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data/03/B9/87/03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525.xml
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@ -1,52 +1,54 @@
<document id="E3F0525EEEE591C8CDE14482638054FD" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5583.3.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14804535" ID-ZooBank="1C09F992-B538-43F0-8CFB-0404E13A6ED3" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1738698344171" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rodríguez-Quintal, Bladimir &amp; Lira, Carlos" docDate="2025" docId="03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5583.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5583 (3)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Plesionika longicauda" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="423" masterDocId="FF80FFD79507FF93FFEB3D4A2E71075E" masterDocTitle="A review of deep-sea shrimps (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata and Caridea) with four new records for Venezuela" masterLastPageNumber="436" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="421" updateTime="1739305030588" updateUser="guilherme" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="F067CB0655B6786F8E990BD766976418">A review of deep-sea shrimps (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata and Caridea) with four new records for Venezuela</mods:title>
<document id="D3EE7FFEC1FEDD0E0776477A05325C17" ID-CLB-Dataset="308098" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5583.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7ba20fb6-86ce-4810-b87f-6cc6d91d9236" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14804535" ID-ZooBank="1C09F992-B538-43F0-8CFB-0404E13A6ED3" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1738698344171" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rodríguez-Quintal, Bladimir &amp; Lira, Carlos" docDate="2025" docId="03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5583.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5583 (3)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Plesionika longicauda" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="423" masterDocId="FF80FFD79507FF93FFEB3D4A2E71075E" masterDocTitle="A review of deep-sea shrimps (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata and Caridea) with four new records for Venezuela" masterLastPageNumber="436" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="421" updateTime="1739361245071" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="75AAB62F9946DADA1337050E0C4AECFE">A review of deep-sea shrimps (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata and Caridea) with four new records for Venezuela</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF984DCEBF93660B555412F6CCB0685F">Rodríguez-Quintal, Bladimir</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A706B5CF21B63776DFB21BB7486794B7">Fundación museo del Mar. Museo Marino de Margarita, Nueva Esparta, 6304;</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePart id="B5FA9440AC4E6D8B9D272872860A2911">Rodríguez-Quintal, Bladimir</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="11799FD343507E26B1CAFE73363EBADC">Fundación museo del Mar. Museo Marino de Margarita, Nueva Esparta, 6304;</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B5CAF011CFBAF330222AC838B75DCE2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="08DDDDD2579F199C8ECCC4D7004659A3">Lira, Carlos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6EF64D0DA93F6E26D8BCBC5A69C42641">Laboratorio de Zoología y Carcinología, Departamento de Acuacultura, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar. Universidad de Oriente, núcleo Nueva Esparta, calle Principal - La Marina, Boca del Río, Edo. Nueva Esparta, 6304; &amp; Grupo de Investigación en Carcinología de la Universidad de Oriente (Gicudone).</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePart id="08A602E7F185105C57B013D35A216C96">Lira, Carlos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6F16F47E03D74D496C8358B623FACC9F">Laboratorio de Zoología y Carcinología, Departamento de Acuacultura, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar. Universidad de Oriente, núcleo Nueva Esparta, calle Principal - La Marina, Boca del Río, Edo. Nueva Esparta, 6304; &amp; Grupo de Investigación en Carcinología de la Universidad de Oriente (Gicudone).</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="D3B9D7091D0C3A83B85EE9631FD43505">Zootaxa</mods:title>
<mods:typeOfResource id="E828FACFBD95D0F1EEE6899C7D2C73F7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E958B7F97D2623057A85EF3A467B509A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EF2F9092EC936E69C4468566A4E7998C">
<mods:date id="9008F13B526CD81928A980ECF55137AB">2025</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BB5940A8C586F82322ADB7B9525D282B">5583</mods:number>
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<mods:location id="FE16F4DC1A01DCFB00A2405674D13DB7">
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</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="DB26CE9C5AB89333D8050B330FD5BE16">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="FCA2E688ABA088E05203AA634F763D48" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5583.3.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="33D06DC41B98BFBAF8231CDB84413230" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F8DE29F5561259AADCC47481DCF37A73" type="Zenodo-Dep">14804535</mods:identifier>
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<mods:classification id="6C319DB3CFC71CE5733D011D7F9BC35A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="77EE8BA46E6CA8550F53C3C49A7D24EA" type="CLB-Dataset">308098</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D3E122A0B6A1DB1042B32E1B95925CCF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5583.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14804746" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14804746" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
<subSubSection id="C30A65329513FF87FF7C39AD2C09025F" box="[151,632,1255,1282]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="nomenclature">
@ -151,9 +153,13 @@ J
<paragraph id="8BAF36B99513FF87FF7C3B5B2C460012" blockId="20.[151,1437,1553,2011]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B964EAAB9513FF87FF7C3B5B2F0C0175" bold="true" box="[151,381,1553,1579]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Material examined</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE49513FF87FE653B5B2D1A010E" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectorName="N Guanta &amp; Fridtjof Nansen" elevation="154" latitude="10.416667" location="Anzoategui state" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.583336" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Anzoategui">
2 ov. females, 2 miles off
<collectorName id="26E5536F9513FF87FD2E3B5B2D490175" box="[709,824,1553,1579]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">N Guanta</collectorName>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE49513FF87FE653B5B2D1A010E" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" elevation="154" latitude="10.416667" location="Guanta" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.583336" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Anzoategui state">
2 ov. females,
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B9513FF87FDD03B5B2CA80175" box="[571,729,1553,1579]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C9513FF87FDD03B5B2CE10175" box="[571,656,1553,1579]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 miles</quantity>
off N
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF60629513FF87FD0F3B5B2D490175" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525:8ECF60629513FF87FD0F3B5B2D490175" box="[740,824,1553,1579]" latitude="10.416667" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.583336" name="Guanta" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" stateProvince="Anzoategui state">Guanta</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49D4F85B9513FF87FCAF3B5B2A770175" box="[836,1030,1553,1579]" country="Venezuela" name="Anzoategui" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Anzoátegui state</collectingRegion>
,
@ -171,15 +177,20 @@ depth
<date id="FFAE10799513FF87FDF43B7F2CFA0111" box="[543,651,1589,1615]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" value="1988-06-04">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE9919513FF87FDF43B7F2CFA0111" box="[543,651,1589,1615]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" value="1988-06-04">4.vi.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-Crus-259)
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC29513FF87FD4B3B7F2D15010E" box="[672,868,1589,1616]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">MMM-Crus-259</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE49513FF87FC933B7F2AA7012D" collectingDate="1988-08-27" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" elevation="40" latitude="10.416667" location="17 miles NE Orinoco Delta" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.583336" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Anzoategui">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE49513FF87FC933B7F2AA7012D" collectingDate="1988-08-27" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" elevation="40" latitude="10.416667" location="17 miles NE Orinoco Delta" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.583336" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-261" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Anzoategui">
<specimenCount id="9D16FD309513FF87FC933B7F2D990111" box="[888,1000,1589,1615]" count="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D16FD309513FF87FC1E3B7F2A210111" box="[1013,1104,1589,1615]" count="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
,
<location id="8ECF60629513FF87FBB63B7F2BE90111" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525:8ECF60629513FF87FBB63B7F2BE90111" box="[1117,1432,1589,1615]" latitude="10.416667" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.583336" name="17 miles NE Orinoco Delta" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" stateProvince="Anzoategui">17 miles NE Orinoco Delta</location>
<location id="8ECF60629513FF87FBB63B7F2BE90111" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525:8ECF60629513FF87FBB63B7F2BE90111" box="[1117,1432,1589,1615]" latitude="10.416667" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.583336" name="17 miles NE Orinoco Delta" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" stateProvince="Anzoategui">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C9513FF87FBB63B7F2ACF0111" box="[1117,1214,1589,1615]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7358848" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" unit="mi" value="17.0">17 miles</quantity>
NE Orinoco Delta
</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E9513FF87FF7C3B132F50012A" box="[151,289,1625,1652]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" precision="15" seconds="00" value="10.416667">10°25’00”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E9513FF87FECD3B132FC7012A" box="[294,438,1625,1652]" degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-64.583336">64°35’00”W</geoCoordinate>
@ -198,13 +209,18 @@ depth
<date id="FFAE10799513FF87FC9D3B132D8C012D" box="[886,1021,1625,1651]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" value="1988-08-27">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE9919513FF87FC9D3B132D8C012D" box="[886,1021,1625,1651]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" value="1988-08-27">27.viii.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
(MMM-Crus-261)
(
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC29513FF87FBE03B132ABF012D" box="[1035,1230,1625,1651]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">MMM-Crus-261</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE49513FF87FB343B132F2E01E5" collectingDate="1988-06-02" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" elevation="96" latitude="11.06" location="Margarita Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-64.42" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Anzoategui">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE49513FF87FB343B132F2E01E5" collectingDate="1988-06-02" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" elevation="96" latitude="11.06" location="Margarita Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-64.42" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" specimenCode="MMM-crus 348" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Anzoategui">
<specimenCount id="9D16FD309513FF87FB343B132B33012D" box="[1247,1346,1625,1651]" count="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B9513FF87FAA73B132F4501C9" location="Robeldal" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">3 miles NW Robeldal</locationDeviation>
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B9513FF87FAA73B132F4501C9" location="Robeldal" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C9513FF87FAA73B132BEC012D" box="[1356,1437,1625,1651]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" unit="mi" value="3.0">3 miles</quantity>
NW Robeldal
</locationDeviation>
,
<location id="8ECF60629513FF87FED53B372F8801C9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF9513FF85FF7C39AD2C450525:8ECF60629513FF87FED53B372F8801C9" box="[318,505,1661,1687]" latitude="11.06" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-64.42" name="Margarita Island" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" stateProvince="Anzoategui">Margarita Island</location>
,
@ -225,7 +241,9 @@ depth
<date id="FFAE10799513FF87FAC03B372BE901C9" box="[1323,1432,1661,1687]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" value="1988-06-02">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE9919513FF87FAC03B372BE901C9" box="[1323,1432,1661,1687]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" value="1988-06-02">2.vi.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-crus 348)
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC29513FF87FF743BEB2F2601E5" box="[159,343,1697,1723]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">MMM-crus 348</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="9D16FD309513FF87FE823BEB2FBA01E5" box="[361,459,1697,1723]" count="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
@ -243,13 +261,17 @@ off NE Los Testigos Archipelago,
depth,
<date id="FFAE10799513FF87FE753B8F2C7F0181" box="[414,526,1733,1759]" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" value="1988-05-30">30.v.1988</date>
, (MMM-Crus- 463).
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE49513FF87FD113B8F2B17005A" collectingDate="1988-06-06" collectingDateMax="1988-09-05" collectingDateMin="1988-06-06" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="NW Los Testigos Archipelago &amp; Fridtjof Nansen &amp; N Chuspa" elevation="164" latitude="10.75" location="As" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-66.32" pageId="20" pageNumber="421" specimenCode="USNM 256501, USNM 256503" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Miranda">
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As
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<emphasis id="B964EAAB9513FF87FCF43B8F2A7C0181" box="[799,1037,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Parapandalus narval</emphasis>
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3 nd, 35 miles off
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3 nd,
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@ -269,9 +291,13 @@ depth
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1 nd (rostrum broken), 9 miles off
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1 nd (rostrum broken),
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off N
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,
<collectingRegion id="49D4F85B9513FF87FD8B3A472C8D0079" box="[608,764,1805,1831]" country="Venezuela" name="Miranda" pageId="20" pageNumber="421">Miranda state</collectingRegion>
,

195
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@ -1,52 +1,54 @@
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@ -103,8 +105,10 @@ Blanco Rambla
<subSubSection id="C30A6532951CFF88FF7C3E5E2DCF0310" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="B964EAAB951CFF88FF7C3E5E2FF10470" bold="true" box="[151,384,788,814]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FE6D3E5E2CE9040D" collectingDate="1988-05-30" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; Fridtjof Nansen &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago &amp; NW Puerto Cumarebo &amp; Falcon" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="438" latitude="11.6" location="Fridtjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256510, USNM 256508" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
3 nd, off NE off Los Testigos Archipelago,
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FE6D3E5E2CE9040D" collectingDate="1988-08-31" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="438" latitude="11.6" location="Los Testigos Archipelago" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256510" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
3 nd, off NE off
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@ -116,27 +120,21 @@ depth
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, Fridtjof Nansen
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st 742, (
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R/V st 742, (
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);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FD753E722D4F0429" collectingDate="1988-05-30" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; Fridtjof Nansen &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago &amp; NW Puerto Cumarebo &amp; Falcon" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="438" latitude="11.6" location="Fridtjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256510, USNM 256508" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
2 nd, off
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FCEB3E732D14040D" box="[768,869,824,851]" location="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">NE of La</locationDeviation>
<collectingCountry id="F3077629951CFF88FC813E732A7C040C" box="[874,1037,824,851]" name="Tortuga Island" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Tortuga Island</collectingCountry>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FD753E722D4F0429" collectingDate="1988-07-10" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="452" latitude="11.6" location="La Tortuga Island" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256508" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
2 nd, off NE of
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FCAC3E732A7C040C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951CFF88FF7C3F202F740278:8ECF6062951CFF88FCAC3E732A7C040C" box="[839,1037,824,851]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" name="La Tortuga Island" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">La Tortuga Island</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FBFC3E722A07040C" box="[1047,1142,824,850]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="925" value="11.216666">11°13’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FB973E722A92040D" box="[1148,1251,824,851]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="925" value="-65.21667">65°13’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FB063E722BED040D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951CFF88FF7C3F202F740278:8ECF6062951CFF88FB063E722BED040D" box="[1261,1436,824,851]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" name="Fridtjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fridtjof Nansen</location>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FF7C3E162ED80428" box="[151,169,860,886]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FF593E162EB40428" box="[178,197,860,886]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st 796, 424–
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FB063E722BED040D" box="[1261,1436,824,851]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fridtjof Nansen</collectorName>
R/V st 796, 424–
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FEB33E162F950428" box="[344,484,860,887]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="452.0">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FEB33E162FEC0429" box="[344,413,860,887]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="452.0">452 m</quantity>
depth
@ -149,111 +147,92 @@ depth
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FD6A3E162D420429" box="[641,819,860,887]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">USNM 256508</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FCAF3E162B5F04C5" collectingDate="1988-05-30" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; Fridtjof Nansen &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago &amp; NW Puerto Cumarebo &amp; Falcon" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="438" latitude="11.6" location="Fridtjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256510, USNM 256508" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FCAF3E162B5F04C5" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="154" latitude="11.6" location="La Tortuga Island" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-0258" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="9D16FD30951CFF88FCAF3E162DE00428" box="[836,913,860,886]" count="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
, 1 ov. female,
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FBC53E162ABD0429" box="[1070,1228,860,887]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FBC53E162AFC0428" box="[1070,1165,860,886]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="mi" value="20.0">20 miles</quantity>
off
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FB533E172A810429" box="[1208,1264,861,887]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">
N
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCBACC3951CFF88FB393E172A810429" box="[1234,1264,861,887]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">La</collectingMunicipality>
</collectorName>
<collectingCountry id="F3077629951CFF88FB1F3E172BE90428" box="[1268,1432,860,887]" name="Tortuga Island" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Tortuga Island</collectingCountry>
off N
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FB393E172BE90428" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951CFF88FF7C3F202F740278:8ECF6062951CFF88FB393E172BE90428" box="[1234,1432,860,887]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" name="La Tortuga Island" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">La Tortuga Island</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FF7C3ECA2F5104C4" box="[151,288,896,922]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="48" value="11.23">11°13’48”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FECD3ECA2FC404C5" box="[294,437,896,923]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="12" value="-65.22">65°13’12”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FE2B3ECA2C0104C5" box="[448,624,896,923]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fridtjof Nansen</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FD9D3ECA2CF904C4" box="[630,648,896,922]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FD7A3ECA2CD504C4" box="[657,676,896,922]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st 796, 143–
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FCD13ECA2DB904C4" box="[826,968,896,923]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="154.0">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FCD13ECA2DF104C5" box="[826,896,896,923]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="154.0">154 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
,
R/V st 796, 143–154 m depth,
<date id="FFAE1079951CFF88FC393ECA2A4F04C4" box="[978,1086,896,922]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-06-04">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE991951CFF88FC393ECA2A4F04C4" box="[978,1086,896,922]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-06-04">4.vi.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-Crus-0258);
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FBBA3ECA2B5304C5" box="[1105,1314,896,923]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">MMM-Crus-0258</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FADE3ECA2C2D04BD" collectingDate="1988-05-30" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; Fridtjof Nansen &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago &amp; NW Puerto Cumarebo &amp; Falcon" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="438" latitude="11.6" location="Fridtjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256510, USNM 256508" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FADE3ECA2C2D04BD" collectingDate="1988-05-30" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="549" latitude="11.6" location="Los Testigos Archipelago" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-0265" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="9D16FD30951CFF88FADE3ECA2BE904C4" box="[1333,1432,896,922]" count="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D16FD30951CFF88FF7C3EEE2E9404E0" box="[151,229,932,958]" count="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FF043EEE2FD104E1" box="[239,416,932,959]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FF043EEE2F3E04E0" box="[239,335,932,958]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5405568" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="mi" value="22.0">22 miles</quantity>
off
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FE903EEF2CB404E0" box="[379,709,932,959]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">NE Los Testigos Archipelago</collectorName>
off NE
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FE4C3EEF2CB404E0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951CFF88FF7C3F202F740278:8ECF6062951CFF88FE4C3EEF2CB404E0" box="[423,709,932,959]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" name="Los Testigos Archipelago" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Los Testigos Archipelago</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FD3B3EEE2D2904E0" box="[720,856,932,958]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="00" value="11.65">11°39’00”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FCB43EEE2D9F04E1" box="[863,1006,932,959]" degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-62.879997">62°52’48”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FC123EEE2AD804E1" box="[1017,1193,932,959]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fridtjof Nansen</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FB443EEE2AB004E0" box="[1199,1217,932,958]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FB213EEE2AAC04E0" box="[1226,1245,932,958]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FAE83EEE2E8504BC" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4876" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="4.5752" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="548.76" valueMax="640.0" valueMin="457.52">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FAE83EEE2EDC04BD" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4876" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="4.5752" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="548.76" valueMax="640.0" valueMin="457.52">457, 520–640 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
,
R/V st 457, 520–640 m depth,
<date id="FFAE1079951CFF88FF163E822F1F04BC" box="[253,366,968,994]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-05-30">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE991951CFF88FF163E822F1F04BC" box="[253,366,968,994]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-05-30">30.v.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-Crus-0265);
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FE6B3E822C2004BD" box="[384,593,968,995]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">MMM-Crus-0265</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FD893E822F150374" collectingDate="1988-05-30" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; Fridtjof Nansen &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago &amp; NW Puerto Cumarebo &amp; Falcon" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="438" latitude="11.6" location="Fridtjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256510, USNM 256508" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FD893E822F150374" collectingDate="1988-12-03" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="82" latitude="11.6" location="Puerto Cumarebo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-0263- MMM-Crus-440" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Falcon">
<specimenCount id="9D16FD30951CFF88FD893E822CA104BC" box="[610,720,968,994]" count="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
, 1 ov female and 2 nd
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FC283E822A0A04BD" box="[963,1147,968,995]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FC283E822A5304BC" box="[963,1058,968,994]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5749504" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="mi" value="16.0">16 miles</quantity>
off
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FBA63E832B3604BC" box="[1101,1351,968,995]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">NW Puerto Cumarebo</collectorName>
off NW
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FB6B3E832B3604BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951CFF88FF7C3F202F740278:8ECF6062951CFF88FB6B3E832B3604BC" box="[1152,1351,968,995]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" name="Puerto Cumarebo" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" stateProvince="Falcon">Puerto Cumarebo</location>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FABB3E822BED04BC" box="[1360,1436,968,994]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Falcón</collectorName>
<collectingRegion id="49D4F85B951CFF88FABB3E822BED04BC" box="[1360,1436,968,994]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Falcón</collectingRegion>
state,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FF373EA62F150358" box="[220,356,1004,1030]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="00" value="11.7">11°42’00”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FE853EA62F8C0358" box="[366,509,1004,1030]" degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="12" value="-69.47">69°28’12”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FDE03EA62CCE0359" box="[523,703,1004,1031]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fridtjof Nansen</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FD223EA62CAA0358" box="[713,731,1004,1030]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FD0F3EA62C860358" box="[740,759,1004,1030]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st 1152,
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FC9B3EA62A500358" box="[880,1057,1004,1031]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.15" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="81.5" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="79.0">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FC9B3EA62DA70359" box="[880,982,1004,1031]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.15" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="81.5" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="79.0">79–84 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
,
R/V st 1152, 79–84 m depth,
<date id="FFAE1079951CFF88FBC43EA62AC00358" box="[1071,1201,1004,1030]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-12-03">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE991951CFF88FBC43EA62AC00358" box="[1071,1201,1004,1030]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-12-03">03.xii.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-Crus-0263- MMM-Crus-440);
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FB2C3EA62F280374" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">MMM-Crus-0263- MMM-Crus-440</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FE84395A2DCB0310" collectingDate="1988-05-30" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; Fridtjof Nansen &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago &amp; NW Puerto Cumarebo &amp; Falcon" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="438" latitude="11.6" location="Fridtjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256510, USNM 256508" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FE84395A2DCB0310" collectingDate="1988-08-31" collectingDateMax="1988-12-03" collectingDateMin="1988-05-30" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fridtjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="452" latitude="11.6" location="Los Testigos Archipelago" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-0324" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="2">
3 ov. females,
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FDF0395A2CA60375" box="[539,727,1040,1067]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FDF0395A2C0F0374" box="[539,638,1040,1066]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="mi" value="20.0">20 miles</quantity>
off
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FD59395B2A790374" box="[690,1032,1040,1067]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">NE Los Testigos Archipelago</collectorName>
off NE
