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<document id="1177BB122572B82859579EEC46917165" ID-CLB-Dataset="305265" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.480.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7a828edd-34de-40a5-a71e-4c768e6f081e" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5415965" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1630358602496" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Osório, Nicolli C., Ector, Luc, Rodrigues, Liliana &amp; Wetzel, Carlos E." docDate="2021" docId="88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.480.2.5.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 480 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.480.2.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Staurosirella paranaensis N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="169" masterDocId="7469F672FFFCFFE9010EFFC5FFA5FF8C" masterDocTitle="Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov., a new epiphytic freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from the Paraná River floodplain, Brazil, South America" masterLastPageNumber="173" masterPageNumber="163" pageNumber="167" updateTime="1732028164037" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="709E7968D89DEA61FE6AAE12E60C65B6">
<mods:title id="D1B7A19704C03AA6C7736E9DB276E92B">Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov., a new epiphytic freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from the Paraná River floodplain, Brazil, South America</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="4F89173567D3078E3165B2599C6C2BB1">Osório, Nicolli C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1065F6D9A16E5341910353C2D10A3EBE" type="ORCID">0000-0001-5810-3318</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9434A0310F87DD6A75267AF0182599FB">Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais - PEA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM. Av. Colombo 5790, Bloco G 90, CEP 87020 - 900, Maringá-PR, Brazil. &amp; nicolli _ cristina @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5810 - 3318</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="11848B98B8B995B69255544D74BCEF2E" type="email">nicolli_cristina@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="8D34B99884A3617BA69AF614D09FD63C">Ector, Luc</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FE7D2009D7218C2F62D60F1EC1A0ED36" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4573-9445</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9150E58B7BF488FAC0B4FC0FBB68B24E">Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), 41 rue du Brill, L- 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg. &amp; luc. ector @ list. lu; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4573 - 9445</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9FBB1D2D5E6C785E75152DCBD3F2D8FD" type="email">luc.ector@list.lu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="686A6066B9B72A93F56DEA89D6D0B4B3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="232AE8BA98A1C5B49E70260D667449A0">Rodrigues, Liliana</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A02841F774158CADD1024D2FC267F242" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1333-7035</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DB115285E20773D1A6F2732F90456E25">Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais - PEA, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM. Av. Colombo 5790, Bloco G 90, CEP 87020 - 900, Maringá-PR, Brazil. &amp; lrodrigues @ nupelia. uem. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1333 - 7035</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F39C2729D89E515565D36B2E2E18ADE1" type="email">lrodrigues@nupelia.uem.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="8A3B9D93CEF5DC3E2D240EC8D1096E61">Wetzel, Carlos E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="19801A6E8FCA8FD1C88E2AA9909830E2" type="ORCID">0000-0001-5330-0494</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="B0639AFA97D6ED30D51FE8708E6FD882">Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), 41 rue du Brill, L- 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg. &amp; wetzel. cew @ gmail. com; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5330 - 0494</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6928E530A97F912D34337682B8045273" type="email">wetzel.cew@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="782F18ADF5EA5FC1C361D6FDEB2D74F3">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B4DD15484824F052B62DC9CA03897CCA">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="85925FCDED1B6D9B1662D0DD741D776B">2021-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D87182E6557B7791A82211621C8F3591">480</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="6B66CDDBECED9CE66DE793CAE2C7F2B2">173</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="E9A7931FE02C48454E33888717A6DAA2">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.480.2.5</mods:url>
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<treatment id="88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14186830" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14186830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED0186FBD5FA3BFBA7" box="[136,1438,1040,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED0186FBD5FA3BFBA7" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" box="[136,1438,1040,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0186FBD5FC0EFBA6" authority="N.C.Osorio, Ector, L.Rodrigues, C.E.Wetzel" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[136,939,1040,1067]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Staurosiraceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0186FBD5FE15FBA6" bold="true" box="[136,432,1040,1067]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
N.C.Osório, Ector, L.Rodrigues, C.E.Wetzel
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED02B8FBD4FBAEFBA6" box="[950,1035,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BE5E75FFF8FFED02B8FBD4FBAEFBA6" box="[950,1035,1041,1066]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(LM,
<figureCitation id="98C22399FFF8FFED055DFBD5FB60FBA6" box="[1107,1221,1040,1066]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–38" captionStartId="2.[136,243,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,390,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-133@2.[189,1399,389,1797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 2–38. LM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 2–34. LM. 2–9, 13–34. Valve view. 10–12. Girdle view. 35– 38. SEM–External view. Valve views depicting characteristics of the central narrow sternum, striae, and apical pore fields. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle, with areolae slit-like. 36–37. Apical pore fields. Broken spines suggesting initially hollow then becoming a solid structure. LM scale bar 10 μm, in SEM the scale bars are identified in the images. Figure 21* indicates the holotype specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5415967/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Figs 2–34</figureCitation>
