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<document id="FBD5605BEBEF994075F003E8A3BC3CBD" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3619.1.6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="220769" ID-ZooBank="95DE82C1-D18A-446E-A369-1C289A784651" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,operationResults,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1460577227977" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reid, C. A. M. &amp; Beatson, M." docDate="2013" docId="03A087CCD552FFB21F89FD16FC1DFA4F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03619p100.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3619 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scaphodius Chapuis 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="84" masterDocId="FF99FFB4D556FFB71F1EFB21FFB4FF8F" masterDocTitle="Chrysomelid males with enlarged mandibles: three new species and a review of occurrence in the family (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="79" pageNumber="83" updateTime="1730464408062" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:title id="EBE13C9DA4E4C0B0F0781FC2D8045551">Chrysomelid males with enlarged mandibles: three new species and a review of occurrence in the family (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="31C78659ABD9B9E23C34B2C00824F025">Reid, C. A. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B5CEBB8F0E7CD2F568493A07C2959F9F">Beatson, M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="927357C1F096501C148C19FBFE4886EA">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A82A88E11A6178A00840D75B1D70D34B">2013-02-26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F5D0001042250514D47B9FBB35CFFB3C">3619</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A087CCD552FFB21F89FD16FC1DFA4F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087CCD552FFB21F89FD16FC1DFA4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087CCD552FFB21F89FD16FC1DFA4F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
<subSubSection id="C3136551D552FFB31F89FD16FDB4F9DF" box="[151,512,1591,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31F89FD16FDB4F9DF" blockId="4.[151,512,1591,1616]" box="[151,512,1591,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31F89FD16FDB4F9DF" authority="Chapuis 1874: 179" authorityName="Chapuis" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,512,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31F89FD16FDB4F9DF" bold="true" box="[151,512,1591,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31F89FD16FEA9F9DF" bold="true" box="[151,285,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Scaphodius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31E3AFD16FDB4F9DF" author="Chapuis, F." bookContentInfo="455 pp." box="[292,512,1591,1616]" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris, iv" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" refId="ref11413" refString="Chapuis, F. (1874) Histoire naturelles des Insectes: Genera des Coleopteres. Vol. 10. Famille des Phytophages. Roret, Paris, iv + 455 pp." title="Histoire naturelles des Insectes: Genera des Coleopteres. Vol. 10. Famille des Phytophages" type="book" year="1874">Chapuis 1874: 179</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3136551D552FFB31F89FDA0FC94F919" box="[151,800,1664,1686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31F89FDA0FC94F919" blockId="4.[151,800,1664,1686]" box="[151,800,1664,1686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
<typeStatus id="54B28878D552FFB31F89FDA0FF7CF919" box="[151,200,1665,1686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31E38FDA1FD3EF91A" authority="Chapuis 1874" authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1874" box="[294,650,1664,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comptus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31E38FDA1FE42F919" box="[294,502,1664,1686]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Scaphodius comptus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31EE2FDA1FD3EF91A" author="Chapuis, F." bookContentInfo="455 pp." box="[508,650,1664,1686]" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris, iv" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" refId="ref11413" refString="Chapuis, F. (1874) Histoire naturelles des Insectes: Genera des Coleopteres. Vol. 10. Famille des Phytophages. Roret, Paris, iv + 455 pp." title="Histoire naturelles des Insectes: Genera des Coleopteres. Vol. 10. Famille des Phytophages" type="book" year="1874">Chapuis 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D552FFB21F89FDE3FBF1FEB0" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB21F89FDE3FBF1FEB0" blockId="4.[151,1436,1730,2006]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1472]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31F89FDE3FE17F954" bold="true" box="[151,419,1730,1755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Diagnostic description</emphasis>
(based on examination of c. 50 species). Small to medium sized cryptocephalines, length
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD552FFB31F89FDC7FF44F971" box="[151,240,1766,1790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.0">1–6mm</quantity>
. Head: eyes small, convex, without a distinct internal canthus; male usually with elongated or laterally enlarged mandibles; clypeal area not sharply delimited, or if so, transversely triangular with obtuse upper angle and widely splayed raised margins for holding antennae in repose; antennae not serrate, longer than head width, antennomeres 7–11 elongate and expanded, each with dense basiconic sensilla in apical circular pit. Thorax: front angles pronotum not abruptly constricted as a collar; pronotum with triangular posterior lobe, usually medially notched for retention of scutellum; hind margin pronotum with row of teeth, usually hidden by base of elytra; hind angles of pronotum posteriorly produced; prosternal process broad, sides parallel and usually ridged; scutellum abruptly raised from mesoscutum, fusiform or oval, and anteriorly stepped; mesoscutum on either side of scutellum with narrow strip of microchaetae; elytra striate; elytral suture not serrate; elytral epipleuron entirely visible in lateral view, expanded at humerus, with sinuate lower margin; tibiae without spurs; claws appendiculate. Abdomen: ventrites III, IV and V fused; penis with distinct apical setae; vaginal palpi flat, semi-ovate; spermatheca falciform; dorsal transverse sclerites of kotpresse extending beyond sides of rectum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D553FFB21FD9FA6DFC1DFA4F" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21FD9FA6DFCB6FD98" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21FD9FA6DFEA5FEEB" bold="true" box="[199,273,332,356]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Notes.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21E8BFA6DFDA2FEEB" box="[405,534,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21E8BFA6DFDA2FEEB" box="[405,534,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21DA3FA6CFCDFFEEB" box="[701,875,332,356]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and was recently redescribed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21BFBFA6DFA23FEEB" author="Scholler, M." box="[1253,1431,332,356]" journalOrPublisher="Linzer biologia Beitrage" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="767 - 801" part="41" refId="ref14497" refString="Scholler, M. (2009) Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Linzer biologia Beitrage, 41 (1), 767 - 801." title="Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Schöller (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, with several new species. We have revised the description here, based on a larger sample of species. Schöller also included
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21FE1FAB4FE73FE23" authority="Baly 1877" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1877" box="[255,455,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nyetra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21FE1FAB4FEFFFE23" box="[255,331,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Nyetra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21E4CFAB5FE73FE23" author="Baly, J. S." box="[338,455,404,428]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the entomological Society ,, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="23 - 36" part="1877" refId="ref10988" refString="Baly, J. S. (1877) Descriptions of new genera and species of Phytophaga belonging to the family Cryptocephalidae, together with diagnoses and remarks on previously described genera. Transactions of the entomological Society ,, London 1877, 23 - 36." title="Descriptions of new genera and species of Phytophaga belonging to the family Cryptocephalidae, together with diagnoses and remarks on previously described genera" type="journal article" year="1877">Baly 1877</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21DC6FAB5FCEDFE23" box="[728,857,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21DC6FAB5FCEDFE23" box="[728,857,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with which we concur.
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21B70FAB4FB0EFE23" box="[1134,1210,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nyetra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B70FAB4FB0EFE23" box="[1134,1210,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Nyetra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described for a large species, with dorsal pubescence and extreme sexual dimorphism, in contrast to the
<typeStatus id="54B28878D553FFB21BFBFA99FAA1FE5F" box="[1253,1301,440,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21F89FAFDFEACFE7B" box="[151,280,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21F89FAFDFEACFE7B" box="[151,280,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, small, dorsally glabrous and with slight sexual dimorphism, but there are intermediates in size and structure between these extremes, as noted by Schöller.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21FD7F905FDB5FC63" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
Schöller listed 12 species in
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21D00F905FD2BFDB3" box="[542,671,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21D00F905FD2BFDB3" box="[542,671,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but this figure excludes species wrongly placed in the Australo-Papuan genus
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21E27F969FCA8FDD0" authority="Erichson, 1842 (Scholler 2009)" authorityName="Erichson, 1842 (Scholler" authorityYear="2009" box="[313,796,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21E27F969FE05FDEF" box="[313,433,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Ditropidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21EA6F966FDD6FDD0" author="Erichson, W. F." box="[440,610,583,607]" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="83 - 287" part="8" refId="ref11930" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1842) Beitrag zur Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die geographische Verbreitung der Insecten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 8 (1), 83 - 287." title="Beitrag zur Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die geographische Verbreitung der Insecten" type="journal article" year="1842">Erichson, 1842</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21D6FF966FCA0FDD0" author="Scholler, M." box="[625,788,583,607]" journalOrPublisher="Linzer biologia Beitrage" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="767 - 801" part="41" refId="ref14497" refString="Scholler, M. (2009) Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Linzer biologia Beitrage, 41 (1), 767 - 801." title="Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Schöller 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Schöller treated the five species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21BAFF969FA9DFDEF" box="[1201,1321,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21BAFF969FA9DFDEF" box="[1201,1321,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Ditropidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21FA3F94DFEEAFD0B" author="Fauvel, A." box="[189,350,620,644]" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="149" part="26" refId="ref11968" refString="Fauvel, A. (1907) Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 149 - 152." title="Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" type="journal article" year="1907">Fauvel (1907)</bibRefCitation>
as either belonging to that genus (
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21DE4F94CFC2FFD0B" box="[762,923,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacicollis">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21DE4F94CFC2FFD0B" box="[762,923,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">D. opacicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only) or
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B13F94CFB17FD0B" box="[1037,1187,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">nomina nuda</emphasis>
, because they lacked detailed descriptions. However, these latter names were partially described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21B2CF9AEFB60FD28" author="Fauvel, A." box="[1074,1236,655,679]" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="149" part="26" refId="ref11968" refString="Fauvel, A. (1907) Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 149 - 152." title="Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" type="journal article" year="1907">Fauvel (1907)</bibRefCitation>
as part of a key written to differentiate the species, which therefore makes them available (ICZN 1999, Art 12.1), although the species are unidentifiable from the key. Fauvel seems to have placed his species in
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21B4FF9F9FB7DFD7F" box="[1105,1225,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B4FF9F9FB7DFD7F" box="[1105,1225,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Ditropidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on size and colour, neither of which is valid, and faulty biogeography, influenced by
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21CD9F9DDFBCEFC9B" author="Chapuis, F." box="[967,1146,764,788]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="74 - 85" part="18" refId="ref11446" refString="Chapuis, F. (1875 a) Diagnoses de Cryptocephalides inedits appartenant a la faune de l'Australie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 18, 74 - 85." title="Diagnoses de Cryptocephalides inedits appartenant a la faune de l'Australie" type="journal article" year="1875">Chapuis (1875a</bibRefCitation>
, b). Chapuis had listed
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21A9FF9DCFE03FCB8" authority="Chapuis, 1875" authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulum">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21A9FF9DCFEB9FCB7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">D. punctulum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21E0DF83EFE70FCB8" author="Chapuis, F." box="[275,452,799,823]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="74 - 85" part="18" refId="ref11446" refString="Chapuis, F. (1875 a) Diagnoses de Cryptocephalides inedits appartenant a la faune de l'Australie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 18, 74 - 85." title="Diagnoses de Cryptocephalides inedits appartenant a la faune de l'Australie" type="journal article" year="1875">Chapuis, 1875a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from Sydney, Adelaide and
