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Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Heliocypha + + + + + + +The genus includes nine species ranging from Sundaland to south +India +and southern +China +including +Taiwan +. The habitus of the larva of + +Heliocypha bisignata +(Hagen) + +with a partial view of the mask was figured by +Fraser (1928) +, which he later briefly described (as + +Rhinocypha + +), ( +Fraser 1934 +). +Lieftinck (1947) +provided an illustration of the habitus of + +H. fenestrata +(Burmeister) + +and described its habitat and later provided accurate details of the prementum and labial palp ( +Lieftinck 1962 +). +Kumar & Prasad (1977c) +provided for + +H. biforata +(Selys) + +a minutely detailed description and illustration, including the habitus. In the key “scape rough” is said to characterise this species and appears as a possible generic character. However this apparent roughness may be an illusion created by short recurved setae which in wet specimens trap fluid and give the appearance of small tubercles where none are present (Orr +et al. +2024). The drawing of the antenna in this paper depicts the warty scape as 0.33 times the overall length of the antenna, but by the measurements given in the text and the depiction of the antennae on the habitus drawing this proportion should be 0.42, which is very close to the other species considered, hence the detailed drawing itself must be regarded as a lapsus, perhaps because it was inadvertently observed at an angle. The authors do not comment on an obviously relatively short scape. The widespread + +H. p. +perforata + +, was described with little attention to detail by +Xu (2015) +; it almost certain this paper overlooks the small supplementary branch on the outer process of the labial palp, as this is visible in a very young specimen of this species figured by +Ng (2024c) +and occurs on all other members of the family examined ( + +Fraser 1919 +a + +, Kumar 1973, + +Kumar & Prasad 1977 +c + +, Orr +et al +. 2024). However the caudal spikes in the habitus photograph conform closely with other known species. Finally, a detailed description of the Bornean endemic + +H. biseriata + +was given by Orr +et al +. (2024). It was concluded that the thick but gently tapered caudal spikes and short curled setae on the scape, creating the impression of small tubercles in wet specimens, may be diagnostic at least when compared with + +Aristocypha +sp. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE020D747FF79E81EFA9FFAED.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE020D747FF79E81EFA9FFAED.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ccf9c5bf61c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE020D747FF79E81EFA9FFAED.xml @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Aristocypha + + + + + + +The genus includes 12 species ranging from the Himalayas to southern +China +and +Taiwan +, +Myanmar +, +Thailand +, Indochina and West +Malaysia +. Larvae of + +Aristocypha quadrimaculata +(Selys) + +and + +A. trifasciata +(Selys) + +were both described and illustrated with habitus and numerous structural details by +Kumar & Prasad (1977c) +. The larval habitus of + +A. fenestrella +(Rambur) + +was illustrated by +Orr (2005) +and a male larva of the same species was described in detail by Orr +et al +. (2024). Comparisons between these descriptions suggests that the form of the caudal spikes and the presence of longer setae on the scape may distinguish this genus from + +Heliocypha + +in known species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79ECB6FB9BFE71.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79ECB6FB9BFE71.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..24817728a8b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79ECB6FB9BFE71.xml @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Sundacypha + + + + + + +Just two species of this genus occur in parts of Sundaland. The larva of + +S. petiolata +Selys + +was described by Orr +et al +. (2024) and differs clearly from known chlorocyphid larvae in a number of characters, including possessing a very long prementum, proportionally very long antennae, reduced anterior tubercles on the pronotum, long, thin evenly tapered caudal spikes, numerous small spines on the venter of the terminal abdominal segments and distinctive outer female gonapophyses. The other species of the genus, + +S. striata +Orr + +, is confined to +Brunei +and adjoining areas of +Sarawak +and its larva is expected to be very like that of + +S. petiolata + +, with the caveat that closely related species can show surprising differences in some characters as in the Japanese + +Rhinocypha + +above. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79EDFAFD80FC5D.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79EDFAFD80FC5D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a8841fba912 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79EDFAFD80FC5D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Devadattidae + + + + + + +The family includes just a single genus + +Devadatta + +represented by 13 species which range from southern +China +( +Yunnan +, +Guangxi +), Indochina and +Thailand +, to peninsular +Malaysia +, Borneo and Sumatra. The larva is known only for + +D. argyoides +(Selys) + +( +Fig.11 +) from peninsular +Malaysia +where it occurs in leaf packs and under dead wood near the head of forest streams The habitus was figured by +Orr (2003 +, +2005 +) and structural details are shown by +Novelo-Gutierrez (1995) +. In life, the unique gill tufts ( +Fig. 9 +), illustrated by +Watson (1966) +, on the venter of the S10 pulsate regularly as they are retracted and extended, especially in low oxygen conditions induced in the laboratory ( +Orr 2008 +). These structures, and the unique hardened tricorn caudal gill, the elongated antennal scape longer than the pedicel and the short, broad prementum are expected in all species, but interspecific variation may occur in proportions of body parts and the shape of the caudal gills. The gill tufts may be retracted in living or preserved specimens, but in this case two small tumescent orifices are apparent. It is unlikely the larvae of any species can be mistaken for those of any other family. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79EFF2FC94F849.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79EFF2FC94F849.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..252355036d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE022D745FF79EFF2FC94F849.xml @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Euphaeidae + + + + + + +The larvae of 6 of the 8 genera and approximately one third of the total of 79 species are known but not necessarily individually described. The family is exclusively Oriental with the exception of the monotypic genus + +Epallage +, + +ranges from south-east Europe to Kashmir, politically within Indian borders, but placed by + +Holt +et al +. (2013) + +in the Saharo-Arabian realm. Within the Oriental region the family is conspicuously absent from +Sulawesi +and Wetar and Timor in +Indonesia +. + + +Euphaeid larvae are unmistakable by virtue of the series of long paired fleshy gills on the venter of abdominal S2–8 ( +Fig. 1 +). These are present even on very young larvae and begin to develop early in embryogenesis ( + +Suzuki +et al +. 2020 + +, +Ng 2024d +). The habitus (examples +Figs 57–60 +) is overall flattened, reminiscent of Plecoptera, with broad flattened femora adapted to clinging to the underside of stones and large boulders where they are generally to be found in swiftly flowing clear water and rapids. All have saccoid caudal gills ( +Figs 67–70 +), the form of which is of some diagnostic value, but these may be lost and/or shrivelled in exuviae. Euphaeid larvae were first described by +Hagen (1880) +with reference to + +Euphaea splendens +Hagen + +from +Sri Lanka +and tentatively? + +Anisopleura comes +Hagen + +and? + +Euphaea dispar +Rambur + +, however he incorrectly stated that the abdominal gills were born on S1–8. This was corrected by J.W Folsom, published in +Packard (1898) +, who also noted the tracheation of the abdominal gills and depicted a convincing habitus and detail of a single gill of + +E. splendens + +. A respiratory function for the abdominal gills was deduced by +Hagen (1880) +, +Packard (1898) +and +Tillyard (1917) +, which was later queried by several authors following +Fraser’s (1933) +assertion that they were grasping organs, before the respiratory hypothesis was settled conclusively by +Norling (1982) +. Intrageneric variation, inadequate species sampling and poor artwork in some available descriptions sometimes makes a universal distinction between + +Anisopleura + +, + +Bayadera + +and + +Euphaea + +tentative, although certain species within these genera are distinctive. Important diagnostic characters include the shape of the postocular lobes of the head, relative length of antennae, distribution of tubercles and claviform setae on the head, development of male genital apophyses, armature of outer mandibles ( +Fig. 62a +), subocular spines ( +Fig. 62b +) and presence of supracoxal and coxal spurs ( + +Keetapithchayakul +et al. +2020 + +, +Yang & Orr 2024 +, + +Keetapithchayakul +et al +. 2024 + +, +Orr & Hämäläinen 2024 +). + + +Larva unknown: + +Cyclophaea + +( +1 sp. +), + +Schmidtiphaea + +( +1 sp. +) + + + + + +Key to genera + + + + + + + + +1 Head massive, nearly twice width of pronotum; genae swollen and projecting well beyond eyes in dorsal view bearing numerous short heavy spines; strong spines present on bulbous postocular lobe ( +Figs 57 +, +61 +).......................... + +Dysphaea + +[widespread west of Wallace’s line] + + + +1’ Head narrower in relation to pronotum, genae not swollen, no strong spines on postocular lobe which is not bulbous....... 2 + + + + + +2 (1’) Genae with 6–7 long subocular spines (greater than one third width of eye viewed ventrally); antennae with 12–15 antennomeres including pedicel and scape; outer face of mandibles with 2 or 3 rows of strong spines [4 ventral, 5 dorsal, 0–4 central] ( +Fig. 62 +)....................................................................................... + +Heterophaea + +[endemic to north-eastern Luzon, +Philippines +] + + + +2’ Genae with 5 or fewer long subocular spines; antennae with 7, rarely 8 antennomeres; outer margin of mandible with only one row of spines, or just one or two long spines............................................................... 3 + + + + + +3 (2’) Antennae distinctly shorter than head from occipital margin to base of labrum; postocular lobes shallow, weakly rounded ( +Fig. 63 +); labrum, frons and vertex with smattering of variably developed tubercles, low or raised and finger-like; caudal gills tapered to long, fine filament ( +Fig. 67 +)................................................................. + +Anisopleura + + + + + +3’ Antennae at least as long as or longer than head from occipital margin to base of labrum postocular lobes deep and strongly rounded at corners, sometimes appearing square by virtue of tuft of setae ( +Figs 64, 65 +); tubercles on head lacking or very sparse; caudal gills terminating in long filament or a short blunt cone, sometimes constricted basally......................... 4 + + + + + + +4 (3’) Caudal gills terminating in a short blunt cone ( +Figs 58 +, +68 +) occasionally basally constricted; antennae clearly longer than head from occipital margin to base of labrum ( +Fig. 64 +); outer margin of outer process of labial palp wavy ( +Fig. 66 +); male gonapophyses down-curved and sausage shaped, overlapping S10 ( +Fig. 71 +)................................ + +B +a +yadera + + + + + +4’ Tip of caudal gills with long filament usually arising abruptly from sac of gill ( +Figs 59 +, +69 +) or sac elongate with a short blunt filament ( + +E. superba + +Fig. 70 +); antennae about equal to head from occipital margin to base of labrum or slightly longer ( +Fig. 65 +); outer margin of outer process of labial palp smooth; male gonapophyses small and triangular or vestigial, not overlapping S10 ( +Fig. 72 +)...................................................................................... + +Euphaea + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79E91AFE00F8AD.