From d67231d7b02709d1a354a63455f2ecc5d49b3506 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ggserver <ggserver@srv1.plazi.org>
Date: Tue, 11 Mar 2025 03:12:12 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-03-11 03:06:07
---
.../87/03E78790FFD4FF801145FE67FE7AFBFD.xml | 908 ++++++++----------
.../87/03E78790FFD4FF8C10B1FECCFC3DFE60.xml | 71 +-
.../95/03EB9567FFE95F3BFCA27D28D2ACF9D4.xml | 131 +--
.../95/03EB9567FFEA5F36FF767CF5D71EFB2F.xml | 118 +++
.../95/03EB9567FFEC5F38FF657DF4D08CFA27.xml | 252 ++---
.../95/03EB9567FFED5F3DFD487FB1D64DF9EF.xml | 155 +--
.../95/03EB9567FFF05F22FF197F61D6B9FABF.xml | 75 +-
.../95/03EB9567FFF35F23FCB97EB0D1AFF6CE.xml | 146 +++
.../95/03EB9567FFF45F26FF7E7D83D40EFB93.xml | 130 +++
.../95/03EB9567FFF75F21FCAC73B1D711FD29.xml | 169 ++--
.../95/03EB9567FFF75F26FCAD7FD0D67DF7BC.xml | 81 ++
.../95/03EB9567FFF85F2AFF0D7F14D47EFA5F.xml | 110 +--
.../95/03EB9567FFFB5F25FCBD7D63D112F98A.xml | 212 ++--
.../95/03EB9567FFFC5F2DFF75782ED1C6F989.xml | 58 +-
.../95/03EB9567FFFC5F2DFF757DD4D1FFF8D8.xml | 58 +-
.../95/03EB9567FFFC5F2EFF087C57D046FECC.xml | 58 +-
.../95/03EB9567FFFE5F2FFF657F5ED0D9F6B7.xml | 92 ++
.../95/03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D681FBE2.xml | 110 +--
.../95/03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4F7FCED756F84D.xml | 105 +-
19 files changed, 1786 insertions(+), 1253 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFEA5F36FF767CF5D71EFB2F.xml
create mode 100644 data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF35F23FCB97EB0D1AFF6CE.xml
create mode 100644 data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF45F26FF7E7D83D40EFB93.xml
create mode 100644 data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF75F26FCAD7FD0D67DF7BC.xml
create mode 100644 data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFFE5F2FFF657F5ED0D9F6B7.xml
diff --git a/data/03/E7/87/03E78790FFD4FF801145FE67FE7AFBFD.xml b/data/03/E7/87/03E78790FFD4FF801145FE67FE7AFBFD.xml
index ca6f2527afc..c4fb015a28b 100644
--- a/data/03/E7/87/03E78790FFD4FF801145FE67FE7AFBFD.xml
+++ b/data/03/E7/87/03E78790FFD4FF801145FE67FE7AFBFD.xml
@@ -1,803 +1,749 @@
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-<mods:title>Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication)</mods:title>
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-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[772,1260,479,516]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[772,1114,479,516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD4FF8C1145FE67FB5FFDAF" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[772,1260,479,516]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD4FF8C1145FE67FBE9FDAF" bold="true" box="[772,1114,479,516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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.
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-<paragraph blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
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+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD4FF8C13E0FD9BFC25FB50" blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
The complete skeleton of this animal is restored on
-<figureCitation box="[1426,1658,547,583]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD4FF8C17D3FD9BF9C9FDEB" box="[1426,1658,547,583]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
. The height of the head in the standing position was 5.35 m. The skull was of relatively large size, of extremely robust structure. The neck was abbreviated but flexible, the cervical ribs being relatively short. In the standing position the body was balanced by the tail, only a few parts of which are known. There is little indication of much free movement between the dorsal vertebrae, the centra being of the amphiplatyan type, flat or feebly amphicoelian. The sacrals are firmly coalesced with each other and with the ilium as the
-<emphasis box="[456,568,995,1029]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">centre</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD4FF8C1389FC5BFD8BFBA9" box="[456,568,995,1029]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">centre</emphasis>
of motion. The pubes are of extraordinary size, terminating inferiorly in an enormous peduncle. The hind limbs are provided with extremely muscular attachments, but they contain large hollow cavities and are relatively light. The feet, judging by the metatarsals and single phalanx preserved, were of huge size and provided with powerful claws.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" box="[888,1190,1305,1341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">i. THE SKULL.</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD4FF8C1139FAA2FB15FA90" blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" box="[888,1190,1305,1341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">i. THE SKULL.</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD4FF8C13F4FAE5FA31F904" blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
The parts of the skull preserved are put in place (
-<figureCitation box="[1372,1477,1371,1409]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[206,248,1851,1878]" captionTargetBox="[152,1400,839,1836]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Skull of Tryrannosaurus. d, dentary; sur, surangular; sq, squamosal; prf,prefrontal; o, orbit; na, anterior nares; 1, 2, 3, antorbital openings. Dotted outlines arefrom Allosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360282/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD4FF8C171DFAE3FA76FA2D" box="[1372,1477,1371,1409]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[206,248,1851,1878]" captionTargetBox="[152,1400,839,1836]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Skull of Tryrannosaurus. d, dentary; sur, surangular; sq, squamosal; prf,prefrontal; o, orbit; na, anterior nares; 1, 2, 3, antorbital openings. Dotted outlines arefrom Allosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360282/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) by comparison with the skull of
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[875,1066,1422,1458]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[875,1066,1422,1458]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD4FF8C112AFA36FB99FA1E" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[875,1066,1422,1458]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD4FF8C112AFA36FB99FA1E" box="[875,1066,1422,1458]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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(
-<figureCitation box="[1106,1225,1421,1459]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[541,583,1588,1613]" captionTargetBox="[488,1486,1018,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Skull of Allosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History. To same scale as the skull of Tyrannosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD4FF8C1613FA35FB7AFA1E" box="[1106,1225,1421,1459]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[541,583,1588,1613]" captionTargetBox="[488,1486,1018,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Skull of Allosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History. To same scale as the skull of Tyrannosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
Fig.