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FD0A395B2A790374" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951CFF88FF7C3F202F740278:8ECF6062951CFF88FD0A395B2A790374" box="[737,1032,1040,1067]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="La" name="Los Testigos Archipelago" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Los Testigos Archipelago</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FBFD395A2AEF0374" box="[1046,1182,1040,1066]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="00" value="11.6">11°36’00”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FB42395A2B490375" box="[1193,1336,1040,1067]" degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-62.879997">62°52’48”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FAAC395A2E9A0311" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fridtjof Nansen</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FF19397E2F750310" box="[242,260,1076,1102]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FEE6397E2F510310" box="[269,288,1076,1102]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st 742, 424–
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FE5A397E2C4C0310" box="[433,573,1076,1103]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="452.0">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FE5A397E2F890311" box="[433,504,1076,1103]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="452.0">452 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
R/V st 742, 424–452 m depth
<date id="FFAE1079951CFF88FDAF397E2CBC0310" box="[580,717,1076,1102]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-08-31">
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184
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1 nd, off
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<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FCF43DDD2B2E078B" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; NW La &amp; N Guanta &amp; Anzoategui &amp; Fritjof Nansen &amp; N Los Caracas &amp; La Guaira &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="532" latitude="11.6" location="Fritjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256512, USNN 256509" specimenCount="22" specimenCount-female="22">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FCF43DDD2B2E078B" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fritjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="154" latitude="11.6" location="Guanta" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-326" specimenCount="21" specimenCount-female="21" stateProvince="Anzoategui">
<specimenCount id="9D16FD30951CFF88FCF43DDD2DEA07EF" box="[799,923,151,177]" count="21" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="female">21 females</specimenCount>
(18 ov.), 12 miles off
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FB743DDD2B6107EF" box="[1183,1296,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">N Guanta</collectorName>
(18 ov.),
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FBE73DDD2AC207EF" box="[1036,1203,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FBE73DDD2A1F07EF" box="[1036,1134,151,177]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9312128" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="mi" value="12.0">12 miles</quantity>
off N
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FB573DDD2B6107EF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951DFF88FF7C3A462B0E0546:8ECF6062951CFF88FB573DDD2B6107EF" box="[1212,1296,151,177]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" name="Guanta" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" stateProvince="Anzoategui">Guanta</location>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FAF03DDD2BED07EF" box="[1307,1436,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Anzoátegui</collectorName>
<collectingRegion id="49D4F85B951CFF88FAF03DDD2BED07EF" box="[1307,1436,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Anzoátegui</collectingRegion>
state,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FF333DF02F13078B" box="[216,354,186,213]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="00" value="10.416667">10°25’00”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FE833DF02F89078B" box="[360,504,186,213]" degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-64.583336">64°35’00”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FDE83DF12CD4078B" box="[515,677,187,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fritjof Nansen</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FD473DF12CCF078B" box="[684,702,187,213]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FD2C3DF12CAB078B" box="[711,730,187,213]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st 490, 143–
R/V st 490, 143–
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FC813DF02D89078B" box="[874,1016,186,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="154.0">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FC813DF02DC0078B" box="[874,945,186,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="154.0">154 m</quantity>
depth
@ -160,21 +155,20 @@ depth
<date id="FFAE1079951CFF88FBE83DF12A0C078B" box="[1027,1149,187,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-06-04">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE991951CFF88FBE83DF12A0C078B" box="[1027,1149,187,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-06-04">04.vi.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-Crus-326);
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FB7A3DF12B25078B" box="[1169,1364,187,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">MMM-Crus-326</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FA8D3DF12F9C0643" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; NW La &amp; N Guanta &amp; Anzoategui &amp; Fritjof Nansen &amp; N Los Caracas &amp; La Guaira &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="532" latitude="11.6" location="Fritjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256512, USNN 256509" specimenCount="22" specimenCount-female="22">
2 ov. females, 20 miles off
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FE623D952FB307A7" box="[393,450,223,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">N La</collectorName>
<collectingCountry id="F3077629951CFF88FE233D952C1C07A7" box="[456,621,223,249]" name="Tortuga Island" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Tortuga Island</collectingCountry>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FA8D3DF12F9C0643" collectingDate="1988-09-07" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fritjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="531" latitude="11.6" location="La Tortuga Island" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-crus-264" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="22">
2 ov. females,
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FF173D952FEC07A7" box="[252,413,223,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">20 miles off N</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FE4F3D952C1C07A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951DFF88FF7C3A462B0E0546:8ECF6062951CFF88FE4F3D952C1C07A7" box="[420,621,223,249]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" name="La Tortuga Island" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">La Tortuga Island</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FD933D952D7107A7" box="[632,768,223,249]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="48" value="11.23">11°13’48”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FCEC3D942DE707A7" box="[775,918,222,249]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="12" value="-65.22">65°13’12”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FC4A3D952A3507A7" box="[929,1092,223,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fritjof Nansen</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FBA03D952A2C07A7" box="[1099,1117,223,249]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FB8E3D952A0907A7" box="[1125,1144,223,249]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st 796;
R/V st 796;
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FB393D942BE907A7" box="[1234,1432,222,249]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3149999999999995" metricValueMax="5.62" metricValueMin="5.01" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="531.5" valueMax="562.0" valueMin="501.0">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FB393D942B2107A7" box="[1234,1360,222,249]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3149999999999995" metricValueMax="5.62" metricValueMin="5.01" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="531.5" valueMax="562.0" valueMin="501.0">501–562 m</quantity>
depth
@ -183,24 +177,31 @@ depth
<date id="FFAE1079951CFF88FF7C3C492F600643" box="[151,273,259,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-09-07">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE991951CFF88FF7C3C492F600643" box="[151,273,259,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-09-07">07.ix.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-crus-264);
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FECF3C492F900643" box="[292,481,259,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">MMM-crus-264</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FE183C492A7A0643" box="[499,1035,258,285]" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; NW La &amp; N Guanta &amp; Anzoategui &amp; Fritjof Nansen &amp; N Los Caracas &amp; La Guaira &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="532" latitude="11.6" location="Fritjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256512, USNN 256509" specimenCount="22" specimenCount-female="22">9 ov. females, same location (MMM-Crus-475);</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FBF93C492F1F063B" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; NW La &amp; N Guanta &amp; Anzoategui &amp; Fritjof Nansen &amp; N Los Caracas &amp; La Guaira &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="532" latitude="11.6" location="Fritjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256512, USNN 256509" specimenCount="22" specimenCount-female="22">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FE183C492A7A0643" box="[499,1035,258,285]" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="532" latitude="11.6" location="Fritjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-475" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="22">
9 ov. females, same location (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FCD63C482A710643" box="[829,1024,258,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">MMM-Crus-475</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FBF93C492F1F063B" collectingDate="1988-09-10" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fritjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="592" latitude="11.6" location="Los Caracas" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-366" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="La Guaira">
<specimenCount id="9D16FD30951CFF88FBF93C492A070643" box="[1042,1142,259,285]" count="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, 1 ov. female, 38 miles off
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FF7C3C6D2F4D061F" box="[151,316,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">N Los Caracas</collectorName>
, 1 ov. female,
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FAFD3C492EDA061F" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FAFD3C492B070643" box="[1302,1398,259,285]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1155072" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="mi" value="38.0">38 miles</quantity>
off N
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FF5A3C6D2F4D061F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951DFF88FF7C3A462B0E0546:8ECF6062951CFF88FF5A3C6D2F4D061F" box="[177,316,295,321]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" name="Los Caracas" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" stateProvince="La Guaira">Los Caracas</location>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FEAC3C6D2FC7061F" box="[327,438,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">La Guaira</collectorName>
<collectingRegion id="49D4F85B951CFF88FEAC3C6D2FC7061F" box="[327,438,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">La Guaira</collectingRegion>
state,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FE163C6D2CF4061F" box="[509,645,295,321]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="12" value="11.17">11°10’12”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FD603C6D2D6B061F" box="[651,794,295,321]" degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="12" value="-66.57">66°34’12”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FCCE3C6D2DB7061F" box="[805,966,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fritjof Nansen</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FC273C6D2DAF061F" box="[972,990,295,321]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FC0C3C6D2D8B061F" box="[999,1018,295,321]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st 811, 582–
R/V st 811, 582–
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FB6C3C6C2B62061F" box="[1159,1299,294,321]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.92" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="592.0">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FB6C3C6C2ABC061F" box="[1159,1229,294,321]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.92" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="592.0">592 m</quantity>
depth
@ -209,22 +210,23 @@ depth
<date id="FFAE1079951CFF88FAF63C6D2BE6061F" box="[1309,1431,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-09-10">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE991951CFF88FAF63C6D2BE6061F" box="[1309,1431,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-09-10">10.ix.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-Crus-366);
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FF743C012F12063B" box="[159,355,331,357]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">MMM-Crus-366</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FE9E3C012D5206D7" collectingDate="1988-06-04" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="N La &amp; NW La &amp; N Guanta &amp; Anzoategui &amp; Fritjof Nansen &amp; N Los Caracas &amp; La Guaira &amp; NE Los Testigos Archipelago" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="532" latitude="11.6" location="Fritjof Nansen" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="USNM 256512, USNN 256509" specimenCount="22" specimenCount-female="22">
<materialsCitation id="3B783CE4951CFF88FE9E3C012D5206D7" collectingDate="1988-08-31" collectingDateMax="1988-09-10" collectingDateMin="1988-06-04" collectionCode="R, V" collectorName="Fritjof Nansen" country="Tortuga Island" elevation="452" latitude="11.6" location="Los Testigos Archipelago" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" specimenCode="MMM-Crus-435" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="22">
1 nd,
<locationDeviation id="9A1D2F9B951CFF88FE5F3C012C16063B" box="[436,615,331,357]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FE5F3C012C65063B" box="[436,532,331,357]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="mi" value="20.0">20 miles</quantity>
off
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FDA93C012DFE063B" box="[578,911,331,357]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">NE Los Testigos Archipelago</collectorName>
off NE
</locationDeviation>
<location id="8ECF6062951CFF88FD843C012DFE063B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987AF951DFF88FF7C3A462B0E0546:8ECF6062951CFF88FD843C012DFE063B" box="[623,911,331,357]" country="Tortuga Island" latitude="11.6" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-62.879997" municipality="Fritjof Nansen" name="Los Testigos Archipelago" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Los Testigos Archipelago</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FC713C012A53063B" box="[922,1058,331,357]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="00" value="11.6">11°36’00”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE24507E951CFF88FBC23C002AC8063B" box="[1065,1209,330,357]" degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-62.879997">62°52’48”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectorName id="26E5536F951CFF88FB2F3C012B16063B" box="[1220,1383,331,357]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">Fritjof Nansen</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FA853C012BF1063B" box="[1390,1408,331,357]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="ED01AE7C951CFF88FA623C012BED063B" box="[1417,1436,331,357]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
st 742, 424–
R/V st 742, 424–
<elevation id="003DD18A951CFF88FECA3C242FC106D7" box="[289,432,366,393]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="452.0">
<quantity id="4CE89B5C951CFF88FECA3C242F1906D7" box="[289,360,366,393]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" unit="m" value="452.0">452 m</quantity>
depth
@ -233,7 +235,9 @@ depth
<date id="FFAE1079951CFF88FE503C252C3506D7" box="[443,580,367,393]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-08-31">
<collectingDate id="EFEAE991951CFF88FE503C252C3506D7" box="[443,580,367,393]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428" value="1988-08-31">31.viii.1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, (MMM-Crus-435)
, (
<specimenCode id="DBB69EC2951CFF88FDB33C242D6D06D7" box="[600,796,366,393]" pageId="27" pageNumber="428">MMM-Crus-435</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>

160
data/03/B9/87/03B987AF951EFF8AFF7C39972DF60057.xml
View file

@ -1,52 +1,54 @@
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1 ov. female (
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Archipelago Los Testigos,
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depth
@ -153,18 +162,23 @@ depth
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1 nd (
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<emphasis id="B964EAAB951EFF8AFF2C3BC92CD301C3" bold="true" box="[199,674,1667,1693]" pageId="25" pageNumber="426">Geographic &amp; bathymetric distribution.</emphasis>
Western Atlantic: from Florida (

208
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[listed the
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<bibRefCitation id="A47176D49220FFD68BA227F6EF77FB0E" author="Vickery VR" box="[473,638,1249,1271]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref19103" refString="Vickery VR. 1983. Catalogue of Australian stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera, or Cheleutoptera). CSIRO Australian Division of Entomology. Technical Paper 20: 1-15." type="journal article" year="1983">Vickery,1983: 7</bibRefCitation>
(reinstated the
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). For other references, see Brock
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68BF92608ECB0FACA" box="[386,441,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">et al.</emphasis>
(2021), but it is notable that
<bibRefCitation id="A47176D49220FFD68AEA262AEC65FAAB" author="Westwood JO" box="[145,364,1341,1363]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" refId="ref19138" refString="Westwood JO. 1859. Catalogue of the Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. London: British Museum." type="book" year="1859">Westwood (1859: 33)</bibRefCitation>
regarded the figure in
<bibRefCitation id="A47176D49220FFD68826262AEFD4FAAB" author="Gray GR" box="[605,733,1341,1362]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" refId="ref17817" refString="Gray GR. 1833. The entomology of Australia, in a series of monographs. Part 1 containing the monograph of the genus Phasma. London: Author." type="book" year="1833">Gray (1833)</bibRefCitation>
as being ‘too large and robust’ but he rightly points out that the female body has ‘shrunk in various parts’ and this is an accurate assessment. He illustrated a potential male on pl. 27: 2. To further add to confusion, several species currently in
<taxonomicName id="07E070A69220FFD68B5826C1EC9BFA12" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[291,402,1494,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Candovia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68B5826C1EC9BFA12" box="[291,402,1494,1515]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Candovia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were regarded as belonging to
<taxonomicName id="07E070A69220FFD68AEA26E2EF2FF9F3" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[145,550,1525,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Parasipyloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68AEA26E2EC35F9F3" box="[145,316,1525,1546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Parasipyloidea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A47176D49220FFD68B3F26E2EF2FF9F3" author="Redtenbacher J" box="[324,550,1525,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" refId="ref18603" refString="Redtenbacher J. 1908. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden III. (Brunner von Wattenwyl K, Redtenbacher J, (1906 - 1908 )). Leipzig: W. Engelmann." type="book" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="A47176D49220FFD6882A26E2EFF0F9F3" author="Vickery VR" box="[593,761,1525,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref19103" refString="Vickery VR. 1983. Catalogue of Australian stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera, or Cheleutoptera). CSIRO Australian Division of Entomology. Technical Paper 20: 1-15." type="journal article" year="1983">Vickery (1983)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="A47176D49220FFD68ABA2503ECB1F9D0" author="Balderson J &amp; Rentz DCF &amp; Roach AME" box="[193,440,1556,1578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" pagination="347 - 376" refId="ref17024" refString="Balderson J, Rentz DCF, Roach AME. 1998. Phasmatodea. In Houston WWK, Wells A, eds. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, 23: 347-376." type="journal article" year="1998">
Balderson
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68B4C2503EC67F9D0" box="[311,366,1556,1577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
; hence
<bibRefCitation id="A47176D49220FFD688712503EDC1F9B1" author="Brock PD &amp; Hasenpusch JW" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref17217" refString="Brock PD, Hasenpusch JW. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-84." type="journal article" year="2007">Brock &amp; Hasenpusch, 2007</bibRefCitation>
placed all Australian
<taxonomicName id="07E070A69220FFD68BBD2525EFCFF9B1" box="[454,710,1586,1608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68BBD2525EF66F9BE" box="[454,623,1586,1607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Parasipyloidea</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="07E070A69220FFD68AEA2546EC68F99E" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[145,353,1617,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Candovia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coenosa">
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68AEA2546EC68F99E" box="[145,353,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Candovia coenosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="07E070A69220FFD68BF12546ECF3F99F" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[394,506,1617,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Candovia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68BF12546ECF3F99F" box="[394,506,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Candovia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as a temporary step, in the knowledge that this needed splitting and that several other undescribed wingless, and even winged, species appeared to belong to this genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C05F0B259220FFD68AEA25E3E84EFEAC" blockId="8.[145,762,1780,1894]" lastBlockId="8.[809,1426,197,1323]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68AEA25E3EC1EF8F0" box="[145,279,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Description:</emphasis>
Small to medium-sized (
<quantity id="0718A6C09220FFD6884825E3EFA4F8F0" box="[563,685,1780,1801]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.45" metricValueMax="8.9" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" unit="mm" value="64.5" valueMax="89.0" valueMin="40.0">40–89 mm</quantity>
), plain or mottled, in nature brown or green, sometimes (as in
<typeStatus id="1F5BB5879220FFD68AEA2425EDC8F8BE" box="[145,193,1842,1863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">type</typeStatus>
species and some others) with central black marks at end of most body segments, usually wingless (if winged, can be short-winged in female), elongate (one species group with plumper females), moderately long to long-legged phasmids, with the body smooth, granulated or with sparse tubercles, the latter particularly conspicuous in females. Cerci short in both sexes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C05F0B259220FFD6893A2249E833FAD2" blockId="8.[809,1426,197,1323]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">
Head at least as long as, or slightly longer than, wide. Head, pronotum and mesonotum smooth, sparsely or extensively granulose with some tubercles possibly present on mesonotum and metanotum, including laterally. Antennae exceeding length of forelegs, with numerous segments (up to 132); two basal segments broadened. Pronotum slightly shorter or equal in length to head, mesonotum long, 4.9–6.4 × length of pronotum; mesonotum 1.5–2.4 × combined length of metanotum and the shorter median segment. Wingless, except wings known in two species so far, which are short in the female of one species (forewings short, hindwings tiny) and hindwings in male reach up to just beyond the end of the fifth abdominal segment. Anal segment in female rounded at tip, may be slightly incised in centre, with supra-anal plate just visible beneath. Operculum not broad, rounded at tip, almost reaching end of ninth abdominal segment to beyond it. Anal segment tip in male slightly triangular emarginated, poculum a modest size with rounded tip, reaching just over half length of ninth abdominal segment. Cerci short, slender but sometimes stout and hairy. Legs long, smooth; hindlegs reaching in excess of elongate abdomen (midlegs longer than many phasmids, only slightly shorter than hindlegs, except for some species in
<taxonomicName id="07E070A69220FFD68EC52728E84AFBAD" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1214,1347,1087,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchodidae" genus="Candovia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strumosa">
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD68EC52728E84AFBAD" box="[1214,1347,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">C. strumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, which have midlegs short, only just reaching beyond end of hind femora when set near body). Egg: oval or nearly so, or almost rectangular, some species with low raised, broad mound-like structure on operculum (Supporting Information,
<figureCitation id="58DB17A09220FFD68E2527C0E9B8FB14" box="[1118,1201,1239,1261]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-25@7.[163,1446,195,1698]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Combined maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference trees. Maximum nodal support (bootstrap = 100%; posterior probability = 1.0) are indicated with a black dot on the node; when support values are lower than the maximum, actual values are shown (dashes indicate no support at all). Species presenting eggs with capitulum or wings are highlighted on the right of the corresponding species." pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Fig. S3</figureCitation>
). Micropylar plate elliptical or spear-shaped. Capsule rugged appearance, with various sculpturing and sometimes pitted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C05F0B259220FFD689522644E93DFA90" blockId="8.[809,1076,1363,1385]" box="[809,1076,1363,1385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis id="F294D7379220FFD689522644EEB3FA91" box="[809,954,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="B8F74BB59220FFD689BA2644E939FA90" box="[961,1072,1363,1385]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="197">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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Peculiar traits of
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<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FED5F9D3FE540A7F" bold="true" box="[351,499,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
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somatic development
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Among modern penguins,
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FE1FF9A8FD830A53" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1778" box="[405,548,1617,1640]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FE1FF9A8FD830A53" box="[405,548,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
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has a unique developmental pattern, with two growth phases separated by a fasting period during the austral winter. The formation of a LAG (already documented in the femur of one king penguin individual by
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FF29F937FE9C0ADD" author="Castanet J" box="[163,315,1742,1766]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="629 - 36" part="5" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2005.10.006" refId="ref14918" refString="Castanet J. Time recording in bone microstructures of endothermic animals; functional relationships. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2006; 5: 629 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2005.10.006" title="Time recording in bone microstructures of endothermic animals; functional relationships" type="journal article" year="2006">Castanet 2006</bibRefCitation>
) during ontogeny is probably unique to
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FD79F937FF530B3E" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1778" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FD79F937FF530B3E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
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among modern
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(although a LAG has been observed in the outer circumferential layer of a
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FD28F8F4FCAD0B1E" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[674,778,1805,1829]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Spheniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FD28F8F4FCAD0B1E" box="[674,778,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Spheniscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individual; see
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FEAAF8D5FE7B0B7F" author="Ksepka" box="[288,476,1836,1860]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ksepka" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="611 - 30" refId="ref17769" refString="Ksepka DT, Werning S, Sclafani M et al. Bone histology in extant and fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Journal of Anatomy 2015; 227: 611 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / joa. 12367" type="journal article" year="2015">
Ksepka
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FEFBF8D4FE050B7F" box="[369,418,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Even
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FDBAF8D5FD280B7F" authorityName="G. R. Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[560,655,1836,1860]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forsteri">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FDBAF8D5FD280B7F" box="[560,655,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. forsteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the closest relative to
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FF60F8B5FEDF0B58" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1778" box="[234,376,1868,1891]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FF60F8B5FEDF0B58" box="[234,376,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, shows a continuous growth during ontogeny without any interruption (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FE50F892FD2B0BB9" author="Stonehouse" box="[474,652,1898,1923]" firstAuthor="Stonehouse" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref19895" refString="Stonehouse B. The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri, Gray). I. Breeding behaviour and development. Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, Scientific Reports 1953; 6: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1953">Stonehouse 1953</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FD12F892FD6B0BB8" author="Stonehouse" box="[664,716,1899,1923]" firstAuthor="Stonehouse" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref19930" refString="Stonehouse B. The king penguin Aptenodytes patagonica of South Georgia. I. Breeding behaviour and development. Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, Scientific Reports 1960; 23: 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