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21C18F83EFC84FCB8" box="[774,816,799,823]" name="Fiji" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Fiji</collectingCountry>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21C74F800FB30FCB8" authority="Chapuis, 1875" authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1875" box="[874,1156,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibialis">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21C74F800FC6EFCB7" box="[874,986,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">D. tibialis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21CFEF83EFB25FCB8" author="Chapuis, F." box="[992,1169,799,823]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="74 - 85" part="18" refId="ref11446" refString="Chapuis, F. (1875 a) Diagnoses de Cryptocephalides inedits appartenant a la faune de l'Australie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 18, 74 - 85." title="Diagnoses de Cryptocephalides inedits appartenant a la faune de l'Australie" type="journal article" year="1875">Chapuis, 1875a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from Sydney, Clarence River, Brisbane and
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21E64F865FE10FCD3" box="[378,420,836,860]" name="Fiji" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Fiji</collectingCountry>
. Chapuis also described
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21DA8F865FB26FCD3" authority="Chapuis, 1875" authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1875" box="[694,1170,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21DA8F865FC5CFCD3" box="[694,1000,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Cryptocephalus fraterculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21CF0F865FB14FCD3" author="Chapuis, F." box="[1006,1184,836,860]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="90 - 102" part="18" refId="ref11479" refString="Chapuis, F. (1875 b) Diagnoses de Cryptocephalides inedits appartenant a la faune de l'Australie (suite). Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 18, 90 - 102." title="Diagnoses de Cryptocephalides inedits appartenant a la faune de l'Australie (suite)" type="journal article" year="1875">Chapuis, 1875b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21BF6F865FAA6FCD3" box="[1256,1298,836,860]" name="Fiji" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Fiji</collectingCountry>
. All three of these species are Australian, absent from
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21D97F846FD04FCF0" box="[649,688,871,895]" name="Fiji" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Fiji</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21DDAF846FC55FCF0" author="Bryant, G. E. &amp; Gressitt, J. L." box="[708,993,871,895]" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="3 - 91" part="9" refId="ref11199" refString="Bryant, G. E. &amp; Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji. Pacific Science, 9, 3 - 91." title="Chrysomelidae of Fiji" type="journal article" year="1957">Bryant &amp; Gressitt 1957</bibRefCitation>
;
<typeStatus id="54B28878D553FFB21CECF848FB99FC0E" box="[1010,1069,873,897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">types</typeStatus>
examined by CAMR) and the specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21E4EF8ADFEC3FC2B" box="[336,375,908,932]" name="Fiji" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Fiji</collectingCountry>
examined by Chapuis must have been wrongly labelled. Note that
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21B76F8ACFAB9FC2B" box="[1128,1293,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B76F8ACFAB9FC2B" box="[1128,1293,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">D. punctulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21A2DF8ACFEF2FC48" author="Bryant, G. E. &amp; Gressitt, J. L." journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="3 - 91" part="9" refId="ref11199" refString="Bryant, G. E. &amp; Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji. Pacific Science, 9, 3 - 91." title="Chrysomelidae of Fiji" type="journal article" year="1957">Bryant &amp; Gressitt (1957)</bibRefCitation>
is a misidentification. Fauvel was therefore misled in believing that
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21B8EF891FABCFC47" box="[1168,1288,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B8EF891FABCFC47" box="[1168,1288,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Ditropidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurred in “Polynesia” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21E35F8F5FE41FC63" author="Fauvel, A." box="[299,501,980,1004]" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="149" part="26" refId="ref11968" refString="Fauvel, A. (1907) Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 149 - 152." title="Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" type="journal article" year="1907">Fauvel 1907: 152</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21FD7F8D8FB6AFB4B" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
We have examined the male
<typeStatus id="54B28878D553FFB21D3AF8D6FD32FB80" box="[548,646,1015,1039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21DABF8D8FCE3FB9F" box="[693,855,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacicollis">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21DABF8D8FCE3FB9F" box="[693,855,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">D. opacicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is a small but otherwise typical species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21F89FF3DFEACFBBB" box="[151,280,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21F89FF3DFEACFBBB" box="[151,280,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with ovate eyes, laterally expanded mandibles, strongly divergent facial antennal grooves and strigose pronotum (=
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21E34FF61FD9DFBD8" authority="Fauvel" authorityName="Fauvel" box="[298,553,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacicollis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21E34FF61FE75FBD7" box="[298,449,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">S. opacicollis</emphasis>
(Fauvel)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D553FFB21D2AFF61FD05FBD8" box="[564,689,1087,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21D2AFF61FD18FBD7" bold="true" box="[564,684,1088,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">comb. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
). We have not seen any
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21CDCFF61FB8EFBD7" box="[962,1082,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21CDCFF61FB8EFBD7" box="[962,1082,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Ditropidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in abundant material of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21F89FF45FEE8FBF3" box="[151,348,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cryptocephalinae">Cryptocephalinae</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21EBEFF44FDE4FBF3" box="[416,592,1124,1148]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
. Fauvel’s generic diagnoses are clearly incorrect. We therefore feel justified in placing all of the other Fauvel names in
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21D9DFFA9FCB0FB2F" box="[643,772,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21D9DFFA9FCB0FB2F" box="[643,772,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21C0AFFA9FB84FB2F" authority="Fauvel, 1907" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityYear="1907" box="[788,1072,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21C0AFFA9FCCBFB2F" box="[788,895,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">S. aeneus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21C91FFA9FB9CFB2F" author="Fauvel, A." box="[911,1064,1160,1184]" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="149" part="26" refId="ref11968" refString="Fauvel, A. (1907) Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 149 - 152." title="Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" type="journal article" year="1907">Fauvel, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D553FFB21B23FFA9FB09FB2F" box="[1085,1213,1160,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B23FFA9FB03FB2F" bold="true" box="[1085,1207,1160,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">comb. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21BD3FFA9FF6CFB4B" authority="Fauvel, 1907" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21BD3FFA9FA83FB2F" box="[1229,1335,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">S. nitidus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21A59FFA9FF64FB4B" author="Fauvel, A." journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="149" part="26" refId="ref11968" refString="Fauvel, A. (1907) Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 149 - 152." title="Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" type="journal article" year="1907">Fauvel, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D553FFB21FC1FF8DFEEAFB4B" box="[223,350,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21FC1FF8DFEECFB4B" bold="true" box="[223,344,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">comb. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21E73FF8CFD2BFB4B" authority="Fauvel, 1907" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityYear="1907" box="[365,671,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striolatus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21E73FF8CFE47FB4B" box="[365,499,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">S. striolatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21D1CFF8DFD22FB4B" author="Fauvel, A." box="[514,662,1196,1220]" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="149" part="26" refId="ref11968" refString="Fauvel, A. (1907) Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 149 - 152." title="Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" type="journal article" year="1907">Fauvel, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D553FFB21DB8FF8DFC91FB4B" box="[678,805,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21DB8FF8DFCABFB4B" bold="true" box="[678,799,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">comb. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21C2AFF8CFBE3FB4B" authority="Fauvel, 1907" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityYear="1907" box="[820,1111,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21C2AFF8CFC18FB4B" box="[820,940,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">S. sulcatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21CA4FF8DFBFBFB4B" author="Fauvel, A." box="[954,1103,1196,1220]" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="149" part="26" refId="ref11968" refString="Fauvel, A. (1907) Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 149 - 152." title="Faune analytique des Coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" type="journal article" year="1907">Fauvel, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D553FFB21B40FF8DFB6AFB4B" box="[1118,1246,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B40FF8DFB6CFB4B" bold="true" box="[1118,1240,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">comb. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21FD7FFF1FBD2FABF" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
The only species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21EA4FFF1FD8FFB67" box="[442,571,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21EA4FFF1FD8FFB67" box="[442,571,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
supposedly from outside
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21C73FFF0FB95FB67" box="[877,1057,1232,1256]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21B2EFFF1FAD4FB67" authority="Sharp, 1881" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1881" box="[1072,1376,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B2EFFF1FB73FB67" box="[1072,1223,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">S. compactus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21BCDFFF1FAD4FB67" author="Sharp, D." box="[1235,1376,1232,1256]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's monthly Magazine" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="97 - 102" part="13" refId="ref14682" refString="Sharp, D. (1881) Descriptions of some new genera and species of New Zealand Coleoptera (concluded from p. 77). Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 13, 97 - 102." title="Descriptions of some new genera and species of New Zealand Coleoptera (concluded from p. 77)" type="journal article" year="1881">Sharp, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, was described from
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21E59FFD4FE55FA83" box="[327,481,1268,1292]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. This is an Australian species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21C4DFFD5FC7FFA83" box="[851,971,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21C4DFFD5FC7FFA83" box="[851,971,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Ditropidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, either mislabelled from
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21BF9FFD4FAC9FA83" box="[1255,1405,1268,1292]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
or adventitive but no longer extant in that country (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21DADFE39FC19FABF" author="Leschen, R. &amp; Reid, C." box="[691,941,1304,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Chrysomela" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="7 - 8" part="43" refId="ref12957" refString="Leschen, R. &amp; Reid, C. (2004) New Zealand Chrysomelidae. Chrysomela, 43, 7 - 8." title="New Zealand Chrysomelidae" type="journal article" year="2004">Leschen &amp; Reid 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD553FFB21CA7FE39FBEEFABF" author="Scholler, M." box="[953,1114,1304,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Linzer biologia Beitrage" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" pagination="767 - 801" part="41" refId="ref14497" refString="Scholler, M. (2009) Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Linzer biologia Beitrage, 41 (1), 767 - 801." title="Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Schöller 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21FD7FE1DFE7CFAF7" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
The net result of these changes is that
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21D66FE1DFD4DFADB" box="[632,761,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21D66FE1DFD4DFADB" box="[632,761,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21C80FE1CFBFFFADB" box="[926,1099,1340,1364]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21B9DFE1DFB4FFADB" box="[1155,1275,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ditropidus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21B9DFE1DFB4FFADB" box="[1155,1275,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Ditropidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confined to
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21F89FE41FF4AFAF7" box="[151,254,1376,1400]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Australia</collectingCountry>
and New
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD553FFB21E6EFE41FE71FAF7" box="[368,453,1376,1400]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21FD7FEA4FC1DFA4F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
