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<mods:title id="D83BE318437CDE9EAD153D0F3ACE29EC">Hardly Venus’s servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="9EEE60AA346E896B51D66965065A034C">Hardly Venus’s servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4D6EB58A773963BBA68334A53C7EDE38">Tilic, Ekin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="40D4879F65C72E17087C0EAB19425CDD">Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research & Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CCED04C02759560A19218A479DABA1A5">Tilic, Ekin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E14FC03A961E286D1914B2290E756091">Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research & Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="55400ABF67F6D53EA14299A1529FF1A7">Rouse, Greg W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7EDE1D56D36024BDDDDE1910D72D98BA">Rouse, Greg W.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03CE1244FFE1FFF56F8EC9A05CAFFD2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CE1244FFE1FFF56F8EC9A05CAFFD2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE1244FFE1FFF56F8EC9A05CAFFD2E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
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<paragraph id="8BD8A352FFE1FFF96F8EC9A05C2FFA4C" blockId="4.[136,622,1418,1445]" box="[136,622,1418,1445]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
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<heading id="D090143EFFE1FFF96F8EC9A05C2FFA4C" box="[136,622,1418,1445]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" reason="9">
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@ -105,9 +107,9 @@ long, 10 times the size of the juvenile (±
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<emphasis id="B9137F40FFE1FFF96CF6CCF75A32FF1D" box="[1008,1139,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Veneriserva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with an even larger parasite to host body length ratio were observed in some of the dissected specimens (
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B04CD355A2EFEDE" box="[1026,1135,287,311]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="4.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@3.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 1C, G</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B04CD355A2EFEDE" box="[1026,1135,287,311]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="4.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@3.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802034/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 1C, G</figureCitation>
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). In these, the parasites could be observed making multiple coils within the ventral coelomic space, and also extending dorsally (
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96BE8CD4B5B19FE93" box="[1262,1368,353,378]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="4.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@3.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96BE8CD4B5B19FE93" box="[1262,1368,353,378]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="4.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@3.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802034/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
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), taking up a very large area within the host’s body. Neither the musculature nor the gut of the host appeared to be substantially damaged by the parasite (
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B4FCDEF5AF7FE37" box="[1097,1206,453,478]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[137,166,1429,1450]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,154,1382]" captionTargetId="figure-145@6.[165,1423,154,1382]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig.3 µCT visualization of parasites within Aphrodita longipalpa. A 3D rendering of parasites shown within the projection of the host body. B–D Virtual dissections of surface renderings, showing crosssections of the host across three consecutive body regions, from anterior to posterior. Raw image data from the micro-CT stack, illustrating a horizontal section through the host (E) and a sagittal section (F). Head of the juvenile parasite is magnified to display the prominent jaws in white. Abbreviations—ja jaws, ne nephridia, pha pharynx. Female Veneriserva pygoclava is shown in yellow or with yellow arrowheads and the juvenile V. pygoclava in blue or with blue arrowheads" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12765013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12765013/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 3B–D</figureCitation>
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). Despite the relatively large size of many of the
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@ -153,19 +155,19 @@ occurs in segmentally repeated ovaries. The oogonia of
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<emphasis id="B9137F40FFE1FFF96B9BC86A5B69FBBE" box="[1181,1320,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">V. pygoclava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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proliferated from the ventral surface of the dorsal blood vessel (
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96A5BC84A5D02FB73" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96A5BC84A5D02FB73" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
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) and the gonads were attached to the intersegmental septa (mesenteries) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B1CC8895A24FB52" box="[1050,1125,1187,1211]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B1CC8895A24FB52" box="[1050,1125,1187,1211]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Each developing oocyte was directly connected to a nurse cell by intercellular cytoplasmic bridges (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96CC4C8CF5A4CFB17" box="[962,1037,1253,1278]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96CC4C8CF5A4CFB17" box="[962,1037,1253,1278]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The nucleus of the oocyte appeared to undergo numerous morphological changes during oogenesis, as it appeared heterochromatic in early stages and enlarged and became euchromatic with a single prominent nucleolus during the vitellogenic phase (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B83C9415AB3FA6A" box="[1157,1266,1387,1411]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B83C9415AB3FA6A" box="[1157,1266,1387,1411]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The nurse cells appeared to undergo a striking morphological change after the onset of vitellogenesis, making them easy to distinguish from their neighboring oocytes. During vitellogenesis, the volume of the nurse cell nucleus rapidly increased and was always dense and heterochromatic, whereas the nuclei of the oocytes were all euchromatic at this stage (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96A57CA195BDFF9A2" box="[1361,1438,1587,1611]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96A57CA195BDFF9A2" box="[1361,1438,1587,1611]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Another difference between vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells was the size and distribution of yolk platelets. Nurse cells never contained ripe yolk bodies, but only small-sized yolk platelets arranged in clusters (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96BB7CA925ABFF939" box="[1201,1278,1720,1744]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96BB7CA925ABFF939" box="[1201,1278,1720,1744]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). While oocytes kept growing reaching a final diameter of about 100 µm, nurse cells had already reached their final diameter of about 30 µm during vitellogenesis. The nurse cells then appear to undergo a decrease in diameter until they are finally incorporated into the oocytes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B4CCB755AD4F89E" box="[1098,1173,1887,1911]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE1FFF96B4CCB755AD4F89E" box="[1098,1173,1887,1911]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF18F3DAFFE0FFF86F8FC9A55AFBFA1D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12765011" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12765011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12765011/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" startId="5.[137,166,1423,1444]" subCaptionStartIDs="5.[816,916,1449,1471]" subCaptionStarts="figu" targetBox="[157,1430,155,1375]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,15 +187,15 @@ were dissected and examined for parasite presence. The upper horizontal bars gra
|
|||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD8A352FFE0FFF86F8ECA525B3EF985" blockId="5.[136,771,1655,1913]" lastBlockId="5.[816,1451,1587,1644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
In the histologically sectioned male specimen, spermiogenesis occurred along the peritoneal lining (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE0FFF86DA0CAB35CB7F958" box="[678,758,1689,1713]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE0FFF86DA0CAB35CB7F958" box="[678,758,1689,1713]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Spermatogonia were found ventrally associated with the coelomic lining, near the dorsal blood vessel (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE0FFF86DAFCAF15CB4F91A" box="[681,757,1755,1779]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE0FFF86DAFCAF15CB4F91A" box="[681,757,1755,1779]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Spermatocytes and mature sperm were found released into the coelomic cavity. Upon dissection, liberated sperm cells could be observed under the light microscope. Mature sperm of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C67D8D1FFE0FFF86FF8CB4B5FD7F890" box="[254,406,1889,1913]" class="Polychaeta" family="Dorvilleidae" genus="Veneriserva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pygoclava">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B9137F40FFE0FFF86FF8CB4B5FD7F890" box="[254,406,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">V. pygoclava</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
had a large conical acrosome (~ 12 µm long) and a spherical nucleus (6 µm in diameter) with no evidence of an emergent flagellum (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE0FFF86A23CA7E5B33F985" box="[1317,1394,1620,1644]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE0FFF86A23CA7E5B33F985" box="[1317,1394,1620,1644]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BD8A352FFE0FFF86C36CABF5B1CF959" blockId="5.[816,1373,1685,1712]" box="[816,1373,1685,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
|
|
@ -213,7 +215,7 @@ was found to be unique and aberrant among Annelida, in that it consisted of a fu
|
|||
