseAuthorityName="E. Morales" box="[296,933,1688,1715]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0026F95DFE5AF93E" box="[296,511,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella ovata</emphasis>
(E.Morales) E.Morales &amp; Manoylov
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED02D1F95DFE2BF95B" authority="(Grunow) E. Morales &amp; Manoylov. However" authorityName="E. Morales &amp; Manoylov. However" baseAuthorityName="Grunow" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED02D1F95DFB1DF93E" box="[991,1208,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella dubia</emphasis>
(Grunow) E.Morales &amp; Manoylov. However
</taxonomicName>
, differences in valve outline are clearly visible among them. In addition, other characteristics clearly distinguish them in SEM, and may highlight as more evident the absence of spines in
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED05BFF925FAB2F976" box="[1201,1303,1760,1786]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="martyi">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED05BFF925FAB2F976" box="[1201,1303,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. martyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED045EF925FA0EF976" box="[1360,1451,1760,1786]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED045EF925FA0EF976" box="[1360,1451,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and solid spines with two per costae in
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0342F8C1FD0CF892" box="[588,681,1796,1822]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0342F8C1FD0CF892" box="[588,681,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED03F1F8C1FC00F892" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[767,933,1796,1822]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED03F1F8C1FC00F892" box="[767,933,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have only one spine per costae.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0415F8C1FEB4F8CE" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0415F8C1FEB4F8CE" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also share characters with the small individuals of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0277F8EDFED9F8EB" authority="E. Morales, C. E. Wetzel, E. Y. Haworth &amp; Ector" authorityName="E. Morales, C. E. Wetzel, E. Y. Haworth &amp; Ector" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="neopinnata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0277F8EDFB36F8CE" box="[889,1171,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella neopinnata</emphasis>
E.Morales, C.E.Wetzel, E.Y.Haworth &amp; Ector
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF8FFED0084F889FD32F8EA" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Wetzel, C. E. &amp; Haworth, E. Y. &amp; Ector, L." box="[394,663,1868,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" pagination="75 - 87" refId="ref6407" refString="Morales, E. A., Wetzel, C. E., Haworth, E. Y. &amp; Ector, L. (2019) Ending a 175 - year taxonomic uncertainty: Description of Staurosirella neopinnata sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) to accommodate Fragilaria pinnata, a highly misconstrued taxon with a purported worldwide distribution. Phytotaxa 402 (2): 75 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 402.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
Morales
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED00E1F888FD8DF8EA" box="[495,552,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
2019: 82
</bibRefCitation>
). These two species have differences mainly in relation to spines, size and girdle bands.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED005AF8B5FDCEF806" box="[340,619,1904,1930]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="neopinnata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED005AF8B5FDCEF806" box="[340,619,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella neopinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents spines originating from two (rarely three) points on each virgae and valves larger than
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0089F851FD88F822" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[391,557,1940,1966]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0089F851FD88F822" box="[391,557,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with an array of different girdle bands. Although they are of distinct genus and share unique taxonomic characters of each genus,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED03D8F87DFCDAF85E" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[726,895,1976,2002]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED03D8F87DFCDAF85E" box="[726,895,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears a resemblance to
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0591F87DFA0EF85E" box="[1183,1451,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosira kjotsunarum</emphasis>
E.Morales, Novais &amp; Ector when viewed in LM.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED03A7F819FC6DF87A" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[681,968,2012,2038]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED03A7F819FC6DF87A" box="[681,968,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has slit-like areolae and wide valvocopulae while these characteristics are not observed in
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED039CF7C5FC07F796" box="[658,930,2048,2074]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosira kjotsunarum.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" ID-Table-UUID="54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" box="[129,1114,507,533]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" startId="5.[129,217,507,533]" targetBox="[137,2051,558,1744]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" blockId="5.[129,1114,507,533]" box="[129,1114,507,533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC018FFE3EFF51FD99" bold="true" box="[129,244,507,533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphological features of
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC0316FE3EFC27FD99" box="[536,898,507,533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC0316FE3EFC8FFD99" authority="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel, 2021" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[536,810,507,533]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis" status="sp. nov.">Staurosirella paranaensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BE5E75FFF9FFEC023FFE3EFC27FD99" box="[817,898,507,533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and similar species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF9FFEC004BFDEBF893F932" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<table id="72F9CDBCFFF900160187FDEBF7A6F95C" box="[137,2051,558,1744]" gridcols="7" gridrows="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FDEBF7A6FDC8" box="[137,2051,558,580]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="FD185422FFF90016004BFDEBFDEDFDC8" box="[325,584,558,580]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC004BFDEBFD82FDCF" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[325,551,558,579]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC004BFDEBFD82FDCF" bold="true" box="[325,551,558,579]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF90016036AFDEBFCD5FDC8" box="[612,880,558,580]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC036AFDEAFCADFDC8" box="[612,776,559,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC036AFDEAFCADFDC8" box="[612,776,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF90016028DFDEBFB2BFDC8" box="[899,1166,558,580]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC028DFDEAFBE8FDC8" box="[899,1101,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosira kjotsunarum</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FDEBFA0DFDC8" box="[1193,1448,558,580]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC05A7FDEAFAF1FDC8" box="[1193,1364,559,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="martyi">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC05A7FDEAFAF1FDC8" box="[1193,1364,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella martyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFDEBF944FDC8" box="[1477,1761,558,580]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC04CBFDEAF93DFDC8" box="[1477,1688,559,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="neopinnata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC04CBFDEAF93DFDC8" box="[1477,1688,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella neopinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFDEBF7A6FDC8" box="[1780,2051,558,580]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC07FAFDEAF833FDC8" box="[1780,1942,559,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC07FAFDEAF833FDC8" box="[1780,1942,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FDA3F7A6FDF7" box="[137,2051,614,635]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FDA3FE84FDF7" box="[137,289,614,635]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Reference</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFDA3FDEDFDF7" box="[325,584,614,635]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">This study</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFDA3FCD5FDF7" box="[612,880,614,635]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC036AFDA3FCFEFDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M." box="[612,859,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="343 - 364" refId="ref5948" refString="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M. (2006) Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. Diatom Research 21 (2): 343 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2006.9705674" type="journal article" year="2006">Morales &amp; Manoylov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFDA3FB2BFDF7" box="[899,1166,614,635]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC028DFDA3FB92FDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Novais, M. H. &amp; Chavez, G. &amp; Hoffmann, L. &amp; Ector, L." box="[899,1079,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref6160" refString="Morales, E. A., Novais, M. H., Chavez, G., Hoffmann, L. &amp; Ector, L. (2012) Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from the Bolivian Altiplano: three new araphid species from the Desaguadero River draining Lake Titicaca. Fottea 12 (1): 41 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5507 / fot. 2012.004" type="journal article" year="2012">
Morales
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC02C0FDA3FC51FDF7" box="[974,1012,614,635]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FDA3FA0DFDF7" box="[1193,1448,614,635]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC05A7FDA3FA05FDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M." box="[1193,1440,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="343 - 364" refId="ref5948" refString="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M. (2006) Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. Diatom Research 21 (2): 343 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2006.9705674" type="journal article" year="2006">Morales &amp; Manoylov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFDA3F944FDF7" box="[1477,1761,614,635]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC04CBFDA3F9DCFDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Wetzel, C. E. &amp; Haworth, E. Y. &amp; Ector, L." box="[1477,1657,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="75 - 87" refId="ref6407" refString="Morales, E. A., Wetzel, C. E., Haworth, E. Y. &amp; Ector, L. (2019) Ending a 175 - year taxonomic uncertainty: Description of Staurosirella neopinnata sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) to accommodate Fragilaria pinnata, a highly misconstrued taxon with a purported worldwide distribution. Phytotaxa 402 (2): 75 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 402.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
Morales
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC071EFDA3F993FDF7" box="[1552,1590,614,635]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFDA3F7A6FDF7" box="[1780,2051,614,635]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC07FAFDA3F84EFDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M." box="[1780,2027,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="343 - 364" refId="ref5948" refString="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M. (2006) Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. Diatom Research 21 (2): 343 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2006.9705674" type="journal article" year="2006">Morales &amp; Manoylov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FD64F7A6FD56" box="[137,2051,673,730]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FD64FE84FD56" box="[137,289,673,730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Valve shape</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFD64FDEDFD56" box="[325,584,673,730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">elliptical</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFD64FCD5FD56" box="[612,880,673,730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">lanceolate</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFD64FB2BFD56" box="[899,1166,673,730]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">isopolar, elliptical with broadly rounded ends</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FD64FA0DFD56" box="[1193,1448,673,730]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">ovoid</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFD64F944FD56" box="[1477,1761,673,730]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">elliptical</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFD64F7A6FD56" box="[1780,2051,673,730]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">ovoid</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FCC5F7A6FC64" box="[137,2051,768,1000]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FCC5FE84FC64" box="[137,289,768,1000]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Apices Sternum Length (μm) Width (μm) Striae in 10 μm</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFCC5FDEDFC64" box="[325,584,768,1000]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">rounded apices narrowly lanceolate 6–10 3–4.5 8–11</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFCC5FCD5FC64" box="[612,880,768,1000]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">acutely rounded apices broad and central 6–8 3.5–4.5 6.5–10</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFCC5FB2BFC64" box="[899,1166,768,1000]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">broadly rounded linear to narrowly lanceolate 5–7 4 14–16</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FCC5FA0DFC64" box="[1193,1448,768,1000]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">broadly rounded lanceolate and central 7.5–28 5–9 5–10</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFCC5F944FC64" box="[1477,1761,768,1000]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">rounded apices narrowly lanceolate 4–25 4–4.7 8.0–9.5</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFCC5F7A6FC64" box="[1780,2051,768,1000]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">broadly rounded narrow, linear to lanceolate 6.5–38 3.5–7 