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<document id="5343962CE112D758FF2BF6BB11F7C204" ID-DOI="10.2110/palo.2009.p09-056r" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8eb471f-471a-4b29-8a58-ef3da4eb2c87" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942885" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.treatments_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1592905825948" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Joseph E. Peterson, Michael D. Henderson, Reed P. Scherer & Christopher P. Vittore" docDate="2009" docId="03F987D85A3EFFFBD9E6FC051AF4FC10" docLanguage="en" docName="Petersonetal2009.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Palaios 24" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="783" masterDocId="FFC0FFA05A3EFFF8D97CF9081F50FFEB" masterDocTitle="Face biting on a juvenile tyrannosaurid and behavioral implications" masterLastPageNumber="784" masterPageNumber="780" pageNumber="780" updateTime="1734362553350" updateUser="jeremy">
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<mods:title id="D7848B0E76773B80D26E932D26450279">Face biting on a juvenile tyrannosaurid and behavioral implications</mods:title>
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<document id="D60D6255D2F70908D988EB45A8E55192" ID-DOI="10.2110/palo.2009.p09-056r" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8eb471f-471a-4b29-8a58-ef3da4eb2c87" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942885" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1592905825948" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Joseph E. Peterson, Michael D. Henderson, Reed P. Scherer & Christopher P. Vittore" docDate="2009" docId="03F987D85A3EFFFBD9E6FC051AF4FC10" docLanguage="en" docName="Petersonetal2009.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Palaios 24" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="783" masterDocId="FFC0FFA05A3EFFF8D97CF9081F50FFEB" masterDocTitle="Face biting on a juvenile tyrannosaurid and behavioral implications" masterLastPageNumber="784" masterPageNumber="780" pageNumber="780" updateTime="1736513676254" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="7261335D5D1DD8F95F9CB863930F68CB">Face biting on a juvenile tyrannosaurid and behavioral implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F9C8916A0BF465A679F5FCF1EFBC0A0C">Joseph E. Peterson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2B9C4F6443E7DA248DAC1B3E1A05542D">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, 60115, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F3F2680F2C1E0448FAC40AD9F075CED2">Joseph E. Peterson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1434AB4F598F2F06C36B8DAB12AB8B25">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, 60115, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0CC3E03AEC8E1A33D38269AD64AAC19C" type="email">joe-peterson@niu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="64D707E43B886B7A29EF36EDB4916214">Michael D. Henderson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2861D663A22FFC62D112055F08F66526">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, 60115, USA, Burpee Museum of Natural History, 737 North Main Street, Rockford, Illinois, 61103, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4FACE4340BCD12576FAA37891EC0609B">Michael D. Henderson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="32F3E65C9F1B3815D491D4B4820751A1">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, 60115, USA, Burpee Museum of Natural History, 737 North Main Street, Rockford, Illinois, 61103, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="47795FBC6B855222A55B2BCEA1B6F3C7">Reed P. Scherer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EE486D5AD8E4CE7BA35F5D2C465CA284">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, 60115, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="00B84526096118C2397D355A37FD7608">Reed P. Scherer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="042F1494B0DD26E313E0C8999708D0C7">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, 60115, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9AE0F61FA90E1E98358CA0DD413933D6">Christopher P. Vittore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3BA0AE924F88643AB7D5F7187D38A328">Department of Radiology, Rockford Memorial Hospital, 2400 N. Rockton Ave. Rockford, Illinois, 61103, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CA10FE3430B4017FFC0BBEF10FF4496D">Christopher P. Vittore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E52489EC09C79BD4075410E8195BD9B7">Department of Radiology, Rockford Memorial Hospital, 2400 N. Rockton Ave. Rockford, Illinois, 61103, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="C08D198283A73517D6BB163F30F03074">Palaios</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="ECCC8E0FE1E4486CD274475854194092">Palaios</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DFFE9B5B221891FF062570AADDAFD171">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:date id="7A2016FCD84AFE819C767CA36C883466">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="3A67C88CF12FF6B505A3989B076C1CE1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4610E77B6F8E4673C78192BF868EE652" type="DOI">10.2110/palo.2009.p09-056r</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="094247D069A41DF4C8F658A4151DF614" type="Zenodo-Dep">3942885</mods:identifier>