). The pharynx ended blindly (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE0FFF86B40CB755AF4F89E" box="[1094,1205,1887,1911]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,165,1303,1324]" captionTargetBox="[144,1444,154,1255]" captionTargetId="figure-239@7.[144,1444,154,1255]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4 AZAN-stained paraffin histology. A Histological cross-section of a juvenile Aphrodita longipalpa featuring an endoparasitic immature Veneriserva pygoclava (denoted by a star). B Longitudinal section of V. pygoclava, highlighting the absence of a through gut, and continuous uninterrupted mesenteries. C–H Cross-sections through the anterior region of V. pygoclava, showing the muscularized pharynx with jaws culminating in blind termination at section G. Abbreviations—ac acicula, br brain, df dorsal felt, el elytra, ja jaws, mo mouth, ne nephridium, pha pharynx, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12765015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12765015/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
) leaving a completely hollow body cavity only occupied by developing gametes in mature specimens (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE3FFFB6E89CABD5C40F946" box="[399,513,1686,1711]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 5A, F</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE3FFFB6E89CABD5C40F946" box="[399,513,1686,1711]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 5A, F</figureCitation>
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). The complete reduction of the gut was observed in both juvenile (
|
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE3FFFB6D88CA925CBBF939" box="[654,762,1720,1744]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,165,1303,1324]" captionTargetBox="[144,1444,154,1255]" captionTargetId="figure-239@7.[144,1444,154,1255]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4 AZAN-stained paraffin histology. A Histological cross-section of a juvenile Aphrodita longipalpa featuring an endoparasitic immature Veneriserva pygoclava (denoted by a star). B Longitudinal section of V. pygoclava, highlighting the absence of a through gut, and continuous uninterrupted mesenteries. C–H Cross-sections through the anterior region of V. pygoclava, showing the muscularized pharynx with jaws culminating in blind termination at section G. Abbreviations—ac acicula, br brain, df dorsal felt, el elytra, ja jaws, mo mouth, ne nephridium, pha pharynx, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12765015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12765015/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 4B–H</figureCitation>
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) and adult specimens of
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@ -221,9 +223,9 @@ was found to be unique and aberrant among Annelida, in that it consisted of a fu
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<emphasis id="B9137F40FFE3FFFB6E89CAF05C5CF918" box="[399,541,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">V. pygoclava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE3FFFB6D30CAF35CE1F918" box="[566,672,1753,1777]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 5A, F</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE3FFFB6D30CAF35CE1F918" box="[566,672,1753,1777]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="10.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@9.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="◂Fig.5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802038/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 5A, F</figureCitation>
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) we sectioned histologically. Even though a jaw apparatus is present, and the animals can evert and move the maxillae in a pinching motion (
|
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE3FFFB6E68CB175FFCF8BC" box="[366,445,1853,1877]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="4.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@3.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="135CBFD7FFE3FFFB6E68CB175FFCF8BC" box="[366,445,1853,1877]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="4.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-13@3.[147,1440,154,1854]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="◂Fig. 1 Live photos and dissection of parasitized Aphrodita longipalpa and Veneriserva pygoclava. A Ventral view of A. longipalpa. B Dorsal view of A. longipalpa with removed feltage chaetae, revealing the parasite visible through the body wall. C Ventrally dissected A. longipalpa, exposing the sizable female parasite. Veneriserva pygoclava individuals within the host are indicated by arrowheads. D Juvenile female V. pygoclava, with developing oocytes visible through the body wall along the mid-dorsal orange line. E Female V. pygoclava showing the mid-dorsal orange pigmentation and the white mark at the base of the prostomium. F Male V. pygoclava. G A large female and smaller male V. pygoclava, extracted from the same host. The pygidium is club-shaped in both males and females and juveniles. H Juvenile V. pygoclava shown from multiple angles, characterized by a complete white coloration; black jaws are magnified in panel" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12802034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12802034/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
|
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). The maxillae and the fused mandibles appear reduced when compared to free-living
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C67D8D1FFE3FFFB6C34CA5F5D86F964" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1919" box="[818,967,1653,1677]" class="Polychaeta" family="Dorvilleidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Dorvilleidae</taxonomicName>
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. The pygidium of
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