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[1202,1225,1422,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">2</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD4FF8C16F3FA36FB7AFA1E" bold="true" box="[1202,1225,1422,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">2</emphasis>
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). Our knowledge will fortunately be supplemented from a skull in the Carnegie Museum, which is perfectly preserved in the occipital region, and which, with other parts, will soon be described by Dr. W. J. Holland. In general the skull resembles that of
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[893,1088,1619,1657]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[893,1088,1619,1657]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD4FF8C113CF9EBFBF3F9D5" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[893,1088,1619,1657]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD4FF8C113CF9EBFBF3F9D5" box="[893,1088,1619,1657]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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, with greater massiveness and marked abbreviation, less elongate and of greater depth.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD4FF8C13EFF90EF9C8F764" blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
Maxillary. - The maxillaries are triangular in outline, enclosing the second antorbital foramen (2) and bounding chiefly the antorbital (1) foramen as well as the maxillo-premaxillary (3) foramen. The surface is convex, roughened, and pitted with numerous open canals and foramina, which are arranged in rows parallel with the dental series. Anteriorly and superiorly the lines of union with the premaxillaries, nasals, and prefrontals are distinguishable. On the inner side the dental alveoli extend downward into triangular plates which do not touch each other but are continuous with the walls separating the teeth and evidently functioned in their reinforcement. The maximum length of the maxillary is 690 mm.; its greatest depth,
-<emphasis box="[1495,1556,2212,2247]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">410</emphasis>
-mm. Twelve teeth constitute the maxillary series. There was certainly one and possibly two small teeth in the premaxillary making thirteen to fourteen altogether. The maxillary teeth are ovate in
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD4FF8C1796F71CF9A7F76B" box="[1495,1556,2212,2247]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">410</emphasis>
+mm.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="4.[122,1424,413,800]" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">cross section. Nos. 1 and 2 of the maxillary series are of smaller size; Nos. 4, 5, and 6 are the largest of the series; the remainder diminish rapidly to No. 12, which was greatly reduced, judging from its small alveolus.</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="4.[122,1424,413,800]" lastBlockId="4.[127,1437,1965,2453]" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
-<emphasis box="[188,375,613,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Prefrontal</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD4FF8B13F2F76CFEA9FDFB" blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" lastBlockId="4.[122,1424,413,800]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="285" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Twelve teeth constitute the maxillary series. There was certainly one and possibly two small teeth in the premaxillary making thirteen to fourteen altogether. The maxillary teeth are ovate in cross section. Nos. 1 and 2 of the maxillary series are of smaller size; Nos. 4, 5, and 6 are the largest of the series; the remainder diminish rapidly to No. 12, which was greatly reduced, judging from its small alveolus.</paragraph>
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+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B12FDFDDDFEC4FD26" box="[188,375,613,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Prefrontal</emphasis>
. -This massive ¬-shaped bone is formed by the union of two bars surmounted by the supraorbital protuberances as in
-<emphasis box="[175,373,712,749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B12EEFD70FEC6FD41" box="[175,373,712,749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
. On the inner surface of the descending bar is a thin transverse plate separating the orbit from the antorbital fenestra. The length of the antero-posterior bar is 340 mm., of the vertical bar 350 mm.