, SEM,
<figureCitation id="98C22399FFF8FFED0416FBD5FA33FBA7" box="[1304,1430,1040,1067]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2–38" captionStart-1="FIGURES 39–44" captionStart-2="FIGURES 45–50" captionStartId-0="2.[136,243,1822,1844]" captionStartId-1="3.[136,243,1351,1373]" captionStartId-2="6.[136,243,1387,1409]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1399,390,1797]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1399,191,1326]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1399,191,1362]" captionTargetId-0="figure-133@2.[189,1399,389,1797]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@3.[189,1399,190,1326]" captionTargetId-2="figure-23@6.[189,1399,190,1362]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 2–38. LM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 2–34. LM. 2–9, 13–34. Valve view. 10–12. Girdle view. 35– 38. SEM–External view. Valve views depicting characteristics of the central narrow sternum, striae, and apical pore fields. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle, with areolae slit-like. 36–37. Apical pore fields. Broken spines suggesting initially hollow then becoming a solid structure. LM scale bar 10 μm, in SEM the scale bars are identified in the images. Figure 21* indicates the holotype specimen." captionText-1="FIGURES 39–44. SEM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 39–41. Girdle view of a complete frustule showing wider valvocopulae still attached to both valves. 42. Union of two valves by spines and formation of colonies. 43. Spines detail showing solid spines and an apically elongated structure with a lamina that becomes spatulate with two prominences in shape at the top. 44. View of the spine’s junction of copula, spines terminating near or over the neighboring valve areolae. Scale bars are identified in the SEM images." captionText-2="FIGURES 45–50. SEM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 45–50. Internal view. 47. Virgae doubly flared, internally, axial area and virgae are raised leaving the striae in depressions. 48–50. Volae branched and originated from the sides of the areolae projected towards the valve interior. Scale bars are identified in the SEM images." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415967" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415969" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415971" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5415967/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5415969/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5415971/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Figs 35–50</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED0186FBF1FA33FA3B" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="description">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED0186FBF1FB15FA1E" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Frustules rectangular in girdle view, joined by interlocking spines. Valves elliptical, most frequently isopolar to rarely slightly heteropolar with rounded apices. Axial area narrowly lanceolate giving sometimes the impression of having a zig-zag shape. Virgae doubly flared, internally, axial area and virgae are raised leaving the striae in depressions. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle. Volae branched and originated from the sides of the areolae projected towards the valve interior. Solid and thin spines, and there are one per costae it originating from one point on each virgae at the valve face-mantle junction, initially hollow then becoming an apically elongated structure with a lamina that becomes spatulate with two prominences in shape at the top. Apical pore fields located on the valve mantle, reaching the valve face-mantle junction at the polar nodules and isolated from neighboring striae, usually equally developed on both valve poles composed of round poroids. Girdle elements variable in number, open, lacking pores, ligulated, and with valvocopula being larger.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED01B3FA59FA33FA3B" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" box="[189,1430,1436,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED01B3FA59FE11FA3A" bold="true" box="[189,436,1436,1462]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Dimensions (n&gt;100):</emphasis>
—Length 6–10 µm; width 3.0–4.5 µm; 8–11 striae per 10 µm; mantle depth 2.5–3.5 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED01B3FA05FA9CFA72" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED01B3FA05FA9CFA72" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED01B3FA05FEA4FA56" bold="true" box="[189,257,1472,1498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Type:</emphasis>
—
<materialsCitation id="B0913541FFF8FFED0011FA05FA90FA72" collectingDate="2019-08" collectionCode="BR" collectorName="N. C. Osorio" country="Brazil" latitude="-22.724216" location="Garcas Lagoon, Upper Parana River Floodplain" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-53.217934" municipality="Porto Rico" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Parana" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="78EE7F8CFFF8FFED0011FA05FE22FA56" box="[287,391,1472,1498]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="C23DF1FEFFF8FFED0097FA05FE4FFA56" box="[409,490,1472,1498]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Paraná</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingMunicipality id="E022A566FFF8FFED00F3FA04FD24FA56" box="[509,641,1472,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Porto Rico</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="052669C7FFF8FFED039BFA05FB7EFA56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88508E0AFFF8FFEF0186FBD5FC0FF84D:052669C7FFF8FFED039BFA05FB7EFA56" box="[661,1243,1472,1499]" country="Brazil" latitude="-22.724216" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-53.217934" municipality="Porto Rico" name="Garcas Lagoon, Upper Parana River Floodplain" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" stateProvince="Parana">Garças Lagoon, Upper Paraná River Floodplain</location>
, lake, epiphyton,
<geoCoordinate id="65CD59DBFFF8FFED0186FA21FE97FA72" box="[136,306,1508,1534]" degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" precision="1" seconds="27.18" value="-22.724216">22°43’27.18”S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="65CD59DBFFF8FFED0030FA21FE47FA73" box="[318,482,1508,1535]" degrees="53" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" precision="1" seconds="4.56" value="-53.217934">53°13’4.56”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="744719DCFFF8FFED00E2FA21FDDAFA72" box="[492,639,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" value="2019-08">