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<mods:classification id="5334897589F94DBD670B42873A1FC4CC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F987D85A3EFFFBD9E6FC051AF4FC10" ID-GBIF-Taxon="165074850" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F987D85A3EFFFBD9E6FC051AF4FC10" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987D85A3EFFFBD9E6FC051AF4FC10" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="783" pageId="0" pageNumber="780">
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<subSubSection id="C34A65455A3EFFF8D9E6FC051BC9FAF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="780" type="description">
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@ -109,23 +109,20 @@ excavation site (
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<heading id="D0A781A25A3EFFF8DD50FD371B96FBBE" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1068,1222,1087,1109]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="780" reason="0">DESCRIPTION</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEF36CE5A3EFFF8DA34FD791BC9FAF8" blockId="0.[818,1473,1136,1357]" pageId="0" pageNumber="780">
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<heading id="D0A781A25A3EFFF8DA34FD791A90FB30" bold="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="780" reason="0">
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<materialsCitation id="3B383C935A3EFFF8DA34FD791CB0FB6D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813097301" box="[840,992,1136,1158]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="0" pageNumber="780" specimenCode="BMP P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
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consists of 145 bones of a small tyrannosaurid, approximately seven meters in length. Based on histological characters, degree of skeletal fusion, and thin-walled bone structure,
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<materialsCitation id="3B383C935A3EFFF8DCF0FDA11CDBFB30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813097308" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="0" pageNumber="780" specimenCode="BMP P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
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is considered a late juvenile animal rather than a subadult
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</heading>
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since it had not yet reached a phase of rapid growth (
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is considered a late juvenile animal rather than a subadult since it had not yet reached a phase of rapid growth (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3EFFF8DC4CFDE91C30FAF8" author="ERICKSON, G. M. & CURRIE, P. J. & INOUYE, B. D. & WINN, A. A." journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="780" pagination="213 - 217" part="313" refId="ref3576" refString="ERICKSON, G. M., CURRIE, P. J., INOUYE, B. D., and WINN, A. A., 2006, Tyrannosaur life tables: An example of nonavian dinosaur population biology: Science, v. 313, p. 213 - 217." title="Tyrannosaur life tables: An example of nonavian dinosaur population biology" type="journal article" year="2006">Erickson et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
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||||
;
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3EFFF8DA16FDF51BDEFAF8" author="HENDERSON, M. D. & HARRISON, W. H." box="[874,1166,1277,1299]" editor="Larson, P. & Carpenter, K." journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington" pageId="0" pageNumber="780" pagination="82 - 90" refId="ref3912" refString="HENDERSON, M. D., and HARRISON, W. H., 2008, Taphonomy and environment of deposition of juvenile tyrannosaurid skeleton from the Hell Creek Formation (latest Maastrichtian) of southeastern Montana, in: Larson, P., and Carpenter, K., eds., Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King: Indiana University Press, Bloomington, p. 82 - 90" title="Taphonomy and environment of deposition of juvenile tyrannosaurid skeleton from the Hell Creek Formation (latest Maastrichtian) of southeastern Montana" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King" year="2008">Henderson and Harrison, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BEF36CE5A3EFFF9DA34FC121C2BF905" blockId="0.[818,1473,1136,1357]" lastBlockId="1.[845,1500,1667,2002]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="781" pageId="0" pageNumber="780">
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<subSubSection id="C34A65455A3EFFF9DA34FC121C7DF839" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="781" pageId="0" pageNumber="780" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEF36CE5A3EFFF9DA34FC121C7DF839" blockId="0.[818,1473,1136,1357]" lastBlockId="1.[159,814,1667,2002]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="781" pageId="0" pageNumber="780">