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79E91AFE00F8AD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..901d015a695 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79E91AFE00F8AD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Rhinocypha + + + + + + +The 45 species of this diverse genus occur throughout most of the Oriental Realm with two species confined to the western Oceanic Realm (sensu + +Holt +et al. +2013 + +). The larvae of just three species have been described and illustrated. These are + +Rhinocypha ignipennis +Selys + +( +Fraser 1920 +, +1928 +), and + +R. ogasawarensis +Oguma + +, + +R. uenoi +Asahina. + +The latter two species are both figured in detail by +Ishida (1996) +, with habitus and details of prementum, labial palps, caudal gills and gonoapophyses being shown. These however were not fully mature specimens and habitus drawings based on exuviae with details of the mask and prementum were provided by + +Sugimura +et al. +(2001) + +, together with a key which notes some differences in the antennae and caudal spikes of the two species. + +Rhinocypha ogasawarensis + +was also earlier briefly described and partially figured from an exuvia by +Asahina (1956) +. Although not shown in detail by +Fraser (1928) +, it is clear that + +R. ignipennis + +conforms to a typical chlorocyphid pattern with long thin spikes and a short sagittate head. The Japanese species have unusually short caudal spikes, as noted above, and the head is more elongate, at least in figures provided by +Ishida (1996) +. Despite being closely related ( + +Wang +et al +. 2013 + +) these two species differ markedly in the shape of the prementum, and in minor details of the palpal lobe armature ( +Ishida 1996 +) and antennae ( + +Sugimura +et al. +2001 + +), dissimilarities which perhaps reflect ecological differences. The genus is very diverse, and as noted by + +Dijkstra +et al +. (2014) + +‘non monophyletic’, hence a good deal of variation may be expected among the larvae. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79ED06FD43FC81.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79ED06FD43FC81.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6d14e08e990 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79ED06FD43FC81.xml @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Libellago + + + + + + +The genus includes 25 species, most, but not all, are small for the family, and range throughout most of the Oriental realm. Larger species occur especially on +Sulawesi +. The larva of + +Libellago lineata + +was described +Fraser (1919a +, +1928 +) with the habitus illustrated, with some omissions, and a rough figure of part of the mask, which does not conform to the detailed description; however the entire prementum and in-life habitus are figured by Orr +et al. +(2024). +Orr (2003 +, +2005 +) figures the habitus of + +L. hyalina +(Selys) + +and +Ngiam & Ng (2022) +show a photograph of the dorsal habitus of + +L. aurantiaca +(Selys) + +. Orr +et al +. (2024) provide a detailed description of + +L. hyalina + +as well as photographs of living + +L. lineata + +. All species are small and have characteristic thin tapered caudal spikes with a slight basal swelling. The spikes are long in + +L. hyalina + +and + +L. lineata + +but shorter in + +L. aurantiaca + +. The antennae tend to be relatively shorter than in other genera studied. The prementum in + +L. hyalina + +and + +L. lineata + +differs sufficiently to separate the two species, but in both is shorter and broader than in other genera and has distinctly serrate lateral anterior margins not recorded in other genera except possibly the much larger + +Paracypha + +. All three species lack a dark spot on the tip of the pedicel, present in all other known chlorocyphids. In mainland Asia and much of Sundaland their small size also makes these larvae immediately recognisable as belonging to + +Libellago + +, but in +Sulawesi +much larger members of the genus occur ( +van Tol 2007 +, + +Dow +et al +. 2024 + +). It is not known if these species share the presently recognised generic traits. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79EF8EFDF8FB35.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79EF8EFDF8FB35.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..514a0f027f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE023D744FF79EF8EFDF8FB35.xml @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Paracypha + + + + + + +This monotypic genus (considered by some to be a synonym of + +Rhinocypha + +, e.g. Paulson +et al +. 2024) is represented by + +Paracypha unimaculata + +which is restricted to Meghahalya ( +Assam +) and the Himalayas, ranging to +Himachal Pradesh +in the west. The larva was described but not figured by +Laidlaw (1920) +; +Kumar (1973) +figures it in detail, and it is mentioned in the key of +Kumar & Prasad (1977c) +. Its size separates it from most, but not all, sympatric chlorocyphid species, and the extensive spines along the lateral margin of the prementum may be a good generic character. +Kumar (1973) +illustrates uneven caudal spikes, suggesting one has regenerated, without detail, but a specimen in the collection of S.G. Butler suggests that the head shape and the spikes may also provide distinctive characters (S.G. Butler pers comm.). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE024D740FF79EB2EFB8DFE71.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE024D740FF79EB2EFB8DFE71.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2aa69487cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE024D740FF79EB2EFB8DFE71.xml @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Psolodesmus + + + + + + +Just two closely related species belong to this genus: one, + +Psolodesmus mandarinus +McLachlan + +is restricted to +Taiwan +and the other, + +P. kuroiwae +Oguma + +to the southern Japanese Yaeyama Islands. The larva of + +P. mandarinus dorothea +Williamson + +was described in detail by +Matsuki & Lien (1978) +, who also figure details of the prementum of + +P. mandarinus mandarinus + +, claiming that small differences in the premental cleft distinguish larvae of the two subspecies. Otherwise there is little difference between them, but those of + +P. m. +mandarinus + +are described as inhabiting low hills “living in fountain head and upper section of slow streams, but occasionally breeding in artificially made ditches”. The larva of + +P. kuroiwae + +was described and illustrated by +Watanabe (1984) +, +Ishida & Ishida (1985) +and +Ishida (1996) +and differs very little from + +P. mandarinus + +. In all cases the prementum is very broad anteriorly with the anterior processes flanking the central narrow tear-drop cleft touching apically or overlapping, and bearing a single pair of strong setae near the base ( +Fig. 34 +). The overall build of the larva is heavy and the short lateral caudal lamellae have a strong row of teeth along the central outer ridge ( +Fig. 44 +), with the dorsal and ventral margins smooth (cf + +Echo + +). The central lamella is significantly shorter than the lateral ones and has a long thin, narrowly triangular dorsal guard (also slightly different from + +Echo + +in both respects). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE024D743FF79E83AFB80F93D.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE024D743FF79E83AFB80F93D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fbe3de0a62a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE024D743FF79E83AFB80F93D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Neurobasis + + + + + + +The genus ranges from the island of New +Guinea +to subtropical +China +, Indomalaya and the Himalayan region as far as north +west Pakistan +. It includes nine species in the Oriental region, the remaining four being found in New +Guinea +. The habitus shown for + +N. chinensis +(Linnaeus) + +( +Fig. 54 +) and deep cleft prementum ( +Fig. 28 +) are both typical for the genus. Larvae, tentatively mentioned by +Hagen (1880) +, were first described in detail for + +N. chinensis +( +Needham 1911 +) + +, and likewise by +Kumar (1973) +who also illustrated a lateral habitus and briefly discussed behaviour and ecology, which is given in more detail by +Kumar & Prasad (1977a) +. +Fraser (1933 +, p. 8) illustrated the habitus (rather stouter than in reality). +Lieftinck (1955) +described and illustrated the habitus and structural details of + +N. florida +Hagen + +as + +N. chinensis + +, and the habitus only was shown for + +N. longipes +( +Orr & Hämäläinen 2007 +) + +. + +Neurobasis chinensis + +is also depicted on web pages such as ( +Ng 2024a +) and there is at least one photograph of an unidentified New +Guinea +species in life ( +Orr & Hämäläinen 2007 +). For all species known the spidery larvae inhabit open vegetation, leaf packs and root masses in clear streams and clamber around slowly with careful deliberate movements, perhaps ensuring they do not lose their grip in swift flowing water. In some locations + +N. chinensis + +is recorded in slower flowing water and artificial drains ( +Kumar 1973 +, +Kumar & Prasad 1977b +) It is not known if there are consistent interspecific differences in the larvae except that + +N. longipes + +evidently has slightly longer legs ( +Orr & Hämäläinen 2007 +). To settle this point detailed direct comparisons of multiple specimens of all species are needed, but as only a few species occur sympatrically, location is often a reliable guide to species identity, and it may also be possible to identify appropriately preserved specimens by DNA analysis. The subgenus + +Sinobasis + +, represented by the poorly known species + +N. anderssoni + +in southern +China +has a heavier build in the adult than subgenus + +Neurobasis +( +Orr & Hämäläinen 2007 +) + +and it seems likely that its larva would also be distinctive. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D742FF79E91AFD4CF98D.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D742FF79E91AFD4CF98D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..18d0a21779d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D742FF79E91AFD4CF98D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Matronoides + + + + + + +Just one larval specimen of this monotypic genus is known ( +Orr & Price 2022 +). + +Matronoides cyaneipennis +Förster + +is endemic to altitudes over +900 m +in +North Borneo +and in some localities may occur together with + +Neurobasis longipes +Hagen + +(R.A. Dow pers. comm.). The adults are reliably seen on Silau Silau Creek in the Kinabalu National Park, +Sabah +, and presumably diligent searching among leaf packs and submerged bankside root masses would produce more material. The larva is of a heavier build than those its sister genus + +Neurobasis + +, but the prementum is relatively longer and narrower than in any known + +Neurobasis +species + +( +Fig. 29 +). There is also heavier serration on the outer rib of the external caudal lamellae. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D742FF79ED4FFEA7FAD1.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D742FF79ED4FFEA7FAD1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1f7993f9803 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D742FF79ED4FFEA7FAD1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Matrona + + + + + + +The genus + +Matrona + +ranges from islands of southern +Japan +to +China +, Indochina, +Thailand +, +Myanmar +and north-east +India +and includes nine species. It has recently undergone substantial revision (Yu +et al +. 2015) hence although there are several descriptions of the larvae of supposedly + +Matrona basilaris + +, based on their range some are obviously of other species, and some may be of uncertain identity. +Fraser (1919b) +described + +M. nigripectus +Selys + +larva (as + +basilaris + +) from the Shillong area in +Meghalaya +, +India +at about +1400-1500 m +, providing a habitus drawing of fair quality and a rather surreal depiction of structural details which nevertheless can be interpreted accurately enough to recognise similarities with other species. +Matsuki & Lien (1978) +and +Ishida (1996) +provided detailed descriptions and illustrations including the habitus for + +M. cyanoptera +Hämäläinen & Yeh + +and + +M. japonica +Förster + +respectively. +Needham (1930) +, illustrates the basic habitus sketch of ‘ + +M. basilaris + +’ but as it is evidently based on a specimen from mainland +China +(Hangchow, +Zhejiang +), its identity must be treated with caution, especially as it depicts exceptionally long legs. Most recently + +Wang +et al +. (2017) + +described and illustrated photographically + +M. basilaris + +larvae from +Anhui +, +China +. This specimen is a confirmed DNA match with adult + +M. basilaris + +hence their description can be considered definitive ( +Figs 30 +, +48 +, +55 +). All species are evidently very similar and direct comparisons of specimens are needed to determine any interspecific differences, preferably paired with confirmatory molecular determination. The revision by Yu +et al +. (2015) also erected a second subgenus, + +Matrona + +( + +Divortia + +but so far no confirmed larvae belonging to this taxon have been documented; but workers should be alert to the possibility that they may display clear differences from subgenus + +Matrona +( +Matrona +) + +. The habits and ecology of the species are variously described: for + +M. cyanoptera + +, “Distributed in the plains and low hills throughout +Taiwan +; the larva living in [the] middle section of streams resting on tree roots branches and stems in unshaded slow streams”, ( +Matsuki & Lien 1978 +); for + +M. basilaris + +, “...found both in small montane streams with sandy substrates and open rivers with stony substrates). Some [larva] even occurred in very small puddles covered with dense vegetation formed by discontinuous streams. They were usually concealed among stones and gravel, or in water plants, depending on their body colour. The habitat usually had many adults of + +Mnais tenuis +Oguma + +”, ( + +Wang +et al +. 