<collectingDate id="6403E034FFF8FFED00E2FA21FDDAFA72" box="[492,639,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" value="2019-08">August 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0384FA21FCB7FA72" box="[650,786,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<collectorName id="AD0C5ACAFFF8FFED0384FA21FCB7FA72" box="[650,786,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">N.C. Osório</collectorName>
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="DF4281BEFFF8FFED022FFA21FC2CFA72" box="[801,905,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="66E8A7D9FFF8FFED029DFA21FC1BFA72" box="[915,958,1508,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">BR</collectionCode>
! 4609, here illustrated in
<figureCitation id="98C22399FFF8FFED05D4FA21FA89FA72" box="[1242,1324,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–38" captionStartId="2.[136,243,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,390,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-133@2.[189,1399,389,1797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 2–38. LM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 2–34. LM. 2–9, 13–34. Valve view. 10–12. Girdle view. 35– 38. SEM–External view. Valve views depicting characteristics of the central narrow sternum, striae, and apical pore fields. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle, with areolae slit-like. 36–37. Apical pore fields. Broken spines suggesting initially hollow then becoming a solid structure. LM scale bar 10 μm, in SEM the scale bars are identified in the images. Figure 21* indicates the holotype specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5415967/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED01B3F9CDFB9BF9CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED01B3F9CDFB9BF9CA" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED01B3F9CDFEEDF9AE" bold="true" box="[189,328,1544,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Etymology:</emphasis>
—This species is named in honor of the Brazilian state where it was discovered. It comes from the Tupy–Guarani native language referring the river “as large as the sea” (i.e.
<collectingRegion id="C23DF1FEFFF8FFED02DFF9E9FBA2F9CA" box="[977,1031,1580,1606]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Pará</collectingRegion>
+nã).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFF8FFED01B3F995FC07F796" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF8FFED01B3F995FC07F796" blockId="4.[136,1452,1040,2075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED01B3F995FE11F9E6" bold="true" box="[189,436,1616,1642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Taxonomic remarks:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED00DEF995FD55F9E6" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[464,752,1616,1642]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED00DEF995FD55F9E6" box="[464,752,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show similarities with the species listed in the
<tableCitation id="4D7B0AA7FFF8FFED05F8F995FAEDF9E6" box="[1270,1352,1616,1642]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[129,217,507,533]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphological features of Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. and similar species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Smaller individuals of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0021F9B1FE73F902" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[303,470,1652,1678]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0021F9B1FE73F902" box="[303,470,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble in LM the smaller specimens of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED02C9F9B1FEBEF93E" authority="(Heribaud) E. Morales &amp; Manoylov" authorityName="E. Morales &amp; Manoylov" baseAuthorityName="Heribaud" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="martyi">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED02C9F9B1FB0FF902" box="[967,1194,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella martyi</emphasis>
(Héribaud) E.Morales &amp; Manoylov
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0026F95DFC00F93E" authority="(E. Morales) E. Morales &amp; Manoylov" authorityName="E. Morales &amp; Manoylov" baseAuthorityName="E. Morales" box="[296,933,1688,1715]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0026F95DFE5AF93E" box="[296,511,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella ovata</emphasis>
(E.Morales) E.Morales &amp; Manoylov
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED02D1F95DFE2BF95B" authority="(Grunow) E. Morales &amp; Manoylov. However" authorityName="E. Morales &amp; Manoylov. However" baseAuthorityName="Grunow" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED02D1F95DFB1DF93E" box="[991,1208,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella dubia</emphasis>
(Grunow) E.Morales &amp; Manoylov. However
</taxonomicName>
, differences in valve outline are clearly visible among them. In addition, other characteristics clearly distinguish them in SEM, and may highlight as more evident the absence of spines in
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED05BFF925FAB2F976" box="[1201,1303,1760,1786]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="martyi">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED05BFF925FAB2F976" box="[1201,1303,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. martyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED045EF925FA0EF976" box="[1360,1451,1760,1786]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED045EF925FA0EF976" box="[1360,1451,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and solid spines with two per costae in
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0342F8C1FD0CF892" box="[588,681,1796,1822]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0342F8C1FD0CF892" box="[588,681,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED03F1F8C1FC00F892" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[767,933,1796,1822]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED03F1F8C1FC00F892" box="[767,933,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have only one spine per costae.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0415F8C1FEB4F8CE" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0415F8C1FEB4F8CE" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also share characters with the small individuals of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0277F8EDFED9F8EB" authority="E. Morales, C. E. Wetzel, E. Y. Haworth &amp; Ector" authorityName="E. Morales, C. E. Wetzel, E. Y. Haworth &amp; Ector" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="neopinnata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0277F8EDFB36F8CE" box="[889,1171,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella neopinnata</emphasis>
E.Morales, C.E.Wetzel, E.Y.Haworth &amp; Ector