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The skeleton was partially articulated when discovered, and consists of a nearly complete and well-preserved skull, found disarticulated above the animal’s hips, and a large portion of the postcranial skeleton. The depositional setting indicates rapid burial of the skeleton, and there is no evidence for predation or extensive scavenging. Cranial characters closely resemble those of another late Maastrichtian specimen (CMNH 7541 [Cleveland Museum of Natural History]), which has been interpreted as belonging to either a juvenile
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<taxonomicName id="4C504D4D5A3FFFF9DB3EFE1A1DBEF8CC" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[578,750,1810,1831]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="781" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<taxonomicName id="4C504D4D5A3FFFF9DB3EFE1A1DBEF8CC" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[578,750,1810,1831]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="781" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="B924EADC5A3FFFF9DB3EFE1A1DBEF8CC" box="[578,750,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="781">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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@ -133,7 +130,7 @@ The skeleton was partially articulated when discovered, and consists of a nearly
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3FFFF9D9A5FE261E8AF8AF" author="CARR, T. D. & WILLIAMSON, T. E." box="[217,474,1838,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="1" pageNumber="781" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref3341" refString="CARR, T. D., and WILLIAMSON, T. E., 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 142, p. 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="book chapter" year="2004">Carr and Williamson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or a separate taxon,
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<taxonomicName id="4C504D4D5A3FFFF9DBD3FE271FBEF8B4" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="781" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D4D5A3FFFF9DBD3FE271FBEF8B4" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="781" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
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<emphasis id="B924EADC5A3FFFF9DBD3FE271FBEF8B4" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="781">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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@ -147,9 +144,8 @@ The skeleton was partially articulated when discovered, and consists of a nearly
|
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="136B2A4B5A3FFFF9D9DAFE971F8EF85E" box="[166,222,1951,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[159,229,1561,1578]" captionTargetBox="[162,1494,181,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[162,1495,181,1542]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2—Lesions present on the face of BMR P2002.4.1. A) An index drawing of the lesions (1–4). B) The four lesions on the left maxilla and nasal of BMR P2002.4.1. C) A dorsal view of the anterior nasal, showing asymmetry as a result of the puncture on the left side. D) The first puncture (arrow = lesion 1) located on the articular surface of the anterior nasal and left maxilla. E–F) The three lesions on the left maxilla of BMR P2002.4.1 with a close-up of lesion 4 (F). Scale bars: A–B = 10 cm; C–E = 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942889/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="781">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A–B). The lesions are lenticular shaped, rostrocaudally long, and fully penetrate the left nasal and maxilla, which is 6 mm thick near the
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</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C34A65455A3FFFF9DA31FF8C1C2BF905" pageId="1" pageNumber="781" type="description">puncture marks. Several of the preserved lesions display bone repair (cicatrisation), indicating that the animal survived these injuries to its skull. There is no osteological evidence for infections at these puncture sites.</subSubSection>
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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|
||||
<emphasis id="B924EADC5A3EFFF8DA4EFEA21CCDF850" bold="true" box="[818,925,1962,1979]" pageId="0" pageNumber="780">FIGURE 1—</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -181,6 +177,8 @@ Lesions present on the face of
|
|||
with a close-up of lesion 4 (F). Scale bars: A–B = 10 cm; C–E = 5 cm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C34A65455A3FFFFADA31FF8C1C43FC27" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="782" pageId="1" pageNumber="781" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BEF36CE5A3FFFF9DA31FF8C1C2BF905" blockId="1.[845,1500,1667,2002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="781">puncture marks. Several of the preserved lesions display bone repair (cicatrisation), indicating that the animal survived these injuries to its skull. There is no osteological evidence for infections at these puncture sites.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BEF36CE5A3FFFFADA1EFFFD1EA3FEB1" blockId="1.[845,1500,1667,2002]" lastBlockId="2.[133,788,182,973]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="782" pageId="1" pageNumber="781">