</paragraph>
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Fig. 1. Skull of
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-<emphasis box="[445,644,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Tryrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD3FF8B13FCF883FD37F8FA" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[445,644,1851,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B13FCF883FD37F8FA" box="[445,644,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Tryrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
-<emphasis box="[683,700,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">d</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B10EAF883FD0FF8FA" box="[683,700,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">d</emphasis>
, dentary; sur, surangular;
-<emphasis box="[1067,1094,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">sq</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B166AF887FBF5F8F9" box="[1067,1094,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">sq</emphasis>
, squamosal; prf,prefrontal; o, orbit; na, anterior nares; 1, 2, 3, antorbital openings. Dotted outlines are from
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1234,1387,1887,1912]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1234,1387,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD3FF8B1693F8E7FAD8F8D4" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1234,1387,1887,1912]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B1693F8E7FAD8F8D4" box="[1234,1387,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="4.[127,1437,1965,2453]" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD3FF8B1285F7A0FAF0F752" blockId="4.[127,1437,1965,2453]" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
Palatine.-A pair of thin flat plates(
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387316" box="[862,1257,2064,2110]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="4" pageNumber="285" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">Amer.Mus. No. 5866</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD3FF8B111FF7ADFB5AF792" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387316" box="[862,1257,2064,2110]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="4" pageNumber="285" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="holotype">Amer.Mus. No. 5866</materialsCitation>
)probably represent these elements, the main body of the plate extending forward and ending in an obtuse point which articulated with the maxillary, while a smaller process projected backward to unite with the pterygoids. The measurements are: length 355, width 225 mm.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="4.[127,1437,1965,2453]" lastBlockId="5.[351,1645,412,998]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
-<emphasis box="[199,396,2313,2353]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Squamosal</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD3FF8A1286F6B1FB77FC8D" blockId="4.[127,1437,1965,2453]" lastBlockId="5.[351,1645,412,998]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B1286F6B1FE3FF69D" box="[199,396,2313,2353]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Squamosal</emphasis>
. -The squlamosal exhibits a decided contrast with that.of
-<emphasis box="[179,374,2366,2402]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B12F2F686FEC5F6CE" box="[179,374,2366,2402]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
in the presence of the horizontal bar(possibly homologous with the depressed bar in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[612,807,2413,2453]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[612,807,2413,2453]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD3FF8B1025F6D5FC94F639" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[612,807,2413,2453]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD3FF8B1025F6D5FC94F639" box="[612,807,2413,2453]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) which appears to project forward into the latero-temporal fenestra; below this bar is a rough border for union with the quadrato-jugal; its proximal end is deeply incised, apparently for the stapedial canal;. A somewhat similar bar in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[353,547,563,601]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[353,547,563,601]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A1320FD8BFD90FDF5" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[353,547,563,601]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A1320FD8BFD90FDF5" box="[353,547,563,601]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
extends downward and forward. The superior groove for the reception of the projecting process of the postorbito-frontal, the roughened
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[627,704,665,700]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">area</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A1032FD21FD73FD10" bold="true" box="[627,704,665,700]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">area</emphasis>
for the attachment of the paroccipital, the posteroinferior attachment of the paroccipital, and the inferior articular
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[354,430,765,800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">area</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A1323FD45FE1DFC8C" bold="true" box="[354,430,765,800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">area</emphasis>
for the quadrate, can be made out clearly.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="5.[351,1645,412,998]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
-<emphasis box="[417,564,813,850]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Dentary</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD2FF8A13E0FC95F9D9FC49" blockId="5.[351,1645,412,998]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A13E0FC95FD87FCFE" box="[417,564,813,850]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Dentary</emphasis>
. - The dentaries of both rami with nearly all the teeth finely preserved are shown in both specimens; the exterior surface is pitted by vascular foramina. The symphysial union was ligamentous. The dentary deepens decidedly below its junction with the surangular.
</paragraph>
-<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" targetBox="[488,1486,1018,1577]" targetPageId="5">
-<paragraph blockId="5.[480,1473,1587,1646]" box="[541,1473,1587,1614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
+<caption id="DF31660EFFD2FF8A105CF98CFBA8F9C2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" targetBox="[488,1486,1018,1577]" targetPageId="5">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD2FF8A105CF98CFA72F9E1" blockId="5.[480,1473,1587,1646]" box="[541,1473,1587,1614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
Fig. 2. Skull of
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[759,899,1587,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[759,899,1587,1614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A10B6F98BFC30F9E2" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[759,899,1587,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A10B6F98BFC30F9E2" box="[759,899,1587,1614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[943,1223,1588,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">the American Museum</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A11EEF98DFB74F9E1" bold="true" box="[943,1223,1588,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">the American Museum</emphasis>
of Natural History.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="5.[480,1473,1587,1646]" box="[480,1051,1620,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[480,653,1621,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">To same scale</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD2FF8A13A1F9EEFBA8F9C2" blockId="5.[480,1473,1587,1646]" box="[480,1051,1620,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A13A1F9EEFD3EF9C2" bold="true" box="[480,653,1621,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">To same scale</emphasis>
as the skull of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[854,1047,1620,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[854,1047,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A1117F9ECFBA4F9C2" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[854,1047,1620,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A1117F9ECFBA4F9C2" box="[854,1047,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="5.[350,1645,1687,2418]" lastBlockId="6.[145,1330,1833,1923]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="287" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD2FF8A13E3F922F9DFF95C" blockId="5.[350,1645,1687,2418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
There are thirteen teeth in each jaw of the type of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1363,1635,1689,1727]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1363,1635,1689,1727]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A1712F921F9D0F913" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1363,1635,1689,1727]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A1712F921F9D0F913" box="[1363,1635,1689,1727]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-, and thirteen on one and fourteen on the other side in the jaws of
-<subSubSection box="[352,1184,1788,1827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" type="reference_group">
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387306" box="[352,730,1789,1827]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="5" pageNumber="286" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[352,457,1790,1827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Amer</emphasis>
+, and thirteen on one and fourteen on the other side in the jaws of
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD2FF8A1321F946FB13F88F" blockId="5.[350,1645,1687,2418]" box="[352,1184,1788,1827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD2FF8A1321F946FD69F88E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387306" box="[352,730,1789,1827]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="5" pageNumber="286" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="holotype">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A1321F946FE7AF88F" bold="true" box="[352,457,1790,1827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Amer</emphasis>
. Mus. No. 5866
</materialsCitation>
(type of
-<treatmentCitation authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" genus="Dynamosaurus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD8786-FF96-FFED-3A82-F9C57DDCF68A" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" rank="species" species="imperiosus">
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperiosus" status="syn. nov.">
-<emphasis box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
+<treatmentCitation id="0AEF1097FFD2FF8A113DF944FB3CF88F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" genus="Dynamosaurus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD8786-FF96-FFED-3A82-F9C57DDCF68A" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" rank="species" species="imperiosus">
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A113DF944FB3CF88F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperiosus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A113DF944FB3CF88F" box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
).