Two new species in the material available to us show particularly bizarre sexual dimorphism and are described below. This brings the total number of valid
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21D97FE89FCBEFA4F" box="[649,778,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21D97FE89FCBEFA4F" box="[649,778,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to 19.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="075889A92FB8BF40A38EBB1EFEEE2BEB" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3619.1.6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="220769" ID-ZooBank="95DE82C1-D18A-446E-A369-1C289A784651" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,operationResults,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1460577227977" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reid, C. A. M. &amp; Beatson, M." docDate="2013" docId="03A087CCD553FFBE1F89FD32FE2EFE7B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03619p100.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3619 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scaphodius drehu Reid &amp; Beatson 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="FF99FFB4D556FFB71F1EFB21FFB4FF8F" masterDocTitle="Chrysomelid males with enlarged mandibles: three new species and a review of occurrence in the family (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="79" pageNumber="84" updateTime="1730464408062" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:title id="82C41D0CB82E819AEE93DDFEDC73248B">Chrysomelid males with enlarged mandibles: three new species and a review of occurrence in the family (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CC9BEDF538F24A58FD398EB8368FF6CA">Reid, C. A. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CAA1FE714AB3FFC64AED27DB2D68FF1F">Beatson, M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7CCC3E265163BF948E623276FF465529">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FC8C79701C7FE15CBE86BAF6777CF9B5">2013-02-26</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C3136551D553FFB21F89FD32FE7DF9A3" box="[151,457,1555,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21F89FD32FE7DF9A3" blockId="5.[151,457,1555,1615]" box="[151,457,1555,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21F89FD32FE7DF9A3" bold="true" box="[151,457,1555,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21F89FD32FED3F9A3" authority="Reid &amp; Beatson, 2013" authorityName="Reid &amp; Beatson" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,359,1555,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drehu" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21F89FD32FED3F9A3" bold="true" box="[151,359,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Scaphodius drehu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D553FFB21E71FD35FE7DF9A3" box="[367,457,1556,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3136551D553FFB21F89FD16FEACF9C0" box="[151,280,1591,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21F89FD16FEACF9C0" blockId="5.[151,457,1555,1615]" box="[151,280,1591,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
(
<figureCitation id="13322A5FD553FFB21F81FD16FEA4F9C0" box="[159,272,1591,1615]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 3–8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9–13" captionStart-2="FIGURES 14–18" captionStartId-0="3.[151,264,1902,1925]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,264,1962,1985]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,264,1943,1966]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1416,211,1849]" captionTargetBox-1="[242,1342,204,1916]" captionTargetBox-2="[256,1337,228,1942]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[218,1366,193,1938]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[236,1350,193,1954]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 3–8. Chaloenus gajah sp. nov., male holotype. 3, habitus; 4, head, antero-lateral; 5, head, dorsal; 6, apical ventrite; 7, penis lateral, ventral; 8, tegmen dorsal." captionText-1="FIGURES 9–13. Scaphodius drehu sp. nov. 9, male, habitus; 10, male head, anterior; 11, male head, lateral; 12, female, habitus; 13, female head, anterior." captionText-2="FIGURES 14–18. Scaphodius drehu sp. nov. 14, penis lateral, dorsal, endophallic sclerite; 15, tegmen lateral, dorsal; 16, vaginal palp; 17, spermatheca and duct; 18, rectal kotpresse, dorsal (left), ventral (right) (lighter shading = internal spicule patches)." pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Figs 7–18</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D553FFB21F89FD5EFF4BF950" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21F89FD5EFF4BF950" blockId="5.[151,1436,1663,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21F89FD5EFE35F917" bold="true" box="[151,385,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B613C87D553FFB21E97FD5EFCF8F933" collectingDate="1968-12" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="G. A. Samuelson" elevation="25" location="Ouvea" municipality="Loyalty Is" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54B28878D553FFB21E97FD5EFE42F918" box="[393,502,1663,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:3/
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACA0D553FFB21D08FD5EFD3FF918" box="[534,651,1663,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Loyalty Is</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8ED66001D553FFB21D86FD5EFD50F918" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087CCD553FFBE1F89FD32FE2EFE7B:8ED66001D553FFB21D86FD5EFD50F918" box="[664,740,1663,1687]" municipality="Loyalty Is" name="Ouvea" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Ouvea</location>
,
<location id="8ED66001D553FFB21DEEFDA1FCE6F917" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087CCD553FFBE1F89FD32FE2EFE7B:8ED66001D553FFB21DEEFDA1FCE6F917" box="[752,850,1664,1688]" municipality="Loyalty Is" name="Fayaoue" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Fayaoue</location>
,
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD553FFB21C40FD5EFC1AF918" box="[862,942,1663,1687]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="0.0">
<elevation id="0024D1E9D553FFB21C40FD5EFC1AF918" box="[862,942,1663,1687]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="0.0">0–50m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFB7101AD553FFB21CA4FD5EFBA2F918" box="[954,1046,1663,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" value="1968-12">
<collectingDate id="EFF3E9F2D553FFB21CA4FD5EFBA2F918" box="[954,1046,1663,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" value="1968-12">xii.1968</collectingDate>
</date>
/ N. L. H. Krauss collector Bishop Museum/
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D553FFB21E12FD84FEECF933" box="[268,344,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nyetra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21E12FD84FEECF933" box="[268,344,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Nyetra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<collectorName id="26FC530CD553FFB21E88FD85FDEEF933" box="[406,602,1700,1724]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">G. A. Samuelson</collectorName>
det. 1971/ (
<collectionCode id="ED18AE1FD553FFB21DF3FD85FCF5F933" box="[749,833,1700,1724]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">BPBM</collectionCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B613C87D553FFB21C46FD84FF4BF950" collectingDate="1969-01" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="G. A. Samuelson" elevation="25" location="Ouvea" municipality="Loyalty Is" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54B28878D553FFB21C46FD84FC09F932" box="[856,957,1701,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
: Ƥ, same data as holotype except
<date id="FFB7101AD553FFB21A4BFD85FA2FF933" box="[1365,1435,1700,1724]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" value="1969-01">
<collectingDate id="EFF3E9F2D553FFB21A4BFD85FA2FF933" box="[1365,1435,1700,1724]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" value="1969-01">i.1969</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED18AE1FD553FFB21F81FDE6FF47F950" box="[159,243,1735,1759]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">BPBM</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D553FFB11FD9FDCAFD84F832" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB21FD9FDCAFC77F837" blockId="5.[151,1436,1663,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D553FFB21FD9FDCAFEEDF88B" bold="true" box="[199,345,1771,1796]" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">Description.</emphasis>
Length:
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD553FFB21EDDFDCDFE49F88B" box="[451,509,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" unit="mm" value="5.0">5mm</quantity>
(male = female), greatest width
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD553FFB21C65FDCDFC00F88B" box="[891,948,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" unit="mm" value="3.0">3mm</quantity>
(male),
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD553FFB21B06FDCDFBD3F88B" box="[1048,1127,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="84" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5mm</quantity>
(female). Colour: reddishbrown, except (i) antennomeres 8–11, female mandibles, disc of pronotum and elytral humeri, distal half female tibiae, darker brown; (ii) antennomeres 1–5, labiomaxillary complex, frontoclypeus of female, legs paler brown; (iii) labrum, posterior angles pronotum (dorsal and ventral), prosternal and mesoventrite processes, anterior margin metaventrite, mesanepisternum, mesepimeron, deep yellow to orange. Dorsal pubescence: head, pronotum [except disc—rubbed off?] and elytral striae with dense recumbent silvery setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD553FFB11FD7FCE5FAA8FDD0" blockId="5.[151,1436,1663,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1981]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="5" pageNumber="84">
Head: roughly circular, broadest at genae below eyes (male) or at eyes (female); male frontoclypeus diamond shaped, convex, except reflexed anterior edge which is produced apically and bilobed; female frontoclypeus not anteriorly produced, apical margin flat, shallowly triangularly excavate; sides frontoclypeus bounded by oblique antennal grooves from antennal sockets to lateral margins buccal cavity; head densely and finely punctured (punctures separated by their diameters, about eye facet sized) and clothed in silvery recumbent setae, except antennal grooves, antennal tubercles and shallowly depressed centre of vertex impunctate and glabrous; eyes oval (female larger than male), inner margin feebly concave; interocular space 2.5x (male) or
<date id="FFB7101AD550FFB11B67FA6DFB21FEEB" box="[1145,1173,332,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="85">2x</date>
(female) length of eye; gena long, minimum length 0.4–0.45x eye length; antennae much longer than width of head (male) or slightly longer than width of head (female), all segments elongate, 1–5 sparsely setose and thin, almost parallel-sided, 6–10 densely setose and triangular with apical sensory patch, 11 elongate oval (10 &amp; 11 absent in male); antennomere 1 longest, greatly elongated, length 0.8x eye length (male) or 0.35x (female); labrum transverse with convex apex, apically swollen in male, flat in female; mandible apices normal in both sexes, with two interlocking teeth; male with massive horn arising from base of left mandible, curving across face and upwards in front of right eye; apical maxillary palpomere flattened-cylindrical in male, elongate conical in female (apex narrowly truncate).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD550FFB11FD7F94DFD20FA66" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1981]" pageId="6" pageNumber="85">
Thorax: pronotum: strongly transverse, width male 1.7x length, width female 1.8x length, anteriorly strongly laterally arched, front angles almost hidden by curvature; strongly and closely punctured on disc (puncture diameters c.
<date id="FFB7101AD550FFB11E35F995FEF3FD43" box="[299,327,692,716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="85">2x</date>
head punctures, generally separated by one puncture diameter, some coalescent), but basal half midline smooth and impunctate (slightly raised in male), becoming finer and slightly sparser at sides; pronotum with dense recumbent silvery setae except disc [irregularly setose, possibly worn off] and trichobothrium at each angle; anterior and lateral edges finely margined, posterior edge presumed to have row of small teeth as in other
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D550FFB11F89F865FEACFCD3" box="[151,280,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D550FFB11F89F865FEACFCD3" box="[151,280,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="85">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (not seen in entirety); anterior angles rounded, posterior angles posteriorly produced, 90° in perpendicular view; pronotal basal lobe triangular with slightly bilobed apex, basal margin hidden by raised anterior edge of elytra; hypomeron glabrous, impunctate, except densely setose posterior lobe; prosternum closely setose and punctate, anterior margin reflexed; prosternal process transverse, ventral surface flat, laterally bounded by parallel ridges, apex evenly arcuate; scutellum smooth, glabrous and impunctate, minute, length equal width 3rd elytral interval, elliptical; elytra almost quadrate but apices rounded with c. 45° sutural angle; basal margin elytra smooth, slightly overlapping basal margin pronotum; elytra striate, with striole and 10 striae (10th adjacent to epipleuron) but each ‘stria’ consisting of confused fine punctures, with recumbent setae (similar to head), in a straight groove with convex glabrous impunctate interstiae (except base of 9th interval); striae 4 and 5 anastomised before apex, striae 3 and 6, and 7 and 8, at apex; humeri prominent, swelling divided by base of 9th stria; epipleura sparsely and minutely setose, ventrally produced at humeri, broad at base (= width third elytral interval), abruptly narrowed at postcoxae, then narrowing to a single edge before elytral apex; mesoventrite process similar to prosternal process, but shorter, with convex anterior and laterally projecting apical angles; mesanepisternum and mesepimeron glabrous, impunctate, but densely microsculptured; fully winged; metaventrite densely punctured and pubscent at sides, glabrous and transversely strigose (more so in male) at middle; metepisternum densely setose; femora elongate-ovate, similar sized; tibiae gradually expanded to rounded apices, pro- and mesotibiae finely grooved on basal half outer edge; hind tarsi 0.75x length hind tibiae, length metatarsomere 1 &lt;2+3; male first pro- and mesotarsomeres expanded, width 3/5 length, female first tarsomeres not expanded, width 2/5 length; claws appendiculate, lobe large, right-angled.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD550FFB11FD7FED4FD84F832" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1981]" pageId="6" pageNumber="85">
Abdomen: paired patches of wing-folding spicules on each tergite except pygidium, patches increasing in size from II-VII; pygidium entirely punctured and pubescent with dense recumbent setae, without median ridge; ventrites without lateral ridges, densely punctured and recumbent-setose; ventrite V with truncate apex in both sexes, male with median sparsely setose shallow depression, female ventrite V with deep hemispherical transversely strigose depression and median excavation of apical margins of ventrites III and IV.