|
||||
The anteriormost puncture is located ~15 mm posterior to the left bony naris, at the nasomaxillary suture (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="136B2A4B5A3FFFF9DDBCFE1A1BA7F8C3" box="[1216,1271,1810,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[159,229,1561,1578]" captionTargetBox="[162,1494,181,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[162,1495,181,1542]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2—Lesions present on the face of BMR P2002.4.1. A) An index drawing of the lesions (1–4). B) The four lesions on the left maxilla and nasal of BMR P2002.4.1. C) A dorsal view of the anterior nasal, showing asymmetry as a result of the puncture on the left side. D) The first puncture (arrow = lesion 1) located on the articular surface of the anterior nasal and left maxilla. E–F) The three lesions on the left maxilla of BMR P2002.4.1 with a close-up of lesion 4 (F). Scale bars: A–B = 10 cm; C–E = 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942889/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="781">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
|
|
@ -200,6 +198,7 @@ demonstrates abnormal asymmetry, with the distal portion of the muzzle curved la
|
|||
was disarticulated with its nasal lying dorsoventrally and both maxillae lying on their lateral sides. The nasal and maxillae fit well along their articular surfaces despite the disarticulation, and there is little evidence of postdepositional deformation in any of the other preserved cranial elements. This strongly suggests that the lateral curvature of the muzzle is the result of facial injury rather than diagenetic deformation. Furthermore, there is no sedimentological evidence of post-depositional compaction; the clay balls in the conglomerate that encase the bones are spherical, not compressed to oriented lenticular clasts.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BEF36CE5A3CFFFAD9E6FA691C43FC27" blockId="2.[133,788,182,973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="782">A major pathology with evidence of active infection at the time of death is present on the first phalanx on the second pedal digit of the left pes (C.P. Vittore, personal communication, 2009). There is no evidence to suggest, however, that this pathology is related to the facial injuries.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C34A65455A3CFFFBD8FBFAF71AF4FC10" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="783" pageId="2" pageNumber="782" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BEF36CE5A3CFFFAD8FBFAF71D40FBFE" blockId="2.[391,528,1023,1045]" box="[391,528,1023,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="782">
|
||||
<heading id="D0A781A25A3CFFFAD8FBFAF71D40FBFE" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[391,528,1023,1045]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="782" reason="0">DISCUSSION</heading>
|
||||
|
|
@ -244,16 +243,13 @@ provide insight into the social behavior of juvenile tyrannosaurids. Evidence fo
|
|||
) and are not likely scenarios for the bite described here.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BEF36CE5A3CFFFBDA34FF591D12FC39" blockId="2.[818,1473,1617,2005]" lastBlockId="3.[159,814,899,2004]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="783" pageId="2" pageNumber="782">
|
||||
<heading id="D0A781A25A3CFFFADA34FF591A90F950" bold="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="782" reason="0">
|
||||
While social behavior cannot be directly observed in or unequivocally inferred from the fossil record, it can be inferred from evidence of eating and from injuries (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3CFFFADD5FFF811A57F974" author="TANKE, D. H. & CURRIE, P. J." box="[1059,1287,1673,1695]" journalOrPublisher="Gaia" pageId="2" pageNumber="782" pagination="167 - 184" part="15" refId="ref4344" refString="TANKE, D. H., and CURRIE, P. J., 1998, Head-biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs: Paleopathological evidence: Gaia, v. 15, p. 167 - 184." title="Head-biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs: Paleopathological evidence" type="book chapter" year="1998">Tanke and Currie, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3CFFFADC6FFF811AEDF974" author="AVILLA, L. S. & FERNANDES, R. & RAMOS, D. F. B." box="[1299,1469,1673,1695]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleonotology" pageId="2" pageNumber="782" pagination="971 - 973" part="24" refId="ref3100" refString="AVILLA, L. S., FERNANDES, R., and RAMOS, D. F. B., 2004, Bite marks on a crocodylomorph from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil: Evidence of social behavior?: Journal of Vertebrate Paleonotology, v. 24, p. 971 - 973." title="Bite marks on a