-</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" type="description">
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD2FF8916F1F946FA2DFE03" blockId="5.[350,1645,1687,2418]" lastBlockId="6.[137,1444,280,929]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="287" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
The teeth are large, with the transverse exceeding the antero-posterior diameter, and points recurved. The anterior tooth, as in the four anterior teeth of
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A1452F8D8FE66F81A" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A1452F8D8FE66F81A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some of the anterior teeth of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1097,1269,1935,1974]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1097,1269,1935,1974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Deinodon</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A1608F837FB46F81A" authority="Leidy, 1856" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1097,1269,1935,1974]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A1608F837FB46F81A" box="[1097,1269,1935,1974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Deinodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has a subtriangular form and is of greatly inferior size; the edges divide the tooth unequally into an anterior convex face representing two-thirds of its surface, and a posterior concave face. The second to fifth teeth are the largest of the series. The
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[934,1026,2133,2170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">sixth</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A11E7F7EDFBB1F7D6" bold="true" box="[934,1026,2133,2170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">sixth</emphasis>
to the thirteenth decrease gradually, so that the thirteenth could scarcely have been functional. As in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[393,589,2234,2269]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[393,589,2234,2269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A13C8F702FDFEF771" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[393,589,2234,2269]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A13C8F702FDFEF771" box="[393,589,2234,2269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the serrate edges do not equally divide any of the crowns, and change according to the position of the teeth; the anterior
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[351,599,2331,2369]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">serrated edge</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A131EF6A4FDE4F6ED" bold="true" box="[351,599,2331,2369]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">serrated edge</emphasis>
gradually shifts forwards from the inner side to the anterior border of the tooth. In
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[958,1150,2380,2417]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[958,1150,2380,2417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD2FF8A11FFF6F4FBCDF6DD" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[958,1150,2380,2417]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD2FF8A11FFF6F4FBCDF6DD" box="[958,1150,2380,2417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the teeth are more compressed transversely, as is the case also in the Judith River
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1257,1433,396,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1257,1433,396,431]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Deinodon</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD1FF8916A8FE34FA2AFE03" authority="Leidy, 1856" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1257,1433,396,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF8916A8FE34FA2AFE03" box="[1257,1433,396,431]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Deinodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-. As in the maxillaries the inner border of the alveoli is strengthened by triangular dentary plates; at their base is a deep canal parallel to the alveoli. The dental foramen opens beneath the eighth tooth. In front of this, extending nearly the entire length of the dentary is an open shallow canal. Measurements: extreme length of dentary, 850; depth at middle section, 155; largest tooth, 125 mm.
-<emphasis box="[203,412,744,781]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Surangular</emphasis>
+.
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD1FF89128BFE05FB08FD76" blockId="6.[137,1444,280,929]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">As in the maxillaries the inner border of the alveoli is strengthened by triangular dentary plates; at their base is a deep canal parallel to the alveoli. The dental foramen opens beneath the eighth tooth. In front of this, extending nearly the entire length of the dentary is an open shallow canal. Measurements: extreme length of dentary, 850; depth at middle section, 155; largest tooth, 125 mm.</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD1FF89128AFD50FBF8F82E" blockId="6.[137,1444,280,929]" lastBlockId="6.[145,1330,1833,1923]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF89128AFD50FE2FFCA1" box="[203,412,744,781]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Surangular</emphasis>
. - The. surangular is a broad plate, with an arched dorsal coronoid border overhanging the concave inner surface. Contracting posteriorly a heavy inner process expands to form the anterior buttress of the articular; just in front of this is the large foramen homologous with that in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[851,1047,1837,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[851,1047,1837,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD1FF891112F895FBA4F8FD" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[851,1047,1837,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF891112F895FBA4F8FD" box="[851,1047,1837,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
-<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1842" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[1171,1324,1835,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Hatteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1171,1324,1835,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Hatteria</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD1FF8916D2F893FA9FF8FD" authority="Gray, 1842" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[1171,1324,1835,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Hatteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF8916D2F893FA9FF8FD" box="[1171,1324,1835,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Hatteria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The measurements are: length
-<emphasis box="[653,717,1886,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">610</emphasis>
-, extreme depth 260.
-<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360286/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" targetBox="[90,1498,947,1690]" targetPageId="6">
-<paragraph blockId="6.[81,1511,1702,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF8910CCF8E6FD7EF82E" box="[653,717,1886,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">610</emphasis>
+, extreme depth 260.