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF8FFED0084F889FD32F8EA" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Wetzel, C. E. &amp; Haworth, E. Y. &amp; Ector, L." box="[394,663,1868,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" pagination="75 - 87" refId="ref6407" refString="Morales, E. A., Wetzel, C. E., Haworth, E. Y. &amp; Ector, L. (2019) Ending a 175 - year taxonomic uncertainty: Description of Staurosirella neopinnata sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) to accommodate Fragilaria pinnata, a highly misconstrued taxon with a purported worldwide distribution. Phytotaxa 402 (2): 75 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 402.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
Morales
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED00E1F888FD8DF8EA" box="[495,552,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
2019: 82
</bibRefCitation>
). These two species have differences mainly in relation to spines, size and girdle bands.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED005AF8B5FDCEF806" box="[340,619,1904,1930]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="neopinnata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED005AF8B5FDCEF806" box="[340,619,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella neopinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents spines originating from two (rarely three) points on each virgae and valves larger than
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED0089F851FD88F822" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[391,557,1940,1966]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0089F851FD88F822" box="[391,557,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with an array of different girdle bands. Although they are of distinct genus and share unique taxonomic characters of each genus,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED03D8F87DFCDAF85E" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[726,895,1976,2002]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED03D8F87DFCDAF85E" box="[726,895,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears a resemblance to
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED0591F87DFA0EF85E" box="[1183,1451,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosira kjotsunarum</emphasis>
E.Morales, Novais &amp; Ector when viewed in LM.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF8FFED03A7F819FC6DF87A" authorityName="N. C. Osorio, Ector, L. Rodrigues, C. E. Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[681,968,2012,2038]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED03A7F819FC6DF87A" box="[681,968,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has slit-like areolae and wide valvocopulae while these characteristics are not observed in
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF8FFED039CF7C5FC07F796" box="[658,930,2048,2074]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="167">Staurosira kjotsunarum.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" ID-Table-UUID="54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" box="[129,1114,507,533]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/54866F94FFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" startId="5.[129,217,507,533]" targetBox="[137,2051,558,1744]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF9FFEC018FFE3EFBFFFD99" blockId="5.[129,1114,507,533]" box="[129,1114,507,533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC018FFE3EFF51FD99" bold="true" box="[129,244,507,533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphological features of
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC0316FE3EFC27FD99" box="[536,898,507,533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC0316FE3EFC8FFD99" authority="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel, 2021" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[536,810,507,533]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis" status="sp. nov.">Staurosirella paranaensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BE5E75FFF9FFEC023FFE3EFC27FD99" box="[817,898,507,533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and similar species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFF9FFEC004BFDEBF893F932" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<table id="72F9CDBCFFF900160187FDEBF7A6F95C" box="[137,2051,558,1744]" gridcols="7" gridrows="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FDEBF7A6FDC8" box="[137,2051,558,580]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="FD185422FFF90016004BFDEBFDEDFDC8" box="[325,584,558,580]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC004BFDEBFD82FDCF" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[325,551,558,579]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC004BFDEBFD82FDCF" bold="true" box="[325,551,558,579]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF90016036AFDEBFCD5FDC8" box="[612,880,558,580]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC036AFDEAFCADFDC8" box="[612,776,559,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC036AFDEAFCADFDC8" box="[612,776,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF90016028DFDEBFB2BFDC8" box="[899,1166,558,580]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC028DFDEAFBE8FDC8" box="[899,1101,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosira kjotsunarum</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FDEBFA0DFDC8" box="[1193,1448,558,580]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC05A7FDEAFAF1FDC8" box="[1193,1364,559,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="martyi">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC05A7FDEAFAF1FDC8" box="[1193,1364,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella martyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFDEBF944FDC8" box="[1477,1761,558,580]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC04CBFDEAF93DFDC8" box="[1477,1688,559,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="neopinnata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC04CBFDEAF93DFDC8" box="[1477,1688,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella neopinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFDEBF7A6FDC8" box="[1780,2051,558,580]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFF9FFEC07FAFDEAF833FDC8" box="[1780,1942,559,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC07FAFDEAF833FDC8" box="[1780,1942,559,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Staurosirella ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FDA3F7A6FDF7" box="[137,2051,614,635]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FDA3FE84FDF7" box="[137,289,614,635]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Reference</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFDA3FDEDFDF7" box="[325,584,614,635]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">This study</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFDA3FCD5FDF7" box="[612,880,614,635]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC036AFDA3FCFEFDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M." box="[612,859,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="343 - 364" refId="ref5948" refString="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M. (2006) Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. Diatom Research 21 (2): 343 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2006.9705674" type="journal article" year="2006">Morales &amp; Manoylov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFDA3FB2BFDF7" box="[899,1166,614,635]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC028DFDA3FB92FDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Novais, M. H. &amp; Chavez, G. &amp; Hoffmann, L. &amp; Ector, L." box="[899,1079,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref6160" refString="Morales, E. A., Novais, M. H., Chavez, G., Hoffmann, L. &amp; Ector, L. (2012) Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from the Bolivian Altiplano: three new araphid species from the Desaguadero River draining Lake Titicaca. Fottea 12 (1): 41 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5507 / fot. 2012.004" type="journal article" year="2012">