crocodylomorph from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil: Evidence of social behavior?" type="journal article" year="2004">Avilla et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3CFFFADA4EFFAE1CEBF950" author="KATSURA, Y." box="[818,955,1701,1723]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="2" pageNumber="782" pagination="93 - 97" part="16" refId="ref4203" refString="KATSURA, Y., 2004, Paleopathology of Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis (Diapsida, Crocodylia) from the Middle Pleistocene of Central Japan: Historical Biology, v. 16, p. 93 - 97." title="Paleopathology of Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis (Diapsida, Crocodylia) from the Middle Pleistocene of Central Japan" type="book chapter" year="2004">Katsura, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The ability of tyrannosaurids to puncture and crush
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
bone is well documented (
|
||||
). The ability of tyrannosaurids to puncture and crush bone is well documented (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3CFFFADD44FFC91BFCF93C" author="ABLER, W. L." box="[1080,1196,1729,1751]" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="2" pageNumber="782" pagination="161 - 183" part="18" refId="ref3065" refString="ABLER, W. L., 1992, The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals: Paleobiology, v. 18, p. 161 - 183." title="The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals" type="journal article" year="1992">Abler, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3CFFFADDC7FFC91AECF93C" author="ERICKSON, G. M. & OLSON, K. H." box="[1211,1468,1729,1751]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="782" pagination="175 - 178" part="16" refId="ref3631" refString="ERICKSON, G. M., and OLSON, K. H., 1996, Bite marks attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex: Preliminary descriptions and implications: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 16, p. 175 - 178." title="Bite marks attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex: Preliminary descriptions and implications" type="book chapter" year="1996">Erickson and Olson, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
|
|
@ -317,7 +313,7 @@ are similar to those found on extant crocodilians (
|
|||
Erickson at al. (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B3F5A3DFFFBD83BFCA91E24FA5C" author="ERICKSON, G. M. & CURRIE, P. J. & INOUYE, B. D. & WINN, A. A." box="[327,372,1441,1463]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="3" pageNumber="783" pagination="213 - 217" part="313" refId="ref3576" refString="ERICKSON, G. M., CURRIE, P. J., INOUYE, B. D., and WINN, A. A., 2006, Tyrannosaur life tables: An example of nonavian dinosaur population biology: Science, v. 313, p. 213 - 217." title="Tyrannosaur life tables: An example of nonavian dinosaur population biology" type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) indicate that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D4D5A3DFFFBD885FCAA1DF2FA5C" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[505,674,1442,1463]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="783" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D4D5A3DFFFBD885FCAA1DF2FA5C" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[505,674,1442,1463]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="783" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B924EADC5A3DFFFBD885FCAA1DF2FA5C" box="[505,674,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="783">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
reached sexual maturity at 14 years of age.
|
||||
|
|
@ -360,7 +356,7 @@ vultures, though conflicts rarely result in serious injury. The most violent int
|
|||
While juvenile tyrannosaurids are both rare and poorly known with little evidence upon which to infer their behavior, injuries that have been phylogenetically determined as bite marks suggest behaviors such as intraspecific aggression. Placement of
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B383C935A3DFFFBDDB0FA7C1A31FC61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813097328" box="[1228,1377,884,906]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="3" pageNumber="783" specimenCode="BMP P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||||
on a logistic growth curve for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D4D5A3DFFFBDA97FA991BC4FC4D" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1003,1172,913,934]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="783" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D4D5A3DFFFBDA97FA991BC4FC4D" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1003,1172,913,934]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="783" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B924EADC5A3DFFFBDA97FA991BC4FC4D" box="[1003,1172,913,934]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="783">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
indicates that the specimen was not yet sexually mature (
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue