From dce9b96fe7651c25e9fb82e2b3cb5fcdf293ae7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2025 16:53:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-02-05 16:47:24 --- .../82/FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.xml | 721 ++ .../82/FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.xml | 281 + .../82/FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.xml | 169 + .../82/FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.xml | 244 + .../82/FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.xml | 315 + .../82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml | 8256 +++++++++-------- 6 files changed, 5863 insertions(+), 4123 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.xml create mode 100644 data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.xml create mode 100644 data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.xml create mode 100644 data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.xml create mode 100644 data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.xml diff --git a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.xml b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0050f74d654 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF816B1FFF5B8153FFBFFDF1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,721 @@ + + + +Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach + + + +Author + +Omar, Atef +EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + + + +Author + +Jung, Jae-Ho +Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +zlae 144 + + +2024-12-02 + + +202 + + +1 +40 + + + + +http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144 +0024-4082 +14764525 +4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382 + + + + + + + +Tetmemena +cf. +pustulata +(Müller, 1786) +Eigner, 1999 + + + + + + + + +( +Fig. 16 +; +Table 1 +) + + + +The list of synonyms of + +Tetmemena pustulata + +contains only populations with available illustrations showing dorsal kinety 4 shortened anteriorly. + + +1952 + +Stylonychia pustulata +Ehrenberg, 1835 + +—Hashimoto, + +Zool. Mag., +Tokyo + +61 +: 332. + + +1998 + +Stylonychia pustulata +Müller, 1786 + +—Foissner and Gschwind, + +Ber. Nat.-med. Ver. +Salzburg + +12 +:58 [description of German population; two voucher sliders were deposited in Biology Centre of the Upper Austrian Museum in Linz (LI), +Austria +]. + + + + +2016 + +Tetmemena pustulata +(Müller, 1786) +Eigner, 1999 + +— Foissner, +Denisia +35 +:845 [description of Venezuelan population; four voucher slides were deposited at the Biology Centre of the Upper Austrian Museum in Linz (LI), +Austria +]. + + +2020 + +Tetmemena pustulata +(Müller, 1786) +Eigner, 1999 + +— Kaur, Shashi, Warren, Negi and Kamra, +Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. +70 +:3939–3952 (description of Indian population; no voucher material available). + + +2021 + +Stylonychia +cf. +notophora + +—Omar and Jung, +J. Spec. Res. +10 +:308 [misidentification; two voucher slides (NNIBRPR20118 and NNIBRPR20119) of Korean population were deposited at the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, +South Korea +]. + + + + +Morphological description of the Korean population: +The Korean population of + +Tetmemena +cf. +pustulata + +was not observed +in vivo +. However, it is very similar to + +Tetmemena indica + +, i.e. body is narrowly elliptical in outline, with a length:width ratio of 2.3–3.6:1. Posterior end of body slightly truncated to right and without distinct emargination ( +Fig. 16A–H +). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~19% of body length and ends at ~79%. Two macronuclear nodules and one or two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, usually with irregular outline after protargol impregnation, in or slightly left to the midline of the body, 21–29 μm × 7–13 μm after protargol impregnation. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, 2–4 μm across ( +Fig. 16B–D, F, H +). Cirral pattern of + +Tetmemena +cf. +pustulata + +is identical in number and arrangement to that in + +T. indica + +. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~9% of body length and ends posteriorly near body end, composed of 21–28 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~44% of body length and ends near posterior body end, composed of 12–19 cirri. Gap between posterior end of marginal rows wide and slightly shifted to right ( +Fig. 16A, C +). + + +Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones. Kinety 1 shortened anteriorly, possessing 18–27 bristles; kineties 2 and 3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 15–23 and 11–18 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 4 shortened anteriorly, i.e. ~1 or 2 dikinetids shorter than kinety 3, and possessing 14–22 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about one-third and one-quarter of cell length and possess 7–11 and 3–6 dikinetids, respectively. Three moderately widely spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted rightwards, ≤25 μm long after protargol impregnation, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 ( +Fig. 16B, D–H +). + + +Adoral zone occupies 46%–56% of body length and is composed of 27–37 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at average of 6% of body length (DE-value 0.11 on average). Bases of largest membranelles ~6 μm wide. Buccal cavity, i.e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 5–10 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly. Undulating membranes in + +Stylonychia + +pattern, i.e. parallel, straight, or slightly curved and sometimes slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences left to buccal cirrus at ~20% of body length, with a length of ~18 μm, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~24% of body length, with a length of ~19 μm, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin ( +Fig. 16A, C +). + + +Phylogenetic analyses + + +The information on the rRNA gene sequences (18S–ITS1– +5.8S +–ITS2–partial 28S) of the present five species is as follows: + +Apostylonychia baugilensis + +[2877 bp long, 45.63% GC content, accession number (Acc. No.) PQ037619], + +Apostylonychia notophorides + +(2878 bp long, 45.20% GC content, Acc. No. PQ037620), + +Antetetmemena minima + +(2828 bp long, 45.54% GC content, Acc. No. PQ037621), + +Tetmemena indica + +(2871 bp long, 45.52% GC content, Acc. No. PQ037622), and + +T. +cf. +pustulata + +(2843 bp long, 45.34% GC content, Acc. No. PQ037623). The rest of the available sequences from the same isolates of + +Pseudostylonychia obliquocaudata + +Omar +et al. +, 2022 + + +and + +Tetmemena polymorpha + +Omar +et al +., +2023 + + +in the GenBank database have been submitted under the accession numbers PQ013660 and PQ013659, respectively. + + +The phylogenetic trees conducted using ML and BI analyses show rather similar topologies. Thus, only the ML tree of each dataset is presented, with both the bootstrap values (ML) and the posterior probabilities (BI) included ( +Figs 17–19 +). In the 18S rRNA gene tree, the five sequences are distributed within the stylonychine clade. Sequences of the genus + +Tetmemena + +form a large clade also containing five sequences identified as + +Sterkiella nova +Foissner and Berger, 1999 + +(AF508771 and X03948), + +Onychodromus grandis +Stein, 1859 + +(AJ310486), and + +Stylonychia notophora +Stokes, 1885 + +(FM209297 and KY855573), which is divided into two subclades. The sequence of + +Tetmemena +cf. +pustulata + +is identical to one sequence identified as + +Tetmemena pustulata + +(MH000394) and two + +Stylonychia notophora + +sequences (Supporting Information, +Table S2 +); together, they nest in one of the subclades with 12 other + +T. pustulata + +sequences and + +T. saprai + +, with low supporting values (64% ML, 0.63 BI). + +Tetmemena indica + +nests in the second subclade together with + +Onychodromus grandis + +and forms an adelphotaxon to sequences of + +Sterkiella nova + +, + +Tetmemena polymorpha + +, two sequences identified as + +T. bifaria + +, and one + +T. pustulata + +sequence in the ML tree, while it forms a soft polytomy with these two subclades in the BI tree. Sequences belong to + +Tetmemena +species + +in this clade show nine binary and two asymmetric signature characters against the sequences of the genera + +Antetetmemena + +and + +Apostylonychia + +. + +Apostylonychia baugilensis + +and + +Apostylonychia notophorides + +cluster together with high (96% ML) to medium (0.94 BI) supporting values and together, they form a sister clade to + +Styxophrya quadricornuta + +with full supporting values. The three sequences form an adelphotaxon to the large clade comprising mainly + +Tetmemena +spp. + +, with high supporting values (95% ML, 0.95 BI). The two + +Apostylonychia +species + +show six binary and three asymmetric signature characters against sequences of the genera + +Antetetmemena + +and + +Tetmemena + +. The sequence of + +Antetetmemena minima + +is at the base of all the aforementioned sequences and sequences of the genus + +Pleurotricha +Stein, 1859 + +with high (97% ML, 0.99 BI) supporting values and shows two binary and three asymmetric characters against all + +Tetmemena + +and + +Apostylonychia + +sequences. Furthermore, the + +Antetetmemena minima + +sequence shows a sequence similarity of 98.8% (19 nucleotides difference) and 98.4% (26 nucleotides difference) with the sequences of + +Apostylonychia baugilensis + +and + +Apostylonychia notophorides + +, respectively, and 97.2%–98.5% (24–39 nucleotides difference) with the sequences of the genus + +Tetmemena + +. According to the topology