From d7aa33e51c7765b2d463c94a6d471f81c9e3e474 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Tue, 23 Jul 2024 15:29:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-07-23 15:24:37 --- .../F3/B721F3218F27F11EFCD7FB5CFB76FA6B.xml | 283 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 283 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/B7/21/F3/B721F3218F27F11EFCD7FB5CFB76FA6B.xml diff --git a/data/B7/21/F3/B721F3218F27F11EFCD7FB5CFB76FA6B.xml b/data/B7/21/F3/B721F3218F27F11EFCD7FB5CFB76FA6B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..97fdf039e92 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/B7/21/F3/B721F3218F27F11EFCD7FB5CFB76FA6B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,283 @@ + + + +Cryptic subterranean diversity: regional phylogeography of the sand termite Psammotermes allocerus Silvestri, 1908 in the wider Namib region + + + +Author + +Gunter, Felicitas +Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants % BEE), Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany + + + +Author + +Oldeland, Jens +Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants % BEE), Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany + + + +Author + +Picker, Mike D. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa + + + +Author + +Henschel, Joh R. +SAEON Arid Lands Node, Box 110040 Hadison Park, Kimberley 8306, South Africa & Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Jürgens, Norbert +Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants % BEE), Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany + +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution + + +2023 + +2022-08-17 + + +23 + + +1 + + +139 +150 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00580-w + +journal article +10.1007/s13127-022-00580-w +1618-1077 +12764915 + + + + + + +Results + + + + + + + +Phylogeny analyses + + + +The mitochondrial sequences were visually examined according to the presence of NUMTs %nuclear mitochondrial sequences). Characteristics such as stop codons, frameshift mutations and insertions-deletions were not detected. Finally, the COI marker %362 bp) contained 137 constant, 70 uninformative, and 155 parsimony-informative positions. For the second marker, COII %448 bp), 259 positions were constant, 89 were uninformative, and 124 were parsimony-informative. The concatenated alignment %810 bp) resulted in 507 constant positions. A low number of 92 positions were uninformative, and 211 were parsimony-informative. All mitochondrial COI and COII sequences were concatenated in one alignment, and the resulting Bayesian Inference %BI) analysis shows a strongly supported differentiation of the + +65 + +P. allocerus + + +samples from the outgroup %1 posterior probabilities %pp)). We identified seven genetic groups which may represent putative species clusters according to the high posterior probability values of the nodes %pp> 0.95), higher values of p-distances between these clusters as within the clusters as well haplotype analyses according to Roy et al. %2006) and Hausberger et al. %2011). The seven strongly supported clades %0.99 pp, +Fig. 1 +), roughly fit a differentiation from south to north within the study area % +Fig. 2 +). + + +The most basal clade within + +Psammotermes + +%dark blue, +Fig. 1 +) was the ‘Succulent Karoo’ clade, as all seven samples are located within the Succulent Karoo biome in the north-western part of the winter rainfall region of +South Africa +% +Fig. 2 +). It included the collection of the +topotype +near +Lüderitz +%LUE, +Namibia +). +The +next clearly distinguishable genetic group was the ‘ +Southern Namib’ +clade, with the majority of the samples located at the eastern margin of +Southern Namib +% +Fig. 2 +). +Three +localities are very well supported %> 0.99 pp), and only two are sisters to one other %RO and DV). +The +next higher positioned clade was split into two larger subclades at an equal level of differentiation, one occurring in south-eastern +Namibia +, adjacent to +South Africa +. +The +other clade includes samples from northern +Namibia +and +Angola +. +The +well-supported subclade % +Fig. 1 +) includes collections from south-eastern +Namibia +and the +eastern Richtersveld +% +South Africa +). +Phylogenetically +it is subdivided into three genetic groups: ‘ +East Gariep’ +, ‘ +Southwestern Kalahari’ +and ‘ +Nama’ +. +The +‘ +East Gariep’ +group is represented by 13 sites, of which six are located in the +northeastern Richtersveld +and the adjacent larger +Orange River valley +in +Namibia +% +Fig. 2 +). +The +weakly supported %0.52 pp) combined groups ‘ +Nama’ +and ‘ +Southwestern Kalahari’ +are sisters to the ‘ +East Gariep’ +group. +Both +individual groups % +Southwestern Kalahari +and +Nama +) are very well supported %1 pp). +The +‘ +Southwestern Kalahari’ +clade comprises eight collection sites situated in dunes and sand valleys east of the +Karas +mountains. +The +‘ +Nama’ +group %yellow) includes six study sites in the +southern Namaland +of the +Namibian +Karas Region +. +The +second larger subclade is well supported %0.92 pp) and included the groups ‘ +Western Kalahari Basin’ +and ‘ +Northern Namib’ +, both very well supported %1 pp). +The +‘ +Western Kalahari Basin’ +comprises 11 collection sites ordered in a polytomy. +This +group includes sites that are located from south-eastern +Namibia +%SK3, SA) to the +Waterberg +%RI and RV) and the north-easternmost site +Katima Mulilo +%KM). +The +‘ +Northern Namib’ +group encompassed all remaining study sites, located from the +Rössing mountain +%ROE) to the +Iona National Park +in +Angola +%IO). + + +Overall, the mean +p +-distances are higher between the seven groups than within each group % +Tables 1 +and +2 +). The mean +p +-distance between the groups ranges from 0.0508 %‘Nama’ vs. ‘East Gariep’) to 0.1007 %‘Kalahari Basin’ vs. ‘Succulent Karoo’). The values of the mean +p +-distance are lower and ranged from 0.0100 %‘Succulent Karoo’) to 0.0363 %‘Northern Namib’). + + + +Haplotype analyses + + + +The median-joining network based on the concatenated alignment comprised 31 observed haplotypes, including 18 unique haplotypes %which includes a single sample) and 12 calculated hypothetical haplotypes % +Fig. 3 +). Eight hypothetical haplotypes are situated in the centre of the median-joining network. The observed haplotypes of the seven genetic groups are linked over this centre. The highest value of unique haplotypes was calculated for the ‘Southern Namib’ group with six haplotypes. In contrast, the ‘Succulent Karoo’ comprised two haplotypes calculated for six sequences. The two groups, ‘Western Kalahari Basin’ and ‘Succulent Karoo’, are connected to the centre with a high number of mutation steps %8 and 10, +Fig. 3 +). The number of haplotypes differed slightly between the median-joining network analysis % +Fig. 3 +) and the calculated number of haplotypes gained by DnaSP v6 % +Table 3 +). The nucleotide diversity %π) ranged from 0.00416 %‘Western Kalahari Basin’) to 0.01597 %‘Northern Namib’, +Table 3 +). The lowest haplotype diversity was calculated for the ‘Succulent Karoo’ with 0.78571 and the highest for the ‘Southern Namib’ with 1.0000 % +Table 3 +). The number of segregating sites %S) was highest within the ‘Southern Namib’ group with 22 S and lowest within the ‘Succulent Karoo’ and ‘Western Kalahari Basin’ with each six S % +Table 3 +). The genetic groups undergo a different selection pressure. A positive Tajima’s D value was calculated for the groups: ‘Northern Namib’, ‘Western Kalahari Basin’ and ‘Southwestern Kalahari’ and a negative Tajima’s D value was estimated for the remaining groups %‘Nama’, ‘Southern Namib’, ‘East Gariep’, ‘Succulent Karoo’, +Table 3 +). + + +Two additional features distinguish the ‘Succulent Karoo’ group from the other groups. The tapetum of the tunnels within the nest system of + +P. allocerus + +colonies in the ‘Succulent Karoo’ is whitish. In all other groups, it is blackish % +Fig. 4 +). Only in the ‘Succulent Karoo’ nests was it possible to locate the royal chambers with paired kings and queens at a depth of +15 to 30 cm +below the soil surface % +Fig. 4 +). In all other groups, one of the authors %NJ) never locate royal chambers or kings or queens in the first +100 cm +below the soil surface, despite some 100 nest excavations. + + + + \ No newline at end of file