Morales
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC02C0FDA3FC51FDF7" box="[974,1012,614,635]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FDA3FA0DFDF7" box="[1193,1448,614,635]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC05A7FDA3FA05FDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M." box="[1193,1440,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="343 - 364" refId="ref5948" refString="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M. (2006) Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. Diatom Research 21 (2): 343 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2006.9705674" type="journal article" year="2006">Morales &amp; Manoylov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFDA3F944FDF7" box="[1477,1761,614,635]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC04CBFDA3F9DCFDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Wetzel, C. E. &amp; Haworth, E. Y. &amp; Ector, L." box="[1477,1657,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="75 - 87" refId="ref6407" refString="Morales, E. A., Wetzel, C. E., Haworth, E. Y. &amp; Ector, L. (2019) Ending a 175 - year taxonomic uncertainty: Description of Staurosirella neopinnata sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) to accommodate Fragilaria pinnata, a highly misconstrued taxon with a purported worldwide distribution. Phytotaxa 402 (2): 75 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 402.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
Morales
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFF9FFEC071EFDA3F993FDF7" box="[1552,1590,614,635]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFDA3F7A6FDF7" box="[1780,2051,614,635]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFF9FFEC07FAFDA3F84EFDF7" author="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M." box="[1780,2027,614,635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="168" pagination="343 - 364" refId="ref5948" refString="Morales, E. A. &amp; Manoylov, K. M. (2006) Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. Diatom Research 21 (2): 343 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2006.9705674" type="journal article" year="2006">Morales &amp; Manoylov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FD64F7A6FD56" box="[137,2051,673,730]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FD64FE84FD56" box="[137,289,673,730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Valve shape</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFD64FDEDFD56" box="[325,584,673,730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">elliptical</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFD64FCD5FD56" box="[612,880,673,730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">lanceolate</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFD64FB2BFD56" box="[899,1166,673,730]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">isopolar, elliptical with broadly rounded ends</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FD64FA0DFD56" box="[1193,1448,673,730]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">ovoid</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFD64F944FD56" box="[1477,1761,673,730]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">elliptical</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFD64F7A6FD56" box="[1780,2051,673,730]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">ovoid</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FCC5F7A6FC64" box="[137,2051,768,1000]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FCC5FE84FC64" box="[137,289,768,1000]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Apices Sternum Length (μm) Width (μm) Striae in 10 μm</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFCC5FDEDFC64" box="[325,584,768,1000]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">rounded apices narrowly lanceolate 6–10 3–4.5 8–11</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFCC5FCD5FC64" box="[612,880,768,1000]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">acutely rounded apices broad and central 6–8 3.5–4.5 6.5–10</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFCC5FB2BFC64" box="[899,1166,768,1000]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">broadly rounded linear to narrowly lanceolate 5–7 4 14–16</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FCC5FA0DFC64" box="[1193,1448,768,1000]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">broadly rounded lanceolate and central 7.5–28 5–9 5–10</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFCC5F944FC64" box="[1477,1761,768,1000]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">rounded apices narrowly lanceolate 4–25 4–4.7 8.0–9.5</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFCC5F7A6FC64" box="[1780,2051,768,1000]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">broadly rounded narrow, linear to lanceolate 6.5–38 3.5–7 6–9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FBD5F7A6FBC5" box="[137,2051,1040,1097]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FBD5FE84FBC5" box="[137,289,1040,1097]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Striae</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFBD5FDEDFBC5" box="[325,584,1040,1097]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFBD5FCD5FBC5" box="[612,880,1040,1097]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFBD5FB2BFBC5" box="[899,1166,1040,1097]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FBD5FA0DFBC5" box="[1193,1448,1040,1097]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFBD5F944FBC5" box="[1477,1761,1040,1097]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFBD5F7A6FBC5" box="[1780,2051,1040,1097]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">parallel to slightly radial toward the