tests, the monophyly of the genus + +Tetmemena + +was rejected by both the weighted Kishino–Hasigawa test and the approximately unbiased test. Likewise, the monophyly of the three genera + +Tetmemena + +, + +Apostylonychia + +, and + +Antetetmemena + +together was also rejected by both tests. In contrast, the only monophyletic group is formed by the two sequences of the new genus + +Apostylonychia + +( +Table 2 +). + + + +Figure 16. + +Tetmemena +cf. +pustulata + +after protargol impregnation. A–H, ventral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D–H) views of a voucher specimen showing the elliptical body, the transverse cirri arranged in one group, the undulating membranes in + +Stylonychia + +pattern, the cirral pattern, the length of the dorsal kineties, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm. + + + + +Figure 17. +Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the phylogenetic position of + +Apostylonychia baugilensis + +, + +Apostylonychia notophorides notophorides +, +Antetetmemena minima + +, + +Tetmemena indica + +, and + +T. +cf. +pustulata + +. Newly obtained sequences are in bold red. GenBank accession numbers follow species names. Numbers at the nodes represent the ML bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies. Red question marks indicate two very probably misidentified sequences of + +Tetmemena polymorpha + +. The scale bar represents five nucleotide substitutions per 1000 nucleotides. + + + + +Figure 18. +Maximum likelihood (ML) trees based on 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA gene, showing the phylogenetic position of the genera + +Antetetmemena + +gen. nov. +, + +Aposylonychia + +gen. nov. +, and + +Tetmemena + +. Outgroup consists of three euplotid sequences. Newly obtained sequences are in red. GenBank accession numbers are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Numbers at the nodes represent the maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies. The scale bars represent two substitutions per 100 nucleotides + + + + +Figure 19. +Maximum likelihood (ML) trees based on 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-partial 28S rRNA gene, showing the phylogenetic position of the genera + +Antetetmemena + +gen. nov. +, + +Aposylonychia + +gen. nov. +, and + +Tetmemena + +. Outgroup consists of three euplotid sequences. Newly obtained sequences are in red. GenBank accession numbers are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Numbers at the nodes represent the maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values and the Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate different topologies in BI and ML phylogenies. The scale bars represent two substitutions per 100 nucleotides. + + + + +Table 2. +Results of the weighted Kishino–Hasegawa (WKH) test and the approximately unbiased (AU) test based on the 18S rRNA gene tree. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Hypothesis + +Log likelihood + + +WKH value ( +P +) + +a + + +AU value ( +P +) + +a + +Conclusion +
+Unconstrained + +−12 861.350 + +.292 + +.322 + +Not rejected +
+ +Tetmemena +spp. + + +− +12 893.478 +.001231.39 × 10−6Rejected
+ +Tetmemena +spp. + ++ +Apostylonychia ++ + +Antetetmemena + + +− +12 981.378 +1.0 × 10−55.85 × 10−10Rejected
+ +Tetmemena +spp. + ++ + +Apostylonychia +spp. + + +− +12 961.777 +6.0 × 10−55.4 × 10−8Rejected
+ +Tetmemena +spp. + ++ + +Antetetmemena + + +− +12 891.158 +.00931.00123Rejected
+Apostylonychia ++ + +Antetetmemena + + +− +12 891.157 +.00931.0012Rejected
+ +Apostylonychia +spp. + +−12 861.350.708.713Not rejected
+ + + +aA +P +-value <.05 denotes that the constraint is rejected. + + + +In all other phylogenetic analyses performed using the concatenated and single rRNA genes (18S–ITS1– +5.8S +–ITS +2, 18S +–ITS1– +5.8S +–ITS2–partial 28S, ITS1– +5.8S +–ITS2, and partial 28S), the sequences of the genus + +Tetmemena + +nest together ( +Figs 18 +, +19 +; Supporting Information, +Figs S1 +, S +2 +). The two new sequences of the genus + +Apostylonychia + +nest together with full support only in the 18S–ITS1– +5.8S +–ITS2 and 18S–ITS1–5.8SITS2–partial 28S gene trees. In the phylogenetic tree constructed using the 18S–ITS1– +5.8S +–ITS2 rRNA genes (2280 characters), + +Antetetmemena minima + +is a sister to the genus + +Apostylonychia + +with full support, whereas in the phylogenetic trees constructed using the 18S–ITS1– +5.8S +–ITS2–partial 28S and the only partial 28S rRNA genes, it is a sister to the genus + +Tetmemena + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.xml b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6956d4cedbc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF886B15FF79845AFDF9F806.xml @@ -0,0 +1,281 @@ + + + +Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach + + + +Author + +Omar, Atef +EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + + + +Author + +Jung, Jae-Ho +Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +zlae 144 + + +2024-12-02 + + +202 + + +1 +40 + + + + +http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144 +0024-4082 +14764525 +4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382 + + + + + + +Antetetmemena minima +( +Kumar + +et al +., +2016) + + +comb. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figs 10–12 +; +Table 1 +) + + + + + +2009 + +Stylonychia bifaria +(Stokes, 1887) +Berger 1999 + +—Küppers, Claps and Lopretto, +Rev. Mex. Biodivers +. +80 +:583, figs 3A–C, 6B; table 3 [misidentification; brief description of +Argentina +population, one voucher slide (MLP35) was deposited at Colección de Invertebrados from the Museo de La Plata, +Argentina +]. + + +2016 + +Tetmemena bifaria minima + +nov. subspec. +– +Kumar +, +Bharti +, +Quintela-Alonso +, +Shin +and +La Terza +, + +Eur. J. Protistol +. + +56 +:212, fig. 8, table 2 [establishment of a new subspecies; one slide ( + +NHMUK 2015.5 +.21.1 + +) containing the +holotype +and many +paratype +specimens were deposited at the +Natural History Museum +, +London +, +UK +]. + + +2021 + +Tetmemena bifaria minima + +Kumar +et al. +2016 + + +—Omar and Jung, +J. Spec. Res. +10 +:308, fig. 10 [brief redescription; two voucher slides (NNIBRPR20120 and NNIBRPR20121) were deposited at the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, +South Korea +]. + + + + +Morphological description of the Korean population: +This population was described only briefly by +Omar and Jung (2021) +. In the present study, we are providing a detailed description of the same population including the ontogenetic aspect, because it has been assigned to the new genus + +Antetetmemena + +. Size 85–110 μm × 30–45 μm +in vivo +( +N += 5) and 60–87 μm × 27–43 μm after protargol impregnation. Body ellipsoid, anterior end narrowly rounded and truncated to left, posterior end rounded +in vivo +and slightly truncated to right after protargol impregnation; frontal area of + +Tetmemena pustulata + +type +, i.e. narrowed and bearing frontal cirri; body margins parallel and straight, sometimes only slightly convex or concave. Length:width ratio 1.8–2.4:1, on average 2.1:1 ( +Figs 10A–C +, +11A–D +). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~27% of body length and ends at ~74%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and one or two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules broadly ellipsoidal, usually in the midline of the body, size +in vivo +12–18 μm × 8–12 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~5 μm across ( +Figs 10C +, +11D +). Contractile vacuole in mid-body near left cell margin; at end of diastole ~10 μm across. Collecting canals not observed ( +Fig. 10A +). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell, and food vacuoles 6–10 μm across containing bacteria and flagellates ( +Figs 10A +, +11A, B +). Cells usually crawl on the bottom of the culture dish or rarely swim by spiralling around long body axis. + + + +Figure 10. + +Antetetmemena minima + +from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the elliptical body and the adoral zone of membranelles occupying <50% of body length. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, which are parallel and slightly curved, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Note that the frontal cirri are not shifted to the right. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronucleus; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A; 20 μm in B, C. + + + +Cirral pattern of + +Antetetmemena minima + +oxytrichid, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three frontal cirri in middle of frontal area, with cilia ~22 μm long +in vivo +; one buccal cirrus with cilia ~20 μm long +in vivo +; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern with cilia 20 μm long +in vivo +; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with cilia as long as those of frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV/2 distinctly anterior to level of cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia as long as those of postoral cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, two right and three left, subterminal, projecting from posterior body end except for the leftmost cirrus, which ends at rear body margin, ~25 μm long +in vivo +( +Figs 10A, B +, +11C +). Marginal cirri each ~17 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~16% of body length and ends posteriorly at ~94% of body length, composed of 11–15 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~43% of body length and ends at posterior body end, composed of 9–12 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows distinctly shifted to right ( +Figs 10A, B +, +11C +). + + +Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~3–4 μm long +in vivo +. Kineties 1–3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 17–19, 13–18, and 13–14 dikinetids, respectively. Kinety 4 distinctly shortened anteriorly, i.e. commences at ~28% of body length and possesses 7–13 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over ~40% and 25% of cell length and possess 6–8 and 3–5 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~25 μm long +in vivo +, distinctly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 ( +Figs 10C +, +11D +). + + + +Figure 11. + +Antetetmemena minima + +from life (A, B) and after protargol impregnation (C, D). A, B, ventral views showing the elliptical body. + +C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A, B; 20 μm in C, D. + + +Adoral zone occupies 39%–48% of body length and is composed of 23–26 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone commences at ~8% of body length on right side (DE-value 0.19 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~20 μm long +in vivo +, bases of largest membranelles ~4 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity, i.e. transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 5–10 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly ( +Figs 10A, B +, +11C +). Undulating membranes in slightly curved + +Stylonychia + +pattern. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~19% of body length, with a length of ~11 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral membrane at ~16% of body length, with a length of ~12 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Membranes at the midline of the body, cilia ~8 μm long. Pharyngeal fibres extend obliquely to right body margin ( +Figs 10A, B +, +11C +). + + +Morphogenesis: +The ontogenesis of + +Antetetmemena minima + +is identical to that of + +Apostylonychia baugilensis + +in all respects ( +Fig. 12 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.xml b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3896625ce13 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF896B13FED984E0FFB2F99D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ + + + +Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach + + + +Author + +Omar, Atef +EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + + + +Author + +Jung, Jae-Ho +Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +zlae 144 + + +2024-12-02 + + +202 + + +1 +40 + + + + +http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144 +0024-4082 +14764525 +4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382 + + + + + + + +Antetetmemena + +gen. nov. + + + + + + +ZooBank registration: + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +397A6BA8- 85E8-40D5-8C10-5009A280DB2A + +. + + + + +Diagnosis: +Stylonychine with medium to large body size. Body ellipsoid with parallel margins, posterior body end rounded to truncated to right. Eighteen FVT cirri. Transverse cirri in two groups of three left and two right. One right and one left row of marginal cirri. Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal rows; kinety 3 with simple fragmentation. Three narrowly spaced caudal cirri, slightly shifted to right, one each at posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4. Frontal area narrow, bearing frontal cirri, left frontal cirrus located in or left of the midline of the body. Adoral zone usually occupies <50% of body length. Undulating membranes in + +Stylonychia + +pattern, but slightly curved. Oral primordium originates left to leftmost transverse cirrus. Cirrus IV/3 produces anlagen IV–VI of the proter, cirri III/2, IV/2, and V/4 involved in primordia formation. 18S rRNA gene: 268 (C); 698 (A); 709 (T); 1405 (A); 1519 (A). + + + + +Figure 9. + +Apostylonychia notophorides + +after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a late mid-divider showing the complete formation of ventral cirri, the formation of dorsomarginal kineties (double arrowhead), and the extension of dorsal kineties’ anlagen. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 to form kinety 4, the new caudal cirri at the ends of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads), and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; 1–3A, dorsal kineties anlagen; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars: 20 μm. + + + + +Etymology: +composite of the Latin prefix +ante +(temporal: before) and the genus-group name + +Tetmemena + +, indicating that the species included were previously classified in + +Tetmemena + +. Feminine gender. + + + + + +Type +species: + + +Antetetmemena minima +( + +Kumar +et al. +, 2016 + +) + +comb. nov. +(original combination: + +Tetmemena bifaria minima + +Kumar +et al. +, 2016 + + +). + + + + +Species assignable: + +Antetetmemena minima +( + +Kumar +et al. +, 2016 + +) + +comb. nov. +and + +Antetetmemena bifaria +(Stokes, 1887) + +comb. nov. +(original combination: + +Oxytricha bifaria +Stokes, 1887 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.xml b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..317724bc4d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF8C6B1AFF1484E7FDFAFC9A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ + + + +Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach + + + +Author + +Omar, Atef +EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + + + +Author + +Jung, Jae-Ho +Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +zlae 144 + + +2024-12-02 + + +202 + + +1 +40 + + + + +http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144 +0024-4082 +14764525 +4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382 + + + + + + +Tetmemena indica +Bharti + +et al. +, +2019 + + + + + + +( +Figs 13–15 +; +Table 1 +) + + + + + +2019 + +Tetmemena pustulata indica + +nov. subspec. +— +Bharti +, +Kumar +, +La Terza +and +Chandra +, + +Eur. J. Protistol. + +71 +:2 (original description; the +holotype +and +paratype +specimens were deposited at the +Zoological Survey +of +India +, +Kolkata +, +India +). + + +2023 + +Tetmemena indica + +nov. stat. +—Omar, Jang and Jung, +Front. Microbiol. +14 +:1159634 (raised to species level based on data from original description, no voucher material available). + + + + +Voucher material: +Two voucher slides (NNIBRPR27180 and NNIBRPR27181) of the Korean population described below with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, +Korea +. + + + + +Morphological description of the Korean population: +Size ~70–100 μm × 30–40 μm +in vivo +( +N += 5) and 50–68 μm × 20–28 μm after protargol impregnation. Body ellipsoid; anterior end narrowly rounded and truncated to left; posterior end rounded, usually with distinct emargination at right after protargol impregnation; body margins parallel and straight, sometimes only slightly convex or concave. Length:width ratio 1.8–2.4:1, on average 2.1:1 ( +Figs 13A–C +, +14A–C +). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~19% of body length and ends at ~77%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, usually with irregular outline in protargol-impregnated specimens, in or slightly left to midline of the body, 11–20 μm × 5–8 μm after protargol impregnation. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~5 μm across ( +Figs 13C +, +14B, C +). Contractile vacuole in mid-body near left cell margin; at end of diastole ~8 μm across. Collecting canals not observed. Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, with few lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell and especially in posterior portion of cell, and food vacuoles 10–13 μm across containing bacteria and small flagellates ( +Figs 13A +, +14A +). Cells usually crawl on the bottom of the culture dish. + + + +Figure 14. + +Tetmemena indica + +from life under differential interference contrast microscopy (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view showing the elliptical body and the emargination in right posterior body end. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm. + + + +Cirral pattern of + +Tetmemena indica + +usually in + +Tetmemena + +pattern, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri, with cilia ~15 μm +in vivo +; one buccal cirrus; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, cirrus IV/2 placed more anteriorly than cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in one group forming V-shaped pattern; all cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~20 μm long +in vivo +( +Figs 13A, B +, +14A, B +). Marginal cirri fine and of same length, ~13 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~10% of body length and ends posteriorly near body end, composed of 17–21 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~45% of body length and ends near body end, composed of 11–15 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows wide and directed posteriorly ( +Figs 13A, B +, +14A, B +). + + +Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones. Kinety 1 shortened anteriorly, possessing 16–20 bristles; kineties 2 and 3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 13–17 and 11–14 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 4 distinctly shortened anteriorly, i.e. distinctly shorter than kinety 3 anteriorly and possessing 8–14 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about two-fifths and one-quarter of cell length and possess 5–9 and 2–5 dikinetids, respectively. Three moderately widely spaced caudal cirri, ~25 μm long +in vivo +, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 ( +Figs 13C +, +14C +). + + + +Figure 15. +T + +etmemena +indica + +after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of