). The formation of LAG(s) is rare in Neornithes and has only been observed in a handful of species, because in most modern birds, skeletal growth is continuous and somatic maturity reached within less than 1 year (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FBA4FF56FAD00CFC" author="Chinsamy A &amp; Elzanowski A" box="[1070,1399,175,199]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="402 - 3" part="412" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1038/35086650" refId="ref15432" refString="Chinsamy A, Elzanowski A. Evolution of growth pattern in birds. Nature 2001; 412: 402 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 35086650" title="Evolution of growth pattern in birds" type="journal article" year="2001">Chinsamy and Elzanowski 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Only a few extinct insular and/or giant flightless birds showed protracted skeletal growth over several years, associated with a series of LAGs in their limb bone cortices (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FA8BFEF7FA1B0D1E" author="Turvey" box="[1281,1468,269,294]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Turvey" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="940 - 3" refId="ref20089" refString="Turvey ST, Green OR, Holdaway RN. Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa. Nature 2005; 435: 940 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 03635" type="journal article" year="2005">
Turvey
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FADBFEF7FA250D1E" box="[1361,1410,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FCB3FED4FBB20D7E" author="Chinsamy A &amp; Angst D &amp; Canoville A" box="[825,1045,301,325]" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="268 - 95" part="130" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa013" refId="ref15501" refString="Chinsamy A, Angst D, Canoville A et al. Bone histology yields insights into the biology of the extinct elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) from Madagascar. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2020; 130: 268 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biolinnean / blaa 013" title="Bone histology yields insights into the biology of the extinct elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) from Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2020">
Chinsamy
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FC23FED4FC7D0D7E" box="[937,986,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FBA9FED4FBF00D7E" author="Chinsamy A &amp; Handley WD &amp; Worthy TH" box="[1059,1111,301,325]" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1842 - 63" part="306" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25047" refId="ref15557" refString="Chinsamy A, Handley WD, Worthy TH. Osteohistology of Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) and the biological implications of the bone histology of the Australian mihirung birds. Anatomical Record 2023; 306: 1842 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 25047" title="Osteohistology of Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) and the biological implications of the bone histology of the Australian mihirung birds" type="journal article" year="2023">2023</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FBEEFED4FA9C0D7E" author="Canoville A &amp; Chinsamy A &amp; Angst D" box="[1124,1339,301,325]" journalOrPublisher="Diversity" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" part="14" refId="ref14786" refString="Canoville A, Chinsamy A, Angst D. New comparative data on the long bone microstructure of large extant and extinct flightless birds. Diversity 2022; 14: 298." title="New comparative data on the long bone microstructure of large extant and extinct flightless birds" type="journal volume" year="2022">
Canoville
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FB45FED4FAA70D7E" box="[1231,1280,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). The extant kiwis (
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FC0BFEB5FC680D58" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1813" box="[897,975,332,355]" class="Aves" family="Apterygidae" genus="Apteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apterygiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FC0BFEB5FC680D58" box="[897,975,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Apteryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) grow slower than most relatives, and over several years, thus exhibiting LAGs in their cortices (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FAC7FE92FC2B0D98" author="Bourdon E &amp; Castanet J &amp; Ricqles A de" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="639 - 42" part="5" refId="ref14212" refString="Bourdon E, Castanet J, Ricqles A de et al. Bone growth marks reveal protracted growth in New Zealand kiwi (Aves, Apterygidae). Biology Letters 2009; 5: 639 - 42." title="Bone growth marks reveal protracted growth in New Zealand kiwi (Aves, Apterygidae)" type="journal article" year="2009">
Bourdon
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FA3BFE95FCF50D98" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FC10FE72FB150D98" author="Heck and Woodward" box="[922,1202,395,419]" firstAuthor="Heck" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1075 - 95" refId="ref16887" refString="Heck CT, Woodward HN. Intraskeletal bone growth patterns in the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli): growth mark discrepancy and implications for extinct taxa. Journal of Anatomy 2021; 239: 1075 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / joa. 13503" type="journal article" year="2021">Heck and Woodward 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Recent studies reported on the presence of LAGs in the cortices of some extant ratites (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FCC9FE30FBB90DDA" author="Canoville A &amp; Chinsamy A &amp; Angst D" box="[835,1054,457,481]" journalOrPublisher="Diversity" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" part="14" refId="ref14786" refString="Canoville A, Chinsamy A, Angst D. New comparative data on the long bone microstructure of large extant and extinct flightless birds. Diversity 2022; 14: 298." title="New comparative data on the long bone microstructure of large extant and extinct flightless birds" type="journal volume" year="2022">
Canoville
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FC3AFE33FC450DDA" box="[944,994,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). In most of these cases, the formation of LAGs is associated with a cyclical and yearly stop in growth during the unfavourable season until attainment of somatic maturity (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FC24FDDEFBCE0E04" author="Kohler" box="[942,1129,551,575]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kohler" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="358 - 61" refId="ref17567" refString="Kohler M, Marin-Moratalla N, Jordana X et al. Seasonal bone growth and physiology in endotherms shed light on dinosaur physiology. Nature 2012; 487: 358 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 11264" type="journal article" year="2012">
Köhler
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FC77FDD1FB890E04" box="[1021,1070,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FB15FDD1FA960E04" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1778" box="[1183,1329,552,575]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FB15FDD1FA960E04" box="[1183,1329,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, the stop in growth is driven by the restricted feeding period of the austral winter (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FC5EFD9FFBEB0E45" author="Barrat" box="[980,1100,614,638]" journalOrPublisher="Comite National Francais des Recherches Antarctiques" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="9 - 52" part="40" refId="ref14143" refString="Barrat A. Quelques aspects de la biologie et de l'ecologie du manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) des iles Crozet. Comite National Francais des Recherches Antarctiques 1976; 40: 9 - 52." title="A. Quelques aspects de la biologie et de l'ecologie du manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) des iles Crozet" type="journal article" year="1976">Barrat 1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FBDDFD9FFB4D0E45" author="Castanet J" box="[1111,1258,614,638]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="629 - 36" part="5" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2005.10.006" refId="ref14918" refString="Castanet J. Time recording in bone microstructures of endothermic animals; functional relationships. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2006; 5: 629 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2005.10.006" title="Time recording in bone microstructures of endothermic animals; functional relationships" type="journal article" year="2006">Castanet 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F43341EFFB5FFC2FCB0FD64FA650E8C" blockId="12.[826,1474,669,696]" box="[826,1474,669,696]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FCB0FD64FA650E8C" bold="true" box="[826,1474,669,696]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Osteosclerosis, and adaptation to aquatic life in
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FAA4FD64FA650E8C" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1778" box="[1326,1474,669,695]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FAA4FD64FA650E8C" bold="true" box="[1326,1474,669,695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F43341EFFB5FFC2FCB3FD3DFBA90974" blockId="12.[824,1476,708,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The main limb bones of
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB5FFC2FBB6FD3DFB6A0EE7" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1778" box="[1084,1229,708,732]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FBB6FD3DFB6A0EE7" box="[1084,1229,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(humerus, radius/ulna, femur, tibiotarsus) are very compact in adult individuals when compared to other flying or strictly terrestrial birds (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FA09FCFAFC700F01" author="Habib and Ruff" firstAuthor="Habib" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="601 - 24" refId="ref16724" refString="Habib MB, Ruff CB. The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2008; 153: 601 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2008.00402. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Habib and Ruff 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FC63FCDBFB6C0F01" author="Canoville A &amp; Chinsamy A &amp; Angst D" box="[1001,1227,802,826]" journalOrPublisher="Diversity" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" part="14" refId="ref14786" refString="Canoville A, Chinsamy A, Angst D. New comparative data on the long bone microstructure of large extant and extinct flightless birds. Diversity 2022; 14: 298." title="New comparative data on the long bone microstructure of large extant and extinct flightless birds" type="journal volume" year="2022">
Canoville
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FBDDFCDAFB2A0F01" box="[1111,1165,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). Two major mechanisms leading to osteosclerosis in clades adapted to an aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle are currently documented (reviews in
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FCB3FC79FBF40FA3" author="Ricqles and Buffrenil" box="[825,1107,896,920]" firstAuthor="Ricqles" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="289 - 310" refId="ref19308" refString="Ricqles A de, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology, heterochronies and the return of tetrapods to life in water: where are we? In: Mazin JM, Buffrenil V de (eds), Secondary Adaptation of Tetrapods to Life in Water. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 2001, 289 - 310." type="book chapter" year="2001">Ricqlès and Buffrénil 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FBEBFC79FA340FA3" author="Houssaye and Buffrenil" box="[1121,1427,896,920]" firstAuthor="Houssaye" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="744 - 56" refId="ref17072" refString="Houssaye A, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology and the adaptation to aquatic life in tetrapods. In: Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Zylberberg L, Padian K (eds), Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2021, 744 - 56." type="book chapter" year="2021">Houssaye and Buffrénil 2021</bibRefCitation>
). In some groups the sequence of endochondral ossification during skeletal development is incomplete: the medullary region of the bones retains large amounts of calcified cartilage and a medullary cavity does not differentiate. This situation is best exemplified by pachypleurosaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FB2BFBE4FAE9080E" author="Hugi" box="[1185,1358,1053,1077]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hugi" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="413 - 26" refId="ref17349" refString="Hugi J, Scheyer TM, Sander PM et al. Long bone microstructure gives new insights into the life of pachypleurosaurids from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland / Italy. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2011; 10: 413 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2011.03.009" type="journal article" year="2011">
Hugi
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FB54FBE4FAB6080E" box="[1246,1297,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
), sirenians (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FCCEFBC5FBA0086F" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Canoville A &amp; d'Anastasio R" box="[836,1031,1084,1108]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="101 - 20" part="17" refId="ref14469" refString="Buffrenil V de, Canoville A, d'Anastasio R et al. Evolution of sirenian pachyosteosclerosis, a model-case for the study of bone structure in aquatic tetrapods. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2010; 17: 101 - 20." title="Evolution of sirenian pachyosteosclerosis, a model-case for the study of bone structure in aquatic tetrapods" type="journal article" year="2010">
Buffrénil
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FC28FBC4FC77086F" box="[930,976,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), archaeocetes (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FB27FBC5FAD6086F" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Ricqles A de &amp; Ray CE" box="[1197,1393,1084,1108]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="455 - 66" part="10" refId="ref14430" refString="Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Ray CE et al. Bone histology of the ribs of the archaeocetes (Mammalia: Cetacea). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1990; 10: 455 - 66." title="Bone histology of the ribs of the archaeocetes (Mammalia: Cetacea)" type="journal article" year="1990">
Buffrénil
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FA81FBC4FA9E086F" box="[1291,1337,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FAF0FBC5FC2E0848" author="Gray" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gray" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="638 - 53" refId="ref16425" refString="Gray NM, Kainec K, Madar S et al. Sink or swim? Bone density as a mechanism for buoyancy control in early cetaceans. Anatomical Record 2007; 290: 638 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 20533" type="journal article" year="2007">
Gray
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FA3BFBC4FCF50848" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
), and mesosaurs (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FBC8FBA2FB440848" author="Klein" box="[1090,1251,1115,1139]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Klein" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="91 - 110" refId="ref17514" refString="Klein N, Verriere A, Sartorelli H et al. Microanatomy and growth of the mesosaurs Stereosternum tumidum and Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis (Reptilia, Parareptilia). Fossil Record 2019; 22: 91 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.5194 / fr- 22 - 91 - 2019" type="journal article" year="2019">
Klein
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FBF4FBA5FB0C0848" box="[1150,1195,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
). Conversely, in other tetrapods (e.g. some sauropsids, mammals, etc.), the sequence of endochondral ossification is complete, with a total resorption of calcified cartilage and an initial differentiation of the medullary cavity. High bone compactness is then achieved by subsequent dense deposits of endosteal bone tissue, which fill up the medullary territory, in part or in totality (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FB22FAEEFA1B0914" author="Ricqles and Buffrenil" box="[1192,1468,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Ricqles" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="289 - 310" refId="ref19308" refString="Ricqles A de, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology, heterochronies and the return of tetrapods to life in water: where are we? In: Mazin JM, Buffrenil V de (eds), Secondary Adaptation of Tetrapods to Life in Water. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 2001, 289 - 310." type="book chapter" year="2001">Ricqlès and Buffrénil 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FCB3FACEFC5A0974" author="Dewaele" box="[825,1021,1335,1359]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dewaele" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="248 - 55" refId="ref15931" refString="Dewaele L, Gol'din P, Marx FG et al. Hypersalinity drives convergent bone mass increases in Miocene marine mammals from the Paratethys. Current Biology 2022; 32: 248 - 55." type="journal article" year="2022">
Dewaele
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FC1CFACEFC620974" box="[918,965,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F43341EFFB5FFC2FCDFFAAFFAC80AFC" blockId="12.[824,1476,708,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The latter process is at work in king penguins, with a characteristic imbalance during bone remodelling between resorption and re-deposition. Secondary deposits are more abundant than the bone previously eroded, which results in a compaction of the trabecular network and a closure of the medullary region (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FCB3FA0AFBCB0A30" author="Houssaye and Buffrenil" box="[825,1132,1523,1547]" firstAuthor="Houssaye" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="744 - 56" refId="ref17072" refString="Houssaye A, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology and the adaptation to aquatic life in tetrapods. In: Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Zylberberg L, Padian K (eds), Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2021, 744 - 56." type="book chapter" year="2021">Houssaye and Buffrénil 2021</bibRefCitation>
). In the long bones of the penguins, the CCCB thus created includes trabeculae with a core of woven tissue (former primary cortical bone tissue), covered by successive layers of parallel-fibred or lamellar bone. In all the adults sampled, the bones most affected by osteosclerosis are stylopodials and, to a lesser extent, zeugopodials. Autopodial elements seem little affected by inner bone compaction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F43341EFFB5FFC3FCDFF937FDBD0D7E" blockId="12.[824,1476,708,1985]" lastBlockId="13.[112,764,144,1171]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Inner bone compaction is common among extinct and extant tetrapods incipiently adapted to the aquatic environment or feeding in coastal, shallow waters upon sea grass or sessile preys (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FC08F8D5FB300B7F" author="Ricqles and Buffrenil" box="[898,1175,1836,1860]" firstAuthor="Ricqles" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="289 - 310" refId="ref19308" refString="Ricqles A de, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology, heterochronies and the return of tetrapods to life in water: where are we? In: Mazin JM, Buffrenil V de (eds), Secondary Adaptation of Tetrapods to Life in Water. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 2001, 289 - 310." type="book chapter" year="2001">Ricqlès and Buffrénil 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FB2EF8D5FA1B0B7F" author="Canoville A &amp; Laurin M." box="[1188,1468,1836,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="110 - 22" part="90" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00328.x" refId="ref14541" refString="Canoville A, Laurin M. Microanatomical diversity of the humerus and lifestyle in lissamphibians. Acta Zoologica 2009; 90: 110 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6395.2008.00328. x" title="Microanatomical diversity of the humerus and lifestyle in lissamphibians" type="journal article" year="2009">Canoville and Laurin 2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FCB3F8B2FCCA0B58" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Canoville A &amp; d'Anastasio R" box="[825,877,1867,1891]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="101 - 20" part="17" refId="ref14469" refString="Buffrenil V de, Canoville A, d'Anastasio R et al. Evolution of sirenian pachyosteosclerosis, a model-case for the study of bone structure in aquatic tetrapods. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2010; 17: 101 - 20." title="Evolution of sirenian pachyosteosclerosis, a model-case for the study of bone structure in aquatic tetrapods" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
, Houssaye 2009,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FBB2F8B2FABF0B58" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Canoville A &amp; d'Anastasio R" box="[1080,1304,1867,1891]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalian Evolution" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="101 - 20" part="17" refId="ref14469" refString="Buffrenil V de, Canoville A, d'Anastasio R et al. Evolution of sirenian pachyosteosclerosis, a model-case for the study of bone structure in aquatic tetrapods. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2010; 17: 101 - 20." title="Evolution of sirenian pachyosteosclerosis, a model-case for the study of bone structure in aquatic tetrapods" type="journal article" year="2010">
Buffrénil
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB5FFC2FB2AF8B5FB700B58" box="[1184,1239,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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,
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). This adaptive convergence has been interpreted as an ecological specialization to optimize sub-aquatic locomotion, body trim, and buoyancy control (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC2FB57F850FAFC0BFA" author="Kaiser" box="[1245,1371,1961,1985]" firstAuthor="Kaiser" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="113 - 96" refId="ref17447" refString="Kaiser HE. Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Osteologie der fossilen und rezenten Pachyostosen. Palaeontograph A 1960; 114: 113 - 96." type="journal article" year="1960">Kaiser 1960</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB5FFC3FAE2F850FF790C93" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Ricqles A de &amp; Ray CE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="455 - 66" part="10" refId="ref14430" refString="Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Ray CE et al. Bone histology of the ribs of the archaeocetes (Mammalia: Cetacea). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1990; 10: 455 - 66." title="Bone histology of the ribs of the archaeocetes (Mammalia: Cetacea)" type="journal article" year="1990">
Buffrénil
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1990
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,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FF61FF69FECE0C93" author="Taylor" box="[235,361,144,168]" firstAuthor="Taylor" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="163 - 75" refId="ref19964" refString="Taylor MA. Stomach stones for feeding or buoyancy? The occurrence and function of gastroliths in marine tetrapods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 1993; 341: 163 - 75." type="journal article" year="1993">Taylor 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FEFDFF69FE0C0C93" author="Taylor" box="[375,427,144,168]" firstAuthor="Taylor" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="151 - 61" refId="ref20001" refString="Taylor MA. Stone, bone or blubber? Buoyancy control strategies in aquatic tetrapods. In: Maddock L, Bone Q, Rayner JMV (eds), Mechanics and Physiology of Animals Swimming. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, 151 - 61." type="book chapter" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FE32FF69FE4B0C93" author="Taylor" box="[440,492,144,168]" firstAuthor="Taylor" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="15 - 31" refId="ref20050" refString="Taylor MA. Functional significance of bone ballastin in the evolution of buoyancy control strategies by aquatic tetrapods. Historical Biology 2000; 14: 15 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10292380009380550" type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FE70FF69FD3C0C93" author="Sato" box="[506,667,144,168]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sato" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1189 - 97" refId="ref19463" refString="Sato K, Naito Y, Kato A et al. Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume? The Journal of Experimental Biology 2002; 205: 1189 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 205.9.1189" type="journal article" year="2002">
Sato
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<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FD22FF69FF630CFC" author="Cook TR &amp; Kato A &amp; Tanaka H" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" part="5" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009839" refId="ref15611" refString="Cook TR, Kato A, Tanaka H et al. Buoyancy under control: underwater locomotor performance in a deep diving seabird suggests respiratory strategies for reducing foraging effort. PLoS One 2010; 5: e 9839. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0009839" title="Buoyancy under control: underwater locomotor performance in a deep diving seabird suggests respiratory strategies for reducing foraging effort" type="journal volume" year="2010">
Cook
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). In groups completely readapted to an aquatic way of life and that further invaded the pelagic environment, a reversion towards a more osteoporotic-like condition occurred in the microstructure of the axial and appendicular skeleton (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FD25FEF4FE970D7E" author="Ricqles and Buffrenil" firstAuthor="Ricqles" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="289 - 310" refId="ref19308" refString="Ricqles A de, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology, heterochronies and the return of tetrapods to life in water: where are we? In: Mazin JM, Buffrenil V de (eds), Secondary Adaptation of Tetrapods to Life in Water. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 2001, 289 - 310." type="book chapter" year="2001">Ricqlès and Buffrénil 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FEB1FED4FDAD0D7E" author="Canoville A &amp; Buffrenil V de &amp; Laurin M" bookContentInfo="Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press" box="[315,522,301,325]" editor="Buffrenil V de &amp; Ricqles A de &amp; Zylberberg L &amp; Padian K" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="724 - 43" refId="ref14728" refString="Canoville A, Buffrenil V de, Laurin M. Bone microanatomy and lifestyle in tetrapods. In: Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Zylberberg L, Padian K (eds), Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2021, 724 - 43." title="Bone microanatomy and lifestyle in tetrapods" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology" year="2021">
Canoville
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FE29FED4FE750D7E" box="[419,466,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F43341EFFB4FFC3FF07FEB5FE5108A8" blockId="13.[112,764,144,1171]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The earliest
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB4FFC3FE9AFEB5FE1D0D5F" authorityName="Viellot" authorityYear="1818" box="[272,442,332,356]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Sphenisciformes</taxonomicName>
appear in the fossil record in the Lower Palaeocene (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FEE1FE92FDB00DB8" author="Slack" box="[363,535,363,387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Slack" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1144 - 55" refId="ref19620" refString="Slack KE, Jones CM, Ando T et al. Early penguin fossils, plus mitochondrial genomes, calibrate avian evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006; 23: 1144 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msj 124" type="journal article" year="2006">
Slack
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FE23FE95FE7C0DB8" box="[425,475,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FDAFFE95FD3E0DB8" author="Mayr" box="[549,665,363,388]" firstAuthor="Mayr" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref18398" refString="Mayr G. Paleogene Fossil Birds, 2 nd edn. Cham: Springer, 2022." type="book" year="2022">Mayr 2022</bibRefCitation>
) and are already physiologically and anatomically highly specialized for sub-aquatic locomotion (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FE20FE53FD4E0DF9" author="Hinic-Frlog and Motani" box="[426,745,426,450]" firstAuthor="Hinic-Frlog" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="372 - 85" refId="ref16989" refString="Hinic-Frlog S, Motani R. Relationship between osteology and aquatic locomotion in birds: determining modes of locomotion in extinct Ornithurae. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2010; 23: 372 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1420 - 9101.2009.01909. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Hinic-Frlog and Motani 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Comparative data by
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FECCFE30FDB50DDA" author="Ksepka" box="[326,530,457,481]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ksepka" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="611 - 30" refId="ref17769" refString="Ksepka DT, Werning S, Sclafani M et al. Bone histology in extant and fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Journal of Anatomy 2015; 227: 611 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / joa. 12367" type="journal article" year="2015">
Ksepka
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FE1DFE33FE620DDA" box="[407,453,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
in the humerus, femur, and tibiotarsus of three Eocene taxa revealed that osteosclerosis was already present in sphenisciform stem lineages, some 25 Myr after the loss of flight. Although penguins are agile and fast swimmers, no reversion process involving an osteoporotic condition ever occurred during their evolutionary history, contrary to what is observed in cetaceans or extinct pelagic marine reptiles (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FFF6FD5CFE150E86" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Schoevaert D" box="[124,434,677,701]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="149 - 64" part="198" refId="ref14338" refString="Buffrenil V de, Schoevaert D. On how the periosteal bone of the delphinid humerus becomes cancellous: ontogeny of a histological specialization. Journal of Morphology 1988; 198: 149 - 64." title="On how the periosteal bone of the delphinid humerus becomes cancellous: ontogeny of a histological specialization" type="journal article" year="1988">Buffrénil and Schoevaert 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FE37FD5CFD2B0E87" author="Houssaye" box="[445,652,676,701]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Houssaye" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref17129" refString="Houssaye A, Tafforeau P, De Muizon C et al. Transition of Eocene whales from land to sea: evidence from bone microstructure. PLoS One 2015; 10: e 0118409. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0118409" type="journal volume" year="2015">
Houssaye
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FDAFFD5CFDF30E86" box="[549,596,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FD1DFD5CFF7D0EE7" author="Canoville A &amp; Buffrenil V de &amp; Laurin M" bookContentInfo="Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press" editor="Buffrenil V de &amp; Ricqles A de &amp; Zylberberg L &amp; Padian K" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="724 - 43" refId="ref14728" refString="Canoville A, Buffrenil V de, Laurin M. Bone microanatomy and lifestyle in tetrapods. In: Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Zylberberg L, Padian K (eds), Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2021, 724 - 43." title="Bone microanatomy and lifestyle in tetrapods" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology" year="2021">
Canoville
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FFFBFD3CFF060EE7" box="[113,161,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FF6CFD3DFDA80EE7" author="Houssaye and Buffrenil" box="[230,527,708,732]" firstAuthor="Houssaye" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="744 - 56" refId="ref17072" refString="Houssaye A, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology and the adaptation to aquatic life in tetrapods. In: Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Zylberberg L, Padian K (eds), Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2021, 744 - 56." type="book chapter" year="2021">Houssaye and Buffrénil 2021</bibRefCitation>
). This situation is possibly related to the fact that penguins retained a semi-aquatic lifestyle.