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD550FFB11BEFFDA4FA9FF912" box="[1265,1323,1669,1693]" name="Malta" pageId="6" pageNumber="85">Male</collectingCountry>
genitalia: spiculum Y-shaped; penis in lateral view with apical half constricted at base, bent towards acute apex; penis dorsally parallel-sided to right-angled apex with blunt tip, pair of setae at base of ostium and c. 11 pairs of setae on apical margin; tegmen broadly Y-shaped, with deep internal keel; endophallic sclerite roughly trident-shaped in dorsal view with oval apical lobes. Female genitalia: vaginal palp elongate-triangular, with darkly sclerotised anterior margin; spermatheca falcate, twisted at base, with uncoiled duct; rectum with well-developed kotpresse: dorsum with rectangular sclerites, simply rounded at their laterally projecting apices, and ovate patch of microspicules; venter with narrow parallel-sided transverse bar, projecting apices greatly expanded; sides with posteriorly directed sclerotised strip.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF766652D551FFB01F89FC8BFE5BF86D" pageId="7" pageNumber="86" startId="7.[151,264,1962,1985]" targetBox="[242,1342,204,1916]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD551FFB01F89FC8BFE5BF86D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1962,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D551FFB01F89FC8BFEFDF84F" bold="true" box="[151,329,1962,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="86">FIGURES 9–13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D551FFB01E4DFC8AFDB8F84E" box="[339,524,1963,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drehu" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D551FFB01E4DFC8AFDB8F84E" box="[339,524,1963,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="86">Scaphodius drehu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D551FFB01D08FC8AFDDEF84E" box="[534,618,1963,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="86" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D551FFB01D08FC8AFDD0F84F" bold="true" box="[534,612,1963,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="86">
sp.
<date id="FFB7101AD551FFB01D20FC8AFDD0F84F" box="[574,612,1963,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="86">nov</date>
</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
9, male, habitus; 10, male head, anterior; 11, male head, lateral; 12, female, habitus; 13, female head, anterior.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF766652D55EFFBF1F89FCB6FF47F87F" pageId="8" pageNumber="87" startId="8.[151,264,1943,1966]" targetBox="[256,1337,228,1942]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55EFFBF1F89FCB6FF47F87F" blockId="8.[151,1436,1943,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55EFFBF1F89FCB6FEE2F822" bold="true" box="[151,342,1943,1966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="87">FIGURES 14–18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55EFFBF1E41FCB9FDACF821" box="[351,536,1944,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drehu" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55EFFBF1E41FCB9FDACF821" box="[351,536,1944,1966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="87">Scaphodius drehu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D55EFFBF1D3CFCB9FDC2F821" box="[546,630,1944,1966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="87" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55EFFBF1D3CFCB9FDC4F822" bold="true" box="[546,624,1944,1965]" pageId="8" pageNumber="87">
sp.
<date id="FFB7101AD55EFFBF1D54FCB9FDC4F822" box="[586,624,1944,1965]" pageId="8" pageNumber="87" value="1914-11">nov</date>
</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
14, penis lateral, dorsal, endophallic sclerite; 15, tegmen lateral, dorsal; 16, vaginal palp; 17, spermatheca and duct; 18, rectal kotpresse, dorsal (left), ventral (right) (lighter shading = internal spicule patches).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D55FFFBE1FD9FBB9FE36FF5B" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBE1FD9FBB9FE36FF5B" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1FD9FBB9FE16FF3F" bold="true" box="[199,418,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Notes. Etymology:</emphasis>
named for the major endemic language of the island of Ouvea,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55FFFBE1B73FBB6FA23FF20" authority="(Anonymous 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1133,1431,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Drehu" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
Drehu (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD55FFFBE1BDFFBB6FA3BFF20" author="Anonymous" box="[1217,1423,151,175]" journalOrPublisher="Languages of the world, 16 th edition, Languages of New Caledonia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" pagination="2010" refId="ref10795" refString="Anonymous (2010) Ethnologue, Languages of the world, 16 th edition, Languages of New Caledonia. Available from: http: // www. ethnologue. com / show _ country. asp? name = NC / [accessed October 2010]" title="Ethnologue" type="book chapter" year="2010">Anonymous 2010</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D55FFFBE1FD7FBFEFC24FEB0" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBE1FD7FBFEFC24FEB0" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Sensory organs on the head are sexually dimorphic in size, as compared against body length, measured from anterior margin of pronotum to apex of elytra: greatest diameter of eye 14.5% (male) or 13.5% (female) body length; antennal length approximately 66% (male) or 50% (female).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D55FFFBE1FD7FA6DFE2EFE7B" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBE1FD7FA6DFE2EFE7B" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">
Amongst described species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55FFFBE1D36FA6DFD1DFEEB" box="[552,681,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1D36FA6DFD1DFEEB" box="[552,681,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55FFFBE1DA7FA6CFCACFEEB" box="[697,792,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drehu">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1DA7FA6CFCACFEEB" box="[697,792,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">S. drehu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is nearest to
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55FFFBE1CABFA6CFB67FEEB" authority="Scholler, 2009" authorityName="Scholler" authorityYear="2009" box="[949,1235,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amieus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1CABFA6CFB96FEEB" box="[949,1058,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">S. amieus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD55FFFBE1B32FA6DFB67FEEB" author="Scholler, M." box="[1068,1235,332,356]" journalOrPublisher="Linzer biologia Beitrage" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" pagination="767 - 801" part="41" refId="ref14497" refString="Scholler, M. (2009) Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Linzer biologia Beitrage, 41 (1), 767 - 801." title="Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Schöller, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which differs by colour, mandibular structure, frontoclypeal margin and penis shape. The female of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55FFFBE1B73FA51FA8FFE07" box="[1133,1339,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drehu">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1B73FA51FA8FFE07" box="[1133,1339,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Scaphodius drehu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to an undescribed species with only females available, from the nearby island of Livou (Loyalty Islands; in BPBM), but
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55FFFBE1E38FA99FE36FE5F" box="[294,386,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drehu">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1E38FA99FE36FE5F" box="[294,386,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">S. drehu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs by denser punctures on pronotum, more elongate hind angles of pronotum and broader lines of setae on elytra.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

247
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@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
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<mods:title id="A7E01C7BF4F927DE6339D35594EE972B">Chrysomelid males with enlarged mandibles: three new species and a review of occurrence in the family (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51F89F8F2FE08FC63" bold="true" box="[151,444,979,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51F89F8F2FEEFFC63" authority="Reid &amp; Beatson, 2013" authorityName="Reid &amp; Beatson" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,347,979,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51F89F8F2FEEFFC63" bold="true" box="[151,347,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Chaloenus gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D554FFB51E7DF8F5FE08FC63" box="[355,444,980,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3136551D554FFB51F89F8D6FEBFFB80" box="[151,267,1015,1039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD554FFB51F89F8D6FEBFFB80" blockId="2.[151,444,979,1039]" box="[151,267,1015,1039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
(
<figureCitation id="13322A5FD554FFB51F81F8D6FEB6FB80" box="[159,258,1015,1039]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3–8" captionStartId-0="1.[151,264,1223,1246]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,264,1902,1925]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1431,724,1178]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1416,211,1849]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[151,1436,700,1198]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–2. Callidemum cornutum Baly. 1, male head, dorsal; 2, female head, dorsal." captionText-1="FIGURES 3–8. Chaloenus gajah sp. nov., male holotype. 3, habitus; 4, head, antero-lateral; 5, head, dorsal; 6, apical ventrite; 7, penis lateral, ventral; 8, tegmen dorsal." pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D554FFB51F89FF1EFDEBFBF3" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD554FFB51F89FF1EFDEBFBF3" blockId="2.[151,1437,1087,1904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51F89FF1EFE31FBD7" bold="true" box="[151,389,1087,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B613C87D554FFB51E8EFF1EFDEBFBF3" collectingDate="1950-11" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="A. M. R. Wegner" country="Indonesia" elevation="50" latitude="-1.1" location="Balikpapan" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="116.816666" municipality="East Borneo" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54B28878D554FFB51E8EFF1EFE49FBD8" box="[400,509,1087,1111]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: m/ [
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD554FFB51D24FF1EFD6DFBD8" box="[570,729,1087,1111]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">INDONESIA</collectingCountry>
]
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACA0D554FFB51DF4FF61FCCFFBD8" box="[746,891,1088,1111]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">East Borneo</collectingMunicipality>
,
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[c.
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],
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,
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/ (
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).
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51FD9FFA6FEE6FB2F" bold="true" box="[199,338,1159,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Description</emphasis>
[slightly teneral male; female unknown]. Length
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. Colour: entirely yellowish-brown to orange-brown, except antennomeres 8–11 white, mandibular teeth, lateral edges of buccal cavity, antennomeres 1–7, elytra (but not edges of basal half), tibiae, tarsomeres 1–3 dark brown to almost black (elytra and antennomeres 4–7 darkest). Abdominal ventrites densely and finely setose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD554FFB51FD7FE36FA29F933" blockId="2.[151,1437,1087,1904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
Head (
<figureCitation id="13322A5FD554FFB51E0BFE36FEC9FAA0" box="[277,381,1303,1327]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3–8" captionStartId-0="1.[151,264,1223,1246]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,264,1902,1925]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1431,724,1178]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1416,211,1849]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[151,1436,700,1198]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–2. Callidemum cornutum Baly. 1, male head, dorsal; 2, female head, dorsal." captionText-1="FIGURES 3–8. Chaloenus gajah sp. nov., male holotype. 3, habitus; 4, head, antero-lateral; 5, head, dorsal; 6, apical ventrite; 7, penis lateral, ventral; 8, tegmen dorsal." pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
): impunctate or almost so, vertex shining, not microsculptured, frontoclypeus dull with fine microreticulation; head glabrous, except trichobothrium between postantennal callus and eye, short recumbent setae between antennae and buccal cavity and on upper surface of mandibles; frontoclypeus slightly ridged between antennae, otherwise almost flat with truncate apical margin; antennal cavities large, separated from each other and from eyes by about 0.75x socket diameter; postantennal calli elevated, well-defined, transverse, adjacent for entire length; eyes small, situated dorsally on head not laterally, oval, separated by c.
<date id="FFB7101AD554FFB51B9EFEEDFB28FA6B" box="[1152,1180,1484,1508]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">3x</date>
eye length; gena long, equal to eye length; antennae c. 0.75x body length, reaching apical third of elytra if reflexed, all segments elongate but decreasingly so from 3–10, and 8–11 moniliform in shape, antennomere 1 greatly elongated (length
<date id="FFB7101AD554FFB51A51FD35FADFF9A3" box="[1359,1387,1556,1580]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">2x</date>
eye length) and expanded at apex; relative lengths of antennomeres 1–11, as ratios of the shortest (10): 5, 1.25, 2, 1.9, 1.75, 1.5, 1.35, 1.25, 1.15, 1, 1.35; labrum large, semicircular, with 2 pairs of large setae; mandibles symmetrical, upper surface setose, elongated, laterally swollen at base, with vertical blunt tipped horn in middle of base and three apical teeth (visible ventrally); apical maxillary palpomere elongate-conical, about half length of penultimate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD554FFB31FD9FDE6FA3CFDB3" blockId="2.[151,1437,1087,1904]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1436]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
Thorax: pronotum and hypomera shining, unmicrosculptured, minutely and sparsely punctured, glabrous except trichobothrium in each angle; pronotum transverse, broadest anterior to middle, width c.