2017 + +); and for + +M. nigripectus + +, “Generally concealed amongst debris, dead twigs etc or lying under cover of rocks. Movements sluggish, ...resembles + +Ranatra + +...” ( +Fraser 1919b +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D743FF79EA5FFE6EFC31.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D743FF79EA5FFE6EFC31.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..63f64b328a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE025D743FF79EA5FFE6EFC31.xml @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Mnais + + + + + + +Within the Oriental realm there are nine described species in the genus + +Mnais + +but this number is likely to increase as suggested by +Zhang (2019) +. The genus ranges from +China +and +Japan +to Indochina, +Thailand +and +Myanmar +. Two species, + +Mnais costalis +Selys + +and + +M. pruinosa +Selys + +are known only from the main islands of +Japan +and fall outside the Oriental region, but their larval morphology, figured in detail by +Hirose & Rokuyama (1966) +, +Ishida (1996) +, and revisited by + +Hayashi +et al. +(2004) + +, are considered here as they give insight into the range of variation within the genus. The larva of + +M. tenuis +Oguma + +was described from +Taiwan +(as + +M. andersoni tenuis + +) by +Matsuki & Lien (1978) +. The larva of + +M. mneme +Ris + +was described and figured by +Matsuki & Saito (2000) +and photographs of a young larva and some details of a more mature specimen of the same species are provided by ( +Ng 2024b +). The larva of + +M. andersoni + +is known (Orr & Keetapithchayakul unpublished data), with the caudal gills figured ( +Fig. 45 +). The larva of + +M. gregoryi +Fraser + +was described in detail by + +Yang +et al +. (2021) + +from specimens collected at ca +2300 m +in +Yunnan +, +China +. + + +In all species the head is fairly broad and semi-pentangular; the body moderately stout to elongate ( + +M. gregoryi + +). +Hirose & Rokuyama’s (1966) +and +Ishida’s (1996) +illustrations of the habitus show stouter bodies in + +M. costalis + +and + +M. pruinosa + +, and this is confirmed by photographs. +Matsuki & Lien (1978) +depict a much thinner, but still robust habitus for + +M. tenuis + +. The prementum is broad apically, with wide anterior lobes that may overlap at the tips and a comparatively short very narrow tear-drop shaped median cleft ( +Fig. 32 +). There is normally one pair of strong seta at the base of the lobes. The caudal gills of most known species ( +Fig. 45 +) are typically an elongate oval shape, about 2.5–3 times as long as broad, somewhat flattened, triquetral with no spines or tubercules on the margins or central rib in known species; the central gill is membranous and typically almost as long as the lateral gills; at its base there is a broad dorsal triangular shield that is typically as long as it is wide, but may be longer ( + +M. gregoryi + +). + +Mnais gregoryi + +differs considerably from other species in the shape of its caudal gills, the laterals being long and tapered to a point, about five times as long as broad, whereas the median gill, which tapers to a broader rounded point, is about two thirds the length of the laterals ( +Fig. 46 +). + + +The larvae are often found in quiet disturbed areas near the head of streams clinging to vegetation. In tropical and subtropical regions, they are chiefly montane, with + +M. gregoryi + +reaching +2500m +in +Yunnan +, +China +( +Zhang 2019 +). +Matsuki & Lien (1978) +described + +M. tenuis + +as inhabiting “...low hills in northern parts of +Taiwan +; the larvae living in fountainhead of streams, resting on tree-roots, branches and leaves in shaded slow streams.”, and + +Yang +et al +. (2021) + +illustrate the habitat of + +M. gregoryi + +larva as a very shallow open stony montane stream with hydrophytes. They state that larvae are to be found clinging to these plants. The larvae of + +M. andersoni + +were found to be abundant among grass choking the head of a small open stream in a highly disturbed area at ca +1100m +near +Chiang Mai +, +Thailand +(Orr, unpublished data). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE026D747FF79EB0CFA9BFC78.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE026D747FF79EB0CFA9BFC78.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..071dd112835 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE026D747FF79EB0CFA9BFC78.xml @@ -0,0 +1,309 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Chlorocyphidae + + + + + +The larvae of just six of the 16 recognised Oriental genera have been described and illustrated, representing in total just 15 out of 110 species present in the region. A few additional species of uncertain identity are represented by photographs posted on the internet, but none provides useful or reliable information, although they do give some indication of the range of additional morphological variation we might expect within the family. + +The first account of a chorocyphid larvae was by +Fraser (1919a) +who described + +Libellago lineata +(Burmeister) + +in considerable detail (as + +Micromerus lineatus + +), providing a reasonably accurate illustration of the habitus and partial detail of the mask. He omitted the vestigial central gill (epiproct), and other details, but stated that the exuviae were very common and that the larvae cling to submerged roots, twigs and other debris in swift water and rarely to aquatic vegetation. He asserted “they are purely rectal breathers and if the larva be viewed in muddy water, strong currents of particles are seen issuing to and from the rectum”. The following year +Laidlaw (1920) +described the larva of + +Paracypha unimaculata +(Selys) + +, (as + +Rhinocypha unimaculata + +) concluding that it showed the affinity between + +Libellago + +and + +Rhinocypha + +(sensu lato), and correctly surmised that the African members of the family would have similar larvae. +Fraser (1920) +reached the same conclusion from the study of + +Rhinocypha ignipennis +Selys + +, although his illustration of the habitus is very rough and lacks wing buds, which might be expected even in quite young larvae a few millimetres long, and he states that the specimen has no caudal gills or any evidence of them having been present, which is surely also an error as these structures are known develop very early (see +Ng 2024c +for a depiction of a very young larva of + +Heliocypha +p. + + +perforata +Percheron + +). Subsequently +Fraser (1928) +provided an excellent drawing of the mature habitus of this species and + +Heliocypha bisignata +(Hagen) + +, as well as a new depiction of + +Libellago lineata + +, again unaccountably lacking the vestigial central gill which is shown in the other species, and commented further on the habits of the family: “Very sluggish in habits and cryptic in colouring, they are difficult creatures to find. They cling to roots or broken-up debris in slow-running streams or at the bottom of pools in swifter running ones. I have found the easiest way to take them is to dredge out a quantity of such debris and spread it on the foreshore exposed to the sun...”. Under these circumstances the larvae stir as they try to escape the heat and the drying plant matter and can be easily seen. They may exhibit thanatosis when originally scooped out, making them very hard to detect. + + +Chlorocyphid larvae are unmistakable by virtue of having two long spikes representing the lateral caudal gills, with a vestigial dorsal median gill (also termed epiproct) in the form of a short conical spine; all known species also have an unusual arrow-head shaped head with a prominent tubercle on the subocular lobe and a first antennal segment (scape) is at least 40% the total length of the antenna ( +Figs 3, 7 +). The labrum of chlorocyphids is of an unusual form ( +Fig. 39 +) with the anterior extremity folded under and forming with the upper posterior part an elongate, rounded boat-like cavity into which the tips of the mandibles fit. The lower section bears a ‘moustache’ consisting of a single row of long, thick setae (Orr +et al. +2024). The palpal lobe of the mask ( +Figs 40a, b, c +) is also unusual being deeply divided into upper and lower branches each with a shorter process originating about the midpoint. This was noted by +Fraser (1919a) +. It has been suggested that the spur on the upper process is secondary, with the other branches representing a highly modified form of the three terminal processes normally found on the palpal lobe of other +Calopterygoidea +larvae (Orr +et al +. 2024). The prementum is moderately long and narrow with a modest median cleft that is frequently fused; the median lobe always has a clearly serrated margin ( +Figs 6 +, +40a +). All species examined bear two rows of pectinate setae on the underside of the tarsi ( +Fig. 41 +) that require high magnification to resolve ( +Kumar 1973 +, Kumar & Prasad 1977, Orr +et al +. 2024). Finally, all chlorocyphids examined bear a dense dorsal pile of long, very fine setae that entraps particles of detritus and silt and presumably aids in camouflage. This is only clearly visible in submerged living specimens, as even when wet-preserved the filaments collapse into a dense tangled mat covering the body surface as well as the caudal spikes (Orr +et al. +2024). All these features may represent autapomorphies for the family. + + +Despite being the most speciose of all Oriental calopterygoids, with the highest number of recognised genera, the family is remarkable for the lack of inter-generic variation among its larvae. Apart from characters already mentioned, the body is squat, although a little more elongate in the comparatively large + +Paracypha unimaculata + +(figured by +Kumar 1973 +, as + +Rhinocypha unimaculata + +). +Kumar & Prasad (1977c) +use slight differences in the palpal lobe to discriminate between taxa, as well as differences in size, and the spines on the margins of the prementum which are unusually well developed in + +P. unimaculata + +. All species also have some spines on the gena below the eye, but these show some variation which may manifest at the intra-generic level, as is also the case with the relative length and shape of the prementum (Orr +et al. +2024). Variation in the lateral caudal gills is a potentially difficult character, in that if lost early in development they may regenerate, but not to their normal extent (as evidenced by the depiction of a specimen with lateral gills of unequal lengths in + +P. unimaculata +( +Kumar 1973 +)) + +and +Fraser (1928) +states that this phenomenon is common, stating “autonomy [sic = autotomy] of the caudal gills is accomplished with the greatest ease, so it is difficult to obtain one with all intact; probably these are more for defence than respiratory use, and they certainly carry on quite well without them”. Nevertheless where the structures are of equal length and consistent within a species they can probably be assumed to be intact. + + +Comparing four species representing the genera + +Aristocypha + +, + +Heliocypha + +, + +Sundacypha + +and + +Libellago +Orr +et al +. (2024) + +concluded that the species studied could be separated readily based on characters such as the form of the caudal spikes, the subocular spines on the genae and the form of the prementum, relative antennal length and other small but consistent characters. However, taking into account these results with those of +Kumar & Prasad (1977c) +, definitive generic differences could not always be established with confidence, even in the limited range of known species, with intra-generic variation blurring supposed distinctions. It appears that the caudal spikes are slightly broader and taper to a point more abruptly from near the apex in + +Aristocypha + +than + +Heliocypha + +but more species need to be examined to confirm this. The caudal spikes of known + +Libellago + +and + +Sundacypha + +are also distinctive. In one of the best depictions of chlorocyphid larvae +Ishida (1996) +illustrates unusually short, broad, somewhat foliate caudal spikes in + +Rhinocypha ogasawarensis +Oguma + +and + +Rhinocypha uenoi +Asahina + +, but this cannot be considered a generic character as + +R. ignipennis + +has normal, long lateral spikes ( +Fraser 1928 +). However it must be noted that the generic classification of + +Rhinocypha + +and allied genera is unsettled ( + +Dijkstra +et al +. 