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FF20FCFAFED20F21" author="Ksepka" box="[170,373,770,795]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ksepka" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="611 - 30" refId="ref17769" refString="Ksepka DT, Werning S, Sclafani M et al. Bone histology in extant and fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Journal of Anatomy 2015; 227: 611 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / joa. 12367" type="journal article" year="2015">
Ksepka
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FF70FCFAFE800F20" box="[250,295,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
also proposed that penguins’ retention of an osteosclerotic condition might be related to the inability of these animals to collapse their lungs, which limits their flexibility for dynamic buoyancy reduction. Whatever the explanation is, the common hydrostatic interpretation of osteosclerosis in tetrapods (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FF3FFC66FE960F8C" author="Taylor" box="[181,305,927,951]" firstAuthor="Taylor" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="151 - 61" refId="ref20001" refString="Taylor MA. Stone, bone or blubber? Buoyancy control strategies in aquatic tetrapods. In: Maddock L, Bone Q, Rayner JMV (eds), Mechanics and Physiology of Animals Swimming. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, 151 - 61." type="book chapter" year="1994">Taylor 1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FEB4FC66FED50F8C" author="Taylor" box="[318,370,927,951]" firstAuthor="Taylor" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="15 - 31" refId="ref20050" refString="Taylor MA. Functional significance of bone ballastin in the evolution of buoyancy control strategies by aquatic tetrapods. Historical Biology 2000; 14: 15 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10292380009380550" type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FEF4FC66FD360F8C" author="Ricqles and Buffrenil" box="[382,657,927,951]" firstAuthor="Ricqles" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="289 - 310" refId="ref19308" refString="Ricqles A de, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology, heterochronies and the return of tetrapods to life in water: where are we? In: Mazin JM, Buffrenil V de (eds), Secondary Adaptation of Tetrapods to Life in Water. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 2001, 289 - 310." type="book chapter" year="2001">Ricqlès and Buffrénil 2001</bibRefCitation>
) is hardly applicable to
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB4FFC3FE8AFC46FE2F0FEC" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[256,392,959,983]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spheniscidae</taxonomicName>
, and does not convincingly explain the causes and functional involvement of such a skeletal specialization in this taxon (except that it could contribute to somewhat reduce buoyancy, and therefore facilitate diving). Osteosclerosis is nevertheless by far less extensive in their skeleton than in most other aquatic tetrapods, including sauropsids, mammals, etc. (review in
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FF35FB82FE4108A8" author="Houssaye and Buffrenil" box="[191,486,1147,1171]" firstAuthor="Houssaye" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="744 - 56" refId="ref17072" refString="Houssaye A, Buffrenil V de. Bone histology and the adaptation to aquatic life in tetrapods. In: Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Zylberberg L, Padian K (eds), Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2021, 744 - 56." type="book chapter" year="2021">Houssaye and Buffrénil 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57E66795FFB4FFC0FF69FB4BFDDF0FEC" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1F43341EFFB4FFC3FF69FB4BFD2F08F7" blockId="13.[227,648,1202,1228]" box="[227,648,1202,1228]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FF69FB4BFD2F08F7" bold="true" box="[227,648,1202,1228]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks on palaeobiological inferences</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F43341EFFB4FFC3FFFBFB20FC3C0D1E" blockId="13.[112,764,1241,1985]" lastBlockId="13.[808,1461,144,1985]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The developmental pattern of
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB4FFC3FE33FB20FDEA08CB" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1778" box="[441,589,1241,1264]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FE33FB20FDEA08CB" box="[441,589,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique, even among modern penguins (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FE07FB01FDAE092B" author="Barrat" box="[397,521,1272,1296]" journalOrPublisher="Comite National Francais des Recherches Antarctiques" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="9 - 52" part="40" refId="ref14143" refString="Barrat A. Quelques aspects de la biologie et de l'ecologie du manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) des iles Crozet. Comite National Francais des Recherches Antarctiques 1976; 40: 9 - 52." title="A. Quelques aspects de la biologie et de l'ecologie du manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) des iles Crozet" type="journal article" year="1976">Barrat 1976</bibRefCitation>
), a situation that constrains the potential use of this species in palaeobiological inferences relative to
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB4FFC3FEA9FACEFE680974" authorityName="Viellot" authorityYear="1818" box="[291,463,1335,1359]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Sphenisciformes</taxonomicName>
. However, the present study sets a significant comparative framework for the study of bone microstructural variability in extant and extinct penguins, and for the ontogenetic development of their osteosclerotic limb bones. Fast growth rates of limb bones, with attainment of nearly adult size within a few weeks or months, is adaptive in all penguin species (see
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FEACFA0AFDC60A30" author="Volkman and Trivelpiece" box="[294,609,1523,1547]" firstAuthor="Volkman" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="521 - 30" refId="ref20237" refString="Volkman NJ, Trivelpiece W. Growth in pygoscelid penguin chicks. Journal of Zoology 1980; 191: 521 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1980. tb 01483. x" type="journal article" year="1980">Volkman and Trivelpiece 1980</bibRefCitation>
and references therein). Indeed, while at crèche, chicks need to be able to escape predators and/or chase their parents to beg for food. As in
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB4FFC3FD6EF9CBFF430A53" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1778" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Aptenodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FD6EF9CBFF430A53" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a decoupling between the growth (in diameter and length) of limb bones and the inner compaction of their shaft (a process that increases skeletal weight and inertia and thus reduces agility), is thus to be expected for all
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB4FFC3FDC1F956FD500AFC" authorityName="Viellot" authorityYear="1818" box="[587,759,1711,1735]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Sphenisciformes</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, limb size is not a good proxy to infer ontogenetic stages in this clade. Similarly, we predict a time offset in the development of hindlimbs and forelimbs in most penguin species because chicks adopt a strictly terrestrial locomotion during their early development, before becoming semi-aquatic after fledging. This observation has been quantified in species other than the king penguin, such as
<taxonomicName id="D8FC4F9DFFB4FFC3FE20F873FDD70B99" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[426,624,1930,1954]" class="Aves" family="Spheniscidae" genus="Spheniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphenisciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="demersus">
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FE20F873FDD70B99" box="[426,624,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Spheniscus demersus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the post-hatching growth of the tarsometatarsus and foot outpace the growth of the flipper during a few weeks (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FA9DFF69FA050C93" author="Cooper J" box="[1303,1442,144,168]" journalOrPublisher="African Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="201 - 13" part="12" refId="ref15665" refString="Cooper J. Energetic requirements for growth of the jackass penguin. African Zoology 1977; 12: 201 - 13." title="Energetic requirements for growth of the jackass penguin" type="journal article" year="1977">Cooper 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, all penguin chicks go through a juvenile moult before fledging (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FC05FF36FC5A0CDC" author="Janes" box="[911,1021,207,231]" firstAuthor="Janes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="237 - 43" refId="ref17409" refString="Janes DN. Energetics, growth, and body composition of Adelie penguin chicks, Pygoscelis adeliae. Physiological Zoology 1997; 70: 237 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 639586" type="journal article" year="1997">Janes 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FB82FF36FB400CDC" author="Degletagne C &amp; Roussel D &amp; Rouanet JL" box="[1032,1255,207,231]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" part="8" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074154" refId="ref15786" refString="Degletagne C, Roussel D, Rouanet JL et al. Growth prior to thermogenesis for a quick fledging of Adelie penguin chicks (Pygoscelis adeliae). PLoS One 2013; 8: e 74154. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0074154" title="Growth prior to thermogenesis for a quick fledging of Adelie penguin chicks (Pygoscelis adeliae)" type="journal volume" year="2013">
Dégletagne
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FB0BFF36FB080CDC" box="[1153,1199,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
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) and are thus prone to form secondary osteons in their limb bone cortices before adulthood.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F43341EFFB4FFC3FCCFFED4FA130B58" blockId="13.[808,1461,144,1985]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
All these observations allow to critically reassess previous palaeoecological inferences about extinct
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. For instance,
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Cerda
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FC5AFE95FBA60DB8" box="[976,1025,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
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investigated the bone microstructure of eight Eocene stem penguin species and interpreted the observed variation in bone cortical thickness as differential degrees of adaptation to the aquatic environment between taxa. However, they used fragmentary tarsometatarsi to draw their palaeoecological inferences. The present study (as well as previous works e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FCA2FDDEFBFB0E04" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Schoevaert D" box="[808,1116,551,575]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="2107 - 19" part="67" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1139/z89-300" refId="ref14374" refString="Buffrenil V de, Schoevaert D. Donnees quantitatives et observations histologiques sur la pachyostose du squelette du dugong, Dugong dugon (Muller) (Sirenia, Dugongidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 1989; 67: 2107 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 300" title="Donnees quantitatives et observations histologiques sur la pachyostose du squelette du dugong, Dugong dugon (Muller) (Sirenia, Dugongidae)" type="journal article" year="1989">Buffrénil and Schoevaert 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FBE3FDDEFA900E04" author="Canoville A &amp; Buffrenil V de &amp; Laurin M" bookContentInfo="Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press" box="[1129,1335,551,575]" editor="Buffrenil V de &amp; Ricqles A de &amp; Zylberberg L &amp; Padian K" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="724 - 43" refId="ref14728" refString="Canoville A, Buffrenil V de, Laurin M. Bone microanatomy and lifestyle in tetrapods. In: Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Zylberberg L, Padian K (eds), Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2021, 724 - 43." title="Bone microanatomy and lifestyle in tetrapods" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology" year="2021">
Canoville
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FB5BFDD1FAA70E04" box="[1233,1280,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
) has shown that there is usually a decreasing proximo-distal gradient in bone compactness in the limbs of osteosclerotic species: stylopodial and zeugopodial elements are often more compact than autopodials (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FC38FD5CFB4D0E86" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Schoevaert D" box="[946,1258,677,701]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="2107 - 19" part="67" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1139/z89-300" refId="ref14374" refString="Buffrenil V de, Schoevaert D. Donnees quantitatives et observations histologiques sur la pachyostose du squelette du dugong, Dugong dugon (Muller) (Sirenia, Dugongidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 1989; 67: 2107 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 300" title="Donnees quantitatives et observations histologiques sur la pachyostose du squelette du dugong, Dugong dugon (Muller) (Sirenia, Dugongidae)" type="journal article" year="1989">Buffrénil and Schoevaert 1989</bibRefCitation>
; the present study) and bear overall a stronger ecological signal (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FB70FD3DFA0A0EE7" author="Kriloff" box="[1274,1453,708,732]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kriloff" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="807 - 26" refId="ref17611" refString="Kriloff A, Germain D, Canoville A et al. Evolution of bone microanatomy of the tetrapod tibia and its use in palaeobiological inference. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2008; 21: 807 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1420 - 9101.2008.01512. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
Kriloff
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FACEFD3CFAD30EE7" box="[1348,1396,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FCA0FD1AFB920EC0" author="Canoville A &amp; Laurin M." box="[810,1077,739,763]" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="384 - 406" part="100" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01431.x" refId="ref14583" refString="Canoville A, Laurin M. Evolution of humeral microanatomy and lifestyle in amniotes, and some comments on palaeobiological inferences. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2010; 100: 384 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2010.01431. x" title="Evolution of humeral microanatomy and lifestyle in amniotes, and some comments on palaeobiological inferences" type="journal article" year="2010">Canoville and Laurin 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FBB4FD1AFA870EC0" author="Quemeneur" box="[1086,1312,739,763]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Quemeneur" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="644 - 55" refId="ref19218" refString="Quemeneur S, Buffrenil V, Laurin M. Microanatomy of the amniote femur and inference of lifestyle in limbed vertebrates. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2013; 109: 644 - 55." type="journal article" year="2013">
Quemeneur
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FB36FD1DFB4E0EC0" box="[1212,1257,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Besides, despite being efficient divers, adult king penguins exhibit a somewhat spongious tarsometatarsus (Supporting Information, Figs S8, S9), with a global compactness that varies along the shaft of this element (see Supporting Information, Fig. S9). Hence, looking at the bone microstructure of tarsometatarsi at different levels of the shafts, as done by
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FB8DFC66FB600F8C" author="Cerda IA &amp; Tambussi CP &amp; Degrange FJ" box="[1031,1223,927,951]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="549 - 57" part="27" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2014.896907" refId="ref15078" refString="Cerda IA, Tambussi CP, Degrange FJ. Unexpected microanatomical variation among Eocene Antarctic stem penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Historical Biology 2015; 27: 549 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2014.896907" title="Unexpected microanatomical variation among Eocene Antarctic stem penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)" type="journal article" year="2015">
Cerda
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FBC0FC59FBDE0F8C" box="[1098,1145,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
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, does not yield directly comparable data. Although we recognize that the tarsometatarsus might be the most diagnostic skeletal element in
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in a taxonomical point of view, the use of its microstructure for palaeoecological inferences at least requires a sampling strategy based exclusively on precise midshaft cross sections. Cerda and colleagues further assumed that all sampled elements belonged to adult individuals, based on linear measurements and the presence of secondary osteons in the cortices (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FB3BFB63FAC50889" author="Cerda IA &amp; Tambussi CP &amp; Degrange FJ" box="[1201,1378,1178,1202]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="549 - 57" part="27" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2014.896907" refId="ref15078" refString="Cerda IA, Tambussi CP, Degrange FJ. Unexpected microanatomical variation among Eocene Antarctic stem penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Historical Biology 2015; 27: 549 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2014.896907" title="Unexpected microanatomical variation among Eocene Antarctic stem penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)" type="journal article" year="2015">
Cerda
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FB7DFB62FA8F0889" box="[1271,1320,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Once again, our investigations reveal that in penguins, the adult size of limb elements is attained early in development even though their microanatomy continues to change drastically until adulthood. Cerda
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FCE7FAE1FC3C0914" box="[877,923,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
’s sample might thus include individuals close to adult size but still juvenile, especially because some specimens do not exhibit an outer circumferential layer (a feature observed in somatically mature birds;
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FB82FA8FFB6709B6" author="Ponton" box="[1032,1216,1397,1421]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ponton" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="137 - 40" refId="ref18945" refString="Ponton F, Elzanowski A, Castanet J et al. Variation of the outer circumferential layer in the limb bones of birds. Acta Ornithologica 2004; 39: 137 - 40." type="journal article" year="2004">
Ponton
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FBD2FA8FFB2009B6" box="[1112,1159,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
). This could further explain the microanatomical variability observed in their sample. Moreover, the bone remodelling observed in their specimens could be the outcome of other factors than individual age, such as the juvenile moult or episodes of physiological stress (e.g. periods of low food intake). As seen in the present study, young penguin individuals already present a high mineral turnover in their limb bones, contrary to what is commonly seen in juvenile individuals of most tetrapods, in which the formation of Haversian tissue is milder, because it mainly results from normal bone repair and maintenance, a process that extends throughout life (
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FAD0F956FC430ADD" author="Buffrenil V de &amp; Quilhac A" bookContentInfo="Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press" editor="Buffrenil V de &amp; Ricqles A de &amp; Zylberberg L &amp; Padian K" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="193 - 220" refId="ref14284" refString="Buffrenil V de, Quilhac A. Basic processes in bone growth. In: Buffrenil V de, Ricqles A de, Zylberberg L, Padian K (eds), Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2021, 193 - 220." title="Basic processes in bone growth" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology" year="2021">Buffrénil and Quilhac 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, the authors might have overlooked the extent of inter-individual variability in their study, since they only sampled one individual per species. In view of all these considerations, their palaeoecological interpretations have to be considered carefully and are not yet properly supported by their data.
</paragraph>
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In light of our results, similar criticism can be made towards the palaeoecological interpretations of
<bibRefCitation id="7B6D49EFFFB4FFC3FB47F873FA0A0B99" author="Ksepka" box="[1229,1453,1930,1954]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ksepka" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="611 - 30" refId="ref17769" refString="Ksepka DT, Werning S, Sclafani M et al. Bone histology in extant and fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Journal of Anatomy 2015; 227: 611 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / joa. 12367" type="journal article" year="2015">
Ksepka
<emphasis id="2D88E80CFFB4FFC3FAAEF872FAFE0B99" box="[1316,1369,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
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. These authors observed important differences in the humeral microstructure between Eocene stem
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and extant penguin species. Indeed, the humeri of the extinct stem taxa show a much more spongious internal structure as compared with extant species, whereas their hindlimb bones (femora and tibiotarsi) are more compact. The authors considered that an ontogenetic explanation is unlikely to account for the difference in humeral bone microstructure in stem penguins and considered that all sampled specimens were most likely adults based on the size of skeletal elements. They, in turn, proposed that the stem penguin humeral microstructure represented an early stage predating the future differentiation of the osteosclerotic state displayed by extant forms. However, their conclusions have to be considered carefully, since their study does not take into account intra-specific variability, as they only sampled
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per species. Moreover, our study has shown that (i) most skeletal elements reach a nearly adult size in length and diameter very quickly, although the bone microanatomy and overall compactness still fluctuates during ontogeny. Hence, diameter and length of limb bones are not good proxies for ontogenetic stage in penguins; (ii) hindlimb bones tend to mature before forelimb bones (or at least become more compact more quickly) and this trend should be expected in all penguin species that show a strictly terrestrial lifestyle in chicks; (iii) overall, the humerus and radius/ulna have a more spongious organization than the femur and tibiotarsus throughout ontogeny and at the adult stage; (iv) the global compactness of the humerus and radius/ulna is lower than in the tibiotarsus and femur until adulthood.
</paragraph>
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<treatment id="A6400A1BFF88EF6BFF6EFA57B6A3F83D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6400A1BFF88EF6BFF6EFA57B6A3F83D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6400A1BFF88EF6BFF6EFA57B6A3F83D" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF88EF66FF6EFA57B48AF9B6" box="[151,492,1532,1559]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF88EF66FF6EFA57B48AF9B6" blockId="22.[151,492,1532,1631]" box="[151,492,1532,1559]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<heading id="751E0C61FF88EF66FF6EFA57B48AF9B6" bold="true" box="[151,492,1532,1559]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" reason="1">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FF6EFA57B48AF9B6" bold="true" box="[151,492,1532,1559]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FF6EFA57B4EEF9B6" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[151,392,1532,1559]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FF6EFA57B4EEF9B6" bold="true" box="[151,392,1532,1559]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF88EF66FE76FA56B48AF9B6" box="[399,492,1533,1559]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF88EF66FF6EF98BB4BBF99A" box="[151,477,1568,1595]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF88EF66FF6EF98BB4BBF99A" blockId="22.[151,492,1532,1631]" box="[151,477,1568,1595]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Eungella Whirring Tree Frog</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF88EF66FF6EF9EFB458F9FE" box="[151,318,1604,1631]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="description">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF88EF66FF6EF9EFB458F9FE" blockId="22.[151,492,1532,1631]" box="[151,318,1604,1631]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF88EF66FF6EF9EFB58AF9FE" box="[151,236,1604,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1547,1571]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,489,1524]" captionTargetId="figure-207@23.[151,1435,489,1524]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Holotype of Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. QM J35106: A) dorsal view, B) ventral view, C) lateral view, D) plantar view of manus, E) plantar view of pes (photos Geoff Thompson, Queensland Museum)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853348/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Figs 12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF88EF66FF01F9EEB470F9FE" box="[248,278,1605,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1482,1506]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-39@24.[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. in life: A–D) no voucher, Eungella, photos Stephen Mahony; E) no voucher, ABTC81985, Eungella, photo Harry Hines; F) no voucher, Eungella, photo Stephen Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853350/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF88EF66FEDBF9EEB458F9FE" box="[290,318,1605,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@25.[231,1357,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. vouchers showing markings on limbs: A) dorsal and B) ventral views of females SAMA R68690 (left) and SAMA R68688 (right), from Mt William Creek, Eungella National Park." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853352/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">14</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF88EF66FF6EF926B1AEF96A" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF88EF66FF6EF926B1AEF96A" blockId="22.[151,1437,1676,2027]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<materialsCitation id="9E81B150FF88EF66FF6EF926B1AEF96A" collectingDate="1978-12-07" collectorName="G. J. Ingram" country="Australia" location="Thurgood Farm" municipality="Dalrymple Heights" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FF6EF926B462F906" bold="true" box="[151,260,1677,1703]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<typeStatus id="F15205AFFF88EF66FF6EF926B462F906" box="[151,260,1677,1703]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<accessionNumber id="31BA26EEFF88EF66FEEBF926B4F0F906" box="[274,406,1676,1703]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">QM J35106</accessionNumber>
(
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF88EF66FE5CF927B490F906" box="[421,502,1676,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1547,1571]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,489,1524]" captionTargetId="figure-207@23.[151,1435,489,1524]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Holotype of Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. QM J35106: A) dorsal view, B) ventral view, C) lateral view, D) plantar view of manus, E) plantar view of pes (photos Geoff Thompson, Queensland Museum)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853348/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
),
<specimenCount id="38EF7084FF88EF66FDF3F927B724F907" box="[522,578,1676,1702]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="38EF7084FF88EF66FDB0F927B7FFF907" box="[585,665,1676,1702]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="female">female</specimenCount>
. Type locality:
<location id="2B36EDD6FF88EF66FCB9F927B694F906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6400A1BFF88EF6BFF6EFA57B6A3F83D:2B36EDD6FF88EF66FCB9F927B694F906" box="[832,1010,1676,1703]" country="Australia" municipality="Dalrymple Heights" name="Thurgood Farm" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Queensland">Thurgood Farm</location>
,
<quantity id="E91116E8FF88EF66FC04F926B125F907" box="[1021,1091,1676,1703]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="km" value="18.0">
<locationDeviation id="3FE4A22FFF88EF66FC04F926B125F907" box="[1021,1091,1676,1703]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="km" value="18.0">18 km</locationDeviation>
</quantity>
from
<collectingMunicipality id="CE322177FF88EF66FB7CF927B03BF907" box="[1157,1373,1676,1702]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Dalrymple Heights</collectingMunicipality>
, mid-eastern
<collectingRegion id="EC2D75EFFF88EF66FF14F91BB412F96B" box="[237,372,1712,1738]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Queensland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="56FEFB9DFF88EF66FE87F91BB48EF96B" box="[382,488,1712,1738]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Australia</collectingCountry>
. -21.033º, 148.6º. Collected by
<collectorName id="831CDEDBFF88EF66FCB2F91AB6B6F96A" box="[843,976,1713,1739]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">G.J. Ingram</collectorName>
on
<date id="5A579DCDFF88EF66FC03F91AB1A2F96A" box="[1018,1220,1712,1739]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" value="1978-12-07">
<collectingDate id="4A136425FF88EF66FC03F91AB1A2F96A" box="[1018,1220,1712,1739]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" value="1978-12-07">7 December 1978</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF88EF67FF3EF97FB6CCFE70" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF88EF67FF3EF97FB0E4FF74" blockId="22.[151,1437,1676,2027]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,150,465]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FF3EF97FB45CF94F" bold="true" box="[199,314,1748,1774]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FEB1F97EB741F94F" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[328,551,1748,1774]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FEB1F97EB741F94F" box="[328,551,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FDD6F97EB7EFF94E" bold="true" box="[559,649,1749,1775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF88EF66FDD6F97EB7EFF94E" box="[559,649,1749,1775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be diagnosed from
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FC6CF97EB146F94F" authorityName="White, Whitford &amp; Mahony" authorityYear="1994" box="[917,1056,1748,1774]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="littlejohni">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FC6CF97EB146F94F" box="[917,1056,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">L. littlejohni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FBAEF97EB1ADF94F" authorityName="Mahony, Moses, Mahony, Lemckert &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2020" box="[1111,1227,1749,1774]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FBAEF97EB1ADF94F" box="[1111,1227,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">L. watsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its smaller size (
<quantity id="E91116E8FF88EF66FF66F953B449F8B2" box="[159,303,1784,1811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.375" metricValueMax="3.95" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="33.75" valueMax="39.5" valueMin="28.0">28–39.5 mm</quantity>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FECFF952B42BF8B3" box="[310,333,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">vs</emphasis>
<quantity id="E91116E8FF88EF66FEAFF953B4A9F8B2" box="[342,463,1784,1811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="52.0" valueMax="61.0" valueMin="43.0">43–61 mm</quantity>
and
<quantity id="E91116E8FF88EF66FDFEF953B7E4F8B2" box="[519,642,1784,1811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="53.0" valueMax="64.0" valueMin="42.0">42–64 mm</quantity>
, respectively), yellow or orange groin, and posterior thighs with black spots or patches (
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FEA1F8B6B409F897" box="[344,367,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">vs</emphasis>
immaculate orange markings on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the femur and tibia, in the groin, and posterior flanks). Can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FD0BF8EAB639F8FB" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[754,863,1857,1882]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ewingii">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FD0BF8EAB639F8FB" box="[754,863,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">L. ewingii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FC92F8EAB160F8FB" authorityName="Watson, Loftus-Hills &amp; Littlejohn" authorityYear="1971" box="[875,1030,1857,1882]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraewingi">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FC92F8EAB160F8FB" box="[875,1030,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">L. paraewingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FBCEF8EAB1A2F8FB" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[1079,1220,1857,1882]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verreauxii">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FBCEF8EAB1A2F8FB" box="[1079,1220,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">L. verreauxii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by expanded finger and toe discs (
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FECEF8CEB428F8DF" box="[311,334,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">vs</emphasis>
terminal discs similar in width to, or only slightly wider than, the terminal phalanx). Distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FF2CF822B417F803" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[213,369,1929,1954]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jervisiensis">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FF2CF822B417F803" box="[213,369,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">L. jervisiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the termination of the lateral head stripe near the forearm (
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FBD4F822B122F803" box="[1069,1092,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">vs</emphasis>
terminating along flank), dark patches in groin (
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FE9BF806B41FF867" box="[354,377,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">vs</emphasis>
absent), and smaller size (
<quantity id="E91116E8FF88EF66FD56F807B627F866" box="[687,833,1964,1991]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.375" metricValueMax="3.95" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="33.75" valueMax="39.5" valueMin="28.0">28–39.5 mm</quantity>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FCB3F806B607F867" box="[842,865,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">vs</emphasis>
<quantity id="E91116E8FF88EF66FC92F806B68DF866" box="[875,1003,1965,1991]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="40.5" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="37.0">37–44 mm</quantity>
).
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF88EF66FBF9F806B184F867" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[1024,1250,1964,1990]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FBF9F806B184F867" box="[1024,1250,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF88EF66FB15F806B02EF866" bold="true" box="[1260,1352,1965,1991]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF88EF66FB15F806B02EF866" box="[1260,1352,1965,1991]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be diagnosed further from the following species by the greater mean number of notes in the advertisement call (39.3, range 30–35
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FEDEFF3CB458FF11" box="[295,318,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">vs</emphasis>
9, range
<quantity id="E91116E8FF89EF67FE5AFF3CB491FF10" box="[419,503,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" metricValueMax="5.588" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="in" value="13.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="4.0">4–22 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FE05FF3CB70CFF11" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[508,618,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ewingii">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FE05FF3CB70CFF11" box="[508,618,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. ewingii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 2.3, range
<quantity id="E91116E8FF89EF67FD15FF3CB654FF10" box="[748,818,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="in" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FCCEFF3CB6B4FF11" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[823,978,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jervisiensis">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FCCEFF3CB6B4FF11" box="[823,978,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. jervisiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 8.8, range
<quantity id="E91116E8FF89EF67FBAAFF3DB1C1FF10" box="[1107,1191,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.667" metricValueMax="4.064" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="in" value="10.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="5.0">5–16 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FB55FF3CB050FF10" authorityName="White, Whitford &amp; Mahony" authorityYear="1994" box="[1196,1334,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="littlejohni">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FB55FF3CB050FF10" box="[1196,1334,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. littlejohni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 4, range
<quantity id="E91116E8FF89EF67FF6EFF10B5B8FF74" box="[151,222,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.397" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="0.762" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="in" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3–8 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FF1CFF10B4E5FF75" authorityName="Watson, Loftus-Hills &amp; Littlejohn" authorityYear="1971" box="[229,387,187,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraewingi">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FF1CFF10B4E5FF75" box="[229,387,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. paraewingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 9, range
<quantity id="E91116E8FF89EF67FE0BFF10B720FF74" box="[498,582,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.413" metricValueMax="2.794" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="in" value="9.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="8.0">8–11 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FDB4FF10B7D5FF74" authorityName="Parkin, Rowley, Elliott-Tate, Mahony, Sumner, Melville &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2024" box="[589,691,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibilus">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FDB4FF10B7D5FF74" box="[589,691,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. sibilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 16.7,
<quantity id="E91116E8FF89EF67FCF8FF10B630FF74" box="[769,854,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.937" metricValueMax="5.842" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="in" value="15.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="8.0">8–23 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FCA4FF10B68BFF75" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[861,1005,187,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verreauxii">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FCA4FF10B68BFF75" box="[861,1005,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. verreauxii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and 6.5, range
<quantity id="E91116E8FF89EF67FB58FF10B190FF74" box="[1185,1270,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.159" metricValueMax="3.556" metricValueMin="0.762" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="in" value="8.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="3.0">3–14 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FB04FF10B017FF75" authorityName="Mahony, Moses, Mahony, Lemckert &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2020" box="[1277,1393,187,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FB04FF10B017FF75" box="[1277,1393,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. watsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF89EF67FF3EFF74B6CCFE70" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,465]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FF3EFF74B4C2FF58" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[199,420,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FF3EFF74B4C2FF58" box="[199,420,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FE50FF74B767FF58" bold="true" box="[425,513,223,249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF89EF67FE50FF74B767FF58" box="[425,513,223,249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be diagnosed from
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FCFAFF74B613FF58" authorityName="Wells and Wellington" authorityYear="1985" box="[771,885,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corbeni">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FCFAFF74B613FF58" box="[771,885,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. corbeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FC5EFF74B17BFF58" authorityName="Ingram, Corben and Hosmer" authorityYear="1982" box="[935,1053,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="revelata">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FC5EFF74B17BFF58" box="[935,1053,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. revelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of well-demarked, back spots or patches in all of the axilla, groin, posterior thigh, and underside of the hindlimbs (
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FB45FEA8B1B5FEBD" box="[1212,1235,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">vs</emphasis>
variable presence of spots in any of the first three locations, and any spots present being generally smaller and less conspicuous, and absence of dark marks on the underside of the hindlimb) (
<tableCitation id="636B8EB6FF89EF67FCC1FEE0B6F6FEC4" box="[824,912,330,357]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,239,1408,1432]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. The frequency of the presence (+) or absence (-) of distinct black spots or blotches located on four body areas" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Table 5</tableCitation>
). It can be diagnosed further from
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FADEFEE0B0FBFEC4" authorityName="Wells and Wellington" authorityYear="1985" box="[1319,1437,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corbeni">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FADEFEE0B0FBFEC4" box="[1319,1437,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. corbeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FF33FEC4B423FE28" authorityName="Ingram, Corben and Hosmer" authorityYear="1982" box="[202,325,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="revelata">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FF33FEC4B423FE28" box="[202,325,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. revelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having calls with a lower mean pulse repetition rate (78.1 pps, range 67–86
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FB14FEC4B062FE29" box="[1261,1284,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">vs</emphasis>
130.5, range 127.3–136.7 for
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FEAAFE38B4A1FE0C" authorityName="Wells and Wellington" authorityYear="1985" box="[339,455,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corbeni">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FEAAFE38B4A1FE0C" box="[339,455,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. corbeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 105.3, range 87–127 for
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FCEFFE38B6E9FE0C" authorityName="Ingram, Corben and Hosmer" authorityYear="1982" box="[790,911,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="revelata">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FCEFFE38B6E9FE0C" box="[790,911,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">L. revelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<tableCitation id="636B8EB6FF89EF67FC50FE38B69BFE0C" box="[937,1021,403,429]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,239,728,752]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 6. Call data for the Litoria revelata complex. N = number of individuals measured, then number of locations. Note duty cycle = note duration/inter-note interval. Values represent means + SD, and ranges per species. Statistical comparisons of advertisement calls among the taxa used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallace test with Z scores and P values. W indicates data from 45 individuals of L. revelata from Wallingat State Forest, NSW from Webster et al. (2023) that were included in the analyses. For details of locations, recorder, and temperatures see Supplementary Table S2." pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Table 6</tableCitation>
) and by apomorphic states at 31 and 10 nucleotide sites, respectively, in the
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FDB6FE1CB7E2FE70" box="[591,644,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">ND4</emphasis>
gene alignment (
<tableCitation id="636B8EB6FF89EF67FCBEFE1CB6FAFE70" box="[839,924,439,465]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,239,485,511]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 3. Diagnostic sites in the ND4 alignment for the Litoria ewingii Group. The top row shows site number in the ND4 alignment. Apomorphic sites for the L. revelata complex species are indicated in bold." pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Table 3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="7A96EB85FF89EF67FF6EF9A0B175F9E6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14853348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853348/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" startId="23.[151,250,1547,1571]" targetBox="[153,1435,489,1524]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF89EF67FF6EF9A0B175F9E6" blockId="23.[151,1436,1547,1607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FF6EF9A0B479F982" bold="true" box="[151,287,1547,1571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF89EF67FE5DF9A7B70BF982" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[420,621,1547,1571]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FE5DF9A7B70BF982" box="[420,621,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FD8AF9A0B7A5F982" bold="true" box="[627,707,1547,1571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF89EF67FD8AF9A0B7A5F982" box="[627,707,1547,1571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
QM J35106:
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FCB7F9A0B606F982" bold="true" box="[846,864,1547,1571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">A</emphasis>
) dorsal view,
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FC14F9A0B698F982" bold="true" box="[1005,1022,1547,1571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">B</emphasis>
) ventral view,
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FB6DF9A0B1C0F982" bold="true" box="[1172,1190,1547,1571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">C</emphasis>
) lateral view,
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FACCF9A0B021F982" bold="true" box="[1333,1351,1547,1571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">D</emphasis>
) plantar view of manus,
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FEC0F984B42CF9E6" bold="true" box="[313,330,1583,1607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">E</emphasis>
) plantar view of pes (photos Geoff Thompson, Queensland Museum).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF89EF6AFF3EF932B696FE54" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" type="description">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF89EF67FF3EF932B626F976" blockId="23.[151,1437,1689,2040]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FF3EF932B731F912" bold="true" box="[199,599,1689,1715]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
Measurements of
<typeStatus id="F15205AFFF89EF67FE66F932B760F912" box="[415,518,1689,1715]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(mm).
</emphasis>
SVL 28.8, HL 8.3, HW 8.6, TL 16.3, TD 1.8, ED 3.3 IOD 5.8, IND 2.2, ETD 1.1, THL 14.3, FL 14.2, IMT 1.1, FLL 6.9, Fing3D 1.0.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF89EF67FF3EF94AB04EF881" blockId="23.[151,1437,1689,2040]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF89EF67FF3EF94AB7C8F95A" bold="true" box="[199,686,1761,1787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
Description (including
<typeStatus id="F15205AFFF89EF67FE2EF94AB724F95A" box="[471,578,1761,1787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
;
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF89EF67FDB4F94AB7C6F95A" box="[589,672,1761,1787]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1547,1571]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,489,1524]" captionTargetId="figure-207@23.[151,1435,489,1524]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Holotype of Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. QM J35106: A) dorsal view, B) ventral view, C) lateral view, D) plantar view of manus, E) plantar view of pes (photos Geoff Thompson, Queensland Museum)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853348/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
A summary of variation in 14 mensural characters and five ratios is presented in
<tableCitation id="636B8EB6FF89EF67FEDFF8AEB41AF8BE" box="[294,380,1797,1823]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 4. Summary of data for 14 measurements and five ratios from adult individuals in the Litoria revelata complex, presented as mean ± standard deviation and range." pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Table 4</tableCitation>
. Mean SVL: females = 38.5 ± 0.99, 37.3–39.5, males = 29.6 ± 1.19,
<quantity id="E91116E8FF89EF67FB87F8AEB042F881" box="[1150,1316,1797,1824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.005" metricValueMax="3.18" metricValueMin="2.83" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="mm" value="30.05" valueMax="31.8" valueMin="28.3">28.3–31.8 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF89EF67FF3EF882B17BF856" blockId="23.[151,1437,1689,2040]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
Snout rounded when viewed from above, blunt or rounded in profile. Head length less than, to about equal to, head width (HL/HW 0.95 ± 0.06, 0.76–1.03) and approximately one-third of SVL (HL/SVL 0.29 ± 0.02, 0.24–0.31). Pupil horizontal when constricted (
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF89EF67FDDCF8DAB71FF82A" box="[549,633,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1482,1506]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-39@24.[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. in life: A–D) no voucher, Eungella, photos Stephen Mahony; E) no voucher, ABTC81985, Eungella, photo Harry Hines; F) no voucher, Eungella, photo Stephen Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853350/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Nostrils more lateral than superior; closer to tip of snout than to eye. Canthus rostralis well defined, and straight. Eye relatively large (ED/HL 0.4 ± 0.03, 0.33–0.46). Tympanum distinct; circular; diameter about half eye diameter (TD/ED 0.5 ± 0.06, 0.44–0.58). Vomerine teeth in short straight rows from anterior edge of choanae to midline of palate (assessed in SAMA R72462).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7A96EB85FF86EF68FF6EFA61B12DF9A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853350" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14853350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853350/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" startId="24.[151,250,1482,1506]" targetBox="[153,1434,181,1458]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF86EF68FF6EFA61B12DF9A7" blockId="24.[151,1437,1482,1543]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF86EF68FF6EFA61B47BFA43" bold="true" box="[151,285,1482,1506]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">FIGURE 13</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF86EF68FED7FA60B49AFA43" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[302,508,1482,1506]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF86EF68FED7FA60B49AFA43" box="[302,508,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF86EF68FDFEFA60B73AFA42" bold="true" box="[519,604,1483,1507]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF86EF68FDFEFA60B73AFA42" box="[519,604,1483,1507]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in life:
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF86EF68FD40FA61B78CFA43" bold="true" box="[697,746,1482,1506]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">A–D</emphasis>
) no voucher, Eungella, photos Stephen Mahony;
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF86EF68FB07FA60B069FA42" bold="true" box="[1278,1295,1483,1507]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">E</emphasis>
) no voucher, ABTC81985, Eungella, photo Harry Hines;
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF86EF68FDAEFA44B700F9A6" bold="true" box="[599,614,1519,1543]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">F</emphasis>
) no voucher, Eungella, photo Stephen Mahony.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF86EF68FF3EF9F2B7E0F91A" blockId="24.[151,1437,1625,1903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fingers long, narrow; webbing absent. Subarticular tubercles prominent. Terminal discs prominent. Fingers in order of length: 3&gt;4&gt;2&gt;1. Dark brown nuptial pad wraps around inner surface of Finger I from base of finger to base of penultimate phalanx (SAMA R72460–4).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF86EF68FF3EF96EB004F886" blockId="24.[151,1437,1625,1903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
Hindlimbs moderately long (TL/SVL 0.5 ± 0.02, 0.52–0.57). Toes in order of length: 4&gt;5=3&gt;2&gt;1. Webbing on all toes reaches base of penultimate phalanx. Subarticular tubercles prominent. Rectangular inner metatarsal tubercle approximately one-quarter length of first toe. Terminal toe discs not prominently expanded (
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF86EF68FAF8F8A6B033F886" box="[1281,1365,1805,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1547,1571]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,489,1524]" captionTargetId="figure-207@23.[151,1435,489,1524]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Holotype of Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. QM J35106: A) dorsal view, B) ventral view, C) lateral view, D) plantar view of manus, E) plantar view of pes (photos Geoff Thompson, Queensland Museum)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853348/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF86EF68FF3EF89AB16BF8CE" blockId="24.[151,1437,1625,1903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Dorsum finely granular. Upper surface of limbs smooth or finely granular. Flanks with dense coverage of low tubercles. Chin and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth; abdomen finely granular.</paragraph>