early dividers showing the origin of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and the origin of anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of an early divider, showing the formation of the cirral anlagen and the intrakinetal origin of the dorsal anlagen. E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views of a late divider, showing the differentiation of cirri, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3, the formation of a single macronucleus, and the new caudal cirri formation. Arrowheads mark the marginal anlagen. Abbreviations: 1A–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei. Scale bars: 20 μm. + + + +Adoral zone occupies 41–54% of body length and is composed of 25–28 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at an average of 7% of body length (DE-value 0.15 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~20 μm long +in vivo +, bases of largest membranelles ~4 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity, i.e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 4–7 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly ( +Figs 13A, B +, +14A, B +). Undulating membranes in + +Stylonychia + +pattern. Paroral membrane commences at the same level as buccal cirrus, ~21% of body length, with a length of ~11 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens. Endoral membrane commences slightly posterior to anterior end of paroral membrane at ~23% of body length, with a length of ~12 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin ( +Figs 13A, B +, +14B +). + + +Morphogenesis: +The ontogenesis of + +Tetmemena indica + +is identical to that of + +T. polymorpha + +Omar +et al. +, +2023 + + +in all respects ( +Fig. 15A–F +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.xml b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d260c7b0106 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF8E6B17FC008681FC05F96E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ + + + +Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach + + + +Author + +Omar, Atef +EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + + + +Author + +Jung, Jae-Ho +Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +zlae 144 + + +2024-12-02 + + +202 + + +1 +40 + + + + +http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144 +0024-4082 +14764525 +4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382 + + + + + + +Tetmemena +Eigner, 1999 + + + + + + +1997 + +Clara + +n. g. +—Eigner, +J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. +44 +:568 (homonym of + +Clara +Gill, 1862 + +, fish, objective synonym of + +Tetmemena +Eigner, 1999 + +). + + +1999 + +Tetmemena + +nom. nov. +– Eigner, +Eur. J. Protistol. +35:44, 47 (replacement name for + +Clara +Eigner, 1997 + +). + + +2001 + +Tetmemena +Eigner, 1999 + +—Aescht, +Denisia +1 +:159 (catalogue of ciliate genera). + + +2001 + +Tetmemena +Eigner, 1999 + +—Berger, +Catalogue of Ciliate Names 1. Hypotrichs +, p. 89. + + +2008 + +Tetmemena +Eigner, 1999 + +—Lynn, +The Ciliated Protozoa +, p. 360 (revision of ciliate families). + + +2015 + +Tetmemena +Eigner, 1999 + +—Shao, Lu and Ma, + +J. Ocean. Univ. +China + +14 +:7 (characterization of genera in subfamily +Stylonychinae +). + + + + +Improved diagnosis: +Stylonychine with medium to large body size. Body ellipsoidal. Two separate macronuclear nodules. Eighteen FVT cirri; frontal cirri in middle of narrow frontal area. Transverse cirri arranged in one V-shaped group. One right and one left row of marginal cirri. Undulating membranes in + +Stylonychia + +pattern. Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal rows; kinety 3 with simple fragmentation. Three narrowly to moderately widely spaced caudal cirri, one each at posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4. Oral primordium originates left to postoral cirri. Cirrus IV/3 produces anlagen IV–VI of the proter; cirri III/2, IV/2, and V/4 involved in primordia formation. 18S rRNA gene: 203 (T); 631 (A); 670 (T); 695 (G); 698 (G); 709 (C); 711 (C); 1403 (A); 1638 (C); 1722 (C); 1731 (T). + + + + +Figure 12. + +Antetetmemena minima + +after protargol impregnation. A, ventral view of an early divider showing the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. B, ventral view of a late early divider showing the origin of anlage III of the proter from cirrus III/2, anlagen IV–VI from cirrus IV/3, and the origin of anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a middle divider, showing the formation of all anlagen and the intrakinetal origin of marginal (arrowheads) and dorsal anlagen. E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views of a late divider, showing the differentiation of cirri, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3, the formation of a single macronucleus, and the new caudal cirri formation. G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1A–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei. Scale bars: 20 μm. + + + + + +Type +species: + + +Tetmemena pustulata +(Müller, 1786) +Eigner, 1999 + +. + + + + +Species assignable: + +Tetmemena pustulata +(Müller, 1786) +Eigner, 1999 + +; + +Tetmemena indica + +Bharti +et al +., 2019 + + +(original combination: + +Tetmemena pustulata indica + +Bharti +et al +., 2019 + + +); + +Tetmemena polymorpha + +Omar +et al +., 2023 + + +; and + +Tetmemena saprai + +Gupta +et al +., 2020 + + +. + + + + + +Species misclassified in +Tetmemena +: + + +Tetmemena vorax +( +Stokes, 1885 +) +Eigner, 1999 + +. Original combination and current systematic status: + +Stylonychia vorax +Stokes, 1885 + +. + + +Remarks: + +Wirnsberger +et al. +(1985) + +misidentified a population of + +Stylonychia bifaria + +(current status: + +Antetetmemena bifaria + +comb. nov. +) as + +S. vorax + +and described its morphology and ontogenesis. According to these data, Eigner (1997) transferred + +S. vorax + +to the genus + +Clara + +and later replaced the genus name by + +Tetmemena +( +Eigner, 1999 +) + +. The misidentification occurred in the study by + +Wirnsberger +et al. +(1985) + +was recognized by Foissner (1998) and +Berger (1999) +, hence +Berger (2001) +transferred + +S. bifaria + +to the genus + +Tetmemena + +and considered + +S. vorax + +as a member of the genus + +Stylonychia + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml index 36639f6823c..e03d76c7dbd 100644 --- a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml +++ b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml @@ -1,5073 +1,5083 @@ - - - -Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach + + + +Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach - - -Author + + +Author -Omar, Atef -EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea -atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr +Omar, Atef +EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr - - -Author + + +Author -Jung, Jae-Ho -Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea -atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr +Jung, Jae-Ho +Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea +atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2024 - -Zool. J. Linn. Soc. + +2024 + +zlae 144 - -202 + +2024-12-02 + +202 + + +1 +40 + - -http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382 + +http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382 -journal volume -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144 -0024-4082 -14764525 -4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382 +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144 +0024-4082 +14764525 +4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382 - - - - - - -Apostylonychia baugilensis + + + + + + +Apostylonychia baugilensis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. - - - + + + ( -Figs 1–4 +Figs 1–4 ; -Table 1 +Table 1 ) - -ZooBank registration: - + +ZooBank registration: + urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: -4AC87F88- DD5E-4592-A9A3-FEDFD36F16D9 +4AC87F88- DD5E-4592-A9A3-FEDFD36F16D9 . - -Diagnosis: + +Diagnosis: Body size 130–210 μm × 55–90 μm -in vivo +in vivo and 108–144 μm × 47–62 μm after protargol impregnation. Body length:width ratio 1.9–2.5:1. Two separate macronuclear nodules. Right marginal row composed of 18–21 cirri, left row of 13–16 cirri. Dorsal kinety 4 as long as kinety 3. Adoral zone occupies 48%–57% of body length and is composed of 42–46 membranelles. - -Type material: - + +Type material: + The slide containing the -holotype +holotype ( -Figs 1B, C +Figs 1B, C , -3A, B +3A, B ; -NNIBRPR27176 -) and -one paratype -slide (NNIBRPR27177) with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the -Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources -, -Korea -. -Two paratype -slides ( -GUC006653 -and -GUC006654 -) have been deposited in the -Jung -laboratory ( -J.-H. Jung -) in -Gangneung-Wonju National University + +NNIBRPR27176 + +) + +and + +one +paratype +slide ( +NNIBRPR27177 +) with protargol-impregnated specimens + +have been deposited in the +Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources +, +Korea +. + +Two +paratype +slides ( +GUC006653 +and +GUC006654 +) have been deposited in the Jung laboratory (J.