6–9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FBD5F7A6FBC5" box="[137,2051,1040,1097]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FBD5FE84FBC5" box="[137,289,1040,1097]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Striae</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFBD5FDEDFBC5" box="[325,584,1040,1097]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFBD5FCD5FBC5" box="[612,880,1040,1097]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFBD5FB2BFBC5" box="[899,1166,1040,1097]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FBD5FA0DFBC5" box="[1193,1448,1040,1097]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFBD5F944FBC5" box="[1477,1761,1040,1097]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFBD5F7A6FBC5" box="[1780,2051,1040,1097]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">parallel to slightly radial toward the poles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FBB7F7A6FB0B" box="[137,2051,1138,1159]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FBB7FE84FB0B" box="[137,289,1138,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Areolae</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFBB7FDEDFB0B" box="[325,584,1138,1159]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFBB7FCD5FB0B" box="[612,880,1138,1159]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFBB7FB2BFB0B" box="[899,1166,1138,1159]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">elliptical</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FBB7FA0DFB0B" box="[1193,1448,1138,1159]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFBB7F944FB0B" box="[1477,1761,1138,1159]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFBB7F7A6FB0B" box="[1780,2051,1138,1159]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FB69F7A6FA85" box="[137,2051,1196,1289]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FB69FE84FA85" box="[137,289,1196,1289]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Volae</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFB69FDEDFA85" box="[325,584,1196,1289]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">branched and originated from the sides of the areolae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFB69FCD5FA85" box="[612,880,1196,1289]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">difficult to see</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFB69FB2BFA85" box="[899,1166,1196,1289]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">finely branched and growing from the longer side of the areolar inner periphery</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FB69FA0DFA85" box="[1193,1448,1196,1289]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">bear branched</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFB69F944FA85" box="[1477,1761,1196,1289]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">small and projected towards the valve interior</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFB69F7A6FA85" box="[1780,2051,1196,1289]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">bear branched</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FAFDF7A6FA35" box="[137,2051,1336,1465]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FAFDFE84FA35" box="[137,289,1336,1465]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Apical pore fields</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFAFDFDEDFA35" box="[325,584,1336,1465]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present, developed on both valve poles, composed of round poroids, each externally surrounded by whitish rim</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFAFDFCD5FA35" box="[612,880,1336,1465]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">well-developed and located on both valve apices, composed of several rows of round poroids</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFAFDFB2BFA35" box="[899,1166,1336,1465]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present and composed of round poroids, each externally surrounded by whitish rim</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FAFDFA0DFA35" box="[1193,1448,1336,1465]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present only at the foot pole and they are composed of several rows of round poroids</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFAFDF944FA35" box="[1477,1761,1336,1465]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present, equally developed on both valve poles and less prominent in smaller valves</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFAFDF7A6FA35" box="[1780,2051,1336,1465]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present at both apices, but more developed at the foot pole</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FA2DF7A6F9C9" box="[137,2051,1512,1605]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FA2DFE84F9C9" box="[137,289,1512,1605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Spines</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFA2DFDEDF9C9" box="[325,584,1512,1605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">solid, thin, spatulate; one per costae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFA2DFCD5F9C9" box="[612,880,1512,1605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">solid and there are two per costae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFA2DFB2BF9C9" box="[899,1166,1512,1605]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">solid, thin, spatulate and there are one per costae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FA2DFA0DF9C9" box="[1193,1448,1512,1605]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">absent</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFA2DF944F9C9" box="[1477,1761,1512,1605]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">solid, spatulate, originating from two (rarely three) points on each virgae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFA2DF7A6F9C9" box="[1780,2051,1512,1605]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187F9B6F7A6F95C" box="[137,2051,1651,1744]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187F9B6FE84F95C" box="[137,289,1651,1744]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Girdle bands</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BF9B6FDEDF95C" box="[325,584,1651,1744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">open, lacking pores, with a broad valvocopula and composed of several copulae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AF9B6FCD5F95C" box="[612,880,1651,1744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">formed by several closed copulae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DF9B6FB2BF95C" box="[899,1166,1651,1744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">open, without perforations</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7F9B6FA0DF95C" box="[1193,1448,1651,1744]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">with a broad valvocopula and narrower closed copulae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBF9B6F944F95C" box="[1477,1761,1651,1744]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">open, lacking pores, ligulated, with valvocopula being much larger</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAF9B6F7A6F95C" box="[1780,2051,1651,1744]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">composed of several closed copulae</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="54866F94FFFAFFEF0186FAAEFC31FA45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415971" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5415971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5415971/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" startId="6.[136,243,1387,1409]" targetBox="[189,1399,191,1362]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFFAFFEF0186FAAEFC31FA45" blockId="6.[136,1452,1387,1481]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0186FAAEFE9FFA0C" bold="true" box="[136,314,1387,1409]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">FIGURES 45–50.</emphasis>
SEM.
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0073FAAEFD66FA0D" box="[381,707,1387,1409]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0073FAAEFDD1FA0D" authority="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel, 2021" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[381,628,1387,1409]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis" status="sp. nov.">Staurosirella paranaensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BE5E75FFFAFFEF0374FAA9FD66FA0D" box="[634,707,1388,1409]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from type material. 45–50. Internal view. 47. Virgae doubly flared, internally, axial area and virgae are raised leaving the striae in depressions. 48–50. Volae branched and originated from the sides of the areolae projected towards the valve interior. Scale bars are identified in the SEM images.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFFAFFEF01B3FA32FC0FF84D" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFFAFFEF01B3FA32FC0FF84D" blockId="6.[136,1458,1527,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF01B3FA32FDDCF99D" bold="true" box="[189,633,1527,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Ecology and associated diatom flora:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF039BFA32FC13F99D" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[661,950,1527,1553]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF039BFA32FC13F99D" box="[661,950,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in a mesotrophic lake, located in the Upper
<collectingRegion id="C23DF1FEFFFAFFEF000EF9DEFEE9F9B9" box="[256,332,1563,1589]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Paraná</collectingRegion>
River floodplain. The environment is characterized by a neutral pH: 6.9 ± 0.06, temperature: 26ºC ± 0.44, dissolved oxygen:
<quantity id="C70192F9FFFAFFEF00BEF9FAFDA9F9D6" box="[432,524,1599,1626]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.29" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="mg" value="6.29">6.29 mg</quantity>
L-
<superScript id="F78C9254FFFAFFEF0324F9FAFD94F9C1" attach="right" box="[554,561,1599,1613]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">1</superScript>
± 0.17, Secchi:
<quantity id="C70192F9FFFAFFEF03EBF9FAFCB5F9D6" box="[741,784,1599,1626]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
± 0.07, water depth:
<quantity id="C70192F9FFFAFFEF02F0F9FAFBC2F9D6" box="[1022,1127,1599,1626]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.977" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="cm" value="297.7">297.7 cm</quantity>
± 10.7 and median values of nutrients with total nitrogen: 568
<superScript id="F78C9254FFFAFFEF00FAF9A1FDBAF9FD" attach="left" box="[500,543,1635,1662]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">µg-1</superScript>
± 29.7 and total phosphorus: 39
<superScript id="F78C9254FFFAFFEF0271F9A1FC0FF9FD" attach="left" box="[895,938,1635,1662]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">µg-1</superScript>
± 4.25, characterizing mesotrophic conditions.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0186F942FE0DF92D" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[136,424,1671,1697]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0186F942FE0DF92D" box="[136,424,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common species found in epiphytic samples in this floodplain. Both in LM and in SEM we found this species free and also forming colonies with the valves adjoined by spines. We observe chains of up to 4 individuals (after treatment, no live material was observed for this study). The most common species founded in the samples were (by order of relative abundance):
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF03C6F936FA87F882" authority="(Grunow) Simonsen (1979: 56)" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1979" baseAuthorityName="Grunow" box="[712,1314,1779,1806]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Aulacoseiraceae" genus="Aulacoseira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Aulacoseirales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="ambigua">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF03C6F936FC1DF881" box="[712,952,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Aulacoseira ambigua</emphasis>
(Grunow)
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF053AF936FA87F882" author="Simonsen, R." box="[1076,1314,1779,1806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="9 - 71" refId="ref7369" refString="Simonsen, R. (1979) The diatom system: ideas on phylogeny. Bacillaria 2: 9 - 71." type="journal article" year="1979">Simonsen (1979: 56)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0423F936FCAEF8BD" authority="(Cleve &amp; Grunow) Houk &amp; Klee (2004: 208)" authorityName="Houk &amp; Klee" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="2004" baseAuthorityName="Cleve &amp; Grunow" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Stephanodiscaceae" genus="Discostella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Thalassiosirales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="stelligera">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0423F936FF57F8BD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Discostella stelligera</emphasis>
(Cleve &amp; Grunow)
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF00D3F8D2FCAEF8BD" author="Houk, V. &amp; Klee, R." box="[477,779,1815,1841]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="203 - 228" refId="ref5056" refString="Houk, V. &amp; Klee, R. (2004) The stelligeroid taxa of the genus Cyclotella (Kutzing) Brebisson (Bacillariophyceae) and their transfer into the new genus Discostella gen. nov. Diatom Research 19 (2): 203 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2004.9705871" type="journal article" year="2004">Houk &amp; Klee (2004: 208)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0217F8D2FB50F8BE" authority="W. Smith (1853: 57)" authorityName="W. Smith" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1853" box="[793,1269,1815,1842]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Pinnulariaceae" genus="Pinnularia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="divergens">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0217F8D2FBADF8BD" box="[793,1032,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Pinnularia divergens</emphasis>
W.
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF053EF8D2FB50F8BE" author="Smith, W." box="[1072,1269,1815,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref7391" refString="Smith, W. (1853) A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, function and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. The plates by Tuffen West. In two volumes. Vol. 1. pp. [i] - xxxiii, 1 - 89, pls I - XXXI. [London, John van Voorst, Paternoster Row] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10706" type="journal article" year="1853">Smith (1853: 57)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF043EF8D2FC3AF8D9" authority="(Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin) Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Sellaphoraceae" genus="Sellaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="densistriata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF043EF8D2FEA9F8D9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Sellaphora densistriata</emphasis>
(Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin) Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF02CDF8FEFAD9F8DA" author="Metzeltin, D. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H." box="[963,1404,1851,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 286" refId="ref5750" refString="Metzeltin, D. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. (2003) Diatoms from the &quot; Island Continent &quot; Madagascar. Iconographia Diatomologica 11: 1 - 286." type="journal article" year="2003">Metzeltin &amp; Lange-Bertalot (2003: 58)</bibRefCitation>
. We also observed a negative relationship with two other common species:
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF02A0F89AFECFF812" authority="Marquardt, C. E. Wetzel &amp; Ector" authorityName="Marquardt, C. E. Wetzel &amp; Ector" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Achnanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="tropicocatenatum">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF02A0F89AFA83F8F5" box="[942,1318,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Achnanthidium tropicocatenatum</emphasis>
Marquardt, C.E.Wetzel &amp; Ector
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF0081F846FD44F811" author="Marquardt, G. C. &amp; Costa, L. F. &amp; Bicudo, D. C. &amp; Bicudo, C. E. M. &amp; Blanco, S. &amp; Wetzel, C. E. &amp; Ector, L." box="[399,737,1923,1949]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="313 - 330" refId="ref5583" refString="Marquardt, G. C., Costa, L. F., Bicudo, D. C., Bicudo, C. E. M., Blanco, S., Wetzel, C. E. &amp; Ector, L. (2017 b) Type analysis of Achnanthidium minutissimum and A. catenatum and description of A. tropicocatenatum sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), a common species in Brazilian reservoirs. Plant Ecology and Evolution 150 (3): 313 - 330. https: // doi. org / 10.5091 / plecevo. 2017.1325" type="journal article" year="2017">
Marquardt
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0303F841FDE3F811" box="[525,582,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
(2017b: 318)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0217F846FAB1F812" authority="Ehrenberg (1843: 416)" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="416" authorityYear="1843" box="[793,1300,1923,1950]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Pinnulariaceae" genus="Gomphonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="subtile">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0217F846FBACF811" box="[793,1033,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Gomphonema subtile</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF051FF846FAB1F812" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[1041,1300,1923,1950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="291 - 445" refId="ref4962" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1843) Verbreitung und Einfluss des mikroskopischen Lebens in Sud- und Nord-Amerika. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1841: 291 - 445." type="journal article" year="1843">Ehrenberg (1843: 416)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; both species decrease in abundance when
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF00C1F86DFDD1F84D" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[463,628,1960,1986]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF00C1F86DFDD1F84D" box="[463,628,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present in the epiphyton.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>