+</paragraph>
+<caption id="DF31660EFFD1FF8912D1F91FFC55F8AC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360286/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" targetBox="[90,1498,947,1690]" targetPageId="6">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD1FF8912D1F91FFC55F8AC" blockId="6.[81,1511,1702,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
Fig. 3. Cervical vertebrm of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[526,725,1704,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[526,725,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD1FF89104FF910FD66F96C" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[526,725,1704,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF89104FF910FD66F96C" box="[526,725,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.,
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387308" box="[760,1033,1703,1728]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="6" pageNumber="287" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">Amer. Mus. No. 5866</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD1FF8910B9F910FBBAF96C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387308" box="[760,1033,1703,1728]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="6" pageNumber="287" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="holotype">Amer. Mus. No. 5866</materialsCitation>
. hypocentrum of atlas;
-<emphasis box="[1368,1418,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">nph</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF891719F91EFA39F96C" box="[1368,1418,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">nph</emphasis>
, neuropophysis; 2 supposed axis with its hypocentium;
-<emphasis box="[697,728,1734,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">od</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF8910F8F97EFD6BF94D" box="[697,728,1734,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">od</emphasis>
, odontoid; 3, 9 remaining cervicals; r8, r9, ribs found attached to ribs, 8-9,
-<emphasis box="[236,307,1766,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">10-11</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF8912ADF95EFE80F8AE" box="[236,307,1766,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">10-11</emphasis>
, cervico-dorsals; c, capitular facet; t, tubercular facets.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" box="[519,1079,1960,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
-<heading allCaps="true" box="[519,1079,1960,1996]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" reason="4">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD1FF891046F813FB84F867" blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" box="[519,1079,1960,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
+<heading id="D0B981EAFFD1FF891046F813FB84F867" allCaps="true" box="[519,1079,1960,1996]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" reason="4">
2. THE
-<emphasis box="[684,900,1960,1995]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">VERTEBRAL</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF8910EDF810FC37F867" box="[684,900,1960,1995]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">VERTEBRAL</emphasis>
COLUMN.
</heading>
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD1FF891293F85AFDBAF766" blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
The vertebral formula cannot be given precisely. It is estimated in the restoration (
-<figureCitation box="[531,814,2064,2104]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Plate XXXIX</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD1FF891052F7A8FC9DF79B" box="[531,814,2064,2104]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Plate XXXIX</figureCitation>
) that there were twenty-three presacrals, as in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[461,659,2116,2152]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[461,659,2116,2152]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD1FF89138CF7FCFD20F7C4" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[461,659,2116,2152]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF89138CF7FCFD20F7C4" box="[461,659,2116,2152]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The characters of
-<emphasis box="[1057,1146,2114,2152]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">most</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF891660F7FAFBC9F7C4" box="[1057,1146,2114,2152]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">most</emphasis>
of the vertebrae can be precisely ascertained from the types of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1176,1450,2162,2201]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1176,1450,2162,2201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD1FF8916D9F7CAFA19F735" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1176,1450,2162,2201]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF8916D9F7CAFA19F735" box="[1176,1450,2162,2201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[238,515,2213,2250]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[238,515,2213,2250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD1FF8912AFF71DFDB0F766" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[238,515,2213,2250]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF8912AFF71DFDB0F766" box="[238,515,2213,2250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
-<emphasis box="[214,378,2262,2299]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Cervicals</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD1FF891297F76EFD01F682" blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD1FF891297F76EFEC9F757" box="[214,378,2262,2299]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Cervicals</emphasis>
. -The cervicals in
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387315" box="[772,941,2259,2300]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="6" pageNumber="287" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD1FF891145F76FFC1EF750" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387315" box="[772,941,2259,2300]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="6" pageNumber="287" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="holotype">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
were found partly articulated and in position (
-<figureCitation box="[559,668,2311,2351]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="6.[144,188,1703,1727]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Cervical vertebrm of Tyrannosaurus.,Amer. Mus. No. 5866. hypocentrum of atlas; nph, neuropophysis; 2 supposed axis with its hypocentium; od, odontoid; 3, 9 remaining cervicals; r8, r9, ribs found attached to ribs, 8-9, 1-011, cervico-dorsals; c, capitular facet; t, tubercular facets." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360286/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD1FF89106EF6BFFD2FF682" box="[559,668,2311,2351]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="6.[144,188,1703,1727]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Cervical vertebrm of Tyrannosaurus.,Amer. Mus. No. 5866. hypocentrum of atlas; nph, neuropophysis; 2 supposed axis with its hypocentium; od, odontoid; 3, 9 remaining cervicals; r8, r9, ribs found attached to ribs, 8-9, 1-011, cervico-dorsals; c, capitular facet; t, tubercular facets." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360286/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" lastBlockId="7.[331,1625,390,1077]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD1FF881298F680FAF8FDEE" blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
Some uncertainty exists as regards the atlas-axis complex, because the vertebra interpreted as the
-<emphasis box="[1103,1175,393,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">axis</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF88160EFE31FB24FE00" box="[1103,1175,393,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">axis</emphasis>
(
-<figureCitation box="[1207,1321,390,429]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[541,583,1588,1613]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Skull of AiZosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History. To same scale as the skull of Tyrannosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD0FF8816F6FE30FA9AFE01" box="[1207,1321,390,429]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[541,583,1588,1613]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Skull of AiZosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History. To same scale as the skull of Tyrannosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), which in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD0FF8817BFFE30FE71FE72" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF8817BFFE30FE71FE72" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the odontoid process and is firmly coalesced with the axis, fails to show evidence of the sutural union between the lower portion of the centrum and the supposed hypocentrum.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="7.[331,1625,390,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD0FF8813CDFDE8FAA3FD7A" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
The vertebra interpreted as the axis is extremely abbreviate as compared with that of
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[742,940,640,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[742,940,640,677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD0FF8810A7FD38FC1FFD09" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[742,940,640,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF8810A7FD38FC1FFD09" box="[742,940,640,677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; possibly because of partial crushing; it bore a slender two-headed rib, which is preserved.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="7.[331,1625,390,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD0FF8813CDFD5CFC28FC62" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
The
-<emphasis box="[481,562,740,775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">atlas</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF8813A0FD5CFD81FCAB" box="[481,562,740,775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">atlas</emphasis>
is positivelv determined with its very shallow concavity for the cranial condyle (
-<emphasis box="[819,839,790,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">c</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF881172FCAEFCF4FC95" box="[819,839,790,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">c</emphasis>
), with attachment areas for the neural arches (
-<emphasis box="[479,582,839,875]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">nph</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF88139EFCFFFDF5FCC7" box="[479,582,839,875]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">nph</emphasis>
), with a definite articulation posteriorly for the hypocentrum of the axis (
-<emphasis box="[713,770,889,925]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">hy</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF881088FCC1FCB1FC31" box="[713,770,889,925]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">hy</emphasis>
), and with a postero-superior concave surface for articulation of the odontoid.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="7.[331,1625,390,1077]" lastBlockId="7.[327,1624,1485,2412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
-<emphasis box="[396,556,988,1025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Cervicals</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD0FF8813CDFC64FC96F8B1" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF8813CDFC64FD9FFBAD" box="[396,556,988,1025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Cervicals</emphasis>
3-9.- Of the cervical series Nos. 2 and 3 were in position, No. 4 was found in a separate block, Nos. 5-
-<emphasis box="[782,915,1087,1117]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">11 with</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD0FF88114FFBF2FC20FBF1" box="[782,915,1087,1117]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">11 with</emphasis>
the neural spines of Nos. 12, 13, were found articulated. The hypocentrum of the axis exhibits a plane anterior face with a roughened posterior face for close union with the centrum in the third vertebra. These cervicals are distinguished by: (1) broad depressed neural spines (
-<figureCitation box="[1261,1376,1382,1423]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[393,435,1525,1565]" captionTargetBox="[333,760,1061,1502]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Anterior view of mid-cervical vertebra, Amer. Mus No. 5866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360288/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD0FF8816ACFADEFAD3FA22" box="[1261,1376,1382,1423]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[393,435,1525,1565]" captionTargetBox="[333,760,1061,1502]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Anterior view of mid-cervical vertebra, Amer. Mus No. 5866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360288/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), (2) gently opisthocoelous centra, (3) relatively short ribs which change from slender bars in C1-C3 into somewhat broadened triangular plates as preserved in C8 and C9, (4) the centra broad and short, deeply excavated laterally. The posterior faces are distinctly but gently concave, while the natural convexity of the anterior faces appears to have been altered by crushing.
</paragraph>
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+<caption id="DF31660EFFD0FF8813C8FA4DFE0EF9F8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360288/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" targetBox="[333,760,1061,1502]" targetPageId="7">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD0FF8813C8FA4DFE0EF9F8" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
Fig. 4. Anterior view of mid-cervical vertebra,
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387309" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="7" pageNumber="288" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">Amer. Mus No. 5866</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD0FF881020F9AEFE0EF9F8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387309" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="7" pageNumber="288" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="holotype">Amer. Mus No. 5866</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="7.[327,1624,1485,2412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD0FF8813CCF892FDF6F81D" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
In
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the cervicals are relatively elongate, more deeply opisthocoelous, with relatively narrow, erect neural spines, and more elongate ribs.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="7.[327,1624,1485,2412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD0FF8813CBF803FBD3F695" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
Cervico-dorsals, Nos. 10- 11. -In these transitional vertebrae, which in
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+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD0FF8813B5F856FD07F7BD" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[500,692,2030,2065]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
have the same relations as in
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, the space between the capitulum and tuberculum rapidly widens and it is provisionally inferred (
-<figureCitation box="[836,1069,2127,2164]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD0FF881105F7F7FB9EF7DF" box="[836,1069,2127,2164]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
) that the ribs were more of the dorsal type, as in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[804,999,2177,2213]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
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, but were not connected by cartilaginous ribs with the sternum. The faces of the centra are more plane, passing into the amphiplatyan type of the dorsals. The neural spines are narrower and more elevated.
</paragraph>
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Dorsals Nos. 12-23.-We proceed on the supposition that there were eleven dorsals, the most anterior of which supported the sternum (see
-<figureCitation box="[227,509,449,486]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Plate XXXIX</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDFFF8712A2FE7AFE4EFE4A" box="[227,509,449,486]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Plate XXXIX</figureCitation>
). Portions of several are preserved in the two specimens, as indicated by shading in the restoration (
-<figureCitation box="[1183,1421,500,536]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDFFF8716DEFE4CFA3EFDBB" box="[1183,1421,500,536]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
). These vertebrae are characterized by high, stout spines, with rugose areas for ligamentous attachment, rather abbreviate centra excavated laterally by deep pits which. almost completely traverse the centrum from the opposite sides. The zygopophyses are gradually approximated until in the posterior dorsals they form the characteristic wedge-shaped union, but apparently without hyposphen. The articular surfaces of the centra are partly amphiplatyan, with a characteristic slight anterior concavity in the upper portion of the face below the neural canal, similar to the same surfaces in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[197,394,1887,1927]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[197,394,1887,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDFFF871284F8E7FE39F82B" box="[197,394,1887,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="8.[134,1445,360,934]" box="[136,1416,361,394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">I1906.] Obr,Trnoars 8</paragraph>
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-<paragraph blockId="8.[271,1324,974,1779]" box="[322,1299,1755,1779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
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Fig 5. Sacrum of
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.
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+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFDFFF871177F964FB87F95F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387313" box="[822,1076,1755,1779]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
. 1-5, sacrals 1-5.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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Sacrals.-The sacrum is completely preserved in the type of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[147,422,1988,2026]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[147,422,1988,2026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDFFF8712D2F87CFE15F846" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[147,422,1988,2026]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDFFF8712D2F87CFE15F846" box="[147,422,1988,2026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, consisting of five vertebrae with closely coalesced neural spines forming a continuous plate with three fenestrations between S2 and S5. The centrum of S1 was less firmly united than the others and was found entirely detached in the matrix, whereas the centra of S2 and S3 were most firmly coalesced and appear to correspond with the primary sacrum. The centrum of S4 is also firmly united. Viewed from the front sacrals 2 and 3 are wedge-shaped, narrowing inferiorly, while S1 is vertically extended, and S5 is more vertically oval. S1 exhibits a broad rugose attachment area facing downward for articulation with the horizontal transverse plate of the ilium, whereas S2-5 exhibit rugose areas facing outward, that of S5 being greatly expanded.
</paragraph>
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-<paragraph blockId="8.[183,1411,2426,2464]" box="[183,383,2426,2464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
+</subSubSection>
+<footnote id="E8552A88FFDFFF8712F6F6C3FECCF60C" box="[183,383,2426,2464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDFFF8712F6F6C3FECCF60C" blockId="8.[183,1411,2426,2464]" box="[183,383,2426,2464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
[
-<emphasis box="[193,267,2427,2463]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">July</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDFFF871280F6C3FEB8F633" box="[193,267,2427,2463]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">July</emphasis>
,
-<emphasis box="[291,304,2426,2464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">I</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDFFF871362F6C2FE83F60C" box="[291,304,2426,2464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">I</emphasis>
906.]
</paragraph>
</footnote>
-<footnote box="[1381,1411,2428,2463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
-<paragraph blockId="8.[183,1411,2426,2464]" box="[1381,1411,2428,2463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">I9</paragraph>
+<footnote id="E8552A88FFDFFF871724F6C4FA30F633" box="[1381,1411,2428,2463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDFFF871724F6C4FA30F633" blockId="8.[183,1411,2426,2464]" box="[1381,1411,2428,2463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">I9</paragraph>
</footnote>
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-Table
-<emphasis box="[887,1165,572,603]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">of Measurements</emphasis>
-.
-</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[687,1287,572,647]" box="[687,1287,614,647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-Vertebral Measurements of
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-.
-</paragraph>
-<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<table box="[378,1629,679,1176]" gridcols="4" gridrows="12" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<tr box="[378,1629,679,778]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" rowspan-0="1">
-<th box="[618,916,679,778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Height of vertebra including spine mm.</th>
-<th box="[938,1264,679,778]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Transverse width of centrum mm.</th>
-<th box="[1326,1629,679,778]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Antero-posterior length of centrum mm.</th>
+<footnote id="E8552A88FFDEFF861157FD84FAB4FD2A" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF861157FD84FB22FDF7" blockId="9.[687,1287,572,647]" box="[790,1169,572,603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Table of Measurements.</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF8610EEFDDEFAB4FD2A" blockId="9.[687,1287,572,647]" box="[687,1287,614,647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Vertebral Measurements of No. 5866.</paragraph>
+</footnote>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF86102BFD10FA7FFB3B" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<table id="F94EC426FFDE0070133BFD1FF9EEFB34" box="[378,1629,679,1176]" gridcols="4" gridrows="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<tr id="357E34C4FFDE0070133BFD1FF9EEFD44" box="[378,1629,679,744]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" rowspan-0="1">
+<th id="76AF5DB8FFDE0070102BFD1FFC27FD44" box="[618,916,679,744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Height of vertebra including spine</th>
+<th id="76AF5DB8FFDE007011EBFD1FFB43FD44" box="[938,1264,679,744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Transverse width of centrum</th>
+<th id="76AF5DB8FFDE0070176FFD1FF9EEFD44" box="[1326,1629,679,744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Antero-posterior length of centrum</th>
</tr>
-<tr box="[378,1629,778,813]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" rowspan-1="1">
-<th box="[378,558,778,813]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Atlas H. C.</th>
-<td box="[938,1264,778,813]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">130</td>
-<td box="[1326,1629,778,813]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">65</td>
+<tr id="357E34C4FFDE0070133BFD51F9EEFCC1" box="[378,1629,745,877]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<th id="76AF5DB8FFDE0070133BFD51FD9DFCC1" box="[378,558,745,877]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Atlas H. C. Axis</th>
+<td id="76AF5DB8FFDE0070102BFD51FC27FCC1" box="[618,916,745,877]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">mm. 445</td>
+<td id="76AF5DB8FFDE007011EBFD51FB43FCC1" box="[938,1264,745,877]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">mm. 130 145</td>
+<td id="76AF5DB8FFDE0070176FFD51F9EEFCC1" box="[1326,1629,745,877]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">mm. 65 100 without hypocentr.</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[378,1629,815,877]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<th box="[378,558,815,877]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Axis</th>
-<td box="[618,916,815,877]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">445</td>
-<td box="[938,1264,815,877]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">145</td>
-<td box="[1326,1629,815,877]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">100 without hypocentr.</td>
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-Vertebral Measurements of
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-<emphasis bold="true" box="[462,493,1285,1309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">18</emphasis>
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-<th box="[1440,1489,1285,1309]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">130</th>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF8610C4FB03FA63FA29" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<table id="F94EC426FFDE0070138DFB03FA62FA29" box="[460,1489,1211,1413]" gridcols="4" gridrows="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
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+<th id="76AF5DB8FFDE0070138DFB03FA62FB77" box="[460,1489,1211,1243]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Vertebral Measurements of No. 973, Type.</th>
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-<emphasis bold="true" box="[1441,1487,1317,1342]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">145</emphasis>
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+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF86138FFABDFE5EFAB1" bold="true" box="[462,493,1285,1309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">18</emphasis>
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+</tr>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</paragraph>
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-Sacrum of
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-.