2014 + +), and this non-conformity may reflect a higher level phylogenetic difference between these taxa. + + +Despite these difficulties, over broad swathes of the Asian mainland assemblages of just four or five genera are likely to be encountered, and they may to some extent be differentiated at least to genus on size and other characters mentioned, as shown by +Kumar & Prasad (1977c) +. However, it is unlikely that a comprehensive morphologybased regional key to chorocyphid genera will ever be possible. Perhaps the most promising way of determining chlorocyphid larvae over the whole region, short of breeding specimens to adulthood, is by molecular association with adults, but even this may fail at the specific level, at least when using the most widely available COI barcoding techniques (Orr +et al +. 2024). + + +Larva unknown: + +Calocypha + +( +1 sp. +), + +Cyrano + +(2 spp.), + +Disparocypha + +( +1 sp. +), + +Heterocypha + +( +1 sp. +), + +Indocypha + +(7 spp.), + +Melanocypha + +( +1 sp. +), + +Pachycypha + +( +1 sp. +), + +Rhinoneura + +(2 spp.), + +Sclerocypha + +( +1 sp. +), +Watuwilla +( +1 sp. +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE027D740FF79EDFAFE26FCC9.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE027D740FF79EDFAFE26FCC9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..89592b1aaf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE027D740FF79EDFAFE26FCC9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Vestalaria + + + + + + +The five species of the genus range from +China +through Indochina, +Thailand +and +Myanmar +to north-east +India +and are fairly closely related. The larva is known for just one species, + +Vestalaria venusta +(Hämäläinen) ( + +Wang +et al +. 2017 + +) + +. It differs most clearly from known + +Vestalis + +larvae by having relatively much longer acuminate caudal gills ( +Fig. 49 +), the laterals about half the length of the remainder of the body, and in lacking the small antennomere between pedicel and scape ( +Fig. 37 +), the prementum is somewhat less incised but it is unclear how reliable this character is, especially given the known variation in + +Vestalis + +; the other caveat is that other + +Vestalaria +species + +may exhibit unexpected characters. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE027D741FF79EF62FEA0FF09.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE027D741FF79EF62FEA0FF09.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8d057e057b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE027D741FF79EF62FEA0FF09.xml @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Vestalis + + + + + + +With 16 species occurring from +Yunnan +, southernmost +China +, the +Philippines +and Bali in the east to the western Ghats and Sri-Lanka in the south-west the genus is the most speciose and diverse of the family in the Oriental region. The first description of a larva was + +Vestalis luctuosa +(Burmeister) + +from Java by +Ris (1912) +, who provided diagnostic drawings of exquisite detail, including the tiny supplementary antennomere following the pedicel ( +Fig. 36a +), noted with approbation by +Lieftinck (1965) +, who illustrated the habitus. +Lieftinck (1965) +, also described a larva of the + +V. amoena +Hagen + +group, with the species not identified with certainty. Lieftinck notes that the median caudal gill of the + +amoena + +group is truncated ( +Fig. 50 +) whereas in + +luctuosa + +it is acuminate ( +Fig. 51 +). In particular he states “A peculiar feature of the antennae... [of all + +Vestalis + +] is the presence of a vestigial—rarely incompletely developed—extra joint between the pedicel and the second segment [a +lapsus +, he means pedicel and scape, since the pedicel normally is the second segment]. This intercalated minute segment is present in all [ + +amoena + +] individuals examined...”. However, in another +lapsus +, his illustration ( +Fig. 13c +in +Lieftinck 1965 +) of the antenna shows no trace of this vestigial segment, leading later authors ( + +Rattanachan +et al +. 2022 + +) to state incorrectly that + +V. amoena + +lacks the supplementary third antennomere. I have examined specimens of + +V. amoena + +, + +V. amaryllis +Lieftinck + +(supposition), and + +V. amnicola +Lieftinck + +, from +Brunei +( +Orr 2001 +, Orr unpublished data), all belonging to the + +V. amoena + +group, and all have the supplementary third antennomere and in consequent 8 segments in total. +Lieftinck (1965) +also notes how in general build + +Vestalis + +larvae are intermediate between the spidery long legged + +Neurobasis + +and the stouter + +Echo + +larvae. Larvae of the + +V. amoena + +group are variously found depending on their habits “among leafy trash in a shady brook”, ( +Lieftinck 1965 +), to the underside of stones at the edge of a fast-flowing stream and leaf packs among riffles ( +Orr 2001 +). It seems likely that the sylvan + +V. beryllae +Laidlaw + +breeds in boggy springs among leaf litter as the adults are always to be found in such places ( +Orr 2001 +). Other descriptions and illustrations of + +Vestalis + +larvae include: + +V. amoena + +group, photograph of habitus; + +V. gracilis +(Rambur) + +, description and illustrations of diagnostic structures and habitus with note “usually concealed among vegetation in riffle zones”, ( + +Rattanachan +et al +. 2022 + +); + +V. melania +Selys + +, description and illustrations of diagnostic structures and habitus ( +Fig. 53 +) with note “found in an unshaded, narrow, montane stream with a sandy substrate and dense marginal and submerged vegetation”, as well as comparisons with other species ( + +Guadalquiver +et al +. 2022 + +); + +V. nigrescens +Fraser + +, stated by +St Quentin (1973) +to be similar to + +V. luctuosa + +, with acuminate caudal lamellae, and inhabiting the banks of stony bottomed streams. + + +The species, essentially alike in general appearance, fall into two categories: those with a truncate median caudal gill ( +Fig. 50 +), ( + +amoena + +group and + +gracilis + +) and those with an acuminate central caudal gill ( +Fig. 51 +), ( + +luctuosa + +, + +melania + +and + +nigrescens + +). There are also differences in the shape of the mask, which tends to be relatively broader apically with shorter, broader premental lobes in + +luctuosa + +and perhaps + +melania + +and with subtle differences in the form of the premental cleft, about which +Lieftinck (1965) +, who first noted a possible difference, remained sceptical. With good information available for fewer than half the known species, morphology based larval identification will generally depend on locality, with the probability that eight antennomeres with a tiny third segment is positive proof of generic identity. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74EFF79E8E4FA50FA38.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74EFF79E8E4FA50FA38.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d4fcada25d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74EFF79E8E4FA50FA38.xml @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Pseudolestidae + + + + + + +This monotypic family is known only from +Hainan +island where the larvae of + +Pseudolestes mirabilis +Kirby + +inhabit small clear, rocky streams; the females lay in dead wood ( +Zhang 2019 +). The larvae ( +Figs 8, 10 +) are unmistakable, being provided with paired dendritic gill tufts on the venter of S10 ( +Yu & Bu 2011 +), a character shared in the region only with + +Devadatta + +but it is unclear if the structures are homologous. Larva of + +Pseudolestes + +also differs clearly from + +Devadatta + +in the structure of the hardened balloon like caudal gills, the shape of the prementum and the form of the antennae. The tufts can be retracted and extruded and presumably play a role in respiration ( +Yu & Bu 2014 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74EFF79ECB7FA56FBAE.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74EFF79ECB7FA56FBAE.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ac03691720b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74EFF79ECB7FA56FBAE.xml @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Philosinidae + + + + + + +This small family ranges from southern +China +to Indochina, +Thailand +and much of Sundaland. The larvae of both genera are described ( +Needham & Gyger 1939 +, +Lieftinck 1956 +, +Orr 2003 +, + +Zhang +et al. +2011 + +, + +Kawashima +et al +. 2011 + +, + +Novelo-Gutiérrez +et al +. 2014 + +), with both species of + +Philosina + +, + +P. alba +Wilson + +and + +P. buchi +Ris + +, and five of 10 species of + +Rhinagrion + +known. Not much interspecific variation is expected in the latter. Distinctive features of the family include: prementum with strongly developed median lobe with deep, apically closed, median cleft ( +Figs 22, 23 +); median caudal gill densely tracheated, slightly ( +Fig. 20 +) or significantly shorter ( +Fig. 21 +) and thinner than the lateral caudal lamellae; lateral lamellae fleshy and undulating each with basally expanded midrib armed with spines on outer face. In + +Rhinagrion + +, in life the lateral gills form a tube shielding the median lamellae ( + +Kalkman +et al. +2010 + +) and it is believed the same may be true of + +Philosina +( + +Zhang +et al +. 2011 + +) + +. The same authors claimed that + +Rhinagrion + +lack a subocular comb on the gena, present in + +Philosina + +, but this was shown to be incorrect by + +Novelo-Gutiérrez +et al +. (2014) + +in + +R. mima +(Karsch) + +and a comb is also present in + +R. borneense +(Selys) + +, (Orr, unpublished data). The only consistent differences between the genera appears to be relative leg-length, and the lateral caudal gills are relatively longer in + +Philosina + +and distinctly longer than the median one ( +Figs 19, 21 +), whereas the median gill is only slightly shorter than the laterals in + +Rhinagrion + +( +Figs 18, 20 +). Also, in + +Philosina + +there are three variably developed setae on the anterior labial palp ( +Fig. 23 +), whereas in published accounts of + +Rhinagrion + +, there is only one, but in + +R. borneense + +( +Fig. 22 +) there are two strong setae (Orr, unpublished data) hence this character is considered unreliable. + + + + + +Key to genera + + + + + + + + +1 Legs very long; hind femur reaching abdominal S8–9; lateral caudal gill ovoid elongate, exceeding half length of abdomen; median caudal gill significantly shorter than lateral gills ( +Figs 19, 21 +). Total length excluding caudal gills +14–20 mm +................................................................................................... + +Philosina + +[southern +China +and northern Indochina] + + + + +1’ Legs relatively shorter; hind femur reaching abdominal S6; lateral caudal gill squarish, nor exceeding half length of abdomen; median caudal gill slightly shorter than lateral gills ( +Figs 18, 20 +). Total length excluding gills +12–14 mm +....... + +Rhinagrion + +[Southern +China +to +Thailand +and most of Sundaland] + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74FFF79EA17FB08FDC5.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74FFF79EA17FB08FDC5.