<caption id="7A96EB85FF87EF69FF6EF83CB1E4F872" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14853352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853352/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" startId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[231,1357,181,1919]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF87EF69FF6EF83CB1E4F872" blockId="25.[151,1436,1943,2003]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF87EF69FF6EF83CB47DF80E" bold="true" box="[151,283,1943,1967]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">FIGURE 14</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF87EF69FED0F833B493F80E" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[297,501,1943,1967]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF87EF69FED0F833B493F80E" box="[297,501,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF87EF69FE04F83CB729F80E" bold="true" box="[509,591,1943,1967]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF87EF69FE04F83CB729F80E" box="[509,591,1943,1967]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
vouchers showing markings on limbs:
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF87EF69FC11F83CB69CF80E" bold="true" box="[1000,1018,1943,1967]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A</emphasis>
) dorsal and
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF87EF69FB84F83CB1E8F80E" bold="true" box="[1149,1166,1943,1967]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">B</emphasis>
) ventral views of females SAMA R68690 (left) and SAMA R68688 (right), from Mt William Creek, Eungella National Park.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF84EF6AFF3EFF3DB068FEC4" blockId="26.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFF3EFF3DB409FF11" bold="true" box="[199,367,150,176]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Colour in life.</emphasis>
Dorsal surfaces tan, cream-brown or bronze, continuing onto flanks. Mid-dorsum with darker shading that starts with well-demarcated margin between eyes; this pattern may not be obvious in males in courting colour. Some individuals with small to minute dark flecks over dorsal surfaces and flanks. A black or dark or light brown stripe, with lower margin often poorly defined, extends from nostril along canthus rostralis through eye and over tympanum to just past forearm. Belly white to cream. Inflated vocal sac near transparent with sparse yellowgreen pigmentation (
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFE86FEE0B761FEC4" box="[383,519,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1482,1506]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-39@24.[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. in life: A–D) no voucher, Eungella, photos Stephen Mahony; E) no voucher, ABTC81985, Eungella, photo Harry Hines; F) no voucher, Eungella, photo Stephen Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853350/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Fig. 13A, B</figureCitation>
). Upper iris bright copper-gold colour, lower iris brown copper-gold.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF84EF6AFF3EFEC4B696FE54" blockId="26.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
Axillae have prominent dark marks in all specimens examined. Groin yellow, with dark patch and large dark spots anterior to groin (
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFE6CFE38B48CFE0C" box="[405,490,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1482,1506]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-39@24.[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. in life: A–D) no voucher, Eungella, photos Stephen Mahony; E) no voucher, ABTC81985, Eungella, photo Harry Hines; F) no voucher, Eungella, photo Stephen Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853350/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Figs 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFE0DFE38B775FE0C" box="[500,531,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@25.[231,1357,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. vouchers showing markings on limbs: A) dorsal and B) ventral views of females SAMA R68690 (left) and SAMA R68688 (right), from Mt William Creek, Eungella National Park." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853352/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">14</figureCitation>
). Posterior of thighs with black spot at proximal and distal margins, or additionally with black dorsal margin, or with black pattern spread across thigh (
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFC67FE1CB170FE70" box="[926,1046,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,526,1554]" captionTargetId="figure-98@12.[151,1435,526,1554]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Examples of colour pattern character states for the groin and posterior thigh for the Litoria revelata complex. A) orange without a dark border (SAMA R69002, from Wild Cattle Ck, site r11, NSW); B) orange with a distinct dark expanded margin at the anterior and posterior ends (SAMA R68976, from Murrays Scrub, site r4, NSW); C) as in B but with a distinct dark border encompassing the orange area (SAMA R68977, from Murrays Scrub, site r4, NSW); D) as in C but with the distinct dark border invading the orange area laterally (no voucher, from Watagan State Forest, site r20, NSW); E) multiple dark spots and marks in groin and posterior thigh (ABTC81985, from Mt William Creek, site e1, Eungella, Qld, photo Harry Hines); F) multiple dark spots and marks in groin, posterior thigh and along hindlimbs (no voucher, Eungella, Qld, photo Stephen Mahony)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853336/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Figs 6E, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFBDAFE1CB127FE70" box="[1059,1089,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1482,1506]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-39@24.[153,1434,181,1458]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. in life: A–D) no voucher, Eungella, photos Stephen Mahony; E) no voucher, ABTC81985, Eungella, photo Harry Hines; F) no voucher, Eungella, photo Stephen Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853350/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFBB7FE1CB10BFE70" box="[1102,1133,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@25.[231,1357,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. vouchers showing markings on limbs: A) dorsal and B) ventral views of females SAMA R68690 (left) and SAMA R68688 (right), from Mt William Creek, Eungella National Park." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853352/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">14</figureCitation>
). Variably-shaped black or dark marks present on the underside of the hindlimbs (
<tableCitation id="636B8EB6FF84EF6AFD02FE70B636FE54" box="[763,848,474,501]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,239,1408,1432]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. The frequency of the presence (+) or absence (-) of distinct black spots or blotches located on four body areas" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Table 5</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFCA5FE70B685FE54" box="[860,995,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@25.[231,1357,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. vouchers showing markings on limbs: A) dorsal and B) ventral views of females SAMA R68690 (left) and SAMA R68688 (right), from Mt William Creek, Eungella National Park." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853352/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Fig. 14A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF84EF6AFF3EFE54B1EEFDC0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF84EF6AFF3EFE54B1EEFDC0" blockId="26.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFF3EFE54B42EFDB8" bold="true" box="[199,328,511,537]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Etymology</emphasis>
. The species name
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFDD5FE54B7D0FDB8" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[556,694,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFDD5FE54B7D0FDB8" box="[556,694,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the distribution of this species in the ‘Eungella’ region. According to
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFEC8FD88B483FD9C" author="Kitching, R." box="[305,485,547,573]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref18793" refString="Kitching, R. (2020) Eungella - the land of clouds revisited. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 1-3." type="journal article" year="2020">Kitching (2020)</bibRefCitation>
“Eungella is generally supposed to mean ‘Land of Clouds’.” and “was adopted from local indigenous languages [of the Birri and Wiri people] by the first European residents”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF84EF6AFF3EFDC1B7C8FB00" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF84EF6AFF3EFDC1B172FCFC" blockId="26.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFF3EFDC1B407FD25" bold="true" box="[199,353,618,644]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Distribution.</emphasis>
Restricted to high elevations (&gt;
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFD23FDC0B645FD24" box="[730,803,619,645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="880.0">880 m</quantity>
a.s.l.) from Pease’s lookout,
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFB8AFDC0B1C3FD24" box="[1139,1189,619,645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="km" value="3.0">3km</quantity>
ENE of the Eungella township northeast to Mt David and Mt William in the headwaters of the Cattle Creek North branch, SSW of Mt Dalrymple and the Clarke Range in Eungella National Park and in the west to farm properties west of the Dalrymple Road (
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFF1AFD7CB451FD50" box="[227,311,726,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,987,1011]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,963]" captionTargetId="figure-18@27.[151,1435,181,963]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Map of records for Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. from the Atlas of Living Australia (as of September 2024) in the Eungella region, mid-eastern Queensland." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853354/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). These records fall in the elevational range of about
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFC6CFD7CB144FD50" box="[917,1058,727,753]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0455" metricValueMax="1.2109999999999999" metricValueMin="0.88" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="1045.5" valueMax="1211.0" valueMin="880.0">880–1211 m</quantity>
a.s.l., with most records between 950 and
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFF02FD50B434FCB4" box="[251,338,763,789]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
a.s.l. It is not known from the fairly large extent of upland rainforest above
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFB46FD50B070FCB4" box="[1215,1302,763,789]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
a.s.l. to the north and northwest of the documented historical range, although this may be due to the limited number of sites and frequency of surveys to date in this difficult to access area (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFCC8FCE8B176FCFC" author="Meyer, E. A. &amp; Hines, H. B. &amp; Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J." box="[817,1040,835,861]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="97 - 115" refId="ref19949" refString="Meyer, E. A. Hines, H. B., Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J. (2020) An update on the status of wet forest stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 97-115." type="journal article" year="2020">
Meyer
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFC7AFCE8B6D2FCFC" box="[899,948,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al</emphasis>
. (2020)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF84EF6AFF3EFCCCB694FBB0" blockId="26.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
Extensive surveys at 114 sites through the Eungella region between 2000 and 2015 only found
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFB29FCCCB013FC20" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[1232,1397,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFB29FCCCB013FC20" box="[1232,1397,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">L. eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFA82FCCCB5AEFC04" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF84EF6AFA82FCCCB5AEFC04" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
between
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFECAFC20B4D4FC04" box="[307,434,907,933]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.55" metricValueMax="9.8" metricValueMin="9.3" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="955.0" valueMax="980.0" valueMin="930.0">930–980 m</quantity>
a.s.l. in the small area of the headwaters of Cattle Creek North branch and at nearby farm dams (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFF19FC04B4C8FC68" author="Meyer, E. A. &amp; Hines, H. B. &amp; Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J." box="[224,430,943,969]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="97 - 115" refId="ref19949" refString="Meyer, E. A. Hines, H. B., Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J. (2020) An update on the status of wet forest stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 97-115." type="journal article" year="2020">
Meyer
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFECBFC04B40CFC68" box="[306,362,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). Historic records include Pease’s lookout (
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFC69FC04B6BEFC68" box="[912,984,943,969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
a.s.l.), as an observation (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFB03FC04B437FC4C" author="Covacevich, J. A. &amp; McDonald, K. R." pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="189 - 199" refId="ref17624" refString="Covacevich, J. A. &amp; McDonald, K. R. (1993) Distribution and conservation of frogs and reptiles of Queensland rainforests. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 34, 189-199." type="journal article" year="1993">
Covacevich &amp;
<collectingCountry id="56FEFB9DFF84EF6AFF6EFC78B469FC4C" box="[151,271,979,1005]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">McDonald</collectingCountry>
1993
</bibRefCitation>
), and Snake Road (
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFDD4FC78B71FFC4C" box="[557,633,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="970.0">970 m</quantity>
), as a specimen (QM
<accessionNumber id="31BA26EEFF84EF6AFC89FC79B6A4FC4C" box="[880,962,978,1005]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J45838" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="EnaNcbi">J45838</accessionNumber>
) (
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFC23FC78B14BFC4C" box="[986,1069,978,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,987,1011]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,963]" captionTargetId="figure-18@27.[151,1435,181,963]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Map of records for Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. from the Atlas of Living Australia (as of September 2024) in the Eungella region, mid-eastern Queensland." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853354/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
), but there have been no records from these areas in recent decades, despite survey effort (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFCE0FC5CB680FBB0" author="Meyer, E. A. &amp; Hines, H. B. &amp; Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J." box="[793,998,1015,1041]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="97 - 115" refId="ref19949" refString="Meyer, E. A. Hines, H. B., Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J. (2020) An update on the status of wet forest stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 97-115." type="journal article" year="2020">
Meyer
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFC93FC5CB6C5FBB0" box="[874,931,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF84EF6AFF3EFBB0B7C8FB00" blockId="26.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
Two vouchers (
<collectionCode id="48F823C8FF84EF6AFE96FBB0B4D4FB94" box="[367,434,1051,1077]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14908" name="University of Nottingham" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="Herbarium">NHM</collectionCode>
64.7.8.11–12), listed as
<typeStatus id="F15205AFFF84EF6AFD45FBB0B641FB94" box="[700,807,1051,1077]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFCBEFBB0B144FB94" author="Ingram, G. J. &amp; Corben, C. J. &amp; Hosmer, W." box="[839,1058,1051,1077]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="635 - 637" refId="ref18364" refString="Ingram, G. J., Corben, C. J. &amp; Hosmer, W. (1982) Litoria revelata: a new species of tree-frog from eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 20, 635-637." type="journal article" year="1982">
Ingram
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFC65FBB0B6ADFB94" box="[924,971,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al</emphasis>
. (1982)
</bibRefCitation>
are from
<collectingCounty id="C737C381FF84EF6AFB70FBB0B07FFB94" box="[1161,1305,1051,1077]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Port Denison</collectingCounty>
(= Bowen), north
<collectingRegion id="EC2D75EFFF84EF6AFF24FB94B403FBF8" box="[221,357,1087,1113]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Queensland</collectingRegion>
.
<collectingMunicipality id="CE322177FF84EF6AFE8BFB94B4C2FBF8" box="[370,420,1087,1113]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">This</collectingMunicipality>
locality is an anomalous record because it is at sea level, is unsuitable dry sclerophyll habitat, and is more than
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFE56FBC8B765FBDC" box="[431,515,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
north of the
<location id="2B36EDD6FF84EF6AFD68FBC8B623FBDC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6400A1BFF88EF6BFF6EFA57B6A3F83D:2B36EDD6FF84EF6AFD68FBC8B623FBDC" box="[657,837,1123,1149]" county="Port Denison" municipality="This" name="Eungella region" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" stateProvince="Queensland">Eungella region</location>
.
<location id="2B36EDD6FF84EF6AFCB6FBC8B612FBDC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6400A1BFF88EF6BFF6EFA57B6A3F83D:2B36EDD6FF84EF6AFCB6FBC8B612FBDC" box="[847,884,1123,1149]" county="Port Denison" municipality="This" name="We" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" stateProvince="Queensland">We</location>
take this locality information to be erroneous and the identity of these specimens needs assessing.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF84EF6AFF3EFB00B1BFF98C" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF84EF6AFF3EFB00B1BFF98C" blockId="26.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFF3EFB00B73CFB65" bold="true" box="[199,602,1194,1221]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Ecology and reproductive biology.</emphasis>
Most occurrence records come from slow-flowing rainforest creeks, where adults have been found sitting in vegetation along streams and eggs and tadpoles have been observed in small pools in bedrock adjacent to the stream (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFDD8FB58B66DFAAC" author="Retallick, R. W. &amp; Hero, J. - M. &amp; Alford, R. A." box="[545,779,1267,1293]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref20516" refString="Retallick, R. W., Hero, J. - M. &amp; Alford, R. A. (1997) Adult population monitoring and larval ecology of the stream-dwelling frogs at Eungella National Park. Final Report to ANCA / QDOE, February 1997, 1-60." type="journal article" year="1997">
Retallick
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFD76FB58B7AEFAAC" box="[655,712,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFCEEFB58B6D9FAAC" author="Retallick, R. W." box="[791,959,1267,1293]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="1 - 51" refId="ref20483" refString="Retallick, R. W. (1998) Population monitoring of stream-dwelling frogs at Eungella National Park. Final Report to ANCA / QDOE, June 1998, 1-51." type="journal article" year="1998">Retallick 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFC35FB58B1FDFAAC" author="Meyer, E. A. &amp; Hines, H. B. &amp; Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J." box="[972,1179,1267,1293]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="97 - 115" refId="ref19949" refString="Meyer, E. A. Hines, H. B., Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J. (2020) An update on the status of wet forest stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 97-115." type="journal article" year="2020">
Meyer
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFBE4FB58B130FAAC" box="[1053,1110,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). These small, isolated pools are rare along the streams—for example, breeding habitat was only present along
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFB96FABCB1CEFA90" box="[1135,1192,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
of a
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFB18FABCB04EFA90" box="[1249,1320,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</quantity>
section of Mt William Creek (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFE8EFA90B746FAF4" author="Retallick, R. W." box="[375,544,1339,1365]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="1 - 51" refId="ref20483" refString="Retallick, R. W. (1998) Population monitoring of stream-dwelling frogs at Eungella National Park. Final Report to ANCA / QDOE, June 1998, 1-51." type="journal article" year="1998">Retallick 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFDCDFA90B672FAF4" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[564,788,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFDCDFA90B672FAF4" box="[564,788,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFCE4FA90B611FAF4" bold="true" box="[797,887,1339,1365]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF84EF6AFCE4FA90B611FAF4" box="[797,887,1339,1365]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
also occupies farm dams on small gully lines in pasture adjacent to rainforest habitat west of the Dalrymple Road (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFC89FAF4B15FFAD8" author="Meyer, E. A. &amp; Hines, H. B. &amp; Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J." box="[880,1081,1375,1401]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="97 - 115" refId="ref19949" refString="Meyer, E. A. Hines, H. B., Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J. (2020) An update on the status of wet forest stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 97-115." type="journal article" year="2020">
Meyer
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFC39FAF4B691FAD8" box="[960,1015,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). In these situations, adult males call from low vegetation on the margins of the dams. Calling and breeding have been recorded in Spring and early Summer (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFEFFFA0CB48FFA60" author="Retallick, R. W. &amp; Hero, J. - M. &amp; Alford, R. A." box="[262,489,1447,1473]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref20516" refString="Retallick, R. W., Hero, J. - M. &amp; Alford, R. A. (1997) Adult population monitoring and larval ecology of the stream-dwelling frogs at Eungella National Park. Final Report to ANCA / QDOE, February 1997, 1-60." type="journal article" year="1997">
Retallick
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFE88FA0CB4CFFA60" box="[369,425,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFE0DFA0CB7FCFA60" author="Retallick, R. W." box="[500,666,1447,1473]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="1 - 51" refId="ref20483" refString="Retallick, R. W. (1998) Population monitoring of stream-dwelling frogs at Eungella National Park. Final Report to ANCA / QDOE, June 1998, 1-51." type="journal article" year="1998">Retallick 1998</bibRefCitation>
, CJH observations).
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFC86FA0CB171FA60" author="Anstis, M." box="[895,1047,1447,1473]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref17197" refString="Anstis, M. (2017) Tadpoles and frogs of Australia. New Holland Publishers Pty Limited, Chatswood, 848 pp." type="book" year="2017">Anstis (2017)</bibRefCitation>
compared the tadpole morphology of
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFF4FFA60B456FA44" authorityName="Ingram, Corben and Hosmer" authorityYear="1982" box="[182,304,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="revelata">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFF4FFA60B456FA44" box="[182,304,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">L. revelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFE91FA60B776FA44" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[360,528,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFE91FA60B776FA44" box="[360,528,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">L. eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFDE1FA60B715FA44" bold="true" box="[536,627,1483,1509]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF84EF6AFDE1FA60B715FA44" box="[536,627,1483,1509]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(then denoted as
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFCC5FA60B144FA44" authority="Eungella" authorityName="Eungella" box="[828,1058,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="revelata">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFCC5FA60B6D3FA44" box="[828,949,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">L. revelata</emphasis>
Eungella
</taxonomicName>
) but did not find any differences.
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFF6EFA44B404F9A8" author="Hero, J-M. &amp; Fickling, S. &amp; Retallick, R." box="[151,354,1519,1545]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="71 - 73" refId="ref18249" refString="Hero, J-M., Fickling, S. &amp; Retallick, R. (1996) The tadpole of Litoria revelata Ingram, Corben &amp; Hosmer 1982 (Anura: Hylidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 120, 71-73." type="journal article" year="1996">
Hero
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFF2EFA44B476F9A8" box="[215,272,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
(1996)
</bibRefCitation>
described the tadpole in detail, pointing out that a blue sheen was present on the abdomen (
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFA88FA44B0EEF9A9" box="[1393,1416,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">vs</emphasis>
a dull copper sheen on
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFE7EF9B8B499F98C" box="[391,511,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="revelata">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFE7EF9B8B499F98C" box="[391,511,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">L. revelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFDF5F9B8B7F1F98C" author="Anstis, M." box="[524,663,1555,1581]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref17197" refString="Anstis, M. (2017) Tadpoles and frogs of Australia. New Holland Publishers Pty Limited, Chatswood, 848 pp." type="book" year="2017">Anstis 2017</bibRefCitation>
), but the consistency of this trait needs verification.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66F3E886FF84EF6BFF3EF99DB6A3F83D" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF84EF6AFF3EF99DB411F87C" blockId="26.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFF3EF99DB4DAF9F0" bold="true" box="[199,444,1590,1617]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Conservation status.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFE3AF99CB7C7F9F0" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[451,673,1591,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFE3AF99CB7C7F9F0" box="[451,673,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFD50F99CB665F9F0" bold="true" box="[681,771,1591,1617]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF84EF6AFD50F99CB665F9F0" box="[681,771,1591,1617]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has an extremely small spatial and elevational distribution. Rainforest vegetation is present at mid and low elevations at Eungella but all records of the species come from above
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFF18F9D4B44CF938" box="[225,298,1663,1689]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
, suggesting upland restriction. The highest elevations at Eungella are the summits of Mt David (
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFA9AF9D4B5D6F91C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
), Mt William (
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) and Mt Dalrymple (
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), and most of the
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFC55F908B134F91C" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[940,1106,1699,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFC55F908B134F91C" box="[940,1106,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">L. eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFBA0F908B1D7F91C" bold="true" box="[1113,1201,1699,1725]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF84EF6AFBA0F908B1D7F91C" box="[1113,1201,1699,1725]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
records are clustered in creek headwaters between these summits. Below we assess conservation status against IUCN Red List (2012) criteria. The extent of occurrence (EOO, measured as a minimum convex polygon around all records in
<figureCitation id="B6D2A788FF84EF6AFAD0F940B01CF8A4" box="[1321,1402,1770,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="27.[151,250,987,1011]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,963]" captionTargetId="figure-18@27.[151,1435,181,963]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 15. Map of records for Litoria eungellensis sp. nov. from the Atlas of Living Australia (as of September 2024) in the Eungella region, mid-eastern Queensland." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853354/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
) is approximately
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<superScript id="D99C1645FF84EF6AFE7DF8A5B4EAF8BD" attach="left" box="[388,396,1806,1820]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">2</superScript>
, but most records (including those in
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFCD3F8A4B688F888" author="Meyer, E. A. &amp; Hines, H. B. &amp; Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J." box="[810,1006,1807,1833]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="97 - 115" refId="ref19949" refString="Meyer, E. A. Hines, H. B., Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J. (2020) An update on the status of wet forest stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 97-115." type="journal article" year="2020">
Meyer
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFC81F8A4B6C9F888" box="[888,943,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
) come from an extremely small area of &lt;
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. These values are well under the EOO specified in Criterion B for Critically Endangered (
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFB23F898B049F8EC" box="[1242,1327,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
<superScript id="D99C1645FF84EF6AFAD6F899B051F8E1" attach="left" box="[1327,1335,1842,1856]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">2</superScript>
); in fact, the EOO for the currently known sites is less than the area of occupancy (AOO) for Critically Endangered under this criterion (
<quantity id="E91116E8FF84EF6AFEFDF8D0B42DF834" box="[260,331,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
<superScript id="D99C1645FF84EF6AFEB2F8D1B435F829" attach="left" box="[331,339,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">2</superScript>
).