<date id="FFB7101AD554FFB51A1EFDCDFAA8F88B" box="[1280,1308,1772,1796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">2x</date>
length, all angles slightly produced; pronotal disc convex but with pair of small circular depressions at sides; anterior edge truncate, not margined, sides strongly margined, sinuate, hind edge strongly margined, shallowly convex; prosternum glabrous, prosternal process reduced to a thin ridge between coxae, triangularly expanded at apex; procoxal cavities closed, by elongate hypopleural lobes reaching apex of prosternal process; scutellum triangular; elytra shining but outer half finely microreticulate, glabrous except 5–6 setae at apices; each transversely depressed a third from base, from suture to slightly more than half width, with groove from this to base at inner margin of humerus; elytra impunctate except: finely punctured sutural striole, 4 short striae of large punctures in transverse depression, the fourth reaching elytral base; epipleura with upper margin elevated, broad at base, narrowing to a single elytral edge before apex; mesoventrite glabrous, other ventral mesothoracic sclerites finely and densely setose; mesoventrite process elongate triangular (but appearing slightly shrivelled); ventral metathoracic sclerites finely and densely setose (metaventrite shrivelled); procoxae globular, strongly projecting; femora glabrous or almost so on basal half, remainder of leg densely and finely setose; pro- and mesofemora almost parallel-sided, metafemora elongate-ovate, width c. 1.5x mesofemur; pro- and mesotibiae externally weakly ridged in basal half, metatibiae expanded at middle and sharply ridged for basal 2/3; length hind tarsus c. 0.5x hind tibia; first metatarsomere slightly shorter than 2+3, fifth as long as first; claws appendiculate, small right-angled basal lobe.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF766652D555FFB41F89FC4FFD8FF82A" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" startId="3.[151,264,1902,1925]" targetBox="[168,1416,211,1849]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD555FFB41F89FC4FFD8FF82A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1902,1957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D555FFB41F89FC4FFE8DF80C" bold="true" box="[151,313,1902,1925]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">FIGURES 3–8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D555FFB41E21FC4FFE58F80B" box="[319,492,1902,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D555FFB41E21FC4FFE58F80B" box="[319,492,1902,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Chaloenus gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D555FFB41EEDFC4EFDF7F80B" box="[499,579,1903,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D555FFB41EEDFC4EFD89F80B" bold="true" box="[499,573,1903,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male
<typeStatus id="54B28878D555FFB41D96FC4FFD50F80B" box="[648,740,1902,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. 3, habitus; 4, head, antero-lateral; 5, head, dorsal; 6, apical ventrite; 7, penis lateral, ventral; 8, tegmen dorsal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31FD7F966FDA1FD43" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="13322A5FD552FFB31E57F966FE07FDD0" box="[329,435,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1902,1925]" captionTargetBox="[168,1416,211,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3–8. Chaloenus gajah sp. nov., male holotype. 3, habitus; 4, head, antero-lateral; 5, head, dorsal; 6, apical ventrite; 7, penis lateral, ventral; 8, tegmen dorsal." pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Figs 5–8</figureCitation>
): ventrites weakly sclerotised, without lateral keels; male: apex of last ventrite weakly medially lobed, shallowly excavate either side of lobe; penis basal foramen circular, thick lipped, shaft cylindrical, sharply reflexed at base then straight, to semi-circular apex; endophallic sclerite thin with poorly defined base; tegmen thin, elongated, Y-shaped.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D552FFB31FD9F9F9FB9FFA13" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31FD9F9F9FE3EFC9B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31FD9F9F9FE10FD7F" bold="true" box="[199,420,728,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Notes. Etymology:</emphasis>
from the Malay for elephant (
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31C1FF9F9FCF5FD7F" box="[769,833,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31C1FF9F9FCF5FD7F" box="[769,833,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a noun in apposition, referring to the two tusk-like mandibular tubercles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31FD7F801FBE9FCF0" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31FD7F801FE25FCB7" box="[201,401,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31FD7F801FE25FCB7" box="[201,401,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Chaloenus gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31DA1F801FC83FCB7" box="[703,823,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31DA1F801FC83FCB7" box="[703,823,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with male mandibular horns and therefore easily distinguishable from all other males (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31D24F865FD41FCD3" author="Medvedev, L. N." box="[570,757,836,860]" journalOrPublisher="Russian entomological Journal" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="245 - 252" part="13" refId="ref13198" refString="Medvedev, L. N. (2004) A revision of the genus Chaloenus Westwood, 1861 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), from Oriental Region. Russian entomological Journal, 13 (4), 245 - 252." title="A revision of the genus Chaloenus Westwood, 1861 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), from Oriental Region" type="journal article" year="2004">Medvedev 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31C1FF865FC04FCD3" author="Takizawa, H." box="[769,944,836,860]" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa 2012</bibRefCitation>
). In other
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31B3CF865FB2EFCD3" box="[1058,1178,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31B3CF865FB2EFCD3" box="[1058,1178,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species the female has a simple unmodified head and narrower prothorax; this is likely to be true of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31CE8F849FBE2FC0F" box="[1014,1110,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31CE8F849FBE2FC0F" box="[1014,1110,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">C. gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31FD7F8ADFB95FBBB" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
Apart from its unique mandibles,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31D58F8ADFCB1FC2B" box="[582,773,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31D58F8ADFCB1FC2B" box="[582,773,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Chaloenus gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is separated from similar
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31B35F8ADFB17FC2B" box="[1067,1187,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31B35F8ADFB17FC2B" box="[1067,1187,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, as keyed and described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31E2AF88EFE4CFC48" author="Takizawa, H." box="[308,504,943,967]" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, as follows:
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31D8FF891FC76FC48" authority="Bryant, 1943" authorityName="Bryant" authorityYear="1943" box="[657,962,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31D8FF891FCA9FC47" box="[657,797,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">C. brunneus</emphasis>
Bryant, 1943
</taxonomicName>
, is small (
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD552FFB31B20F88EFB27FC48" box="[1086,1171,943,967]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8mm</quantity>
), yellowish with black margins to the elytra, and with flat apex to penis in profile;
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31C27F8F4FB26FC63" authority="Takizawa, 2012" authorityName="Takizawa" authorityYear="2012" box="[825,1170,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanjakensis">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31C27F8F4FC6CFC63" box="[825,984,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">C. lanjakensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31CFEF8F5FB26FC63" author="Takizawa, H." box="[992,1170,980,1004]" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(female unknown), has black elytra, abdomen and legs, and broadly explanate lateral elytral margins;
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31B3FF8D9FADDFB80" authority="Takizawa, 2012" authorityName="Takizawa" authorityYear="2012" box="[1057,1385,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yukikoae">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31B3FF8D9FB1DFB9F" box="[1057,1193,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">C. yukikoae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31BACF8D6FADDFB80" author="Takizawa, H." box="[1202,1385,1015,1039]" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, has more elongate antennae and penis expanded at apex and flattened in lateral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31FD7FF1EFDABFB4B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
The
<typeStatus id="54B28878D552FFB31FE5FF60FE9FFBD6" box="[251,299,1089,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">type</typeStatus>
locality is probably the Wain River Forest Reserve, just north of the city of Balikpapan. This isolated 10,000 hectare reserve of lowland forest (maximum elevation
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD552FFB31C78FF45FC12FBF3" box="[870,934,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" unit="m" value="110.0">110m</quantity>
) has been seriously degraded in the last 15 years, with approximately 30% lost to fire, logging and cultivation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31C90FFA6FB97FB10" author="Craven, D." box="[910,1059,1159,1183]" journalOrPublisher="Poster presented at: GISDECO, Seventh International Seminar on GIS in developing countries" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="15" refId="ref11553" refString="Craven, D. (2002) GIS and participatory management of a protected forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Poster presented at: GISDECO, Seventh International Seminar on GIS in developing countries, 15 - 18 May 2002. Available from: http: // www. gisdevelopment. net / proceedings / gisdeco / sessions / craven. htm / [accessed July 2010]" title="GIS and participatory management of a protected forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia" type="book chapter" year="2002">Craven 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31B31FFA6FA8AFB10" author="Cleary, D. F. R. &amp; Priadjati, A." box="[1071,1342,1159,1183]" journalOrPublisher="Plant Pathology" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="145 - 163" part="177" refId="ref11515" refString="Cleary, D. F. R. &amp; Priadjati, A. (2005) Vegetation responses to burning in a rainforest in Borneo. Plant Pathology, 177 (2), 145 - 163." title="Vegetation responses to burning in a rainforest in Borneo" type="journal article" year="2005">Cleary &amp; Priadjati 2005</bibRefCitation>
; Google Earth, images accessed
<date id="FFB7101AD552FFB31EBFFF8DFDA7FB4B" box="[417,531,1196,1220]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" value="2010-07">July 2010</date>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31FD7FFEEFE9AFADB" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
Some of the larger species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31D04FFF1FD26FB67" box="[538,658,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31D04FFF1FD26FB67" box="[538,658,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with sexually dimorphic males are known to aggregate at flowers of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31F89FFD5FF47FA83" box="[151,243,1268,1292]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31E6BFFD5FE68FA83" box="[373,476,1268,1292]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aroideae">Aroideae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31EF2FFD5FC3CFA83" author="Kumano-Nomura, Y. &amp; Yamaoka, R." box="[492,904,1268,1292]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Plant Research" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="183 - 192" part="122" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007" refId="ref12681" refString="Kumano-Nomura, Y. &amp; Yamaoka, R. (2009) Beetle visitations, and associations with quantitative variation of attractants in floral odors of Homalomena propinqua (Araceae). Journal of Plant Research, 122 (2), 183 - 192. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10265 - 008 - 0204 - 6" title="Beetle visitations, and associations with quantitative variation of attractants in floral odors of Homalomena propinqua (Araceae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Kumano-Nomura &amp; Yamaoka 2009</bibRefCitation>
; C. Darling
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31B09FFD4FB33FA83" box="[1047,1159,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">pers. com</emphasis>
. 2010;
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31BFEFFD5FA24FA83" author="Takizawa, H." box="[1248,1424,1268,1292]" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa 2012</bibRefCitation>
), and it is possible that
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31E97FE39FE5EFABF" box="[393,490,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31E97FE39FE5EFABF" box="[393,490,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">C. gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows this behaviour.
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31DF7FE36FCE4FAA0" box="[745,848,1303,1327]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aroideae">Aroideae</taxonomicName>
are particularly diverse in Borneo (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31BC3FE36FE95FADB" author="Mayo, S. J. &amp; Bogner, J. &amp; Boyce, P. C." bookContentInfo="370 pp" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, xii" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" refId="ref13128" refString="Mayo, S. J., Bogner, J. &amp; Boyce, P. C. (1997) The genera of Araceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, xii + 370 pp" title="The genera of Araceae" type="book" year="1997">Mayo, Bogner &amp; Boyce 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD552FFB31FD9FE41FB9FFA13" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D552FFB31FD9FE41FE32FAF7" box="[199,390,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D552FFB31FD9FE41FE32FAF7" box="[199,390,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="83">Chaloenus gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be the first record of this genus from Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD552FFB31A31FE7EFF67FA13" author="Takizawa, H." journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="4" pageNumber="83" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa 2012</bibRefCitation>
), however the senior author has collected an additional 8 species from there.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="35AD63846B2435AF4D6E98F3E6A58AAD">Chrysomelid males with enlarged mandibles: three new species and a review of occurrence in the family (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BB636DAD557FFB61F89FEE0FDBAFA55" blockId="1.[151,526,1473,1498]" box="[151,526,1473,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D557FFB61F89FEE0FDBAFA55" authority="Westwood 1861: 216" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="216" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,526,1473,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D557FFB61F89FEE0FDBAFA55" bold="true" box="[151,526,1473,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D557FFB61F89FEE0FEA0FA55" bold="true" box="[151,276,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Chaloenus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD557FFB61E04FEE3FDBAFA55" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[282,526,1473,1498]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Entomology" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" pagination="216 - 8" part="1" refId="ref14868" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1861) Description and figures of a new genus and species of Gallerucidae. Journal of Entomology, 1 (4), 216 - 8." title="Description and figures of a new genus and species of Gallerucidae" type="journal article" year="1861">Westwood 1861: 216</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636DAD557FFB61F89FD2AFBBBF9AF" blockId="1.[151,1039,1546,1568]" box="[151,1039,1546,1568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
<typeStatus id="54B28878D557FFB61F89FD2AFF7CF9AF" box="[151,200,1547,1568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D557FFB61E38FD2BFDD4F9AF" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[294,608,1546,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D557FFB61E38FD2BFE59F9AF" box="[294,493,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Chaloenus latifrons</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD557FFB61C9CFD2BFBBCF9AF" author="Wilcox, J. A." box="[898,1032,1546,1568]" journalOrPublisher="Luperini: Luperina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" pagination="431 - 664" part="78" refId="ref14902" refString="Wilcox, J. A. (1973) Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae. Luperini: Luperina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, 78 (3), 431 - 664." title="Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae" type="journal article" year="1973">Wilcox 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3136551D557FFB51F89FD6DFE64FEEB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD557FFB51F89FD6DFE64FEEB" blockId="1.[151,1436,1612,2032]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,895]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D557FFB61F89FD6DFE1CF9EA" bold="true" box="[151,424,1612,1637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">Diagnostic description</emphasis>
(based on
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD557FFB61D2AFD6DFD5AF9EB" author="Takizawa, H." box="[564,750,1612,1636]" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa, 2012</bibRefCitation>
, and examination of 12 species). Small to medium sized alticine, length
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD557FFB61E4CFD51FE18F907" box="[338,428,1648,1672]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3–8mm</quantity>
; head deflected at antennal insertions, especially in males, with genae and clypeus elongated; genae long, 0.5–2.0x eye length; male frontoclypeus without pits, setose foveae, tubercles or spines; postantennal calli well-defined, adjacent, convex, triangular to rectangular; antennal insertions close, separated by less than socket diameter; first antennomere greatly elongated, much longer than eye, second short, third elongated; labrum with truncate or convex apical margin; apical maxillary palpomere conical, shorter and narrower than preapical; pronotum strongly transverse, width 1.5–
<date id="FFB7101AD557FFB61DDBFC05FD67F8B3" box="[709,723,1828,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">2</date>
x length, broadest at anterior half (usually at anterior angles); pronotum with or without discal depressions (not sharply defined); anterior pronotal border usually absent; procoxae strongly protruding, adjacent; prosternal process narrow but present between coxae; procoxal cavities closed by insertion of hypomera into apex of prosternal process; elytra non-striate to striate, rarely partially costate; elytra glabrous or with scattered erect setae; epipleuron broad at base (0.15–
<date id="FFB7101AD557FFB61CECFC95FC4BF843" box="[1010,1023,1972,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="80">2</date>
x elytral width), gradually narrowed, upper and lower margins fusing well before elytral apex; mesoventrite process almost triangular, with truncate apex; metaventrite without posterior lobes between hind coxae; metafemur 1.5–
<date id="FFB7101AD554FFB51B06FBB6FB92FF20" box="[1048,1062,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">2</date>
x width mesofemur, with internal folded extensor endosclerite for jumping; tibiae rarely sharply ridged externally, without apical spurs; length of first metatarsomere slightly shorter to slightly longer than 2+3; third tarsomere deeply bilobed; tarsal claws appendiculate with basal lobe large and acute; ventrites not laterally ridged; male last ventrite trilobate, with two slots defining median apical lobe; female last ventrite simple; penis elongate-cylindrical with expanded basal foramen, apex symmetrical.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3136551D554FFB51FD9FA51FBCFFCF0" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD554FFB51FD9FA51FED4FD28" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51FD9FA51FEA5FE07" bold="true" box="[199,273,368,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Notes.</emphasis>
The original paper erecting
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51D51FA51FD73FE07" box="[591,711,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51D51FA51FD73FE07" box="[591,711,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was published in issue ‘IV’ of the
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51B4EFA51FAE5FE07" box="[1104,1361,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Journal of Entomology</emphasis>
, dated December, 1861 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD554FFB51E40FAB5FDADFE23" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[350,537,404,428]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="216 - 8" part="1" refId="ref14868" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1861) Description and figures of a new genus and species of Gallerucidae. Journal of Entomology, 1 (4), 216 - 8." title="Description and figures of a new genus and species of Gallerucidae" type="journal article" year="1861">Westwood 1861</bibRefCitation>
). The statement that Medvedev “erroneously dated it as 1861” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD554FFB51BFBFAB5FE35FE40" author="Konstantinov, A. S. &amp; Prathapan, K. D." journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterist's Bulletin" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="381 - 418" part="62" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/1089.1" refId="ref12626" refString="Konstantinov, A. S. &amp; Prathapan, K. D. (2008) New generic synonyms in the Oriental flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Coleopterist's Bulletin, 62 (3), 381 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1649 / 1089.1" title="New generic synonyms in the Oriental flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Konstantinov &amp; Prathapan 2008: 391</bibRefCitation>
) is therefore incorrect. Furthermore, the genus was originally credited with two species, both new, one described by Westwood and one by Baly. A
<typeStatus id="54B28878D554FFB51DF5FAFCFCAFFE7A" box="[747,795,477,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">type</typeStatus>
species was not clearly designated and the genus was not monotypic, therefore the statement by
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD554FFB51D41FADEFCF2FD98" author="Wilcox, J. A." box="[607,838,511,535]" journalOrPublisher="Luperini: Luperina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="431 - 664" part="78" refId="ref14902" refString="Wilcox, J. A. (1973) Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae. Luperini: Luperina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, 78 (3), 431 - 664." title="Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae" type="journal article" year="1973">Wilcox (1973: 656)</bibRefCitation>
, that
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51C92F921FB3BFD98" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[908,1167,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51C92F921FBBBFD97" box="[908,1039,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">C. latifrons</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
is the
<typeStatus id="54B28878D554FFB51BF6F921FAACFD97" box="[1256,1304,512,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">type</typeStatus>
species by monotypy, was erroneous. Ironically, Wilcox's statement constitutes a
<typeStatus id="54B28878D554FFB51B1DF904FB87FDB2" box="[1027,1075,549,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">type</typeStatus>
species designation in itself (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Art. 69.1.1), which is
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51CEBF969FB47FDD0" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[1013,1267,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51CEBF969FBC7FDEF" box="[1013,1139,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">C. latifrons</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation of Wilcox. This was overlooked by
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD554FFB51DDDF94DFBFEFD0B" author="Konstantinov, A. S. &amp; Prathapan, K. D." box="[707,1098,620,644]" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterist's Bulletin" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="381 - 418" part="62" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/1089.1" refId="ref12626" refString="Konstantinov, A. S. &amp; Prathapan, K. D. (2008) New generic synonyms in the Oriental flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Coleopterist's Bulletin, 62 (3), 381 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1649 / 1089.1" title="New generic synonyms in the Oriental flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Konstantinov &amp; Prathapan (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, who uneccessarily made the same designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD554FFB51FD9F995FC33FC9B" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD554FFB51FD9F995FDE9FD43" author="Konstantinov, A. S. &amp; Prathapan, K. D." box="[199,605,692,716]" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterist's Bulletin" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="381 - 418" part="62" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/1089.1" refId="ref12626" refString="Konstantinov, A. S. &amp; Prathapan, K. D. (2008) New generic synonyms in the Oriental flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Coleopterist's Bulletin, 62 (3), 381 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1649 / 1089.1" title="New generic synonyms in the Oriental flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Konstantinov &amp; Prathapan (2008)</bibRefCitation>
synonymised
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51C0EF994FB88FD43" authority="Jacoby, 1884" authorityName="Jacoby" authorityYear="1884" box="[784,1084,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Priostomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51C0EF994FC3BFD43" box="[784,911,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Priostomus</emphasis>
Jacoby, 1884
</taxonomicName>
, with
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51B8FF995FABCFD43" box="[1169,1288,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51B8FF995FABCFD43" box="[1169,1288,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51F89F9F9FEBBFD7F" box="[151,271,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51F89F9F9FEBBFD7F" box="[151,271,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has recently been revised (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD554FFB51D40F9F6FCA6FD60" author="Takizawa, H." box="[606,786,727,751]" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa 2012</bibRefCitation>
) with these two concepts,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51B44F9F9FB66FD7F" box="[1114,1234,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51B44F9F9FB66FD7F" box="[1114,1234,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51A0BF9F8FA20FD7F" box="[1301,1428,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Priostomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51A0BF9F8FA20FD7F" box="[1301,1428,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Priostomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, retained as subgenera, separated primarily by antennal proportions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD554FFB51FD9F801FBCFFCF0" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51FD9F801FE8BFCB7" box="[199,319,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D554FFB51FD9F801FE8BFCB7" box="[199,319,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Chaloenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of many genera of the leaf beetle subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D554FFB51C62F83EFBB7FCB8" box="[892,1027,799,823]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Galerucinae">Galerucinae</taxonomicName>
with greatest diversity on the Sunda Shelf of south-east Asia. There are 42 described species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD554FFB51C03F865FC7AFCD3" author="Takizawa, H." box="[797,974,836,860]" journalOrPublisher="Genus" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="269 - 330" part="23" refId="ref14766" refString="Takizawa, H. (2012) Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Genus, 23 (2), 269 - 330." title="Descriptions of new species of the genus Chaloenus Westwood from Greater Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Takizawa 2012</bibRefCitation>
), 36 of which are recorded from Borneo. The new species described below is also Bornean and belongs to the nominate subgenus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

275
data/03/A0/87/03A087CCD55FFFBA1F89F966FBD1FADA.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
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<mods:title id="843BB155C5DDE83299BD92F148D952F3">Chrysomelid males with enlarged mandibles: three new species and a review of occurrence in the family (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AD4516A1AB646B63E79516619A93D619">Reid, C. A. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B121B0816D58D0FC967FEA8BDE88D9B">Beatson, M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part id="122BB814FDDB602354953D227F69C91D">
<mods:date id="EFB4D7E3D16BC2705AD66E38590D42A0">2013</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C3136551D55FFFBE1F89F966FE93FD0B" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBE1F89F966FE75FDEF" blockId="9.[151,449,583,644]" box="[151,449,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1F89F966FE75FDEF" bold="true" box="[151,449,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55FFFBE1F89F966FED4FDEF" authority="Reid &amp; Beatson, 2013" authorityName="Reid &amp; Beatson" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,352,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1F89F966FED4FDEF" bold="true" box="[151,352,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Scaphodius ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D55FFFBE1E79F969FE75FDEF" box="[359,449,584,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBE1F89F94DFE93FD0B" blockId="9.[151,449,583,644]" box="[151,295,620,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">
(
<figureCitation id="13322A5FD55FFFBE1F81F94DFEABFD0B" box="[159,287,620,644]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 19–23" captionStart-1="FIGURES 24–28" captionStartId-0="10.[151,264,1960,1983]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox-0="[206,1377,205,1920]" captionTargetBox-1="[242,1351,185,1935]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[180,1416,193,1941]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[242,1356,171,1956]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURES 19–23. Scaphodius ferox sp. nov. 19, male, habitus; 20, male head, anterior; 21, male head, lateral; 22, female, habitus; 23, female head, anterior." captionText-1="FIGURES 24–28. Scaphodius ferox sp. nov. 24, penis lateral, dorsal, endophallic sclerite; 25, tegmen lateral, dorsal; 26, vaginal palp; 27, spermatheca and duct; 28, rectal kotpresse dorsal (left), ventral (right) (lighter shading = internal spicule patches)." pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Figs 19–28</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D55FFFBE1F89F992FE0BFCF0" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBE1F89F992FE0BFCF0" blockId="9.[151,1436,691,1978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1F89F992FE33FD43" bold="true" box="[151,391,691,716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B613C87D55FFFBE1E8AF995FC90FD60" collectingDate="2007-01-12" collectionCode="MHNP" collectorName="M. Wanat &amp; R. Dobosz" elevation="765" location="Mandjelia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54B28878D55FFFBE1E8AF995FDB5FD43" box="[404,513,692,716]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: 3/
<location id="8ED66001D55FFFBE1D22F995FD19FD43" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087CCD55FFFBA1F89F966FBD1FADA:8ED66001D55FFFBE1D22F995FD19FD43" box="[572,685,692,716]" name="Mandjelia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Mandjelia</location>
(summit), 20:23:09S 164:31:09E,
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD55FFFBE1B51F995FB7DFD43" box="[1103,1225,692,716]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.65" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="765.0" valueMax="780.0" valueMin="750.0">
<elevation id="0024D1E9D55FFFBE1B51F995FB7DFD43" box="[1103,1225,692,716]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.65" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="765.0" valueMax="780.0" valueMin="750.0">750–780m</elevation>
</quantity>
, beating montane rainforest,
<date id="FFB7101AD55FFFBE1E0BF9F6FE36FD60" box="[277,386,727,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2007-01-12">
<collectingDate id="EFF3E9F2D55FFFBE1E0BF9F6FE36FD60" box="[277,386,727,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2007-01-12">12.i.2007</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26FC530CD55FFFBE1E8CF9F9FDB2FD60" box="[402,518,728,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">M. Wanat</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26FC530CD55FFFBE1D2AF9F9FD04FD60" box="[564,688,727,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">R. Dobosz</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED18AE1FD55FFFBE1DDAF9F6FCAFFD60" box="[708,795,727,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">MHNP</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B613C87D55FFFBE1C2AF9F9FC00FC9B" collectingDate="2007-01-11" collectionCode="WUP" collectorName="M. Wanat" elevation="725" location="Mandjelia" municipality="Mandjelia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54B28878D55FFFBE1C2AF9F9FC2BFD7F" box="[820,927,728,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(4): Ƥ/
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACA0D55FFFBE1B14F9F6FBC8FD60" box="[1034,1148,727,751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Mandjelia</collectingMunicipality>
(subsummit), 20:23:09S 164:32:00E,
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD55FFFBE1E33F9DDFE13FC9B" box="[301,423,764,788]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="725.0" valueMax="750.0" valueMin="700.0">
<elevation id="0024D1E9D55FFFBE1E33F9DDFE13FC9B" box="[301,423,764,788]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="725.0" valueMax="750.0" valueMin="700.0">700–750m</elevation>
</quantity>
, night beating,
<date id="FFB7101AD55FFFBE1D7AF9DDFD7BFC9B" box="[612,719,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2007-01-11">
<collectingDate id="EFF3E9F2D55FFFBE1D7AF9DDFD7BFC9B" box="[612,719,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2007-01-11">11.i.2007</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26FC530CD55FFFBE1DFEF9DCFCE7FC9B" box="[736,851,765,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">M. Wanat</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED18AE1FD55FFFBE1C76F9DDFC18FC9B" box="[872,940,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">WUP</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B613C87D55FFFBE1CDBF9DDFC8FFCB8" collectingDate="2004-12-13" collectionCode="QMB" collectorName="G. Monteith" elevation="780" location="Mandjelia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" specimenCount="1">
Ƥ/
<location id="8ED66001D55FFFBE1CF0F9DDFBD7FC9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087CCD55FFFBA1F89F966FBD1FADA:8ED66001D55FFFBE1CF0F9DDFBD7FC9B" box="[1006,1123,764,788]" name="Mandjelia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Mandjelia</location>
, summit, 20:24S 164:32E,
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD55FFFBE1F89F83EFF6DFCB8" box="[151,217,799,823]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="780.0">
<elevation id="0024D1E9D55FFFBE1F89F83EFF6DFCB8" box="[151,217,799,823]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="780.0">780m</elevation>
</quantity>
, beating rainforest,
<date id="FFB7101AD55FFFBE1EDFF83EFDF7FCB8" box="[449,579,799,823]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2004-12-13">
<collectingDate id="EFF3E9F2D55FFFBE1EDFF83EFDF7FCB8" box="[449,579,799,823]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2004-12-13">13.xii.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26FC530CD55FFFBE1D4CF83EFD6FFCB8" box="[594,731,799,823]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">G. Monteith</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED18AE1FD55FFFBE1DF3F83EFC86FCB8" box="[749,818,799,823]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">QMB</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B613C87D55FFFBE1C54F801FCA1FCD3" collectingDate="2003-11-29" collectingDateMax="2004-01-31" collectingDateMin="2003-11-29" collectingMethod="malaise" collectionCode="QMB" collectorName="G. Monteith" elevation="550" location="Mandjelia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" specimenCount="1">
Ƥ/
<location id="8ED66001D55FFFBE1C6FF83EFC51FCB8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087CCD55FFFBA1F89F966FBD1FADA:8ED66001D55FFFBE1C6FF83EFC51FCB8" box="[881,997,799,823]" name="Mandjelia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Mandjelia</location>
, lower creek, 20:24S 164:31E,
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD55FFFBE1A4BF83EFA2CFCB8" box="[1365,1432,799,823]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="550.0">
<elevation id="0024D1E9D55FFFBE1A4BF83EFA2CFCB8" box="[1365,1432,799,823]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="550.0">550m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectingMethod id="52484ECDD55FFFBE1F89F865FF5BFCD3" box="[151,239,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">malaise</collectingMethod>
,
<date id="FFB7101AD55FFFBE1E17F865FE37FCD3" box="[265,387,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2003-11-29">
<collectingDate id="EFF3E9F2D55FFFBE1E17F865FE37FCD3" box="[265,387,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2003-11-29">29.xi.2003</collectingDate>
</date>
–
<date id="FFB7101AD55FFFBE1E8DF865FE4FFCD3" box="[403,507,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2004-01-31">
<collectingDate id="EFF3E9F2D55FFFBE1E8DF865FE4FFCD3" box="[403,507,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2004-01-31">31.i.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26FC530CD55FFFBE1D08F865FD1EFCD3" box="[534,682,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">G. Monteith</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED18AE1FD55FFFBE1DD6F865FCB9FCD3" box="[712,781,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">QMB</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B613C87D55FFFBE1C2EF865FE0BFCF0" collectingDate="2004-12-12" collectingDateMax="2004-12-13" collectingDateMin="2004-12-12" collectingMethod="malaise" collectionCode="MNHP" collectorName="G. Monteith" elevation="580" location="Mandjelia" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" specimenCount="1">
Ƥ, same data, except ‘
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD55FFFBE1B7EF865FB13FCD3" box="[1120,1191,836,860]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="580.0">
<elevation id="0024D1E9D55FFFBE1B7EF865FB13FCD3" box="[1120,1191,836,860]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="580.0">580m</elevation>
</quantity>
, beating rainforest,
<date id="FFB7101AD55FFFBE1F89F846FEF6FCF0" box="[151,322,871,895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2004-12-12" valueMax="2004-12-13" valueMin="2004-12-12">
<collectingDate id="EFF3E9F2D55FFFBE1F89F846FEF6FCF0" box="[151,322,871,895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" value="2004-12-12" valueMax="2004-12-13" valueMin="2004-12-12">12–13.xii.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
” (
<collectionCode id="ED18AE1FD55FFFBE1E42F846FE00FCF0" box="[348,436,871,895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">MNHP</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D55FFFBA1FD9F8AAFE04FC62" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBE1FD9F8AAFF4BFB80" blockId="9.[151,1436,691,1978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55FFFBE1FD9F8AAFEEDFC2B" bold="true" box="[199,345,907,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Description.</emphasis>
Length:
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD55FFFBE1EDEF8ADFDBBFC2B" box="[448,527,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5mm</quantity>
(male = female), greatest width
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD55FFFBE1C9BF8ADFC67FC2B" box="[901,979,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3mm</quantity>
(male),
<quantity id="4CF19B3FD55FFFBE1B2AF8ADFB37FC2B" box="[1076,1155,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