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..47297ef3b16 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE029D74FFF79EA17FB08FDC5.xml @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Rhipidolestidae + + + + + + +Only larvae of the genus + +Rhipidolestes + +are known ( +Fig. 16 +), from three species from southern Japanese islands and +Taiwan +(Tabaru 1975, +Asahina 1994 +, +Ishida 1996 +). Working in a small forested mountain stream in Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, Tabaru (1975) determined that + +R. aculeatus +Ris + +(a species also present in Taiwan) completes 13 larval stadia with a three–four year developmental period. He observed: “The larvae are active but they seem to be nocturnal insect[s] taking small aquatic animals in the water. They avoid the1ight and hide themselves in the daytime under the bryophytes or among the plant leaves. They feign death...” The habitus of every instar is depicted photographically, but no detailed description is provided (although a later morphological description of the F larva is promised, but evidently did not eventuate). + + +The genus includes at least 23 species (undescribed species are illustrated in +Zhang 2019 +), a majority of which occur in the Oriental realm, but a significant number of which are confined to the Sino-Japanese realm; the exact numbers are difficult to establish owing to a lack of clarity in the northern boundary of the Oriental realm defined by + +Holt +et al +. (2013) + +. Elsewhere in the Oriental realm the genus ranges from northern +Myanmar +and Indo-China to Southern +China +where the adults are found around small slow flowing shady forest streams and seepages from low altitudes to about +2000m +, with species showing differing altitudinal preferences ( +Zhang 2019 +). The larval habitat is generally expected to be near the adult haunts. The larvae bear a superficial resemblance to those of +Euphaeidae +, especially + +Bayadera + +but are smaller and are immediately recognised by the lack of ventral abdominal gills. The antennae are relatively short and stout, especially in the basal segments. The prementum is broad and short with a moderately produced, rounded anterior median lobe with a moderately developed median cleft; the labial palps are short ( +Fig. 17 +). As + +Bybee +et al +. (2021) + +were not fully confident in the composition of the family it is possible the as yet unknown larvae of other genera differ significantly. + + +Unknown larvae: + +Agriomorpha + +(2 spp.), + +Burmargiolestes + +(2 spp.), + +Bornargiolestes + +(3 spp.) + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02CD74BFF79E88AFBE5FAA5.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02CD74BFF79E88AFBE5FAA5.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3f525841e7e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02CD74BFF79E88AFBE5FAA5.xml @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Cryptophaea + + + + + + +The genus is known from three species occurring in northern Indochina, +Thailand +and southern +China +. The larva of one species, + +C. vietnamensis +(van Tol & Rosendaal) + +, originally placed in + +Bayadera + +, has been confirmed by breeding and is presently being described (T.S. Keetapithchayakul pers comm.). I refrain from pre-empting the results of that study. However it may be noted that this species does share clear synapomorphies with + +Bayadera +spp. + +, which it resembles closely, but is nevertheless distinct from known members of that genus. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02CD74BFF79E986FB50F8AD.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02CD74BFF79E986FB50F8AD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d6855bd7ebc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02CD74BFF79E986FB50F8AD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Dysphaea + + + + + + +The genus is represented by nine species distributed widely from Sundaland to southern +China +, including +Hainan +, Indochina. +Thailand +, +Myanmar +across north-west +India +, +Bangladesh +and the eastern Himalayas to the Western Ghats. Larva of this common genus have proved remarkably elusive. +Lieftinck (1950) +recorded larvae of + +D. dimidiata +Selys + +from West Java and noted their ecology in general terms, but surprisingly provided no description or even a general comment of their unusual morphology, either in that publication or in any later paper. Recently larvae and exuviae of + +Dysphaea gloriosa +Fraser + +( +Fig. 57 +) were discovered in +Thailand +and described ( + +Nguyen +et al +. 2024 + +). The head is extremely large, much wider than the prothorax, with small eyes; the genae are swollen beyond the outer margin of the eyes and armed with rows of heavy spines The postocular lobes are bulbous and also bear strong marginal spines ( +Fig. 61 +). The saccoid gills are elongate and tapered to a long fine filament. The genus perhaps has the most distinctive of all euphaeid larvae and it is expected that all species will be recognisable. + + + +Dysphaea + +have been observed ovipositing in areas of torrential water flow ( +Orr 2001 +). The larvae have been collected clinging under rocks in swift flowing rapids ( +Lieftinck 1950 +, + +Nguyen +et al +. 2024 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02DD74AFF79ECFEFC47FA90.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02DD74AFF79ECFEFC47FA90.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..197729aa99e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02DD74AFF79ECFEFC47FA90.xml @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Anisopleura + + + + +This largely montane genus is confined to northern parts of the Oriental realm where eleven species are recognised from the eastern Himalayas, through northern +Myanmar +, +Thailand +and Indochina to southern +China +. + + + + +The first account of larvae the genus was provided by +Needham (1911) +who described and illustrated presumed + +Anisopleura comes +Hagen + +, his identification being based on examination of the venation of the as yet unexpanded wing and is consistent with present knowledge. Details of the habitus and labial palp are figured and this information was largely repeated in +Needham (1930) +. +Fraser (1929a) +figured the habitus and mask of + +A. subplatystyla +Fraser + +, both apparently fairly accurately, but he unaccountably noted in the legend a lack of ventral abdominal gills, which is quite wrong. +Kumar & Prasad (1977a) +describe and figured the larva of + +A. lestoides +Selys + +in detail and although the artwork is somewhat stylised it appears accurate in essentials. + +Keetapithchayakul +et al +. (2024) + +described and figured the rather atypical + +A. furcata +Selys + +( +Fig. 60 +). This was the first modern, detailed description and depiction of a larva of the genus. + + +Larvae of the genus are distinguished by several characters; the antennae are relatively short, being shorter than the length of the head from the occipital margin to the base of the labrum ( +Fig. 63 +); the labrum, frons and vertex typically bear numerous small low tubercles, sparse or absent in other + +Euphaea + +and + +Bayadera + +, which, in + +A. furcata + +are elongated giving the head a strongly warty appearance. Similar but differently arranged structures are also present on a larva suspected to be + +A. bipugio +Hämäläinen & Karube + +, the probable nearest relative of + +A. furcata + +, but otherwise the tubercles in this species show a degree of development unique in the genus as far as is known. In known species the outer edge of the mandibles bears one or two long spurs, as opposed to more numerous groups of smaller teeth in + +Euphaea + +and + +Bayadera +. + +The inner apical process on the labial palp is short and adpressed or strongly reduced ( +Fig. 74 +), a condition rare in other genera. The postocular lobes are shallow and the habitus is comparatively slender, tapering caudad ( +Fig. 63 +). There are 2–4 strong spines on the genae below the eye margin. The caudal gills are elongate and evenly tapered to a long filament (a condition not known in + +Bayadera + +). Male genital apophyses (known in detail only in + +A. furcata + +) are moderately well developed, serrate ventrally and just overlying S10, but larger than in + +Euphaea + +and not large and sausage like as in known + +Bayadera + +. + + +Larvae of + +Anisopleura + +have been found in a variety of small stream habitats from +900–1600m +in +Bhutan +( + +Rasaily +et al +. 2021 + +) including open, disturbed places with dense ground vegetation; those of + +A. furcata + +were collected from under stones at the headwaters of clear streams with forest cover from +1100–1200m +. They occurred in places of torrential flow and lower gradient trickles + +Keetapithchayakul +et al +. (2024) + +, including sites where + +Cryptophaea saukra +Hämäläinen + +occurs. Similarly +Kumar & Prasad (1977a) +report the larvae of + +A. lestoides + +in rocky hill streams with swift water, sometimes together with + +Bayadera +sp. + + +Keetapithchayakul +et al +. (2024) + +report low level infestations by phoretic chironomid larvae on + +A. furcata + +(see +Boonsoong 2016 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02DD74BFF79E959FF27FBA1.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02DD74BFF79E959FF27FBA1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..710eff4fc87 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02DD74BFF79E959FF27FBA1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Bayadera + + + + + + +The genus presently includes 17 species ranging from +Himachal Pradesh +( +India +) in the Western Himalayan region, through Northern +Myanmar +, +Thailand +, Indochina, mainland +China +, +Hainan +and +Taiwan +. In mainland +China + +Bayadera melanopteryx + +ranges north into the Sino-Japanese realm of + +Holt +et al. +(2013) + +, formerly included in the Palaearctic realm. The larvae of more species have been described than other most euphaeid genera and there is clearly significant intrageneric variation in several characters, although the quality of illustrations and descriptions leave some uncertainty regarding diagnostic details, particularly the form of the caudal gills. + +Keetapithchayakul +et al +. (2020) + +analysed differences in larvae of species then known. + + +The larva of + +B. indica +Selys + +from the Himalayas was first mentioned by +Hagen (1880) +as + +Anisopleura comes + +? (see +Needham 1911 +) who described the caudal gills as conical and short and noted that the second antennomere was shorter than the third. The same species was described and figured accurately and in some detail by +Needham (1911) +, information partly repeated in +Needham (1930) +. Evidently unaware of this work, +Fraser (1934) +stated incorrectly that the larva was unknown for the genus, which is the more curious as earlier he had ( +Fraser 1929b +) asserted (incorrectly) that + +Bayadera + +larvae lacked abdominal gills. The larva of + +B. indica + +was also figured in detail by +Kumar (1973) +, with structural details well presented and generally agreeing with +Needham (1911) +. However +Kumar (1973) +depicts the habitus rather roughly, with a longer filament on a caudal gills reminiscent of + +Anisopleura + +or + +Euphaea + +and inconsistent with +Needham’s (1911) +detailed drawing of the lateral gill and also the habitus drawing seems to show the antennae too short for + +Bayadera + +, whereas in the detail of the head they are longer. + + +Matsuki & Lien (1978) +described and illustrated the larva of + +B. brevicauda +Fraser + +from +Taiwan +, showing very squared caudal gills with a short narrow tip constricted at the base, which they describe as “more or less sausage shaped with a short tail”. +Ishida (1996) +figured + +B. ishigakiana +Asahina + +in detail, illustrating a rather attenuated tip to the gills, which arise abruptly and do not taper from the main sac as in other species of the genus, although this form, while similar is less extreme in an illustration by Sugimura +et al. +(1999). + +Wan +et al +. (2011) + +describe and figure diagnostic details for + +B +. +bidentata +Needham + +; The caudal gills are depicted as sausage shaped and tipped with a short, abrupt cone, and a similar form was found in + +B. serrata +Davies & Yang + +by + +Keetapithchayakul +et al +. (2020) + +and in + +B. strigata +Davies & Yang + +( +Fig. 68 +) by +Yang & Orr (2024) +. + + +Larvae of + +Bayadera + +tend to be slighter in build than + +Euphaea + +, with longer legs ( +Fig. 58 +), and the hind margin of the head is slightly more rounded, but these differences cannot be considered diagnostic. All species known share the following characteristics: the antennae are conspicuously long, being longer than the distance between the posterior occipital margin and the base of the labrum. The postocular lobes are strongly developed, slightly bulbous, and smoothly rounded ( +Fig. 64 +). In species for which information is available ( + +B. indica + +, + +B. serrata +, +B. strigata + +) the male genital apophyses are large and rounded, curving to overlap S10 ( +Fig. 71 +), in which respect they differ from + +Euphaea + +. There are few or no tubercles on the labrum and anterior part of the head, as in + +Anisopleura + +and claviform setae characteristic of all euphaids are often especially dense in this area. The inner apical process of the labial palp is free and securiform except in + +B. bidentata + +in which it is almost atrophied to an angulated thorn like process, but also supplemented by another blunt process about the mid-inner margin of the palp that is unknown in any other member of the family. In species examined sufficiently closely ( + +B. indica + +, + +B. serrata +, +B. strigata + +) the outer apical process of the lobe of the labial palp has a wavy margin unknown in other described genera ( +Fig. 66 +). + + +Most species lack long spines on the genae (longer than about one third of the width of the ventrally visible compound eye), but + +B. serrata + +has 1–3 spines + +Keetapithchayakul +et al +. (2020) + +, hence a lack of spines or just one spine generally indicates that the larva is + +Bayadera + +, but presence of multiple spines does not rule out the genus. + + + +Bayadera + + +larvae are typically found clinging under stones in clear, moderately fast flowing water in shallow streams. +At +higher altitudes they frequently occur together with + +Anisopleura + +larvae, apparently in very similar microhabitats. +The +various species have different altitudinal preferences ranging from + +500–2500m + +( +Zhang 2019 +) + +. + + +Rasaily +et al +. (2021) + +report + +Bayadera + +larva at many locations in +Bhutan +, some quite disturbed, from ca + +500– 1300m + + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02ED749FF79E96FFCB3F85A.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02ED749FF79E96FFCB3F85A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..774ff475739 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02ED749FF79E96FFCB3F85A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Philogangidae + + + + + + +The single genus + +Philoganga + +is known from four large species ranging from the eastern Himalaya, northern +Myanmar +, +Thailand +and Indochina to southern +China +. The larvae of three species are known, and are generally similar, +Fraser (1938) +described and figured + +P. montana +(Hagen) + +, +Chao (1948 +, +1953 +) discussed Chinese species, including + +P. robusta +Navás + +, and the most detailed descriptions are available for + +P. vetusta +Ris + +( +Asahina 1967 +, +Xu 2016 +, +Ng 2024e +). The larvae ( +Fig. 24 +) are found among stones in clear wooded streams in hill country up to +1200m +. +Fraser (1938) +reported + +P. montana + +as inhabiting “...torrential mountain streams, clinging to the underside of stones or rocks or hiding up in clefts of rocks.”. Mature larvae are easily distinguished by their massive head, eight segmented antennae ( +Fig. 25 +), (although +Asahina (1967) +reported some specimens of + +P. vetusta + +with only seven antennal segments), long tapered saccoid terminal gills and large size. As far as is known all species bear a cluster of long strong subocular spines on the anterior gena; the prementum ( +Fig. 26 +) is broad, with rounded lateral margins bearing short spines in their anterior half, a slightly produced anterior median lobe with short median cleft. I was able to make direct comparisons with an exuvia of + +P. montana + +collected in +Nepal +by S.G. Butler (see +Kemp & Butler 2001 +), which had 8-segmented antennae, and, aside from its huge size (total length excluding antennae and caudal gills +40mm +) it differed only slightly from the allopatric + +P. vetusta + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02ED749FF79EFE3FBDCFB21.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02ED749FF79EFE3FBDCFB21.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0265a1e34f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02ED749FF79EFE3FBDCFB21.xml @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Mesopodagrionidae + + + + + + +The family has just one genus including two species, with the larva of + +Mesopodagrion tibetanum +McLachlan + +having been described ( +Yu 2016 +). They inhabit mountain streams from +500–2700m +in southern +China +, and northern +Myanmar +and +Thailand +. They bear unique lateral tufted projections arising from the postocular lobes ( +Fig. 12 +) and the prementum is shout and broad, with convex lateral margins only slightly expanded anteriorly and with a shallow but distinct anterior median lobe with short median cleft ( +Fig. 13 +). As in +Argiolestidae +, the caudal gills are foliate and arranged in a horizontal fan ( +Fig. 12 +) but there are numerous points of difference between + +Mesopodagrion + +and + +Podolestes + +( +Figs 14, 15 +), the only argiolestid genus known from mainland Asia. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02FD748FF79E9CEFD8BF891.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02FD748FF79E9CEFD8BF891.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..be0cb7c29c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02FD748FF79E9CEFD8BF891.xml @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Heterophaea + + + + + + +This monotypic genus is known only from north-east Luzon, +Philippines +. + +Heterophaea barbata +(Martin) + +is the largest species of the family and the distinctive larvae were recently described on the basis of four exuviae ( +Orr & Hämäläinen 2024 +), determined by supposition. They are notable for their size and for having extremely numerous and well-developed spines on the genae, and 2–3 rows of spines on the outer face of the mandible, sometimes arranged in a crown-like circlet. The head bears numerous small tubercles and the postocular lobes are shallow, somewhat reminiscent of + +Anisopleura + +but no close relationship is inferred ( +Fig. 62 +). The antennae are 12–15 segmented (V.J. Kalkman pers comm.), more than any other known odonate larva. Various parts of the body bear dense lines of dark claviform setae and long filiform setae. The habitat is presumed to be under stones and boulder in clear swift flowing streams at around + +600– +900m + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02FD748FF79ECB6FB08FA1D.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02FD748FF79ECB6FB08FA1D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..84f6e9d0ec4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE02FD748FF79ECB6FB08FA1D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,287 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Euphaea + + + + + + +With 35 species ranging from +Japan +to +Sri Lanka +in the west to the Alor Archipelago in the Lesser Sundas and the +Philippines +in the east, + +Euphaea + +is by far the most speciose genus of the family and the most morphologically diverse in the adult stage. A habitus of the larvae of + +E. splendens +Hagen + +, first mentioned by +Hagen (1880) +, was first illustrated with fair accuracy in +Packard (1898) +and +Ris (1912) +described and figured very accurately diagnostic features of + +E. variegata +Rambur + +larva from Java. +Tillyard (1917) +depicted the lateral habitus of + +Euphaea +? +variegata + +(as + +Pseudophaea +sp. + +) based on a photograph sent by F. Ris. +Fraser (1929b) +crudely figured the ventral habitus of + +E. splendens + +(as + +Pseudophaea +, + +wrongly depicting exaggerated abdominal gills on S1–7) and the dorsal habitus of + +E. fraseri +(Laidlaw) + +which also suggests the abdominal gills are on S 1–7 which are incorrectly described as ‘S’ shaped in both species, which may have been an artefact of preservation. A slightly improved version of the + +E. fraseri + +habitus was depicted in +Fraser (1934) +. Some structural details, photographs of the habitus and ecological information were provided for + +E. splendens + +larva by +St Quentin (1973) +. + + +Other species that have been described and/or illustrated include: + +E. decorata +Hagen + +( +Fig. 59 +), habitus and diagnostic details figured ( + +Tam +et al +. 2011 + +, +Xu 2017 +); + +E. formosa +Hagen + +, diagnostic details figured ( +Matsuki & Lien 1978 +); + +E. impar +Selys + +, photograph of habitus ( +Ngiam & Ng 2022 +); + +E. ochracea +Selys + +, habitus and diagnostic details, the former suggests the filament of the caudal gills is constricted at the base, which seems likely to be an artefact of preservation or artistic licence ( +Matsuki 2001 +); + +E. opaca +Selys + +, photograph habitus ( +Zhang 2019 +); + +E. refulgens +Hagen + +, habitus figured ( +Needham & Gyger 1939 +); + +E. subcostalis +Selys + +, habitus figured (as + +Euphaea +sp. + +), +Orr (2003) +; + +E. superba +Kimmins 1936 + +, habitus and diagnostic details figured ( + +Wu +et al +. 2019 + +); + +E. tricolor +Selys + +, habitus in life, +Orr (2003) +; + +Euphaea yayeyamana +Oguma + +, habitus and diagnostic details ( + +Ishida +et al +. 1988 + +, +Ishida 1996 +, Sugimura +et al. +1999). The larva of + +E. masoni +Selys + +was partially figured by +Boonsoong (2016) +, who documented its phoretic associations with chironomid larvae in streams in western +Thailand +. + + +Larvae in the genus are typically squat and heavily built, but may vary in some characters, especially the form of the caudal gills. The head tends to be rather square with strong postocular lobes and the antennae are about the same length as or a little longer than as the distance from the posterior occipital margin to the base of the labrum ( +Fig. 65 +); the inner apical process on the labial palp is well-developed, free and securiform in species examined ( +Fig. 74 +), as in most + +Bayadera + +, from which they differ in not possessing a wavy outer margin to the outer process. Strong subocular spines on the gena range from 2–5 ( + +Keetapithchayakul +et al +. 2020 + +). the male genital apophyses are very short and triangular or atrophied; the short, saccoid caudal gills often bear a long filament tapering abruptly from the main sac, but sometimes are more elongate with a pale cone-like process (especially in + +E. superba + +, and to some extent in + +E. tricolor + +and + +E. opaca + +) which is more characteristic of + +Bayadera + +. Larval habitats of + +Euphaea +species + +are quite variable, given the geographic and taxonomic range of the genus, but most occur at lower elevations (below +1000m +) in forested or sometimes open streams where the larvae tend to be found under stones in riffles and towards the centre of streams. In +Brunei +, for example, four species occur below +100m +asl with habitat segregation evident between sister species; + +E. tricolor + +inhabits the main stream on the Sungei Belalong with larvae almost aways found under stones in a shallow riffle midstream whereas + +E. subcostalis + +is only found on small steep side streams leading into the main flow and the microhabitats of the adults also virtually abut each other ( +Orr 2001 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE034D750FF79EA82FA56F88C.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE034D750FF79EA82FA56F88C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..85fae3fb371 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE034D750FF79EA82FA56F88C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,343 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Superfamily +Calopterygoidea + + + + + + +The superfamily +Calopterygoidea +, as it is presently understood, is a relatively new assemblage of taxa which has been recognised in recent years through the morphological studies of several authors, such as +Rehn (2003) +and molecular studies, notably by + +Dijkstra +et al +. (2014) + +and + +Bybee +et al +. (2021) + +. One unexpected result of the molecular studies has been the inclusion within the group of the family +Argiolestidae +, defined by +Kalkman & Theischinger (2013) +. However both molecular studies assess the +Calopterygoidea +as paraphyletic (Djikstra +et al +. 2014) or ‘nonmonophyletic’ ( + +Bybee +et al +. 2021 + +), but while the former authors left many minor taxa in the category ‘ +incertae sedis’ +, the latter did assign taxa to named families within +Calopterygoidea +(as ‘Calopterygoidea’ see above). Worldwide it includes 26 families and one +incertae sedis +group ( + +Bybee +et al +. 