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF84EF6AFE90F8D0B720F834" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[361,582,1915,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFE90F8D0B720F834" box="[361,582,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF84EF6AFDB4F8D0B7C3F834" bold="true" box="[589,677,1915,1941]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF84EF6AFDB4F8D0B7C3F834" box="[589,677,1915,1941]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
occurs at a single ‘location’ because a single threatening event could rapidly affect all individuals (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF84EF6AFE1EF834B715F818" author="IUCN" box="[487,627,1951,1977]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref18409" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." type="book" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Several threats should be considered: fire, clearing, chytridiomycosis, and climate change.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7A96EB85FF85EF6BFF6EFC70B724FBB6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14853354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14853354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14853354/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" startId="27.[151,250,987,1011]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,963]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF85EF6BFF6EFC70B724FBB6" blockId="27.[151,1436,987,1047]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFF6EFC70B446FC52" bold="true" box="[151,288,987,1011]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
Map of records for
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF85EF6BFE12FC77B7D2FC52" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[491,692,987,1011]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFE12FC77B7D2FC52" box="[491,692,987,1011]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFD42FC77B66DFC55" bold="true" box="[699,779,988,1012]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF85EF6BFD42FC77B66DFC55" box="[699,779,988,1012]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the Atlas of Living Australia (as of September 2024) in the Eungella region, mid-eastern Queensland.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF85EF6BFF3EFBC1B4BFFA69" blockId="27.[151,1437,1130,1948]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
Fire may be a threat given the extensive burning of upland rainforest at Eungella in 2018 (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF85EF6BFB31FBC1B0F7FB25" author="Hines, H. B. &amp; Brook, M. &amp; Wilson, J. &amp; McDonald, W. J. F. &amp; Hargreaves, J." box="[1224,1425,1130,1156]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" pagination="139 - 157" refId="ref18174" refString="Hines, H. B., Brook, M., Wilson, J., McDonald, W. J. F. &amp; Hargreaves, J. (2020) The extent and severity of the Mackay highlands 2018 wildfires and the potential impact on natural values, particularly in the mesic forests of the Eungella-Crediton area. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 139-157." type="journal article" year="2020">
Hines
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFAEAFBC1B02AFB25" box="[1299,1356,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). These fires did not burn any habitat known to support
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF85EF6BFCFAFB25B6CAFB09" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[771,940,1166,1192]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFCFAFB25B6CAFB09" box="[771,940,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">L. eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFC4CFB25B176FB09" bold="true" box="[949,1040,1166,1192]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF85EF6BFC4CFB25B176FB09" box="[949,1040,1166,1192]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
but did burn similar habitat just to the west, so fire could be considered a future threat. Clearing may be a localised threat to sites on private land (e.g., around dams) because there is limited protection for regrowth rainforest on private land. However, clearing is not deemed a major threat because most habitat is in Eungella National Park. Chytridiomycosis has had severe impacts on some frog species in the Eungella region (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF85EF6BFD3CFAB5B6CCFA99" author="Retallick, R. W. &amp; McCallum, H. &amp; Speare, R." box="[709,938,1310,1336]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" pagination="1966 - 1971" refId="ref20569" refString="Retallick, R. W., McCallum, H. &amp; Speare, R. (2004) Endemic infection of amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community postdecline. PLoS Biology, 2 (e 351), 1966-1971. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020351" type="journal article" year="2004">
Retallick
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFCC8FAB5B60EFA99" box="[817,872,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF85EF6BFC4DFAB5B11AFA99" author="Meyer, E. A. &amp; Hines, H. B. &amp; Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J." box="[948,1148,1310,1336]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" pagination="97 - 115" refId="ref19949" refString="Meyer, E. A. Hines, H. B., Clarke, J. M. &amp; Hoskin, C. J. (2020) An update on the status of wet forest stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 125, 97-115." type="journal article" year="2020">
Meyer
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFBFDFAB5B15AFA99" box="[1028,1084,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
) but is not known to have caused population declines in
<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF85EF6BFE11FAE9B7E9FAFD" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[488,655,1346,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFE11FAE9B7E9FAFD" box="[488,655,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">L. eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFD6EFAE9B796FAFD" bold="true" box="[663,752,1346,1372]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF85EF6BFD6EFAE9B796FAFD" box="[663,752,1346,1372]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. It has, however, been detected in the species, with one of 53 individuals tested between 1994 and 1997 showing chytrid infection (by histology) (
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF85EF6BFBADFACDB05AFA21" author="Retallick, R. W. &amp; McCallum, H. &amp; Speare, R." box="[1108,1340,1382,1408]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" pagination="1966 - 1971" refId="ref20569" refString="Retallick, R. W., McCallum, H. &amp; Speare, R. (2004) Endemic infection of amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community postdecline. PLoS Biology, 2 (e 351), 1966-1971. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020351" type="journal article" year="2004">
Retallick
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFB38FACDB19CFA21" box="[1217,1274,1382,1408]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4A78C6FCFF85EF6BFAB1FACDB472FA05" author="Murray, K. &amp; Retallick, R. &amp; McDonald, K. R. &amp; Mendez, D. &amp; Aplin, K. &amp; Kirkpatrick, P. &amp; Berger, L. &amp; Hunter, D. &amp; Hines, H. B. &amp; Campbell, R. &amp; Pauza, M. &amp; Driessen, M. &amp; Speare, R. &amp; Richards, S. J. &amp; Mahony, M. &amp; Freeman, A. &amp; Phillott, A. D. &amp; Hero, J. - M. &amp; Kriger, K. &amp; Driscoll, D. &amp; Felton, A. &amp; Puschendorf, R. &amp; Skerratt, L. F." pageId="27" pageNumber="328" pagination="1557 - 1558" refId="ref20075" refString="Murray, K., Retallick, R., McDonald, K. R., Mendez, D., Aplin, K., Kirkpatrick, P., Berger, L., Hunter, D., Hines, H. B., Campbell, R., Pauza, M., Driessen, M., Speare, R., Richards, S. J., Mahony, M., Freeman, A., Phillott, A. D., Hero, J. - M., Kriger, K., Driscoll, D., Felton, A., Puschendorf, R. &amp; Skerratt, L. F. (2010) The distribution and host range of the pandemic disease chytridiomycosis in Australia, spanning surveys from 1956 - 2007. Ecology, 91, 1557-1558. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1608.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
Murray
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFF6EFA21B5AFFA05" box="[151,201,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Chytridiomycosis could therefore be considered a potential threat, but the species has likely persisted with the disease for decades.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E56BB0DFF85EF6BFF3EFA79B694F965" blockId="27.[151,1437,1130,1948]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
Climate change (both gradual warming and the extremes of heatwaves and droughts) is considered the biggest threat to
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<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFEFAFA5DB4C9F9B1" box="[259,431,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">L. eungellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF85EF6BFE43FA5DB77EF9B1" box="[442,536,1526,1552]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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. No population declines are documented to date (but also there has been no monitoring since the 2015) but based on restriction to a very small, high elevation area, this species is a candidate for future impacts. Under Criterion B,
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<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFDE4F995B7A5F9F9" box="[541,707,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">L. eungellensis</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
qualifies for a Critically Endangered B1/B2 (a, b) listing based on: B1 EOO &lt;
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; B2 AOO &lt;
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; (a) number of locations &lt;5 (taken to be 1 for this species); and (b) decline inferred or projected in (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat, and (v) number of mature individuals due to the ongoing effects of climate change (considered the primary threat).
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="E9E9C08EFF85EF6BFF3EF965B4C0F949" authorityName="Price &amp; Hoskin &amp; Mahony &amp; Donnellan" authorityYear="2025" box="[199,422,1742,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eungellensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1C9D671FFF85EF6BFF3EF965B4C0F949" box="[199,422,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Litoria eungellensis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="07AEDA64FF85EF6BFE55F965B760F949" box="[428,518,1742,1768]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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is in urgent need of conservation attention. Detailed surveys are required to assess continued occupancy of known sites and to find additional breeding sites. Monitoring needs to be established to assess short- and long-term population trends, particularly in regard to potential climate change impacts. Revegetation is required along gully lines and dam margins in the grazing land west of the Dalrymple Road. Any improvement of, or addition to, breeding sites in this area would have significant benefits for the species. An assessment of current amphibian chytrid prevalence and impact on the species is also required.
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Benth.
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(
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;
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<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D216266FCBFAE77" box="[835,889,796,819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Niger</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8DE26261FC74AE77" box="[896,946,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Flora</emphasis>
,
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849: 406 (Bentham
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. — Type:
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• Fernando Po leg.;
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: K[K000379504!],
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.
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. — Flowering and fruiting is from July-December.
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. —
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,
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,
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,
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,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8ACB62AEFB33AEA8" box="[1193,1269,980,1004]" name="Gabon" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Gabon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8B6162AEFA8BAEA8" box="[1283,1357,980,1004]" name="Ghana" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Ghana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8B3862AEFA6CAEA8" box="[1370,1450,980,1004]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F6295FC04A943" box="[813,962,1007,1031]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Guinea-Bissau</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8A7A6295FBA4A943" box="[1048,1122,1007,1031]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Guinea</collectingCountry>
Is.,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8AE96295FAC4A943" box="[1163,1282,1007,1031]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8B696295FA93A943" box="[1291,1365,1007,1031]" name="Liberia" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Liberia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8B3C6295FA6DA943" box="[1374,1451,1007,1031]" name="Nigeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D496570FCBDA966" box="[811,891,1034,1058]" name="Senegal" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Senegal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8DEB6570FBC9A966" box="[905,1039,1034,1058]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8A796570FB98A966" box="[1051,1118,1034,1058]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Sudan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8A086570FB0FA966" box="[1130,1225,1034,1058]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8AB76571FACAA967" box="[1237,1292,1035,1059]" name="Togo" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Togo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8B7A6570FAADA966" box="[1304,1387,1034,1058]" name="Uganda" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Uganda</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8B1A6571FA6BA966" box="[1400,1453,1035,1058]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Zaïre</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2405A5EBFFB5FFFA8D57655FFC78A979" author="POWO" box="[821,958,1061,1085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refId="ref3217" refString="POWO 2024. - Plants of the World Online. The Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:4941-1 (accessed 12 July 2024)." type="url" year="2024">POWO 2024</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="D8AFC49FFFB5FFFA8DB4655FFBD6A979" box="[982,1040,1061,1085]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[619,630,914,931]" captionTargetId="figure-609@7.[132,796,213,725]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Distribution map ofM.lucida Benth." pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F6523FA6BA9E3" blockId="3.[813,1455,1113,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
IUCN
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB5FFFA8D146523FC07A92B" baselines="1131,1131" box="[886,961,1113,1137]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Status" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">STATUS</smallCapsWord>
. —
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB5FFFA8D926523FB96A935" box="[1008,1104,1113,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D926523FB96A935" box="[1008,1104,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">M. lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has wide distribution and the species is not currently affected by any major threats and assessed under the category Least concern (
<bibRefCitation id="2405A5EBFFB5FFFA8AEE65F5FA67A9E3" author="IUCN SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP &amp; BGCI" box="[1164,1441,1167,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refId="ref3051" refString="IUCN SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP &amp; BGCI 2020. - M. lucida. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T156109487A156109489.en (accessed on 7 October 2024)." type="book" year="2020">IUCN SSC &amp; BGCI 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F65B9FABCA854" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB5FFFA8D4F65B9FC56A99D" baselines="1237,1237" box="[813,912,1219,1243]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Specimen" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">SPECIMEN</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB5FFFA8DF465B2FC3AA99D" baselines="1237" box="[918,1020,1224,1241]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="examined" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">EXAMINED</smallCapsWord>
. —
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8A4865BEFAB0A854" collectingDate="2023-06-20" collectionCode="CATH" elevation="900" latitude="12.939" location="Lalbagh Botanical Garden" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.584694" municipality="Bengaluru" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="CATH21050" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Karnataka">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8A4865BEFBA6A998" bold="true" box="[1066,1120,1220,1244]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8A4865BEFBA6A998" box="[1066,1120,1220,1244]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">India</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<collectingRegion id="825016F8FFB5FFFA8A1465B8FB26A99E" box="[1142,1248,1218,1242]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A04F4260FFB5FFFA8A8865B8FA93A99E" box="[1258,1365,1218,1242]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Bengaluru</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8B3D65B8FC2FA9B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C83D690CFFB5FFFE8D9363C5FAEAABE9:454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8B3D65B8FC2FA9B2" latitude="12.939" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.584694" municipality="Bengaluru" name="Lalbagh Botanical Garden" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="Karnataka">Lalbagh Botanical Garden</location>
;
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB5FFFA8D9465A4FBFDA9B1" box="[1014,1083,1246,1270]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="900.0">
<elevation id="CBB93F29FFB5FFFA8D9465A4FBFDA9B1" box="[1014,1083,1246,1270]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</elevation>
</quantity>
alt.;
<geoCoordinate id="25A0BEDDFFB5FFFA8A1465A7FACAA9B1" box="[1142,1292,1245,1269]" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" precision="1" seconds="20.4" value="12.939">12°56’20.4”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="25A0BEDDFFB5FFFA8B7865A7FA6EA9B1" box="[1306,1448,1245,1269]" degrees="77" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" precision="1" seconds="04.9" value="77.584694">77°35’04.9”E</geoCoordinate>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8D4F6583FC63A855" box="[813,933,1273,1297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="2023-06-20">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8D4F6583FC63A855" box="[813,933,1273,1297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="2023-06-20">20.VI.2023</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8DD26583FB40A855" box="[944,1158,1273,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Gopika Gopan 21050</emphasis>
; CATH[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8A816582FAA9A854" box="[1251,1391,1272,1296]" collectionCode="CATH" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">CATH21050</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F646FFBC3A839" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F646FFBECA802" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F646FFCBCA868" bold="true" box="[813,890,1300,1325]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Gh a n a</emphasis>
• Gre a t e r Ac c r a Re g i o n, Ad a; 1. I. 1 7 8 4;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8BF1646EFCB2A802" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Is - ert s.n.</emphasis>
; C[C10004191]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8A256455FBC1A826" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
Achimota;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8ADD6455FADAA803" box="[1215,1308,1327,1351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1931-03">III.1931</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8B486455FA6EA803" box="[1322,1448,1327,1351]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Irvine 1602</emphasis>
; GC[GC000007778]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8A476430FBC7A839" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
Dixcove;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8AE96430FACDA826" box="[1163,1291,1354,1378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1954-03-31">31.III.1954</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8B7B6431FA6EA826" box="[1305,1448,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB5FFFA8B7B6431FAA3A826" box="[1305,1381,1355,1378]" class="Arachnida" family="Trachycosmidae" genus="Morton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Morton</taxonomicName>
A478
</emphasis>
; GC[GC000007779]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="088E8B91FFB5FFFE8D4F64FBFAEAABE9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F64FBFAA4AB5B" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F64FBFA6DA8D3" box="[813,1451,1408,1435]" collectorName="Vogel" country="Equatorial Guinea" location="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F64FBFC32A8DF" bold="true" box="[813,1012,1409,1435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F64FBFC23A8DD" box="[813,997,1409,1433]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
•
</emphasis>
Fernando Po leg.;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8AC564FAFB33A8D3" box="[1191,1269,1408,1432]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectorName id="ED61BDCCFFB5FFFA8AC564FAFB1EA8DC" box="[1191,1240,1408,1432]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Vogel</collectorName>
77
</emphasis>
; K[K000379504]
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F64E6FA64A8F6" box="[813,1442,1435,1461]" collectingDate="1935-06" collectionCode="COI" collectorName="John" country="Angola" location="Cuanza Norte" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="COI00067774" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kwanza Norte">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F64E6FCB7A8F0" bold="true" box="[813,881,1436,1460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F64E6FCB7A8F0" box="[813,881,1436,1460]" name="Angola" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Angola</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<collectingRegion id="825016F8FFB5FFFA8DE064E1FBCFA8F7" box="[898,1033,1435,1459]" country="Angola" name="Kwanza Norte" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Cuanza Norte</collectingRegion>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8A6F64E1FB9AA8F7" box="[1037,1116,1435,1459]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1935-06">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8A6F64E1FB9AA8F7" box="[1037,1116,1435,1459]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1935-06">VI.1935</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8A0364E1FB0DA8F7" box="[1121,1227,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectorName id="ED61BDCCFFB5FFFA8A0364E1FB4CA8F7" box="[1121,1162,1435,1459]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">John</collectorName>
10305
</emphasis>
; COI[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8B6E64E1FA5CA8F7" box="[1292,1434,1435,1459]" collectionCode="COI" country="Portugal" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">COI00067774</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F64CCFBCAA8AD" collectingDate="1918-12-31" collectionCode="COI" collectorName="John" country="Angola" location="Maiombe" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="COI00067776" specimenCount="1">
Cabinda,
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8DFA64CCFC11A88A" box="[920,983,1462,1486]" name="Belize" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Belize</collectingCountry>
P. O.
<location id="454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8A4264CCFB4FA88A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C83D690CFFB5FFFE8D9363C5FAEAABE9:454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8A4264CCFB4FA88A" box="[1056,1161,1462,1486]" country="Angola" name="Maiombe" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Maiombe</location>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8AF564CCFAD9A88A" box="[1175,1311,1462,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1918-12-31">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8AF564CCFAD9A88A" box="[1175,1311,1462,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1918-12-31">31.XII.1918</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8B4E64CCFA6EA88A" box="[1324,1448,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectorName id="ED61BDCCFFB5FFFA8B4E64CCFA9CA88A" box="[1324,1370,1462,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">John</collectorName>
10170
</emphasis>
; COI[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8D0564ABFBC5A8AD" box="[871,1027,1489,1513]" collectionCode="COI" country="Portugal" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">COI00067776</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8A4B64ABFB43AB40" collectingDate="1935-06" collectionCode="COI" collectorName="John" country="Angola" location="Gossweiler" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="COI00067775" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cuanza Norte">
<collectingRegion id="825016F8FFB5FFFA8A4B64ABFB04A8AD" box="[1065,1218,1489,1513]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Cuanza Norte</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8AAD64ABFA82A8AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C83D690CFFB5FFFE8D9363C5FAEAABE9:454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8AAD64ABFA82A8AD" box="[1231,1348,1489,1513]" country="Angola" name="Gossweiler" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="Cuanza Norte">Gossweiler</location>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8B3264ABFA6CA8AD" box="[1360,1450,1489,1513]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1935-06">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8B3264ABFA6CA8AD" box="[1360,1450,1489,1513]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1935-06">VI.1935</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F6496FC66AB40" box="[813,928,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectorName id="ED61BDCCFFB5FFFA8D4F6496FC9FAB40" box="[813,857,1516,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">John</collectorName>
10305
</emphasis>
; COI[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8D876496FBBAAB40" box="[997,1148,1516,1540]" collectionCode="COI" country="Portugal" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">COI00067775</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8AF96496FA9BAB5B" collectingDate="2018-03-20" collectionCode="DR" collectorName="Jendras" country="Angola" county="Uige" location="Kibokolo" municipality="Quimbele" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="DR051642" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCounty id="A94AA096FFB5FFFA8AF96496FB0BAB40" box="[1179,1229,1516,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Uige</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A04F4260FFB5FFFA8ABA6496FA86AB40" box="[1240,1344,1516,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Quimbele</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8B286496FA6DAB40" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C83D690CFFB5FFFE8D9363C5FAEAABE9:454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8B286496FA6DAB40" box="[1354,1451,1516,1540]" country="Angola" county="Uige" municipality="Quimbele" name="Kibokolo" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Kibokolo</location>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8D4E677DFC63AB5B" box="[812,933,1543,1567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="2018-03-20">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8D4E677DFC63AB5B" box="[812,933,1543,1567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="2018-03-20">20.III.2018</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="ED61BDCCFFB5FFFA8DD2677DFC3FAB5B" box="[944,1017,1543,1567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Jendras</collectorName>
leg.; DR[DR051641,
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8A82677DFA95AB5B" box="[1248,1363,1543,1567]" collectionCode="DR" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15173" name="Technische Universität Dresden" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">DR051642</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F675EFBDBAB12" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F675EFBDCAB12" collectionCode="HNBU" country="Ivory Coast" location="Abidjan" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="HNBU02209" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Abidjan">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F675EFC1EAB7E" bold="true" box="[813,984,1570,1596]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F675EFC1EAB7E" box="[813,984,1570,1596]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<collectingRegion id="825016F8FFB5FFFA8A646759FBA3AB7E" box="[1030,1125,1570,1595]" country="Ivory Coast" name="Abidjan" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Abidjan</collectingRegion>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8AE36758FACFAB7E" box="[1153,1289,1570,1594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1967-04-null">21. IV.1967</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8B476759FA60AB7E" box="[1317,1446,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB5FFFA8B476759FAA1AB7E" box="[1317,1383,1571,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Leiodidae" genus="Bonzi" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bonzi</taxonomicName>
908
</emphasis>
;
<collectionCode id="268540DFFFB5FFFA8D4F6744FCBDAB12" box="[813,891,1598,1622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">HNBU</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8DE36744FBD2AB12" box="[897,1044,1598,1622]" collectionCode="HNBU" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">HNBU02209</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F6720FB90ABCF" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F6720FB97ABCF" collectingDate="1948-05-24" collectionCode="NMNH" country="Liberia" location="Iboke" municipality="Cavalla River" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="NMNH00819075" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F6720FCB0AB36" bold="true" box="[813,886,1626,1650]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F6720FCB0AB36" box="[813,886,1626,1650]" name="Liberia" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Liberia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<location id="454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8DEF6722FC0FAB34" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C83D690CFFB5FFFE8D9363C5FAEAABE9:454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8DEF6722FC0FAB34" box="[909,969,1624,1648]" country="Liberia" municipality="Cavalla River" name="Iboke" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Iboke</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A04F4260FFB5FFFA8DB66722FB9DAB34" box="[980,1115,1624,1648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Cavalla River</collectingMunicipality>
drainage;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8AA46723FAF4AB35" box="[1222,1330,1625,1649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1948-05-24">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8AA46723FAF4AB35" box="[1222,1330,1625,1649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1948-05-24">24.V.1948</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8B5C6723FA6FAB35" box="[1342,1449,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Mayer 133</emphasis>
; NMNH[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8DE86709FB81ABCF" box="[906,1095,1651,1675]" collectionCode="NMNH" country="USA" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">NMNH00819075</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F67F5FB90AB85" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F67F5FB97AB85" collectingDate="1971-09-02" collectionCode="NMNH" country="Togo" location="Lome-Palime" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="NMNH02692471" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F67F5FCACABE3" bold="true" box="[813,874,1679,1703]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F67F5FCACABE3" box="[813,874,1679,1703]" name="Togo" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Togo</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<location id="454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8DFE67F5FBF8ABE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C83D690CFFB5FFFE8D9363C5FAEAABE9:454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8DFE67F5FBF8ABE2" box="[924,1086,1679,1703]" country="Togo" name="Lome-Palime" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Lome-Palime</location>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8A3E67F5FB1CABE3" box="[1116,1242,1679,1703]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1971-09-02">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8A3E67F5FB1CABE3" box="[1116,1242,1679,1703]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1971-09-02">2. IX. 1971</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8A9A67F5FA60ABE2" box="[1272,1446,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Breteler 7125</emphasis>
; NMNH[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8DE867D0FB80AB86" box="[906,1094,1706,1730]" collectionCode="NMNH" country="USA" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">NMNH02692471</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F67BCFB90AA0C" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F67BCFC1EABBC" collectingDate="1983-08-20" collectionCode="YA" country="Cameroon" location="South-west province" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="YA0053750" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South-West">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F67BCFC5FAB9A" bold="true" box="[813,921,1734,1758]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F67BCFC5FAB9A" box="[813,921,1734,1758]" name="Cameroon" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<collectingRegion id="825016F8FFB5FFFA8DD367BFFB45AB99" box="[945,1155,1733,1757]" country="Cameroon" name="South-West" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">South-west province</collectingRegion>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8AEC67BFFADEAB99" box="[1166,1304,1733,1757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1983-08-20">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8AEC67BFFADEAB99" box="[1166,1304,1733,1757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1983-08-20">20.VIII.1983</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8B4767BFFA6EAB99" box="[1317,1448,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB5FFFA8B4767BFFAA8AB99" box="[1317,1390,1733,1757]" class="Arachnida" family="Agelenidae" genus="Thomas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thomas</taxonomicName>
2484
</emphasis>
; YA[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8D34679AFC15ABBC" box="[854,979,1760,1784]" collectionCode="YA" country="Cameroon" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15278" name="National Herbarium of Cameroon" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">YA0053750</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D96679BFA95ABBC" box="[1012,1363,1760,1784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D96679BFBA2ABBC" box="[1012,1124,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB5FFFA8D96679BFBE0ABBC" authorityName="Probst" authorityYear="1877" box="[1012,1062,1761,1784]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Bates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bates</taxonomicName>
1185
</emphasis>
; BM[BM014128248)]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8B0C679AFA6CAA56" collectingDate="2015-02-20" collectionCode="DR" collectorName="Ditsch BD" country="Cameroon" location="Municipio de Kembele" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="DR067666" specimenCount="1">
<location id="454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8B0C679AFC19AA57" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C83D690CFFB5FFFE8D9363C5FAEAABE9:454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8B0C679AFC19AA57" country="Cameroon" name="Municipio de Kembele" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Municipio de Kembele</location>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8D8B6781FB9CAA57" box="[1001,1114,1787,1811]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="2015-02-20">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8D8B6781FB9CAA57" box="[1001,1114,1787,1811]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="2015-02-20">20.II.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8A066781FB35AA56" box="[1124,1267,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectorName id="ED61BDCCFFB5FFFA8A066781FB0DAA56" box="[1124,1227,1787,1811]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Ditsch BD</collectorName>
777
</emphasis>
; DR[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8B4F6781FA66AA57" box="[1325,1440,1787,1811]" collectionCode="DR" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15173" name="Technische Universität Dresden" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">DR067666</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F666DFB97AA0C" collectingDate="1986-07-10" collectionCode="NMNH" collectorName="Etuge" country="Burkina Faso" location="Sud-Ouest" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="NMNH02692470" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F666DFC79AA6A" bold="true" box="[813,959,1814,1839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F666DFC79AA6A" box="[813,959,1814,1839]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<location id="454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8DBC666CFB92AA6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C83D690CFFB5FFFE8D9363C5FAEAABE9:454B8EC1FFB5FFFA8DBC666CFB92AA6A" box="[990,1108,1814,1838]" country="Burkina Faso" name="Sud-Ouest" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Sud-Ouest</location>
;
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8A00666CFB2AAA6A" box="[1122,1260,1814,1838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1986-07-10">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8A00666CFB2AAA6A" box="[1122,1260,1814,1838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1986-07-10">10.VII.1986</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8A99666DFA6EAA6A" box="[1275,1448,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectorName id="ED61BDCCFFB5FFFA8A99666DFAF2AA6A" box="[1275,1332,1815,1838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Etuge</collectorName>
et al. 206
</emphasis>
; NMNH[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8DE8664BFB80AA0D" box="[906,1094,1841,1865]" collectionCode="NMNH" country="USA" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">NMNH02692470</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F6637FB6DAAF1" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F6637FB06AA3B" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F6637FCA9AA21" bold="true" box="[813,879,1869,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F6637FCA9AA21" box="[813,879,1869,1893]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Congo</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
• Province Orientale, Ango, Mombele Camp Chefferie; 1938;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D49661DFC67AA3B" box="[811,929,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB5FFFA8D49661DFCAAAA3B" box="[811,876,1895,1919]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Curimatidae" genus="Gilbert" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gilbert</taxonomicName>
1654
</emphasis>
; NMNH[
<collectionCode id="268540DFFFB5FFFA8A67661DFB94AA3B" box="[1029,1106,1895,1919]" country="USA" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">NMNH</collectionCode>
02692472]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8AB3661DFA64AADE" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
Province Orientale,Territory Isangi, Jangambi;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8A6566F8FBBAAADE" box="[1031,1148,1922,1946]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB5FFFA8A6566F8FB8EAADE" box="[1031,1096,1922,1946]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Curimatidae" genus="Gilbert" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gilbert</taxonomicName>
1147
</emphasis>
; NMNH[
<collectionCode id="268540DFFFB5FFFA8A8266F8FAEBAADE" box="[1248,1325,1922,1946]" country="USA" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">NMNH</collectionCode>
02692473)]
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F66E4FB6DAAF1" box="[813,1195,1949,1973]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F66E4FC5AAAF1" box="[813,924,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB5FFFA8D4F66E4FCA7AAF1" box="[813,865,1950,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Leiodidae" genus="Louis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Louis</taxonomicName>
1144
</emphasis>
; BR[
<collectionCode id="268540DFFFB5FFFA8DB066E7FC35AAF1" box="[978,1011,1949,1973]" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Agrobiology Diazothrophic Microbial Culture Collection" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">BR</collectionCode>
0000006860677].