(female). Colour: black, except (i) labrum, labiomaxillary complex, pale yellow; (ii) antennomeres 1 up to 6, apices trochanters, middle of thoracic venter, sometimes brown [probably slightly teneral examples]. Dorsal pubescence: almost entirely glabrous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBE1FD7FF3DFC6AF9FB" blockId="9.[151,1436,691,1978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Head: male anterior half with sides produced and middle deeply cleft, head almost circular in female, broadest at genae below eyes in both sexes; vertex with minute (much smaller than eye facet) and sparse punctures with minute recumbent setae; frontoclypeus similar but strongly microreticulate and genae coarsely microreticulate; male frontoclypeus deeply bilobed, median cleft almost reaching antennal sockets, but lateral triangular lobes projecting beyond genae; female frontoclypeus flat, semi-ovate, apical margin narrowly concave; sides frontoclypeus bounded by oblique antennal grooves from sockets to lateral margins buccal cavity (male), or flat with almost vertical sutures which may be raised as fine ridges [teneral examples]; eye oval, inner margin feebly concave; interocular space 1.4x (male) or 1.2x (female) length of eye; gena long, minimum length 0.6x (male) or 0.8x (female) eye length; antennae 1.5x (male) or 1.3x (female) width head, all segments elongate, 1–6 sparsely setose and thin, almost parallel-sided; male antennomere 7 triangular with scattered setae, 8–10 triangular and densely setose, 11 elongate-oval and setose, female similar but 7–10 elongate-oval in shape; antennomeres 7–11 with apical sensory patch; antennomere 1 longest, greatly elongated in male (1.1x eye length) less so in female (0.7x eye length); male labrum massive, flat, elongate rectangular, apex almost truncate, female labrum small, slightly swollen, transverse; male mandibles greatly elongated, apices with 3 interlocking teeth and middle with elongate semi-circular horn curving inwards; female mandibles normal, extending just beyond labrum with 2 visible interlocking teeth; labio-maxillary complex elongated in male, normal in female, apical maxillary palpomere elongate-cylindrical in both sexes, much longer than pre-apical.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55FFFBA1FD7FDA1FF5DFD96" blockId="9.[151,1436,691,1978]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1365]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="9" pageNumber="88">Thorax: pronotum: strongly transverse, width 1.6x length (both sexes), anteriorly strongly laterally arched, front angles hidden by curvature; impunctate and glabrous except trichobothrium at each angle; anterior and lateral edges finely margined; anterior angles rounded, posterior angles posteriorly produced, 75° in perpendicular view; pronotal basal lobe shallowly triangular with bilobed apex, posterior margin finely and evenly toothed; hypomeron glabrous, impunctate; prosternum with large close punctures and erect setae, anterior margin reflexed; prosternal process strongly transverse, ventral surface flat, laterally bounded by parallel ridges, apex feebly concave to truncate; scutellum smooth, glabrous and impunctate, minute, length shorter than width 3rd elytral interval, elliptical; elytra tapered from humeri to rounded apices with c. 45° sutural angle; basal margin elytra smooth, slightly overlapping basal margin pronotum; elytra glabrous, striate, with striole and 10 striae (10th adjacent to epipleuron), each stria consisting of single line of large punctures, increasing in size from stria 1 to 9, interstriae impunctate, flat, except slightly convex intervals 7–9; striae 4, 5, 7 and 8 abbreviated before apex, striae 3 and 6 anastomised at apex; humeri prominent, swelling divided by base of 9th stria; epipleura glabrous and impunctate, ventrally produced at humeri, broad at base (= width third elytral interval), abruptly narrowed at postcoxae, then narrowing to a single edge before elytral apex; mesoventrite process similar to prosternal process; mesanepisternum and mesepimeron glabrous, impunctate, but densely microsculptured; fully winged; metaventrite with median groove, distinctly but sparsely punctured and pubscent throughout; metepisternum with scattered setae; femora elongate-ovate, similar sized; tibiae gradually expanded in basal 2/3, then contracted to apex, outer margins basally ridged; hind tarsi 0.75x length hind tibiae, length metatarsomere 1 &lt;2+3; male first pro- and mesotarsomeres feebly expanded, female first tarsomeres not expanded; claws appendiculate, lobe large, rightangled.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF766652D55CFFBD1F89FC89FE5BF850" pageId="10" pageNumber="89" startId="10.[151,264,1960,1983]" targetBox="[206,1377,205,1920]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55CFFBD1F89FC89FE5BF850" blockId="10.[151,1436,1960,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55CFFBD1F89FC89FEE1F832" bold="true" box="[151,341,1960,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="89">FIGURES 19–23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55CFFBD1E43FC89FDBAF831" box="[349,526,1960,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55CFFBD1E43FC89FDBAF831" box="[349,526,1960,1982]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="89">Scaphodius ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D55CFFBD1D09FC88FDDEF831" box="[535,618,1961,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="89" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55CFFBD1D09FC88FDD0F831" bold="true" box="[535,612,1961,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="89">
sp.
<date id="FFB7101AD55CFFBD1D21FC88FDD0F831" box="[575,612,1961,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="89" value="1919-11">nov</date>
</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
19, male, habitus; 20, male head, anterior; 21, male head, lateral; 22, female, habitus; 23, female head, anterior.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF766652D55DFFBC1F89FCB1FF47F866" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" startId="11.[151,264,1936,1959]" targetBox="[242,1351,185,1935]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55DFFBC1F89FCB1FF47F866" blockId="11.[151,1436,1936,2025]" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55DFFBC1F89FCB1FEE2F829" bold="true" box="[151,342,1936,1959]" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">FIGURES 24–28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55DFFBC1E7EFCB1FDA6F829" box="[352,530,1936,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55DFFBC1E7EFCB1FDA6F829" box="[352,530,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">Scaphodius ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D55DFFBC1D02FCB0FDC5F829" box="[540,625,1937,1958]" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55DFFBC1D02FCB0FDDFF829" bold="true" box="[540,619,1937,1958]" pageId="11" pageNumber="90">
sp.
<date id="FFB7101AD55DFFBC1D5BFCB0FDDFF829" box="[581,619,1937,1958]" pageId="11" pageNumber="90" value="1924-11">nov</date>
</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
24, penis lateral, dorsal, endophallic sclerite; 25, tegmen lateral, dorsal; 26, vaginal palp; 27, spermatheca and duct; 28, rectal kotpresse dorsal (left), ventral (right) (lighter shading = internal spicule patches).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF766652D55AFFBB1F89FC81FCCCF855" pageId="12" pageNumber="91" startId="12.[151,264,1952,1975]" targetBox="[223,1363,207,1912]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55AFFBB1F89FC81FCCCF855" blockId="12.[151,1436,1952,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55AFFBB1F89FC81FEE6F839" bold="true" box="[151,338,1952,1975]" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">FIGURES 29–30.</emphasis>
29, map of Borneo, showing distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55AFFBB1C09FC80FC77F838" box="[791,963,1953,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaloenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gajah" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55AFFBB1C09FC80FC77F838" box="[791,963,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">Chaloenus gajah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D55AFFBB1CD4FC80FBAEF839" box="[970,1050,1953,1974]" pageId="12" pageNumber="91" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55AFFBB1CD4FC80FBAEF839" bold="true" box="[970,1050,1953,1974]" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
; 30, map of
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD55AFFBB1B82FC83FA88F838" box="[1180,1340,1953,1975]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, showing distributions of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55AFFBB1E29FCE5FE58F855" box="[311,492,1988,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drehu" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55AFFBB1E29FCE5FE58F855" box="[311,492,1988,2010]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">Scaphodius drehu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D55AFFBB1EEDFCE5FDF7F856" box="[499,579,1988,2009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="91" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55AFFBB1EEDFCE5FDF7F856" bold="true" box="[499,579,1988,2009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
() and
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55AFFBB1D81FCE4FD5FF855" box="[671,747,1988,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55AFFBB1D81FCE4FD5FF855" box="[671,747,1988,2010]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">S. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57B3D55AFFBB1DEFFCE5FCF5F856" box="[753,833,1988,2009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="91" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55AFFBB1DEFFCE5FCF5F856" bold="true" box="[753,833,1988,2009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="91">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
().
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55BFFBA1FD7F904FE04FC62" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
Abdomen: paired patches of wing-folding spicules on each tergite including pygidium, increasing in size from II–VII; pygidium entirely punctured with recumbent setae, but basal bi-arcuate patch of wingfolding spicules present, without median ridge; ventrites without lateral ridges, distinctly punctured and recumbent-setose; ventrite V with truncate apex in both sexes, male with median shallow depression, female ventrite V with moderately deep bowl-shaped transversely strigose depression and median excavation of apical margin of ventrite IV.
<collectingCountry id="F31E764AD55BFFBA1A7CF994FA28FD42" box="[1378,1436,693,717]" name="Malta" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">Male</collectingCountry>
genitalia: spiculum Y-shaped; penis in lateral view with swollen apical half, constricted at base, acute apex; penis dorsally parallel-sided to rounded apex with small mucronate tip, pair of setae at base of ostium and c. 9 pairs of setae on apical margin; tegmen narrowly Y-shaped, without deep internal keel; endophallic sclerite roughly rectangular in dorsal view with thin apical lobes. Female genitalia: vaginal palp ovate, with transparent anterior margin; spermatheca falcate, twisted at base, with long loosely coiled duct; rectum with well-developed kotpresse: dorsum with triangular sclerites, narrowly hooked at projecting apices, and triangular patch of microspicules; venter with narrow parallel-sided transverse bar, projecting apices not greatly expanded; sides with posteriorly directed sclerotised strip.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D55BFFBA1FD9F8DBFB8FFB9E" box="[199,1083,1017,1042]" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55BFFBA1FD9F8DBFB8FFB9E" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1365]" box="[199,1083,1017,1042]" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55BFFBA1FD9F8DBFE16FB9D" bold="true" box="[199,418,1018,1042]" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">Notes. Etymology:</emphasis>
named for the fierce (Latin:
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55BFFBA1DFBF8D8FC96FB9E" box="[741,802,1017,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox">ferox</taxonomicName>
) appearance of the male.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D55BFFBA1FD7FF3CFCA6FBF2" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55BFFBA1FD7FF3CFCA6FBF2" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">Sensory organs on the head are sexually dimorphic in size, as compared against body length, measured from anterior margin of pronotum to apex of elytra: greatest diameter of eye 16% (male) or 14–15% (female) body length; antennal length 76% (male) or 45–46% (female).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136551D55BFFBA1FD7FFA8FBD1FADA" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB636DAD55BFFBA1FD7FFA8FBD1FADA" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">
This is one of many species of
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55BFFBA1D26FFA8FD0DFB2E" box="[568,697,1161,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55BFFBA1D26FFA8FD0DFB2E" box="[568,697,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">Scaphodius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with greatly modified mandibles and extended clypeal or genal lobes (
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B2BD55BFFBA1FFFFF8CFE36FB4A" author="Scholler, M." box="[225,386,1197,1221]" journalOrPublisher="Linzer biologia Beitrage" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" pagination="767 - 801" part="41" refId="ref14497" refString="Scholler, M. (2009) Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Linzer biologia Beitrage, 41 (1), 767 - 801." title="Revision of the New Caledonian genus Scaphodius Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Schöller 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55BFFBA1E93FF8FFE47FB4A" box="[397,499,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">pers. obs</emphasis>
. CAMR). Six of the 41 species with males available to us have a spine on the inner edge of the male mandible. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55BFFBA1D58FFF3FD28FB66" box="[582,668,1233,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55BFFBA1D58FFF3FD28FB66" box="[582,668,1233,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">S. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species we are aware of with a smooth glabrous dorsum and an elongate dorsally directed tooth at the base of each mandible. There are several shining black undescribed species, but with relatively unmodified male mandibles and at least slightly punctate or strigose pronotum. The black head with contrasting yellow mouthparts also seems to be diagnostic for
<taxonomicName id="4C094D59D55BFFBA1B14FE1FFBEAFADA" box="[1034,1118,1341,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Scaphodius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC8D55BFFBA1B14FE1FFBEAFADA" box="[1034,1118,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="92">S. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>