2021 + +). It is the family arrangement of + +Bybee +et al. +(2021) + +that is followed here. This comprises 11 families in the Oriental realm, and for 10 of them, at least +one larva +is known. The key is expected to generally be reliable at the family level, with the possible exception of some genera of the weakly defined +Rhipidolestidae +. Larvae of the newly erected family +Priscagrionidae +, first recognised in + +Bybee +et al +. (2021) + +, remain unknown. Within the region larvae of the large families +Calopterygidae +(11/12 genera), +Euphaeidae +(5/8 genera) and +Chlorocyphidae +(5/16 genera) are unevenly known. The generic divisions of the +Chlorocyphidae +are not fully resolved, and only small morphological differences have been found between the larvae of even quite distant genera in the family. + + + + +Family key Oriental +Calopterygoidea +: + + + + +larva unknown: +Priscagrionidae +(genera + +Priscagrion + +and + +Sinocnemis + +) + + + + + + + +1 Abdomen with two ventral rows of long fleshy, filamentous gills on S2–8; build generally robust; caudal gills saccoid with terminal filament or blunt process ( +Fig. 1 +)......................................................... + +Euphaeidae + +[absent from +Sulawesi +] + + + +1’ Abdomen lacking long fleshy gills on venter of abdomen, build very slender to robust, caudal gills of variable form, including saccoid............................................................................................. 2 + + + + + +2 (1’) Antennal scape at least one third total antennal length; antennal sockets set in raised prominence; ( +Figs 2, 3 +); very small to large species with long legs; moderately robust to very slender build.................................................. 3 + + + + +2’ Antennal scape less than one third total antennal length ( +Fig. 4 +),................................................ 4 + + + + + + +3(2) Prementum with long lateral lobes and often deep median cleft ( +Fig. 5 +); antennal scape mostly longer than pedicel and flagellum together ( +Fig. 2 +); three well developed caudal gills of variable form; medium to large size............... + +Calopterygidae + + + + + +3’ Prementum without long lateral lobes or deep median cleft ( +Fig. 6 +); caudal gills reduced to two long, thin lateral spikes, triangular in section, between 0.5–0.9 times length of abdomen, ( +Fig. 7 +), vestigial central gill barely apparent as a conical epiproct; build moderately stout, small to very small............................................ + +Chlorocyphidae + + + + + + + +4 (2’). Caudal gills bulbous and sclerotised, either ovate or conical with blunt trifid tips; venter of S10 with paired retractable gill tufts ( +Figs 8, 9 +), sometimes just evident as tiny tumescent orifices when retracted; stoutly built............................ 5 + + + +4’ Caudal gills not as above, either soft and saccoid, or else laterally or ventrally flattened. Ventral gill tufts on S10 absent.... 6 + + + + + +5(4) Caudal gills subspherical hardened balloons with slight acuminate tip ( +Fig. 10 +), antennae normally proportioned with scape ca half length of pedicel; prementum long, narrow and gently tapered................................... + +Pseudolestidae + +[endemic to +Hainan +] + + + + +5’ Caudal gills hardened, conical, median tricorn ( +Fig. 11 +); first three segments of antennae abnormally thick with scape about twice length of pedicel; prementum broad, squared................................................ + +Devadattidae + +[mainland south-east Asia from southern +Yunnan +and Sundaland] + + + + + +6 (4’) Caudal gills flattened, foliate and arranged horizontally in a broad fan........................................... 7 + + +6’ Caudal gills either saccoid or broadly flattened and arranged vertically........................................... 8 + + + + + +7(6) Stoutly built with broad, acutely tipped, foliate caudal gills ca 0.6 length of abdomen ( +Fig. 12 +); head robust with distinct lateral cephalic lobes; antennae short, no longer than long axis of head from occipital rim to base of labrum; prementum broad and short with short labial palps ( +Fig. 13 +)...................................................... + +Mesopodagrionidae + +[southern +China +, northern Indochina & +Myanmar +] + + + + +7’ Variable in build but head never with lateral cephalic lobes; antenna moderately long or short, caudal gills always broad and arranged in a horizontal fan, but vary considerably in relative size; + +Podolestes + +( +Figs 14, 15 +) may be broadly sympatric with last family but has antennae longer than the long axis of head; caudal lamellae relatively much larger........... + +Argiolestidae + + + + + + + +8(6’) Caudal gills flattened, fleshy short and broad, arranged vertically, median gill thin walled with complex tracheation, ( +Figs 18–21 +).................................................................................... + +Philosinidae + +[West of Wallace’s line] + + + +8’ Caudal gills saccoid, terminating in filament with median gill placed over two lower, lateral gills...................... 9 + + + + + +9 (8’) Head nearly straight sided behind eyes producing an overall squared profile ( +Fig. 24 +); antennae mostly 8 segmented and clearly longer than head from rear occipital margin to base of frons; caudal gills elongate and terminating uniformly in a point ( +Fig. 25 +); mature larvae and exuviae huge, +30–40 mm +in total length including gills; general build robust but elongate.................................................................................................. + +Philogangidae + + + + + +9’ Head with postocular lobes rounded ( +Fig. 16 +); antennae short and robust, about same length as head from rear margin to frons; caudal gills ovate saccoid with distinct dorsal ridge and terminating in short, well defined filament; prementum broad and short with short labial palps ( +Fig. 17 +); general build stout, tapering caudad and less than +15 mm +in length ( +10–12 mm +in recorded specimens).............................................................................. + +Rhipidolestidae + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03AD742FF79E88AFEFFFE9D.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03AD742FF79E88AFEFFFE9D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..59fcd2c23f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03AD742FF79E88AFEFFFE9D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Echo + + + + + + +The genus includes five species ranging from southern +China +and the eastern Himalayas to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Only the larva of + +Echo uniformis +Selys + +from Sumatra has been briefly described and illustrated ( +Lieftinck 1965 +, +van Tol 1992 +), with drawings showing the habitus and the prementum with labial palps. Nevertheless, both illustrations and the brief text convey critical information that separates the genus from any other, including its sister genus + +Psolodesmus + +(according to + +Dumont +et al +. 2007 + +), which is confined to +Taiwan +and southern Japanese Islands. The prementum ( +Fig. 33 +) is very similar to that of + +Psolodesmus + +, but has two setae on the anterior lobes of the prementum (one in + +Psolodesmus + +). Both genera have a similar robust build ( +Fig. 56 +). Also in + +Psolodesmus + +the short outer, triquetral caudal gills bear very strong teeth along the outer central ridge but not on the dorsal and ventral margins, whereas in + +E. uniformis + +all three ridges bear dentition, according to +Lieftinck’s (1965) +text, and illustration. The larva of + +E. modesta +Laidlaw + +has been collected on Langkawi Island, +Malaysia +(S.G. Butler pers. comm.), and, an F- +1 specimen +was collected by AGO in a leaf pack in a very small and shallow rocky branch of a small forest stream in +Kanchanaburi +, +Thailand +in 2003. Adult + +E. modesta + +were present and no other species with which the larva might be confused occurs in the area. The species has also been bred, but not yet described (T.S. Keetapithchayakul pers. comm.), confirming the above identifications. Both specimens have strong dentition dorsally and laterally on the margins of the caudal gills as well as lighter denticulations on the outer central ridge ( +Fig. 43 +); the central gill, which is almost as long as the lateral ones, has dorsally at its base a broad triangular sclerotised and slightly serrate guard plate for about one third its length, which is also well developed on + +E. uniformis + +. The other genus in which the prementum is similar is + +Mnais + +, but as in + +Psolodesmus + +it differs in bearing only one pair of setae on the lobes of the prementum. In addition the known larvae of + +Mnais + +are less heavily built and the margins of the outer caudal gills are smooth, without dentition, and usually longer and narrower. + + +Nevertheless, in southern +China +there is a distinct possibility that species of + +Echo + +and + +Mnais + +may overlap ( +Zhang 2019 +), and it is unclear if any of those + +Echo +species + +( + +E. candens +Zhang +et al +. + +, + +E. margarita +Selys + +and + +E. perornata +Yu & Hämäläinen + +) have the same larval form and same distinguishing characters as + +E. uniformis + +and + +E. modesta + +, or indeed, if all + +Mnais +species + +differ in the way we presently recognise. A possible hint as to the differences we may expect has been suggested ( +Orr & Butler 2024 +), but until we have certified voucher specimens, this question remains open. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03AD75DFF79EE66FA41FBA1.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03AD75DFF79EE66FA41FBA1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..af3b54ec3f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03AD75DFF79EE66FA41FBA1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Caliphaea + + + + + + +The genus includes five species inhabiting mountainous regions from +Nepal +to north-east +India +, south and central +China +, northern +Myanmar +, +Thailand +, +Laos +and +Vietnam +. The stout, long-legged larva has been described in detail only for + +Caliphaea angka +Hämäläinen + +( + +Yang +et al +. 2021 + +), and was collected at +2340 m +“in small sluggish montane streams, with numerous hydro-phytes”. Apart from its distinctive habitus ( +Fig. 52 +), with very short ovoid caudal gill bearing a row of 5–6 tubercles along the outer ridge, with the median gill much smaller and thin and membranous ( +Fig. 47 +); the prementum is distinctive, with a very narrow deep median cleft and the lateral lobes well separated apically, and the scape of the antenna is less than half its total length ( +Fig. 38 +). The best-known species of the genus is + +C. confusa +Hagen + +but the larva has not yet been formally described or illustrated, the purported description by +Fraser (1943) +having been shown to be based on a misidentification ( +Orr & Butler 2024 +). Larva of this species have been collected in +Nepal +(S.G. Butler pers comm.), and its similarity to + +C. angka + +leaves no doubt as to its identity, given that it is the only species of the genus in those localities. It differs slightly in the shape of the prementum and the outer caudal gills are slightly more elongate. The species in the genus are all closely related and all larvae are expected to have similar characters. In addition, I collected in 2003 a single mature specimen of + +Caliphaea + +from Doi Inthanon, +Thailand +at ca +1300m +which may be + +C. thailandica +Asahina + +(Orr unpublished data). It differs in some respects, notably general build, from Himalayan + +C. confusa + +and + +C. angka + +but agrees with them in key characters. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79E9CFFEE1F891.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79E9CFFEE1F891.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..932a5c6f580 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79E9CFFEE1F891.xml @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Archineura + + + + + + +The genus includes just three species, two from southern +China +and one from northern +Vietnam +, + +Archineura maxima +(Martin) + +, which is likely already extinct ( +Hämäläinen 2015 +). The larva of + +A. incarnata +(Karsch) + +has been described in detail ( + +Yang +et al +. 2022 + +) and by virtue of its size and uniquely elongate, tuberculate caudal lamellae ( +Fig. 42 +) cannot be mistaken with any other genus. According to + +Yang +et al +. (2022) + +, “they are typical claspers and are found on the under surface large stones and boulders in the middle of streams, but not at the stream edge where most other larvae of the family are found...” and, “If a rock provides a suitable microhabitat and is sufficiently large, 2– +3 larvae +can be found together.”, these notes being based on both presumed larvae of + +A. hetaerinoides +(Fraser) + +from Guangxi and + +A. incarnata + +from Guangdong. The presumed + +A. hetaerinoides + +larva is very similar to + +A. incarnata + +(H-M Zhang pers comm.). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79ECB7FB6AFD2D.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79ECB7FB6AFD2D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..45cab64c1f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79ECB7FB6AFD2D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Argiolestidae + + + + + + +Just four genera and 15 species of this mainly Australian and Oceanian realm (sensu + +Holt +et al +. 2013 + +) family occur in the Oriental realm, and only one genus, + +Podolestes + +(9 spp.), occurs on the Asian mainland ( +Kalkman & Theischinger 2013 +). The larva is known and described only for + +P. orientalis +Selys + +( +Choong & Orr 2010 +), but other species of the genus are probably similar. Based on their well-known Australian relatives all argiolestids are believed to possess broad, rounded or foliate caudal gills arranged in a horizontal fan, and most are of moderately stout build. + +Podolestes + +( +Fig. 14 +), is known west of Sulawesi and the +Philippines +and in eastern mainland Asia where it might be broadly sympatric with species of +Mesopodagrionidae +which argiolestid larvae most resemble. However, + +Podolestes + +larvae have much larger gill lamellae, a different head shape and finer, longer antennae; the prementum is long and narrow, expanded anteriorly with almost no median lobe ( +Fig. 15 +). They inhabit pools in lowland swamp forest, as opposed to swift upland streams. Even in situations where the adults are abundant, the larvae can be very difficult to locate, but they have been discovered among leaf litter in shallow forest pools and in bankside root masses in very slowly flowing streams. According to +Ngiam & Ng (2022) +the larva “Hunts among fallen leaf packs at shallow edges of forest pools, with abdomen raised and gills aimed at the surface, possibly to maximise oxygen uptake in poorly oxygenated pools”. + + +Larva unknown: + +Argiolestes + +( +1 sp. +), + +Celebargiolestes + +(4 spp.), + +Luzonargiolestes + +(2 spp.) + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79EF63FD4CFA89.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79EF63FD4CFA89.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f7f4ad7aebb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75CFF79EF63FD4CFA89.xml @@ -0,0 +1,351 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Family +Calopterygidae + + + + + + +The larvae of 11 of the 12 genera present in the region have been described and approximately one third of the 68 species are known but not necessarily described. The larvae +of + +Neurobasis +( +Sinobasis +) +anderssoni +Sjöstedt + +from +China +is unknown and likely to be distinctive. All species are long legged and elongate, but some genera are stouter; in all species the first antennal segment (scape) is greatly enlarged, broad at the base and longer than or as long as the remaining six segments and often longer than the head is wide; intergeneric variation occurs mainly in the form of the prementum and of the caudal gills, which vary greatly in relative length and in structure. We can mostly be confident of generic level classification, but too few species of the pairs of similar genera + +Atrocalopteryx + +/ + +Matrona + +and + +Vestalis + +/ + +Vestalaria + +are known to be sure the keys accurately resolve all species. A distinctive form with strongly angulated postocular lobes described by +Fraser (1943) +as + +Caliphaea confusa +Hagen + +may in fact be + +Echo margarita +Selys + +and another enigmatic larva collected in +Nepal +cannot at present be assigned to a genus ( +Orr & Butler 2024 +). Almost all species in the family inhabit clear free flowing streams, typically in forest towards the equator and at lower elevations. Measurements (A, B, C, D) used in subsequent key descriptions are indicated in +Fig. 27 +. + + +Larva unknown: + +Noguchiphaea + +(3 spp.) + + + + + +Key to genera + + + + + + + + +1 Premental cleft deep, diamond shaped or ovoid, ratio A/B at least 0.5 ( +Figs 28, 29, 30, 31 +); thinly built long legged species; lateral caudal gills at least half length of remainder of body ( +Figs 54, 55 +)......................................... 2 + + + + +1’ Premental cleft, ratio A/B: 0.25–0.33 and tear-drop shaped ( +Figs 32, 33, 34 +, +35, 36, 37 +), or cleft narrow and open anteriorly ( +Fig. 38 +); often moderately heavy in build; lateral caudal gills rarely more than half length of remainder of body............... 5 + + + + + + +2 (1) Prementum very long and narrow, ratio B/D: 2.2–2.8 and premental cleft deep, ratio A/B: ca 0.6 ( +Figs 28, 29 +); single strong seta on each lobe of prementum.............................................................................. 3 + + + + +2’ Prementum broader and shorter, ratio B/D: 1.6-2 and premental cleft depth ratio A/B ca. 0.5 ( +Figs 30, 31 +); two strong setae on each lobe of prementum................................................................................ 4 + + + + + + +3 Lateral caudal gills about half length of rest of body; middle gill less than half length of laterals; hindlegs extended just reaching tip of S10. large species (body length excluding antennae and caudal gills +37 mm +)............. + +Matronoides cyaneipennis + +[endemic to +North Borneo +over +900m +] + + + + +3’ Lateral gills about 0.7 length of rest of body; middle gill more than half length of laterals; very slender in build with long spindly legs; hindlegs extended reaching well beyond S10 of abdomen ( +Fig. 54 +); widespread in clear streams throughout the region....................................................................................... + +Neurobasis + + + + + + + +4 (2’) Prementum ( +Fig. 30 +) elongate, ratio B/D: 1.8–1.9 and cleft boad, ratio C/D: 0.3; anterior lobes of prementum long and narrow (total length from base: width at midpoint = 9.5); abdomen moderately broad; hind femur reaching S6; lateral caudal gill about half length of remainder of body ( +Figs 48 +, +55 +)......................................................... + +Matrona + + + + + +4’ Prementum ( +Fig. 31 +) shorter (ratio B/D: 1.65) and more solid; cleft narrow, ratio C/D: 0.24 anterior lobes of prementum shorter and broader (total length from base: width at midpoint = 5.6); hind femur at most reaching S5; lateral caudal gill about 0.6 length of remainder of body.................................................................. + +Atrocalopteryx + + + + + + + +5 (1’) Lateral caudal gills, long, narrow, clearly triquetral, slightly more than half length of remainder of body and armed with wellspaced tubercles along margins, with posterior tubercles long and finger-like ( +Fig. 42 +); premental cleft short (A/B: 0.24); no inner strong setae on relatively short lobes of prementum ( +Fig. 35 +)....................................... + +Archineura + + + + +5’ Lateral caudal gills without tubercles, or if tubercles present then less than one third length of remainder of body.......... 6 + + + + + +6 (5’) Lateral caudal gills laminate, foliate and at least one third length of remainder of body ( +Fig. 50 +); prementum ratio B/D: 1.37– 1.6. ( +Figs 36, 37 +)..................................................................................... 7 + + + +6’ Lateral caudal gills less than one third length of remainder of body; prementum ratio B/D: 1.1–1.3...................... 8 + + + + + +7 (6) Two strong spines on each lobe of prementum ( +Fig. 36 +); depth of premental cleft ratio A/B 0.33 or greater; prementum abruptly expanded anteriorly; lateral gills 0.33–0.36 length of remainder of body ( +Fig. 53 +); antennal scape ca 0.8 width of head; antenna with very short segment between pedicel and scape, 8 segmented ( +Fig. 36 +).................................. + +Vestalis + +[widespread west of Wallace’s line] + + + + +7’ One strong spine on each lobe of prementum ( +Fig. 37 +); premental cleft ratio A/B less than 0.33; prementum gradually expanded anteriorly; lateral gills 0.46–0.5 length remainder of body; antennal scape ca width of head or longer, antenna lacking short segment between pedicel and scape, 7 segmented..................................................... + +Vestalaria + + + + + + + +8 (6’) Premental cleft long and narrow, lobes of prementum not meeting anteriorly; ratio A/B: 0.33 ( +Fig. 38 +); lateral caudal gills very short, no more than 0.25 length of remainder of body ( +Fig. 52 +); ovoid, margins smooth, with outer central rib bearing 5–7 well defined denticles ( +Fig. 47 +); antennal scape about half total length of antenna ( +Fig. 38 +)........................ + +Caliphaea + + + + + +8’ Premental cleft narrow, pear-drop outline, tips of lobes of prementum touching or overlapping cleft, relatively short, ratio A/B:0.25–0.30 ( +Figs 32–34 +); lateral caudal gills ranging from 0.25–0.33 total length of remainder of body.................. 9 + + + + + + +9 (8’) Lateral gills smooth, without denticles, elongate ovoid ( +Fig. 45 +) or broadly sickle-shaped, about one third length of remainder of body; postocular lobes shallow in outline; one strong setae on lobes of prementum ( +Fig. 32 +).................... + +Mnais + + + + +9’ Lateral gills bearing denticles on central outer rib and sometimes on margins..................................... 10 + + + + + +10 (9’) Postocular lobe shallow in outline with small tubercle ( +Fig. 56 +) (but see note on Fraser 1924); lateral caudal gills about three times as long as broad with denticles along dorsal and ventral margins and small tubercles on outer central rib ( +Fig. 43 +). + +Echo + +[Sumatra, Peninsular +Malaysia +, eastern Himalayas, +Myanmar +, +Thailand +and southern +China +] + + + + +10’ Postocular lobe well rounded in outline with small tubercle; lateral gills ca 0.33 times length of rest of body only outer central rib of lateral gills with very strong denticles; margins smooth ( +Fig. 44 +)................................. + +Psolodesmus + +[ +Taiwan +and nearby islands] + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75DFF79EB5BFD6DFDC5.xml b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75DFF79EB5BFD6DFDC5.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b6978107bd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/93/73/87/937387ADE03BD75DFF79EB5BFD6DFDC5.xml @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ + + + +A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera + + + +Author + +Orr, Albert G. W. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-08-23 + + +5497 + + +2 + + +209 +243 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 +1175-5326 +13618317 +B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB + + + + + + +Atrocalopteryx + + + + + + +The genus ranges from +Japan +to +China +and northern Indochina and includes eight species. The larva is known for only one species, + +Atrocalopteryx atrata +(Selys) + +which has a wide range from +Japan +to +Korea +and throughout most of +China +. It was first described by Asahina (1940) from an immature specimen, with the habitus, caudal gills and anterior mask depicted. Subsequently a description based on a F instar larva was provided by the same author ( +Asahina 1956 +), who figured the prementum and labial palps, caudal gills, head and antenna and a habitus photograph. Further detail was provided by +Ishida (1996) +. In the northern part of its range it overlaps with + +Calopteryx +species + +, a genus not present in the Oriental region, and +Ishida (1996) +and +Miyakawa (1983) +demonstrate how it may be separated from sympatric species of that genus. In Indochina and south-eastern +China +the genus overlaps broadly with species of + +Matrona + +with which + +A. atrata + +larvae share some similarities, hence it is not certain if the key provided separates all species, but with interspecific variation in adult + +Atrocalopteryx + +being modest, we may suppose that this is true also of larvae. The clearest character distinguishing + +A. atrata + +from + +Matrona + +is the form of the prementum ( +Fig. 31 +). The caudal gills of + +A. atrata +, + +well depicted by ( +Miyakawa 1983 +), are very similar in shape and proportions to those of known + +Matrona +sp. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file