poles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FBB7F7A6FB0B" box="[137,2051,1138,1159]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FBB7FE84FB0B" box="[137,289,1138,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Areolae</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFBB7FDEDFB0B" box="[325,584,1138,1159]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFBB7FCD5FB0B" box="[612,880,1138,1159]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFBB7FB2BFB0B" box="[899,1166,1138,1159]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">elliptical</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FBB7FA0DFB0B" box="[1193,1448,1138,1159]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFBB7F944FB0B" box="[1477,1761,1138,1159]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFBB7F7A6FB0B" box="[1780,2051,1138,1159]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">slit-like</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FB69F7A6FA85" box="[137,2051,1196,1289]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FB69FE84FA85" box="[137,289,1196,1289]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Volae</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFB69FDEDFA85" box="[325,584,1196,1289]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">branched and originated from the sides of the areolae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFB69FCD5FA85" box="[612,880,1196,1289]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">difficult to see</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFB69FB2BFA85" box="[899,1166,1196,1289]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">finely branched and growing from the longer side of the areolar inner periphery</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FB69FA0DFA85" box="[1193,1448,1196,1289]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">bear branched</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFB69F944FA85" box="[1477,1761,1196,1289]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">small and projected towards the valve interior</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFB69F7A6FA85" box="[1780,2051,1196,1289]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">bear branched</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FAFDF7A6FA35" box="[137,2051,1336,1465]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FAFDFE84FA35" box="[137,289,1336,1465]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Apical pore fields</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFAFDFDEDFA35" box="[325,584,1336,1465]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present, developed on both valve poles, composed of round poroids, each externally surrounded by whitish rim</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFAFDFCD5FA35" box="[612,880,1336,1465]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">well-developed and located on both valve apices, composed of several rows of round poroids</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFAFDFB2BFA35" box="[899,1166,1336,1465]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present and composed of round poroids, each externally surrounded by whitish rim</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FAFDFA0DFA35" box="[1193,1448,1336,1465]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present only at the foot pole and they are composed of several rows of round poroids</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFAFDF944FA35" box="[1477,1761,1336,1465]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present, equally developed on both valve poles and less prominent in smaller valves</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFAFDF7A6FA35" box="[1780,2051,1336,1465]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">present at both apices, but more developed at the foot pole</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187FA2DF7A6F9C9" box="[137,2051,1512,1605]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187FA2DFE84F9C9" box="[137,289,1512,1605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Spines</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BFA2DFDEDF9C9" box="[325,584,1512,1605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">solid, thin, spatulate; one per costae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AFA2DFCD5F9C9" box="[612,880,1512,1605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">solid and there are two per costae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DFA2DFB2BF9C9" box="[899,1166,1512,1605]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">solid, thin, spatulate and there are one per costae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7FA2DFA0DF9C9" box="[1193,1448,1512,1605]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">absent</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBFA2DF944F9C9" box="[1477,1761,1512,1605]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">solid, spatulate, originating from two (rarely three) points on each virgae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAFA2DF7A6F9C9" box="[1780,2051,1512,1605]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEC93D5EFFF900160187F9B6F7A6F95C" box="[137,2051,1651,1744]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">
<th id="FD185422FFF900160187F9B6FE84F95C" box="[137,289,1651,1744]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">Girdle bands</th>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016004BF9B6FDEDF95C" box="[325,584,1651,1744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">open, lacking pores, with a broad valvocopula and composed of several copulae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016036AF9B6FCD5F95C" box="[612,880,1651,1744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">formed by several closed copulae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF90016028DF9B6FB2BF95C" box="[899,1166,1651,1744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">open, without perforations</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001605A7F9B6FA0DF95C" box="[1193,1448,1651,1744]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">with a broad valvocopula and narrower closed copulae</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001604CBF9B6F944F95C" box="[1477,1761,1651,1744]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">open, lacking pores, ligulated, with valvocopula being much larger</td>
<td id="FD185422FFF9001607FAF9B6F7A6F95C" box="[1780,2051,1651,1744]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="168">composed of several closed copulae</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="54866F94FFFAFFEF0186FAAEFC31FA45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415971" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5415971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5415971/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" startId="6.[136,243,1387,1409]" targetBox="[189,1399,191,1362]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFFAFFEF0186FAAEFC31FA45" blockId="6.[136,1452,1387,1481]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0186FAAEFE9FFA0C" bold="true" box="[136,314,1387,1409]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">FIGURES 45–50.</emphasis>
SEM.
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0073FAAEFD66FA0D" box="[381,707,1387,1409]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0073FAAEFDD1FA0D" authority="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel, 2021" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[381,628,1387,1409]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis" status="sp. nov.">Staurosirella paranaensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BE5E75FFFAFFEF0374FAA9FD66FA0D" box="[634,707,1388,1409]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from type material. 45–50. Internal view. 47. Virgae doubly flared, internally, axial area and virgae are raised leaving the striae in depressions. 48–50. Volae branched and originated from the sides of the areolae projected towards the valve interior. Scale bars are identified in the SEM images.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="48E36C97FFFAFFEF01B3FA32FC0FF84D" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="00463F1CFFFAFFEF01B3FA32FC0FF84D" blockId="6.[136,1458,1527,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF01B3FA32FDDCF99D" bold="true" box="[189,633,1527,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Ecology and associated diatom flora:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF039BFA32FC13F99D" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[661,950,1527,1553]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF039BFA32FC13F99D" box="[661,950,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in a mesotrophic lake, located in the Upper
<collectingRegion id="C23DF1FEFFFAFFEF000EF9DEFEE9F9B9" box="[256,332,1563,1589]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Paraná</collectingRegion>
River floodplain. The environment is characterized by a neutral pH: 6.9 ± 0.06, temperature: 26ºC ± 0.44, dissolved oxygen:
<quantity id="C70192F9FFFAFFEF00BEF9FAFDA9F9D6" box="[432,524,1599,1626]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.29" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="mg" value="6.29">6.29 mg</quantity>
L-
<superScript id="F78C9254FFFAFFEF0324F9FAFD94F9C1" attach="right" box="[554,561,1599,1613]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">1</superScript>
± 0.17, Secchi:
<quantity id="C70192F9FFFAFFEF03EBF9FAFCB5F9D6" box="[741,784,1599,1626]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
± 0.07, water depth:
<quantity id="C70192F9FFFAFFEF02F0F9FAFBC2F9D6" box="[1022,1127,1599,1626]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.977" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" unit="cm" value="297.7">297.7 cm</quantity>
± 10.7 and median values of nutrients with total nitrogen: 568
<superScript id="F78C9254FFFAFFEF00FAF9A1FDBAF9FD" attach="left" box="[500,543,1635,1662]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">µg-1</superScript>
± 29.7 and total phosphorus: 39
<superScript id="F78C9254FFFAFFEF0271F9A1FC0FF9FD" attach="left" box="[895,938,1635,1662]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">µg-1</superScript>
± 4.25, characterizing mesotrophic conditions.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0186F942FE0DF92D" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[136,424,1671,1697]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0186F942FE0DF92D" box="[136,424,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Staurosirella paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common species found in epiphytic samples in this floodplain. Both in LM and in SEM we found this species free and also forming colonies with the valves adjoined by spines. We observe chains of up to 4 individuals (after treatment, no live material was observed for this study). The most common species founded in the samples were (by order of relative abundance):
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF03C6F936FA87F882" authority="(Grunow) Simonsen (1979: 56)" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1979" baseAuthorityName="Grunow" box="[712,1314,1779,1806]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Aulacoseiraceae" genus="Aulacoseira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Aulacoseirales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="ambigua">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF03C6F936FC1DF881" box="[712,952,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Aulacoseira ambigua</emphasis>
(Grunow)
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF053AF936FA87F882" author="Simonsen, R." box="[1076,1314,1779,1806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="9 - 71" refId="ref7369" refString="Simonsen, R. (1979) The diatom system: ideas on phylogeny. Bacillaria 2: 9 - 71." type="journal article" year="1979">Simonsen (1979: 56)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0423F936FCAEF8BD" authority="(Cleve &amp; Grunow) Houk &amp; Klee (2004: 208)" authorityName="Houk &amp; Klee" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="2004" baseAuthorityName="Cleve &amp; Grunow" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Stephanodiscaceae" genus="Discostella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Thalassiosirales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="stelligera">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0423F936FF57F8BD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Discostella stelligera</emphasis>
(Cleve &amp; Grunow)
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF00D3F8D2FCAEF8BD" author="Houk, V. &amp; Klee, R." box="[477,779,1815,1841]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="203 - 228" refId="ref5056" refString="Houk, V. &amp; Klee, R. (2004) The stelligeroid taxa of the genus Cyclotella (Kutzing) Brebisson (Bacillariophyceae) and their transfer into the new genus Discostella gen. nov. Diatom Research 19 (2): 203 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2004.9705871" type="journal article" year="2004">Houk &amp; Klee (2004: 208)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0217F8D2FB50F8BE" authority="W. Smith (1853: 57)" authorityName="W. Smith" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1853" box="[793,1269,1815,1842]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Pinnulariaceae" genus="Pinnularia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="divergens">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0217F8D2FBADF8BD" box="[793,1032,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Pinnularia divergens</emphasis>
W.
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF053EF8D2FB50F8BE" author="Smith, W." box="[1072,1269,1815,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref7391" refString="Smith, W. (1853) A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, function and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. The plates by Tuffen West. In two volumes. Vol. 1. pp. [i] - xxxiii, 1 - 89, pls I - XXXI. [London, John van Voorst, Paternoster Row] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10706" type="journal article" year="1853">Smith (1853: 57)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF043EF8D2FC3AF8D9" authority="(Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin) Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin" authorityName="Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin" baseAuthorityName="Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Sellaphoraceae" genus="Sellaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="densistriata">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF043EF8D2FEA9F8D9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Sellaphora densistriata</emphasis>
(Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin) Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF02CDF8FEFAD9F8DA" author="Metzeltin, D. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H." box="[963,1404,1851,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 286" refId="ref5750" refString="Metzeltin, D. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. (2003) Diatoms from the &quot; Island Continent &quot; Madagascar. Iconographia Diatomologica 11: 1 - 286." type="journal article" year="2003">Metzeltin &amp; Lange-Bertalot (2003: 58)</bibRefCitation>
. We also observed a negative relationship with two other common species:
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF02A0F89AFECFF812" authority="Marquardt, C. E. Wetzel &amp; Ector" authorityName="Marquardt, C. E. Wetzel &amp; Ector" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Achnanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="tropicocatenatum">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF02A0F89AFA83F8F5" box="[942,1318,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Achnanthidium tropicocatenatum</emphasis>
Marquardt, C.E.Wetzel &amp; Ector
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF0081F846FD44F811" author="Marquardt, G. C. &amp; Costa, L. F. &amp; Bicudo, D. C. &amp; Bicudo, C. E. M. &amp; Blanco, S. &amp; Wetzel, C. E. &amp; Ector, L." box="[399,737,1923,1949]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="313 - 330" refId="ref5583" refString="Marquardt, G. C., Costa, L. F., Bicudo, D. C., Bicudo, C. E. M., Blanco, S., Wetzel, C. E. &amp; Ector, L. (2017 b) Type analysis of Achnanthidium minutissimum and A. catenatum and description of A. tropicocatenatum sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), a common species in Brazilian reservoirs. Plant Ecology and Evolution 150 (3): 313 - 330. https: // doi. org / 10.5091 / plecevo. 2017.1325" type="journal article" year="2017">
Marquardt
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0303F841FDE3F811" box="[525,582,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
(2017b: 318)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF0217F846FAB1F812" authority="Ehrenberg (1843: 416)" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="416" authorityYear="1843" box="[793,1300,1923,1950]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Pinnulariaceae" genus="Gomphonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="subtile">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF0217F846FBACF811" box="[793,1033,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">Gomphonema subtile</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="646842EDFFFAFFEF051FF846FAB1F812" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[1041,1300,1923,1950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" pagination="291 - 445" refId="ref4962" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1843) Verbreitung und Einfluss des mikroskopischen Lebens in Sud- und Nord-Amerika. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1841: 291 - 445." type="journal article" year="1843">Ehrenberg (1843: 416)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; both species decrease in abundance when
<taxonomicName id="C7F9449FFFFAFFEF00C1F86DFDD1F84D" authorityName="Osório &amp; Ector &amp; Rodrigues &amp; Wetzel" authorityYear="2021" box="[463,628,1960,1986]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="169" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="paranaensis">
<emphasis id="328DE30EFFFAFFEF00C1F86DFDD1F84D" box="[463,628,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="169">S. paranaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present in the epiphyton.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>