-H. Jung) in Gangneung-Wonju National University. -. - - - + + + Figure 1. - -Apostylonychia baugilensis + +Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in - -Stylonychia + +Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm. - - - -Type + + +Type locality: -Temporary -puddle (after rainfall) on a footpath (Baugil) behind the -Gangneung-Wonju National University +Temporary puddle (after rainfall) on a footpath (Baugil) +behind the +Gangneung-Wonju National University , -Gangneung +Gangneung , -South Korea +South Korea ( -37°45′54.47″N +37°45′54.47″N , -128°52′34.28″E -) - -. +128°52′34.28″E +). - -Etymology: + +Etymology: The species-group name refers to the name of the footpath where it was discovered, i.e. the Baugil path in Gangneung, -Gangwon province +Gangwon province . - -Morphological description: + +Morphological description: Size 130–210 μm × 55–90 μm -in vivo +in vivo (usually ~180 μm × 80 μm, -N +N = 7) and 108–144 μm × 47–62 μm after protargol impregnation. Body obovate, widest in mid of adoral zone of membranelles, anterior end broadly rounded, frontal area in - -Laurentiella strenua + +Laurentiella strenua (Dingfelder, 1962) Berger & -Foissner, 1989 +Foissner, 1989 and - -Stylonychia mytilus + +Stylonychia mytilus (Müller, 1773) -Ehrenberg, 1830 +Ehrenberg, 1830 -type +type , i.e. flat, almost circular, and wide, shifting frontal cirri to the right of the ventral side; scutum hyaline, broadly rounded and truncated to left; body margins gradually converging posteriorly, usually both margins straight, sometimes slightly convex or concave. Length:width ratio 1.9–2.5:1, on average 2.2:1. Dorsoventrally flattened, with middle half of dorsal side distinctly convex, posterior portion strongly flattened ( -Figs 1A–C +Figs 1A–C , -2A–C +2A–C , -3A–F, I +3A–F, I ). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~23% of body length and ends at ~72%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, in or left of the midline of the body, -in vivo +in vivo ~30 μm × 15 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~5 μm across ( -Figs 1C +Figs 1C , -3B +3B ). Contractile vacuole anterior to mid-body at left cell margin; ~17 μm across at end of diastole. Collecting canals present but hardly recognizable ( -Figs 1A +Figs 1A , -2B, C, H +2B, C, H ). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell, and food vacuoles ≤20 μm across containing bacteria, yeast, flagellates, and starch grains ( -Figs 1A +Figs 1A , -2A–H +2A–H ). Cells usually stand still or crawl slowly on the bottom of the culture dish, rarely swimming by spiralling around long body axis. - - - + + + Figure 2. - -Apostylonychia baugilensis + +Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). -D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads). H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H. +D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads). H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H. - + Cirral pattern of - -Apostylonychia baugilensis + +Apostylonychia baugilensis usually in - -Stylonychia mytilus + +Stylonychia mytilus pattern, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri distinctly shifted to the right, with cilia 30–33 μm long -in vivo +in vivo ; one buccal cirrus with cilia ~30 μm long -in vivo +in vivo ; four frontoventral cirri arranged in V-shaped pattern, with cilia ~25 μm long -in vivo +in vivo ; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with cilia as long as those of frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV/2 usually at the same level as cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia as long as those of postoral cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, three left and two right, subterminal, only the two right cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~35 μm long -in vivo +in vivo ( -Figs 1A, B +Figs 1A, B , -2A, E +2A, E , -3A, C, G, I +3A, C, G, I ). Marginal cirri fine, gradually decreasing slightly in size posteriorly, i.e. anterior cirrus of right marginal row ~25 μm long and posterior cirrus ~20 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~18% of body length and ends at ~95% of body length, composed of 18–21 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~48% of body length and ends at posterior body end, composed of 13–16 cirri. Gap between posterior end of marginal rows slightly shifted to right ( -Figs 1A, B +Figs 1A, B , -3A, C, F–H +3A, C, F–H ). - - - + + + Figure 3. - -Apostylonychia baugilensis + +Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm. - - - + + + Figure 4. - -Apostylonychia baugilensis + +Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm. - - -Table 1. + + +Table 1. Morphometric data on - -Apostylonychia baugilensis + +Apostylonychia baugilensis ( -Apb +Apb ) , - -Apostylonychia notophorides + +Apostylonychia notophorides ( -Apn +Apn ) , - -Antetetmemena minima + +Antetetmemena minima ( -Anm +Anm ) , - -Tetmemena indica + +Tetmemena indica ( -Ti +Ti ) , and - -Tetmemena + +Tetmemena cf. -pustulata +pustulata ( -TP +TP ) . - - - - - -
-Characteristica + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+Characteristica -Species + +Species -Mean + +Mean -Median + +Median -SD + +SD -SE + +SE -CV + +CV -Min + +Min -Max + +Max -N + +N
Body, length -Apb +
Body, length +Apb 125.7125.19.42.07.5108.0144.222125.7125.19.42.07.5108.0144.222
-Apn +
+Apn 78.778.06.61.48.463.891.02178.778.06.61.48.463.891.021
-Anm +
+Anm 69.267.86.71.59.660.086.72169.267.86.71.59.660.086.721
-Ti +
+Ti 60.460.05.31.28.849.967.82160.460.05.31.28.849.967.821
-TP +
+TP 85.185.18.51.910.066.5100.72185.185.18.51.910.066.5100.721
Body, width -Apb +
Body, width +Apb 55.256.04.30.97.846.862.42255.256.04.30.97.846.862.422
-Apn +
+Apn 34.734.44.71.013.627.045.22134.734.44.71.013.627.045.221
-Anm +
+Anm 32.933.13.50.810.527.143.02132.933.13.50.810.527.143.021
-Ti +
+Ti 24.725.11.70.46.820.328.02124.725.11.70.46.820.328.021
-TP +
+TP 30.329.65.71.319.021.541.62130.329.65.71.319.021.541.621
Body length:width, ratio -Apb +
Body length:width, ratio +Apb 2.32.30.10.15.61.92.5222.32.30.10.15.61.92.522
-Apn +
+Apn 2.32.30.20.18.21.92.6212.32.30.20.18.21.92.621
-Anm +
+Anm 2.12.10.20.07.91.82.4212.12.10.20.07.91.82.421
-Ti +
+Ti 2.42.40.20.17.02.22.9212.42.40.20.17.02.22.921
-TP +
+TP 2.92.80.40.112.72.33.6212.92.80.40.112.72.33.621
Anterior body end to distal end of AZM, -Apb +
Anterior body end to distal end of AZM, +Apb 15.915.32.20.513.711.922.52215.915.32.20.513.711.922.522
distance -Apn +
distance +Apn 7.77.50.70.18.76.88.9217.77.50.70.18.76.88.921
-Anm +
+Anm 5.65.50.70.111.94.57.2215.65.50.70.111.94.57.221
-Ti +
+Ti 4.24.20.40.110.53.54.9214.24.20.40.110.53.54.921
-TP +
+TP 4.74.60.70.114.63.36.0214.74.60.70.114.63.36.021
Anterior body end to distal end of AZM, -Apb +
Anterior body end to distal end of AZM, +Apb 12.612.71.60.312.59.016.02212.612.71.60.312.59.016.022
% of body length -Apn +
% of body length +Apn 9.89.41.20.311.98.412.0219.89.41.20.311.98.412.021
-Anm +
+Anm 8.28.11.20.314.35.210.2218.28.11.20.314.35.210.221
-Ti +
+Ti 7.07.01.00.213.95.59.0217.07.01.00.213.95.59.021
-TP +
+TP 5.55.40.50.19.94.66.7215.55.40.50.19.94.66.721
Anterior body end to proximal end of -Apb +
Anterior body end to proximal end of +Apb 65.666.33.30.75.059.072.02265.666.33.30.75.059.072.022
AZM, distance -Apn +
AZM, distance +Apn 41.040.92.10.55.036.545.32141.040.92.10.55.036.545.321
-Anm +
+Anm 30.330.02.40.58.026.336.82130.330.02.40.58.026.336.821
-Ti +
+Ti 28.428.51.30.34.626.130.72128.428.51.30.34.626.130.721
-TP +
+TP 42.442.93.50.88.335.948.62142.442.93.50.88.335.948.621
Body length:AZM, ratio -Apb +
Body length:AZM, ratio +Apb 1.91.90.10.14.11.82.1221.91.90.10.14.11.82.122
-Apn +
+Apn 1.91.90.10.14.61.72.1211.91.90.10.14.61.72.121
-Anm +
+Anm 2.32.30.20.06.72.12.6212.32.30.20.06.72.12.621
-Ti +
+Ti 2.12.10.20.07.91.82.4212.12.10.20.07.91.82.421
-TP +
+TP 2.02.00.10.04.61.82.2212.02.00.10.04.61.82.221
Anterior body end to proximal end of -Apb +
Anterior body end to proximal end of +Apb 52.252.32.10.54.148.456.52252.252.32.10.54.148.456.522
AZM, % of body length -Apn +
AZM, % of body length +Apn 52.352.02.50.54.748.757.22152.352.02.50.54.748.757.221
-Anm +
+Anm 43.944.32.80.66.438.648.42143.944.32.80.66.438.648.421
-Ti +
+Ti 47.447.83.70.87.841.054.12147.447.83.70.87.841.054.121
-TP +
+TP 50.049.22.40.54.745.955.72150.049.22.40.54.745.955.721
DE-value -Apb +
DE-value +Apb 0.240.240.030.0112.550.180.31220.240.240.030.0112.550.180.3122
-Apn +
+Apn 0.190.180.020.019.280.160.22210.190.180.020.019.280.160.2221
-Anm +
+Anm 0.190.180.020.0111.200.130.22210.190.180.020.0111.200.130.2221
-Ti +
+Ti 0.150.150.020.0110.340.120.18210.150.150.020.0110.340.120.1821
-TP +
+TP 0.110.110.010.0010.590.090.13210.110.110.010.0010.590.090.1321
Adoral membranelles, number -Apb +
Adoral membranelles, number +Apb 44.144.01.20.22.642.046.02244.144.01.20.22.642.046.022
-Apn +
+Apn 30.030.00.90.23.229.032.02130.030.00.90.23.229.032.021
-Anm +
+Anm 25.226.01.00.23.923.026.02125.226.01.00.23.923.026.021
-Ti +
+Ti 26.026.00.80.23.125.028.02126.026.00.80.23.125.028.021
-TP +
+TP 31.833.03.00.69.327.037.02131.833.03.00.69.327.037.021
-
 - -Table 1. + + +Table 1. Continued
- - - -
-Characteristica + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+Characteristica -Species + +Species -Mean + +Mean -Median + +Median -SD + +SD -SE + +SE -CV + +CV -Min + +Min -Max + +Max -N + +N
Adoral membranelles, width of longest -Apb +
Adoral membranelles, width of longest +Apb 7.27.20.60.18.56.28.6227.27.20.60.18.56.28.622
base -Apn +
base +Apn 5.35.10.50.19.14.97.0215.35.10.50.19.14.97.021
-Anm +
+Anm 4.34.30.40.18.43.85.1214.34.30.40.18.43.85.121
-Ti +
+Ti 4.34.40.30.17.93.44.7214.34.40.30.17.93.44.721
-TP +
+TP 5.65.50.60.111.34.46.8215.65.50.60.111.34.46.821
Gap between AZM and paroral mem- -Apb +
Gap between AZM and paroral mem- +Apb 27.927.72.70.69.524.033.02227.927.72.70.69.524.033.022
brane (maximum width of buccal cavity)b -Apn +
brane (maximum width of buccal cavity)b +Apn 13.113.31.40.310.910.616.02113.113.31.40.310.910.616.021
-Anm +
+Anm 8.18.51.10.213.55.310.1218.18.51.10.213.55.310.121
-Ti +
+Ti 6.26.01.00.216.03.87.4216.26.01.00.216.03.87.421
-TP +
+TP 7.17.51.50.321.75.210.2217.17.51.50.321.75.210.221
Anterior body end to RMR, distance -Apb +
Anterior body end to RMR, distance +Apb 22.021.52.40.510.818.429.02222.021.52.40.510.818.429.022
-Apn +
+Apn 12.612.61.10.28.410.814.32112.612.61.10.28.410.814.321
-Anm +
+Anm 11.111.41.40.312.87.413.42111.111.41.40.312.87.413.421
-Ti +
+Ti 6.06.00.90.214.64.57.5216.06.00.90.214.64.57.521
-TP +
+TP 7.37.40.80.211.65.29.0217.37.40.80.211.65.29.021
Anterior body end to RMR, % of body -Apb +
Anterior body end to RMR, % of body +Apb 17.517.72.10.411.813.920.82217.517.72.10.411.813.920.822
length -Apn +
length +Apn 13.814.01.10.27.910.015.02113.814.01.10.27.910.015.021
-Anm +
+Anm 16.116.52.40.514.710.820.52116.116.52.40.514.710.820.521
-Ti +
+Ti 10.110.21.90.418.46.914.02110.110.21.90.418.46.914.021
-TP +
+TP 8.78.61.00.211.25.810.1218.78.61.00.211.25.810.121
Posterior bode end to posterior end of -Apb +
Posterior bode end to posterior end of +Apb 5.96.01.50.325.13.58.0225.96.01.50.325.13.58.022
RMR, distance -Apn +
RMR, distance +Apn 4.54.51.00.221.32.76.6214.54.51.00.221.32.76.621
-Anm +
+Anm 4.24.21.00.224.52.26.0214.24.21.00.224.52.26.021
-Ti +
+Ti 2.92.71.00.235.10.74.8212.92.71.00.235.10.74.821
-TP +
+TP 3.23.21.00.231.81.25.0213.23.21.00.231.81.25.021
Right marginal row, number of cirri -Apb +
Right marginal row, number of cirri +Apb 19.519.00.90.24.718.021.02219.519.00.90.24.718.021.022
-Apn +
+Apn 13.814.01.10.27.910.015.02113.814.01.10.27.910.015.021
-Anm +
+Anm 13.013.01.10.28.611.015.02113.013.01.10.28.611.015.021
-Ti +
+Ti 19.019.01.10.26.017.021.02119.019.01.10.26.017.021.021
-TP +
+TP 25.025.02.10.58.521.028.02125.025.02.10.58.521.028.021
Anterior body end to LMR, distance -Apb +
Anterior body end to LMR, distance +Apb 60.061.03.20.75.354.766.02260.061.03.20.75.354.766.022
-Apn +
+Apn 36.536.91.70.44.731.939.42136.536.91.70.44.731.939.421
-Anm +
+Anm 29.525.43.00.710.225.036.72129.525.43.00.710.225.036.721
-Ti +
+Ti 27.127.51.20.34.625.329.22127.127.51.20.34.625.329.221
-TP +
+TP 37.537.52.90.67.731.942.32137.537.52.90.67.731.942.321
Anterior body end to LMR, % of body -Apb +
Anterior body end to LMR, % of body +Apb 47.747.72.20.54.643.952.82247.747.72.20.54.643.952.822
length -Apn +
length +Apn 46.545.82.60.65.641.850.52146.545.82.60.65.641.850.521
-Anm +
+Anm 42.742.32.50.55.738.747.42142.742.32.50.55.738.747.421
-Ti +
+Ti 45.145.02.90.66.540.650.72145.145.02.90.66.540.650.721
-TP +
+TP 44.244.12.00.44.640.548.02144.244.12.00.44.640.548.021
Posterior body end to posterior end of -Apb +
Posterior body end to posterior end of +Apb 0.81.00.70.296.80.03.0220.81.00.70.296.80.03.022
LMR, distance -Apn +
LMR, distance +Apn 1.51.50.40.129.50.92.8211.51.50.40.129.50.92.821
-Anm +
+Anm 0.20.0---0.01.0210.20.0---0.01.021
-Ti +
+Ti 1.21.10.50.143.80.52.2211.21.10.50.143.80.52.221
-TP +
+TP 2.01.80.80.241.50.43.4212.01.80.80.241.50.43.421
Left marginal row, number of cirri -Apb +
Left marginal row, number of cirri +Apb 15.015.01.10.27.313.016.02215.015.01.10.27.313.016.022
-Apn +
+Apn 10.811.00.80.27.59.012.02110.811.00.80.27.59.012.021
-Anm +
+Anm 10.611.00.90.28.79.012.02110.611.00.90.28.79.012.021
-Ti +
+Ti 12.613.00.90.27.311.015.02112.613.00.90.27.311.015.021
-TP +
+TP 16.317.01.70.410.712.019.02116.317.01.70.410.712.019.021
-
 - -Table 1. + + +Table 1. Continued
- - - -
-Characteristica + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+Characteristica -Species + +Species -Mean + +Mean -Median + +Median -SD + +SD -SE + +SE -CV + +CV -Min + +Min -Max + +Max -N + +N
Anterior body end to buccal cirrus, -Apb +
Anterior body end to buccal cirrus, +Apb 33.332.82.70.68.129.640.02233.332.82.70.68.129.640.022
distance -Apn +
distance +Apn 21.921.91.70.47.918.725.02121.921.91.70.47.918.725.021
-Anm +
+Anm 15.215.31.30.38.313.319.32115.215.31.30.38.313.319.321
-Ti +
+Ti 11.711.70.70.26.310.813.22111.711.70.70.26.310.813.221
-TP +
+TP 15.215.41.40.39.211.417.62115.215.41.40.39.211.417.621
Anterior body end to paroral membrane, -Apb +
Anterior body end to paroral membrane, +Apb 27.326.83.00.611.123.033.02227.326.83.00.611.123.033.022
distance -Apn +
distance +Apn 17.417.51.60.39.214.321.02117.417.51.60.39.214.321.021
-Anm +
+Anm 13.113.01.20.38.911.316.62113.113.01.20.38.911.316.621
-Ti +
+Ti 12.612.30.80.26.311.614.02112.612.30.80.26.311.614.021
-TP +
+TP 16.716.51.20.37.114.818.82116.716.51.20.37.114.818.821
Anterior body end to paroral membrane, -Apb +
Anterior body end to paroral membrane, +Apb 21.622.31.90.48.718.024.62221.622.31.90.48.718.024.622
% of body length -Apn +
% of body length +Apn 22.222.41.20.35.318.323.92122.222.41.20.35.318.323.921
-Anm +
+Anm 19.019.41.30.36.816.521.02119.019.41.30.36.816.521.021
-Ti +
+Ti 21.020.71.90.48.818.224.32121.020.71.90.48.818.224.321
-TP +
+TP 19.720.01.40.37.115.922.32119.720.01.40.37.115.922.321
Paroral membrane, length -Apb +
Paroral membrane, length +Apb 30.129.62.80.69.225.035.62230.129.62.80.69.225.035.622
-Apn +
+Apn 16.316.01.30.37.814.719.02116.316.01.30.37.814.719.021
-Anm +
+Anm 11.011.21.20.310.98.613.62111.011.21.20.310.98.613.621
-Ti +
+Ti 10.510.50.80.27.99.012.42110.510.50.80.27.99.012.421
-TP +
+TP 17.817.82.40.513.613.723.42117.817.82.40.513.613.723.421
Anterior body end to endoral membrane, -Apb +
Anterior body end to endoral membrane, +Apb 34.033.12.90.68.429.541.02234.033.12.90.68.429.541.022
distance -Apn +
distance +Apn 20.520.41.60.37.817.324.32120.520.41.60.37.817.324.321
-Anm +
+Anm 16.216.01.40.38.613.420.82116.216.01.40.38.613.420.821
-Ti +
+Ti 13.513.31.10.28.411.616.42113.513.31.10.28.411.616.421
-TP +
+TP 20.020.01.50.37.716.522.72120.020.01.50.37.716.522.721
Anterior body end to endoral membrane, -Apb +
Anterior body end to endoral membrane, +Apb 27.027.31.90.47.023.230.12227.027.31.90.47.023.230.122
% of body length -Apn +
% of body length +Apn 26.126.71.50.35.721.627.92126.126.71.50.35.721.627.921
-Anm +
+Anm 23.523.81.70.47.319.726.32123.523.81.70.47.319.726.321
-Ti +
+Ti 22.522.72.20.59.818.228.02122.522.72.20.59.818.228.021
-TP +
+TP 23.623.71.70.47.219.527.52123.623.71.70.47.219.527.521
Endoral membrane, length -Apb +
Endoral membrane, length +Apb 28.728.72.50.58.724.032.42228.728.72.50.58.724.032.422
-Apn +
+Apn 16.316.01.50.39.114.821.02116.316.01.50.39.114.821.021
-Anm +
+Anm 11.511.31.30.311.28.813.62111.511.31.30.311.28.813.621
-Ti +
+Ti 12.212.30.70.26.111.013.92112.212.30.70.26.111.013.921
-TP +
+TP 18.919.02.60.613.813.524.42118.919.02.60.613.813.524.421
Anterior body end to anterior -Apb +
Anterior body end to anterior +Apb 28.828.05.41.218.723.051.02228.828.05.41.218.723.051.022
macronuclear nodule, distance -Apn +
macronuclear nodule, distance +Apn 18.618.72.40.512.913.623.52018.618.72.40.512.913.623.520
-Anm +
+Anm 18.818.41.90.410.115.822.62118.818.41.90.410.115.822.621
-Ti +
+Ti 11.211.00.90.28.39.712.92111.211.00.90.28.39.712.921
-TP +
+TP 16.015.82.60.616.211.720.02116.015.82.60.616.211.720.021
Posterior body end to posterior -Apb +
Posterior body end to posterior +Apb 35.234.92.70.67.731.041.02235.234.92.70.67.731.041.022
macronuclear nodule, distance -Apn +
macronuclear nodule, distance +Apn 22.222.42.40.510.917.428.12022.222.42.40.510.917.428.120
-Anm +
+Anm 18.017.82.40.513.512.323.52118.017.82.40.513.512.323.521
-Ti +
+Ti 14.014.42.30.516.18.918.22114.014.42.30.516.18.918.221
-TP +
+TP 17.917.92.60.614.713.122.42117.917.92.60.614.713.122.421
Anterior macronuclear nodule, length -Apb +
Anterior macronuclear nodule, length +Apb 21.921.82.70.612.117.326.72221.921.82.70.612.117.326.722
-Apn +
+Apn 13.013.02.30.517.79.219.42013.013.02.30.517.79.219.420
-Anm +
+Anm 12.011.80.90.27.710.714.22112.011.80.90.27.710.714.221
-Ti +
+Ti 14.814.92.10.514.111.319.82114.814.92.10.514.111.319.821
-TP +
+TP 23.523.52.00.48.320.628.52123.523.52.00.48.320.628.521
-
 - -Table 1. + + +Table 1. Continued
- - - -
-Characteristica + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+Characteristica -Species + +Species -Mean + +Mean -Median + +Median -SD + +SD -SE + +SE -CV + +CV -Min + +Min -Max + +Max -N + +N
Anterior macronuclear nodule, width -Apb +
Anterior macronuclear nodule, width +Apb 11.111.00.70.16.310.212.72211.111.00.70.16.310.212.722
-Apn +
+Apn 8.18.20.70.28.66.08.9208.18.20.70.28.66.08.920
-Anm +
+Anm 9.39.40.60.16.37.910.5219.39.40.60.16.37.910.521
-Ti +
+Ti 6.66.50.70.211.35.48.4216.66.50.70.211.35.48.421
-TP +
+TP 9.79.41.40.314.77.212.8219.79.41.40.314.77.212.821
Macronuclear nodules, number -Apb +
Macronuclear nodules, number +Apb 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0222.02.00.00.00.02.02.022
-Apn +
+Apn 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0202.02.00.00.00.02.02.020
-Anm +
+Anm 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-Ti +
+Ti 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-TP +
+TP 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
Micronuclei, diameter -Apb +
Micronuclei, diameter +Apb 3.43.40.30.18.02.94.0223.43.40.30.18.02.94.022
-Apn +
+Apn 2.82.70.20.15.72.53.0202.82.70.20.15.72.53.020
-Anm +
+Anm 3.33.30.30.19.12.84.0213.33.30.30.19.12.84.021
-Ti +
+Ti 2.92.90.10.15.02.63.2212.92.90.10.15.02.63.221
-TP +
+TP 3.33.30.40.112.22.34.3213.33.30.40.112.22.34.321
Micronuclei, number -Apb +
Micronuclei, number +Apb 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0222.02.00.00.00.02.02.022
-Apn +
+Apn 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0202.02.00.00.00.02.02.020
-Anm +
+Anm 1.21.00.40.135.31.02.0211.21.00.40.135.31.02.021
-Ti +
+Ti 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-TP +
+TP 1.92.00.40.119.31.02.0211.92.00.40.119.31.02.021
Nuclear figure, length -Apb +
Nuclear figure, length +Apb 61.961.57.61.612.341.773.62261.961.57.61.612.341.773.622
-Apn +
+Apn 38.538.73.70.89.732.046.92038.538.73.70.89.732.046.920
-Anm +
+Anm 33.433.14.71.014.125.445.22133.433.14.71.014.125.445.221
-Ti +
+Ti 35.635.73.70.810.428.042.12135.635.73.70.810.428.042.121
-A86 +
+A86 51.651.84.51.08.743.160.22151.651.84.51.08.743.160.221
Macronuclear nodules, distance in be- -Apb +
Macronuclear nodules, distance in be- +Apb 18.218.63.00.616.59.623.92218.218.63.00.616.59.623.922
tween -Apn +
tween +Apn 14.915.43.30.722.57.020.02014.915.43.30.722.57.020.020
-Anm +
+Anm 8.87.43.90.945.13.817.6218.87.43.90.945.13.817.621
-Ti +
+Ti 7.37.22.20.530.73.611.0217.37.22.20.530.73.611.021
-TP +
+TP 5.96.12.80.646.91.09.8215.96.12.80.646.91.09.821
Frontal cirri, number -Apb +
Frontal cirri, number +Apb 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0223.03.00.00.00.03.03.022
-Apn +
+Apn 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-Anm +
+Anm 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-Ti +
+Ti 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-TP +
+TP 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
Buccal cirrus, number -Apb +
Buccal cirrus, number +Apb 1.01.00.00.00.01.01.0221.01.00.00.00.01.01.022
-Apn +
+Apn 1.01.00.00.00.01.01.0211.01.00.00.00.01.01.021
-Anm +
+Anm 1.01.00.00.00.01.01.0211.01.00.00.00.01.01.021
-Ti +
+Ti 1.01.00.00.00.01.01.0211.01.00.00.00.01.01.021
-TP +
+TP 1.01.00.00.00.01.01.0211.01.00.00.00.01.01.021
Anterior body end to anterior -Ab +
Anterior body end to anterior +Ab 29.929.52.50.58.526.037.02229.929.52.50.58.526.037.022
frontoventral cirrus, distance -Apn +
frontoventral cirrus, distance +Apn 17.517.01.40.38.314.820.22117.517.01.40.38.314.820.221
-Anm +
+Anm 14.414.21.40.310.011.417.42114.414.21.40.310.011.417.421
-Ti +
+Ti 12.112.00.70.26.010.613.42112.112.00.70.26.010.613.421
-TP +
+TP 16.416.61.40.38.813.920.02116.416.61.40.38.813.920.021
Anterior body end to posterior -Apb +
Anterior body end to posterior +Apb 46.546.03.30.77.142.054.02246.546.03.30.77.142.054.022
frontoventral cirrus, distance -Apn +
frontoventral cirrus, distance +Apn 28.428.02.20.57.824.433.72128.428.02.20.57.824.433.721
-Anm +
+Anm 23.823.42.60.610.920.233.52123.823.42.60.610.920.233.521
-Ti +
+Ti 17.617.70.90.25.016.119.02117.617.70.90.25.016.119.021
-TP +
+TP 26.125.92.10.58.122.431.42126.125.92.10.58.122.431.421
-
 - -Table 1. + + +Table 1. Continued
- - - -
-Characteristica + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+Characteristica -Species + +Species -Mean + +Mean -Median + +Median -SD + +SD -SE + +SE -CV + +CV -Min + +Min -Max + +Max -N + +N
Frontoventral cirri, number -Apb +
Frontoventral cirri, number +Apb 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0224.04.00.00.00.04.04.022
-Apn +
+Apn 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0214.04.00.00.00.04.04.021
-Anm +
+Anm 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0214.04.00.00.00.04.04.021
-Ti +
+Ti 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0214.04.00.00.00.04.04.021
-TP +
+TP 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0214.04.00.00.00.04.04.021
Anterior body end to anterior postoral -Apb +
Anterior body end to anterior postoral +Apb 67.267.04.30.96.459.076.02267.267.04.30.96.459.076.022
cirrus, distance -Apn +
cirrus, distance +Apn 41.140.93.00.67.235.346.42141.140.93.00.67.235.346.421
-Anm +
+Anm 34.433.23.50.810.330.044.72134.433.23.50.810.330.044.721
-Ti +
+Ti 31.331.42.00.46.526.934.22131.331.42.00.46.526.934.221
-TP +
+TP 45.245.84.20.99.337.252.32145.245.84.20.99.337.252.321
Anterior body end to posterior postoral -Apb +
Anterior body end to posterior postoral +Apb 85.185.06.31.37.473.097.02285.185.06.31.37.473.097.022
cirrus, distance -Apn +
cirrus, distance +Apn 53.052.54.20.97.844.361.02153.052.54.20.97.844.361.021
-Anm +
+Anm 46.945.35.11.111.041.463.72146.945.35.11.111.041.463.721
-Ti +
+Ti 39.239.73.60.89.233.747.52139.239.73.60.89.233.747.521
-TP +
+TP 55.354.05.31.29.545.764.72155.354.05.31.29.545.764.721
Postoral cirri, number -Apb +
Postoral cirri, number +Apb 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0223.03.00.00.00.03.03.022
-Apn +
+Apn 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-Anm +
+Anm 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-Ti +
+Ti 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-TP +
+TP 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
Posterior body end to anterior -Apb +
Posterior body end to anterior +Apb 32.932.41.90.45.830.838.02232.932.41.90.45.830.838.022
pretransverse cirrus, distance -Apn +
pretransverse cirrus, distance +Apn 22.021.52.30.510.319.029.92122.021.52.30.510.319.029.921
-Anm +
+Anm 15.715.32.10.513.511.519.62115.715.32.10.513.511.519.621
-Ti +
+Ti 13.714.21.50.310.910.815.72113.714.21.50.310.910.815.721
-TP +
+TP 18.718.71.90.49.915.122.32118.718.71.90.49.915.122.321
Posterior body end to posterior -Apb +
Posterior body end to posterior +Apb 25.425.01.60.46.523.030.02225.425.01.60.46.523.030.022
pretransverse cirrus, distance -Apn +
pretransverse cirrus, distance +Apn 15.415.21.20.37.913.017.72115.415.21.20.37.913.017.721
-Anm +
+Anm 11.010.91.90.417.46.114.62111.010.91.90.417.46.114.621
-Ti +
+Ti 9.69.61.50.315.27.511.9219.69.61.50.315.27.511.921
-TP +
+TP 11.511.51.00.29.09.513.42111.511.51.00.29.09.513.421
Pretransverse cirri, number -Apb +
Pretransverse cirri, number +Apb 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0222.02.00.00.00.02.02.022
-Apn +
+Apn 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-Anm +
+Anm 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-Ti +
+Ti 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-TP +
+TP 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
Posterior body end to posterior trans- -Apb +
Posterior body end to posterior trans- +Apb 12.312.01.20.39.69.914.62212.312.01.20.39.69.914.622
verse cirrus, distance -Apn +
verse cirrus, distance +Apn 5.45.30.80.215.13.97.3215.45.30.80.215.13.97.321
-Anm +
+Anm 3.73.51.00.226.12.05.8213.73.51.00.226.12.05.821
-Ti +
+Ti 4.14.00.80.220.22.75.5214.14.00.80.220.22.75.521
-TP +
+TP 4.14.20.70.217.92.75.6214.14.20.70.217.92.75.621
Transverse cirri, number -Apb +
Transverse cirri, number +Apb 5.05.00.00.00.05.05.0225.05.00.00.00.05.05.022
-Apn +
+Apn 5.05.00.00.00.05.05.0215.05.00.00.00.05.05.021
-Anm +
+Anm 5.05.00.00.00.05.05.0215.05.00.00.00.05.05.021
-Ti +
+Ti 5.05.00.00.00.05.05.0215.05.00.00.00.05.05.021
-TP +
+TP 5.05.00.00.00.05.05.0215.05.00.00.00.05.05.021
Frontal–ventral–transverse cirri, total -Apb +
Frontal–ventral–transverse cirri, total +Apb 18.018.00.00.00.018.018.02218.018.00.00.00.018.018.022
number -Apn +
number +Apn 18.018.00.00.00.018.018.02118.018.00.00.00.018.018.021
-Anm +
+Anm 18.018.00.00.00.018.018.02118.018.00.00.00.018.018.021
-Ti +
+Ti 18.018.00.00.00.018.018.02118.018.00.00.00.018.018.021
-TP +
+TP 18.018.00.00.00.018.018.02118.018.00.00.00.018.018.021
-
 - -Table 1. + + +Table 1. Continued
- - - -
-Characteristica + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+Characteristica -Species + +Species -Mean + +Mean -Median + +Median -SD + +SD -SE + +SE -CV + +CV -Min + +Min -Max + +Max -N + +N
Dorsal kineties, number -Apb +
Dorsal kineties, number +Apb 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0224.04.00.00.00.04.04.022
-Apn +
+Apn 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0214.04.00.00.00.04.04.021
-Anm +
+Anm 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0214.04.00.00.00.04.04.021
-Ti +
+Ti 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0214.04.00.00.00.04.04.021
-TP +
+TP 4.04.00.00.00.04.04.0214.04.00.00.00.04.04.021
Anterior body end to anterior end of -Apb +
Anterior body end to anterior end of +Apb 18.419.02.60.614.310.922.22218.419.02.60.614.310.922.222
DK1, distance -Apn +
DK1, distance +Apn 13.613.81.80.412.89.216.52113.613.81.80.412.89.216.521
-Anm +
+Anm 14.113.51.70.411.911.817.72114.113.51.70.411.911.817.721
-Ti +
+Ti 12.912.41.70.413.210.618.32112.912.41.70.413.210.618.321
-TP +
+TP 19.018.82.10.511.115.923.52119.018.82.10.511.115.923.521
Dorsal kinety 1, number of bristles -Apb +
Dorsal kinety 1, number of bristles +Apb 38.638.02.60.66.835.043.02238.638.02.60.66.835.043.022
-Apn +
+Apn 23.624.01.20.35.022.026.02123.624.01.20.35.022.026.021
-Anm +
+Anm 17.918.00.60.13.317.019.02117.918.00.60.13.317.019.021
-Ti +
+Ti 17.718.01.10.36.316.020.02117.718.01.10.36.316.020.021
-TP +
+TP 23.624.02.60.611.218.027.02123.624.02.60.611.218.027.021
Anterior body end to anterior end of -Apb +
Anterior body end to anterior end of +Apb 14.514.41.40.39.412.017.72214.514.41.40.39.412.017.722
DK2, distance -Apn +
DK2, distance +Apn 10.810.32.10.519.77.918.32110.810.32.10.519.77.918.321
-Anm +
+Anm 10.710.51.10.210.38.712.92110.710.51.10.210.38.712.921
-Ti +
+Ti 9.59.51.00.210.76.812.0219.59.51.00.210.76.812.021
-TP +
+TP 14.214.51.90.413.411.017.02114.214.51.90.413.411.017.021
Dorsal kinety 2, number of bristles -Apb +
Dorsal kinety 2, number of bristles +Apb 32.032.01.70.45.229.035.02232.032.01.70.45.229.035.022
-Apn +
+Apn 19.019.00.90.24.817.021.02119.019.00.90.24.817.021.021
-Anm +
+Anm 16.416.01.10.26.513.018.02116.416.01.10.26.513.018.021
-Ti +
+Ti 15.015.01.00.27.013.017.02115.015.01.00.27.013.017.021
-TP +
+TP 19.619.02.40.512.315.023.02119.619.02.40.512.315.023.021
Anterior body end to anterior end of -Apb +
Anterior body end to anterior end of +Apb 12.012.01.20.29.79.014.32212.012.01.20.29.79.014.322
DK3, distance -Apn +
DK3, distance +Apn 9.59.71.00.210.47.611.9219.59.71.00.210.47.611.921
-Anm +
+Anm 8.07.91.20.314.56.011.6218.07.91.20.314.56.011.621
-Ti +
+Ti 7.47.40.70.29.56.18.7217.47.40.70.29.56.18.721
-TP +
+TP 10.110.01.40.314.07.813.22110.110.01.40.314.07.813.221
Dorsal kinety 3, number of bristles -Apb +
Dorsal kinety 3, number of bristles +Apb 29.829.02.00.46.826.033.02229.829.02.00.46.826.033.022
-Apn +
+Apn 15.615.01.00.26.314.018.02115.615.01.00.26.314.018.021
-Anm +
+Anm 14.815.01.00.27.113.014.02114.815.01.00.27.113.014.021
-Ti +
+Ti 12.813.00.70.25.511.014.02112.813.00.70.25.511.014.021
-TP +
+TP 15.016.02.20.514.611.018.02115.016.02.20.514.611.018.021
Anterior body end to anterior end of -Apb +
Anterior body end to anterior end of +Apb 12.112.21.40.311.39.015.52212.112.21.40.311.39.015.522
DK4, distance -Apn +
DK4, distance +Apn 17.217.61.90.410.813.320.72117.217.61.90.410.813.320.721
-Anm +
+Anm 19.219.21.40.37.216.822.02119.219.21.40.37.216.822.021
-Ti +
+Ti 13.713.91.90.413.910.618.92113.713.91.90.413.910.618.921
-TP +
+TP 12.512.52.10.516.98.116.02112.512.52.10.516.98.116.021
Dorsal kinety 4, number of bristles -Apb +
Dorsal kinety 4, number of bristles +Apb 28.328.51.80.46.523.031.02228.328.51.80.46.523.031.022
-Apn +
+Apn 14.314.01.60.311.110.016.02114.314.01.60.311.110.016.021
-Anm +
+Anm 10.510.01.20.311.17.013.02110.510.01.20.311.17.013.021
-Ti +
+Ti 10.010.01.70.417.38.014.02110.010.01.70.417.38.014.021
-TP +
+TP 18.018.52.20.512.114.022.02118.018.52.20.512.114.022.021
Dorsomarginal kineties, number -Apb +
Dorsomarginal kineties, number +Apb 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0222.02.00.00.00.02.02.022
-Apn +
+Apn 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-Anm +
+Anm 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-Ti +
+Ti 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-TP +
+TP 2.02.00.00.00.02.02.0212.02.00.00.00.02.02.021
-
 - -Table 1. + + +Table 1. Continued
- -
-Characteristica + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+Characteristica -Species + +Species -Mean + +Mean -Median + +Median -SD + +SD -SE + +SE -CV + +CV -Min + +Min -Max + +Max -N + +N
Anterior body end to anterior end of -Apb +
Anterior body end to anterior end of +Apb 14.214.01.90.413.011.018.02214.214.01.90.413.011.018.022
DM1, distance -Apn +
DM1, distance +Apn 11.211.21.10.29.89.613.32111.211.21.10.29.89.613.321
-Anm +
+Anm 6.97.00.60.18.35.78.0216.97.00.60.18.35.78.021
-Ti +
+Ti 6.46.40.50.18.65.67.5216.46.40.50.18.65.67.521
-TP +
+TP 7.57.61.30.316.95.310.4217.57.61.30.316.95.310.421
Dorsomarginal row 1, number of bristles -Apb +
Dorsomarginal row 1, number of bristles +Apb 15.015.01.80.412.212.019.02215.015.01.80.412.212.019.022
-Apn +
+Apn 8.08.01.10.213.56.010.0218.08.01.10.213.56.010.021
-Anm +
+Anm 7.27.00.60.18.46.08.0217.27.00.60.18.46.08.021
-Ti +
+Ti 7.58.00.90.212.45.09.0217.58.00.90.212.45.09.021
-TP +
+TP 9.09.01.00.211.77.011.0219.09.01.00.211.77.011.021
Anterior body end to anterior end of -Apb +
Anterior body end to anterior end of +Apb 18.318.62.40.513.114.022.02218.318.62.40.513.114.022.022
DM2, distance -Apn +
DM2, distance +Apn 12.412.61.50.312.49.915.72112.412.61.50.312.49.915.721
-Anm +
+Anm 7.57.70.80.211.35.89.4217.57.70.80.211.35.89.421
-Ti +
+Ti 7.67.31.00.212.85.99.4217.67.31.00.212.85.99.421
-TP +
+TP 7.77.60.70.29.56.49.4217.77.60.70.29.56.49.421
Dorsomarginal row 2, number of bristles -Apb +
Dorsomarginal row 2, number of bristles +Apb 8.89.01.50.316.86.012.0228.89.01.50.316.86.012.022
-Apn +
+Apn 4.44.00.70.115.33.06.0214.44.00.70.115.33.06.021
-Anm +
+Anm 4.04.00.60.114.63.05.0214.04.00.60.114.63.05.021
-Ti +
+Ti 3.13.00.70.223.12.05.0213.13.00.70.223.12.05.021
-TP +
+TP 4.14.00.80.219.13.06.0214.14.00.80.219.13.06.021
Dorsal bristles, total number -Apb +
Dorsal bristles, total number +Apb 152.6152.57.31.64.8138.0163.022152.6152.57.31.64.8138.0163.022
-Apn +
+Apn 84.985.03.90.94.676.094.02184.985.03.90.94.676.094.021
-Anm +
+Anm 70.871.03.00.74.365.080.02170.871.03.00.74.365.080.021
-Ti +
+Ti 66.0663.30.75.060.075.02166.0663.30.75.060.075.021
-TP +
+TP 89.492.09.02.010.170.0103.02189.492.09.02.010.170.0103.021
Caudal cirri, number -Apb +
Caudal cirri, number +Apb 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0223.03.00.00.00.03.03.022
-Apn +
+Apn 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-Anm +
+Anm 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-Ti +
+Ti 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
-TP +
+TP 3.03.00.00.00.03.03.0213.03.00.00.00.03.03.021
- - -aAll + + +aAll data are based on protargol-impregnated specimens.Measurements are in micrometres.Abbreviations:AZM,adoral zone of membranelles;CV,coefficient of variation as a percentage; DK, dorsal kinety;DM, dorsomarginal kinety;LMR, left marginal row; M, median;Max, maximum; Mean,arithmetic mean; Min,minimum; -N +N , number of individuals investigated;RMR,right marginal row. - -bThe + +bThe transverse distance between the anterior end of the paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on the left side. - + Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~4 μm long -in vivo +in vivo . Kineties 1–4 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 35–43, 29–35, 26–33, and 23–31 dikinetids, respectively. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over ~55% and 43% of cell length and possess 12–19 and 6–12 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~35 μm long -in vivo +in vivo , slightly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4; cirri usually beating fast ( -Figs 1C +Figs 1C , -2B, C, F–H +2B, C, F–H , -3B, D–F, H +3B, D–F, H ). - + Adoral zone occupies 48%–57% of body length and is composed of 42–46 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone at ~15% of body length (DE-value 0.24 on average ( -Berger 2006: 18 +Berger 2006: 18 )). Cilia of membranelles ~28 μm long -in vivo +in vivo , bases of largest membranelles ~7 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity wide, i.e. transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane to opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 24–33 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly ( -Figs 1A, B +Figs 1A, B , -2A, D +2A, D , -3A, C, E, I +3A, C, E, I ). Undulating membranes in - -Stylonychia + +Stylonychia pattern, i.e. parallel or slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~25% of body length, with a length of ~30 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~27% of body length, with a length of ~29 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to buccal vertex. Membranes at the midline of the body, cilia ~13 μm long. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to the right body margin ( -Figs 1A, B +Figs 1A, B , -2D +2D , -3A, C, I +3A, C, I ). - - + + Morphogenesis: -Apostylonychia baugilensis +Apostylonychia baugilensis divides in the same ontogenetic pattern as - -Tetmemena bifaria + +Tetmemena bifaria described by - + Wirnsberger -et al. +et al. (1985) and is characterized as follows: in the very early dividers, the oral primordium originates apokinetally as a longitudinal line of basal bodies left and anterior to the leftmost transverse cirrus, then the line spreads anteriorly and becomes wider in outline ( -Figs 3I +Figs 3I , -4A, B +4A, B ). The oral primordium widens anteriorly, and the new adoral membranelles start to develop in the anterior portion ( -Fig. 4C +Fig. 4C ). At the same time, three short streaks separate from the right anterior portion of the oral primordium to form FVT anlagen I–III of the opisthe. Simultaneously, parental cirrus IV/3 dedifferentiates to form anlagen IV–VI of the proter, and cirrus V/4 disaggregates to form anlagen V and VI of the opisthe. The parental cirri III/2 and IV/2 also disaggregate at the same time to form anlagen III of the proter and IV of the opisthe, respectively. The partial reorganization of the undulating membranes commences at the anterior end to form anlage I of the proter, occurring simultaneously with the disaggregation of cirrus II/2 (buccal cirrus) to form anlage II of the proter ( -Fig. 4C +Fig. 4C ). The six anlagen in each of the proter and opisthe produce 18 cirri, as in other oxytrichid species. The three frontal cirri, two frontoventral cirri VI/3 and VI/4, postoral cirrus V/3, pretransverse cirri V/2 and VI/2, and the five transverse cirri do not participate in the anlagen formation and disappear at the late and very late stages of division ( -Fig. 4E +Fig. 4E ). - + The right marginal anlagen appear at two levels by within-row anlagen formation in the middle stage of division, and the left marginal anlagen appear slightly later. The anterior right marginal anlage arises by the disintegration of the second cirrus and elongates posteriorly using several parental cirri. The posterior right marginal anlage arises slightly posterior to mid-body and extends anteriorly right to the old cirri and posteriorly within the row using a few cirri. The anterior left marginal anlage appears at the anterior end of the parental row and extends posteriorly using two cirri. The posterior left marginal anlage arises within the row and extends posteriorly using a few cirri ( -Fig. 4C, E +Fig. 4C, E ). - + The dorsal ontogenesis is in the - -Oxytricha + +Oxytricha pattern, i.e. kinety 3 anlagen arise in middle dividers ‘within-row’ at two levels, followed by anlagen of kineties 1 and -2 in +2 in both the proter and opisthe. In late dividers, anlage 3 fragments in the posterior region, forming anlage -4 in +4 in each daughter cell. Two dorsomarginal anlagen develop anterior and right of, and possibly by splitting from, the anterior end of the right marginal anlagen in both the proter and opisthe. A single caudal cirrus is formed at each posterior end of the new dorsal kineties 1, 2, and 4. The nuclear division occurs as in other oxytrichid ciliates ( -Fig. 4D, F +Fig. 4D, F ).