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFA8D4F66C0FA59AA94" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" box="[813,1439,1976,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F66C0FA5CAA94" box="[813,1434,1976,2002]" collectingDate="1904-03" collectionCode="NMNH" country="Gabon" location="Gabon" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="NMNH02692475" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F66C0FCB5AA96" bold="true" box="[813,883,1978,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F66C0FCB5AA96" box="[813,883,1978,2002]" name="Gabon" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Gabon</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8DE866C2FC24AA94" box="[906,994,1976,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1904-03">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8DE866C2FC24AA94" box="[906,994,1976,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1904-03">III.1904</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D8F66C2FBAEAA94" box="[1005,1128,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Klaine 3466</emphasis>
; NMNH[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8AB166C2FA56AA94" box="[1235,1424,1976,2000]" collectionCode="NMNH" country="USA" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">NMNH02692475</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB5FFFC8D4F66AFFED3AAEE" blockId="3.[811,1457,1218,2030]" lastBlockId="5.[132,774,1938,2028]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="F0FCD247FFB5FFFA8D4F66AFFA77AAAF" box="[813,1457,2003,2030]" collectingDate="1977-04-27" collectionCode="FHI" country="Nigeria" location="Nigeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="FHI0089510" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D4F66AFFCB5AAA9" bold="true" box="[813,883,2005,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB5FFFA8D4F66AFFCB5AAA9" box="[813,883,2005,2029]" name="Nigeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
•
<date id="342AFEDAFFB5FFFA8DE166A9FC29AAAF" box="[899,1007,2003,2027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1977-04-27">
<collectingDate id="246E0732FFB5FFFA8DE166A9FC29AAAF" box="[899,1007,2003,2027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" value="1977-04-27">27.IV.1977</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB5FFFA8D9666A9FB13AAAF" box="[1012,1237,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Ibhanesebhor et al. GJ174</emphasis>
; FHI[
<specimenCode id="10327061FFB5FFFA8B7266A9FA53AAAF" box="[1296,1429,2003,2027]" collectionCode="FHI" country="Nigeria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12838" name="Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="Herbarium">FHI0089510</specimenCode>
-0].
</materialsCitation>
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB3FFFC8EE666E8FED3AAEE" baselines="1957,1957" box="[132,277,1938,1964]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<caption id="14EB8892FFB2FFFD8EE666B8FBE6AAAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14849182" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14849182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14849182/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="21" startId="4.[132,143,1986,2003]" targetBox="[192,1395,215,1864]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB2FFFD8EE666B8FBE6AAAD" blockId="4.[132,1455,1986,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB2FFFD8EE666B8FF5BAA96" baselines="1999,1999" box="[132,157,1986,2003]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 1. —
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB2FFFD8EB166B8FE4BAA97" authority="Benth." authorityName="Benth." box="[211,397,1986,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8EB166B8FE8BAA97" box="[211,333,1986,2003]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">Morinda lucida</emphasis>
Benth.
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8FF166B8FE66AA97" bold="true" box="[403,416,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
, habit;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8FBF66B8FE2CAA97" bold="true" box="[477,490,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">B</emphasis>
, twig;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8C4266B8FDE8AA97" bold="true" box="[544,558,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
, flowers;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8C1C66B8FD4AAA97" bold="true" box="[638,652,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">D</emphasis>
, gland;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8CAC66B8FD1CAA97" bold="true" box="[718,730,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
, domatium;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8D2066B8FC8BAA97" bold="true" box="[834,845,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">F</emphasis>
, single flower;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8DAA66B8FC10AA97" bold="true" box="[968,982,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">G</emphasis>
, corolla tube opened;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8AF266B8FB58AA97" bold="true" box="[1168,1182,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">H</emphasis>
, corolla throat inside;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8B3766B8FA9DAA97" bold="true" box="[1365,1371,1986,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">I</emphasis>
, style and stigma;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8EA566A2FF17AAAD" bold="true" box="[199,209,2008,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">J</emphasis>
, fruit;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB2FFFD8F6466A2FED5AAAD" bold="true" box="[262,275,2008,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">K</emphasis>
, seed. Scale bars: A, C, F, not to scale; B, 2 cm; D, K, 1 mm; E, 0.5 mm; G, 1 cm; H-J, 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB3FFFC8F6E61A5FD45A8B9" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">B C F D J K I H G E A L M</paragraph>
<caption id="14EB8892FFB3FFFC8EE66665FA77AA03" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" startId="5.[132,143,1823,1840]" targetBox="[253,1334,207,1801]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB3FFFC8EE66665FA77AA03" blockId="5.[132,1457,1823,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB3FFFC8EE66665FF5BAA74" baselines="1836,1837" box="[132,157,1823,1840]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 2. —
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB3FFFC8EB16665FE4AAA74" authority="Benth." authorityName="Benth." box="[211,396,1823,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8EB16665FE8BAA74" box="[211,333,1823,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Morinda lucida</emphasis>
Benth.
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8FF56665FE62AA74" bold="true" box="[407,420,1823,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">A</emphasis>
, flowering twig;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8C486665FDF1AA74" bold="true" box="[554,567,1823,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">B</emphasis>
, inflorescence;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8CD86665FD0EAA74" bold="true" box="[698,712,1823,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
, flower;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8D6C6665FCDAAA74" bold="true" box="[782,796,1823,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">D</emphasis>
, flower split open;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8DD56665FC05AA74" bold="true" box="[951,963,1823,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
, corolla lobes;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8A236665FB8AAA74" bold="true" box="[1089,1100,1823,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">F</emphasis>
, calyx;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8AE86665FB5EAA74" bold="true" box="[1162,1176,1823,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">G</emphasis>
, colleters in stipule;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8B236665FA89AA74" bold="true" box="[1345,1359,1823,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">H</emphasis>
, domatia in axils of secondary veins;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8F31664CFE9FAA03" bold="true" box="[339,345,1846,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">I</emphasis>
, stamen;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8FCB664CFE75AA03" bold="true" box="[425,435,1846,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">J</emphasis>
, style and stigma;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8C2F664CFD9CAA03" bold="true" box="[589,602,1846,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">K</emphasis>
, c.s. of ovary;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8CB3664CFD1AAA03" bold="true" box="[721,732,1846,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">L</emphasis>
, fruit;
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB3FFFC8D6D664CFCE6AA03" bold="true" box="[783,800,1846,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">M</emphasis>
, seed. Scale bars: A, B, H, 1 cm;C, D, I, 0.2 cm; E-G,J, K, M, 0.1 cm; L, 0.3 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB3FFFE8EE666C8FD5DABA9" blockId="5.[132,774,1938,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[130,777,981,1773]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
Evergreen trees. Bark glabrous, rough, pale brown. Branchesquadrangular in younger and terete to older branches. Leaves opposite-decussate, elliptical, petiolate, glossy; petiole smooth, 0.8-1.4 ×
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB3FFFC8DED66CBFBD7AA88" box="[911,1041,1969,1996]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="0.175" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.15">0.15-0.2 cm</quantity>
, slightly pubescent towards base; lamina elliptic, glossy, 7.0-13 ×
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB3FFFC8A5166ABFB68AAA8" box="[1075,1198,2001,2028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="4.65" valueMax="5.8" valueMin="3.5">3.5-5.8 cm</quantity>
, base attenuate, margin entire and wavy, apex acute to acuminate; lateral veins 5-7 pairs, raised abaxially; domatium present on the axils of lateral veins in abaxial surface.Stipules entire, green, glabrous, 0.2-0.7 ×
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8CB9656FFF16A90B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="0.44999999999999996" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.3">0.3- 0.6 cm</quantity>
, forming sheath enclosing basal parts of the internode, not persistent, colleters on adaxial base. Inflorescence terminal and axillary heads; ovaries connate into pedunculate capitula, each capitulum composes of 5-7 flowers fused by its ovaries. Flowers tubular,
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8F5765CEFE6CA98B" box="[309,426,1204,1231]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="2.3" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.1">2.1-2.5 cm</quantity>
long, white, fragrant, sessile, glabrous. Peduncle 3-4 per node, 1.8-4.5 ×
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8C7D65AEFDB0A9AB" box="[543,630,1236,1263]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="0.15">0.15 cm</quantity>
, green, glossy, slightly hairy, one larger and smaller knob-like gland between peduncle and stem. Calyx truncate,
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8F96646EFD47A86B" box="[500,641,1300,1327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.25">0.25-0.35 cm</quantity>
long, adnate to the ovary, green and glabrous. Corolla valvate, white; tube greenish-white,
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8F52642EFE55A82A" box="[304,403,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="1.8" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.6">1.6-2 cm</quantity>
long, glossy, glabrous outside and slightly hairy inside; throat glabrous; lobes 5, salver shaped, 0.5–0.6 ×
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8E9364E9FEB0A8EA" box="[241,374,1427,1454]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="0.275" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.25">0.25-0.3 cm</quantity>
, entire margin, apex acute and hooded at tip, glossy. Stamens 5, epipetalous, introrse; filaments white,
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8EE064A9FF18A8AA" box="[130,222,1491,1518]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5-2 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous; anther 2-celled, 0.4-0.5 ×
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8CE364A9FCC7A8AA" box="[641,769,1491,1518]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="0.075" valueMax="0.1" valueMin="0.05">0.05-0.1 cm</quantity>
, dorsifixed, whitish yellow, glabrous, dehiscent longitudinally; pollen numerous. Ovary
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8FF76769FDCBAB6A" box="[405,525,1555,1582]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2-0.3 cm</quantity>
in diameter, 2 locules, 1 ovule per locule; style greenish,
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8F966749FDADAB0A" box="[500,619,1587,1614]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.7">0.7-1.2 cm</quantity>
long, smooth, glossy; stigma greenish white, inserted in corolla tube, bifid. Infructescence syncarpous, 1-1.5 ×
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8F976709FDAAABC9" box="[501,620,1651,1678]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2-1.5 cm</quantity>
, greenish color turning blackish brown on ripening, smooth, calyx persistent and glabrous. Seeds 4-5, triangular, 0.6-0.75 ×
<quantity id="876C75FFFFB1FFFE8CE467C8FCC7AB89" box="[646,769,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.4-0.5 cm</quantity>
, blackish brown, not winged, wrinkled, numerous.
</paragraph>
<caption id="14EB8892FFB0FFFF8F6D66A2FAE0AAAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14849184" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14849184" box="[271,1318,2008,2025]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14849184/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" startId="6.[271,282,2008,2025]" targetBox="[211,1376,215,1873]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB0FFFF8F6D66A2FAE0AAAD" blockId="6.[271,1318,2008,2025]" box="[271,1318,2008,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB0FFFF8F6D66A2FEEEAAAD" baselines="2021,2022" box="[271,296,2008,2025]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="6" pageNumber="23">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 3. — Lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB0FFFF8FA766A2FD6BAAAD" authority="Benth., Vogel" authorityName="Benth., Vogel" box="[453,685,2008,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB0FFFF8FA766A2FDFBAAAD" box="[453,573,2008,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Morinda lucida</emphasis>
Benth.,
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB0FFFF8C1D66A2FD6BAAAD" box="[639,685,2008,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Vogel</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB0FFFF8CD366A2FD00AAAD" box="[689,710,2008,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="23">77</emphasis>
(K000379504) © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="14EB8892FFB1FFFE8C0962E8FC0CAEE7" box="[619,970,914,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" startId="7.[619,630,914,931]" targetBox="[132,1455,214,872]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB1FFFE8C0962E8FC0CAEE7" blockId="7.[619,970,914,931]" box="[619,970,914,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB1FFFE8C0962E8FD42AEE6" baselines="927,927" box="[619,644,914,931]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 4. — Distribution map of
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8D2962E8FC0CAEE7" authority="Benth." authorityName="Benth." box="[843,970,914,931]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8D2962E8FC57AEE7" box="[843,913,914,931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M.lucida</emphasis>
Benth.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB1FFFE8EE66669FE47AA6F" blockId="7.[130,777,1811,2028]" box="[132,385,1811,1837]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB1FFFE8EE66669FEDCAA6F" baselines="1830,1830" box="[132,282,1811,1837]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Typification" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">TYPIFICATION</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB1FFFE8F436662FE47AA6F" baselines="1830" box="[289,385,1816,1835]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="remarks" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB1FFFE8EE66648FB11A9EB" blockId="7.[130,777,1811,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[811,1456,981,1199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
George Bentham described
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8FCA6649FDCAAA08" box="[424,524,1842,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8FCA6649FDCAAA08" box="[424,524,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M. lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Hooker’s
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8CF36649FCC3AA08" box="[657,773,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB1FFFE8CF36649FD0DAA08" box="[657,715,1843,1868]" name="Niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Niger</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8CAD6648FCC3AA08" box="[719,773,1842,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Flora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Flora</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(Bentham
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8E916629FECFAA28" box="[243,265,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2405A5EBFFB1FFFE8F6C6628FE5AAA28" author="HOOKER W. J." box="[270,412,1874,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" refId="ref2924" refString="HOOKER W. J. 1849. - Niger Flora: Or, an Enumeration of the Plants of Western Tropical Africa. Bailliere, London, 406 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.594" type="book" year="1849">Hooker 1849</bibRefCitation>
). In the protologue, Bentham gave a brief diagnosis based on the collections made by De Vogel from two regions in
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB1FFFE8F3966E8FDE3AAE8" box="[347,549,1938,1964]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
: Quorra &amp;
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB1FFFE8CC266E8FF59AA88" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Fernando Po</collectingCountry>
(Bioko). While searching for the original materials, the specimen from Quorra has not been traced from any herbaria and material collected by De Vogel from Bioko is located at herbarium of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (barcode number: K000379504). Daniel Oliver discussed about two
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8B31656FFCBEA90B" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8B31656FFA69A96B" box="[1363,1455,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Morinda</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in the
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8DAC654FFB0DA90B" box="[974,1227,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8DAC654FFBC3A90B" box="[974,1029,1077,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Flora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Flora</taxonomicName>
of Tropical Africa
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2405A5EBFFB1FFFE8AB9654FFA67A90B" author="OLIVER D." box="[1243,1441,1077,1103]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" refId="ref3180" refString="OLIVER D. 1877. - Flora of Tropical Africa. L. Reeve &amp; Co., London, 191 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.42" type="book" year="1877">Oliver 1877: 191</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8D4D652FFC20A92B" box="[815,998,1109,1135]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citrifolia">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8D4D652FFC20A92B" box="[815,998,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Morinda citrifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. and
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8A52652FFAB6A92B" authority="G. Don. He" authorityName="G. Don. He" box="[1072,1392,1109,1135]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiflora">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8A52652FFB37A92B" box="[1072,1265,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Morinda longiflora</emphasis>
G.Don. He
</taxonomicName>
mentioned
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8D1B650FFC19A9CA" box="[889,991,1140,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8D1B650FFC19A9CA" box="[889,991,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M. lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a variety of
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8A1D650FFB3BA9CA" box="[1151,1277,1140,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citrifolia">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8A1D650FFB3BA9CA" box="[1151,1277,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M. citrifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and labelled the specimen of De Vogel as
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8A5965EFFB7FA9EA" box="[1083,1209,1172,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citrifolia">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8A5965EFFB7FA9EA" box="[1083,1209,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M. citrifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="402BD81AFFB1FFFE8D4F65AFFAEAABE9" blockId="7.[811,1456,1236,1709]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
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<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB1FFFE8DA765A0FC35A9A9" baselines="1256" box="[965,1011,1242,1261]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">AND</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB1FFFE8D9865A0FB5DA9A9" baselines="1256" box="[1018,1179,1242,1261]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="illustrations" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">ILLUSTRATIONS</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB1FFFE8AC065A0FB78A9A9" baselines="1256" box="[1186,1214,1242,1261]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">OF</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="46CD4EC6FFB1FFFE8AA765AEFAE4A9A9" baselines="1255,1256" box="[1221,1314,1236,1262]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="African" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">AFRICAN</smallCapsWord>
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8B4B65AFFB5DA84A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8B4B65AFFA56A9A9" authorityName="Emeljanov" authorityYear="1972" box="[1321,1424,1237,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">MORiNda</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8D4F658FFC72A84A" box="[813,948,1268,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiflora">M. longiflora</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8DDF658FFBE9A84A" authorityName="Hutch. ex Holland" authorityYear="1915" box="[957,1071,1268,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusa">M. confusa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8A5A658FFB5DA84A" box="[1080,1179,1268,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">M. lucida</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8AAE658FFA88A84A" box="[1228,1358,1269,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8AAE658FFA88A84A" box="[1228,1358,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M. geminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been described and illustrated in
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8A22646EFA6BA86A" box="[1088,1453,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2405A5EBFFB1FFFE8D57644EFC32A80A" author="HUTCHINSON J." box="[821,1012,1332,1358]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" pagination="8 - 16" refId="ref2968" refString="HUTCHINSON J. 1916. - African Morinda, in Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London: 8-16. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11628015" type="book chapter" year="1916">Hutchinson 1916</bibRefCitation>
). Hutchinson &amp; Dalziel (1963) identified De Vogel’s material as
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8A76642FFBBEA82A" box="[1044,1144,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8A76642FFBBEA82A" box="[1044,1144,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M. lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and published in the
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8B3F642EFA52A82A" box="[1373,1428,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Flora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Flora</taxonomicName>
of West Tropical Africa.
<bibRefCitation id="2405A5EBFFB1FFFE8A75640EFAF8A8CA" author="DAVIS A. P. &amp; FIGUEIREDO E." box="[1047,1342,1396,1422]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" pagination="159 - 186" refId="ref2835" refString="DAVIS A. P. &amp; FIGUEIREDO E. 2007. - A checklist of the Rubiaceae on the islands of Bioko and Annobon (Equatorial Guinea, Gulf of Guinea). Systematics and Biodiversity 5 (2): 159-186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200006002143" type="journal article" year="2007">Davis &amp; Figueiredo (2007)</bibRefCitation>
published a detailed checklist of the
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8A2664E9FB77A8E9" box="[1092,1201,1427,1453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
on the islands of Bioko and
<collectingCountry id="3883988AFFB1FFFE8D3C64C9FC03A889" box="[862,965,1459,1485]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Annobon</collectingCountry>
based on herbarium collections from K and BMNH. In this, De Vogel material of
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8AD464AEFADCA8A9" box="[1206,1306,1491,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8AD464AEFADCA8A9" box="[1206,1306,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M. lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described as a
<typeStatus id="9F2F66B8FFB1FFFE8D36648EFC63AB4A" box="[852,933,1524,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
and
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8DB5648EFB92AB49" box="[983,1108,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Barter 2039</emphasis>
(K) as a representative specimen. We consider the most appropriate choice of
<typeStatus id="9F2F66B8FFB1FFFE8B6F6769FAA8AB69" box="[1293,1390,1555,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
to be the De Vogel specimen in K with barcodeK000379504. This specimen clearly shows the main morphological features identifying it as
<taxonomicName id="8794A399FFB1FFFE8DC8670EFBD6ABC9" box="[938,1040,1651,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Morinda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis id="72E00408FFB1FFFE8DC8670EFBD6ABC9" box="[938,1040,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="24">M. lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, i.e. oval shaped leaf with brief petiole, 1-3 peduncles per node and globose capitulum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>