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-<th box="[1412,1483,1475,1507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">mm.</th>
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-<emphasis box="[492,609,1507,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Length</emphasis>
-of centra antero-posteriorly
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF86114BFA1CFA7BF907" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
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+<td id="76AF5DB8FFDE007013A8FA1CFB15F9C5" box="[489,1190,1444,1641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+Sacrum of No. 973, Type.
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF8613ADFA5BFDD2F9A4" box="[492,609,1507,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Length</emphasis>
+of centra antero-posteriorly Length of spines antero-posteriorly Height of spines and centrum, anterior Height of spines and centrum, posterior
</td>
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+<td id="76AF5DB8FFDE007017C5FA1CFA78F9C5" box="[1412,1483,1444,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">mm. 940 1000 740 630</td>
</tr>
-</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" box="[492,1482,1540,1578]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<tr box="[492,1482,1540,1578]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<td box="[489,1141,1540,1578]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Length of spines antero-posteriorly</td>
-<td box="[1412,1483,1540,1578]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">1000</td>
+<tr id="357E34C4FFDE007013A8F9D3FA78F900" box="[489,1483,1643,1708]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<td id="76AF5DB8FFDE007013A8F9D3FB15F900" box="[489,1190,1643,1708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Transverse width of anterior centrum Transverse width of posterior centrum</td>
+<td id="76AF5DB8FFDE007017C5F9D3FA78F900" box="[1412,1483,1643,1708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">270 235</td>
</tr>
-</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" box="[492,1482,1572,1609]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<tr box="[492,1482,1572,1609]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<td box="[489,1141,1572,1609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Height of spines and centrum, anterior</td>
-<td box="[1412,1483,1572,1609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">740</td>
-</tr>
-</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" box="[491,1482,1609,1641]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<tr box="[491,1482,1609,1641]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<td box="[489,1141,1609,1641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Height of spines and centrum, posterior</td>
-<td box="[1412,1483,1609,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">630</td>
-</tr>
-</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<tr box="[492,1482,1643,1673]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<td box="[489,1141,1643,1673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Transverse width of anterior centrum</td>
-<td box="[1412,1483,1643,1673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">270</td>
-</tr>
-<tr box="[489,1480,1671,1708]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<td box="[489,1141,1671,1708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Transverse width of posterior centrum</td>
-<td box="[1412,1483,1671,1708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">235</td>
-</tr>
-</paragraph>
</table>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[608,636,1754,1787]" box="[608,1360,1751,1788]" lastBlockId="9.[1173,1360,1752,1788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-3.
-<heading allCaps="true" box="[684,874,1751,1787]" fontSize="12" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" reason="3">SHOULDER</heading>
-<heading allCaps="true" box="[904,1037,1751,1787]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" reason="3">
-<emphasis box="[904,1037,1751,1787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">GIRDLE</emphasis>
-</heading>
-<heading allCaps="true" box="[1071,1140,1756,1786]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" reason="3">
-<emphasis box="[1071,1140,1756,1786]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">AND</emphasis>
-</heading>
-<heading allCaps="true" box="[1173,1360,1752,1788]" fontSize="12" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" reason="3">HUMERUS.</heading>
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<subSubSection id="C354650DFFDEFF801021F962FE7AFBFD" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF861021F962FAE3F950" blockId="9.[608,1360,1751,1788]" box="[608,1360,1751,1788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+3. SHOULDER
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF8611C9F96FFBBEF957" box="[904,1037,1751,1787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">GIRDLE</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF86166EF964FBC7F956" box="[1071,1140,1756,1786]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">AND</emphasis>
+HUMERUS.
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF8613D5F892FB56F803" blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
With the type specimen (
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387302" box="[885,1029,1834,1871]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">No. 973</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFDEFF861134F892FBB6F8E2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387302" box="[885,1029,1834,1871]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">No. 973</materialsCitation>
) are preserved the left humerus and right scapula, which indicate that the shoulder girdle and fore limb were even more reduced than in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1053,1247,1932,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1053,1247,1932,1967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDEFF86165CF834FB6CF803" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1053,1247,1932,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF86165CF834FB6CF803" box="[1053,1247,1932,1967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
-<emphasis box="[404,570,1980,2017]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Scapula</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF8613D5F804FB89F77B" blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF8613D5F804FD89F84D" box="[404,570,1980,2017]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Scapula</emphasis>
.-The scapula has the same general contour as that of
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[341,533,2030,2065]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[341,533,2030,2065]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDEFF861314F856FDA6F7BD" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[341,533,2030,2065]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF861314F856FDA6F7BD" box="[341,533,2030,2065]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but exhibits a more expanded inferior plate for attachment with the coracoid; as shown in
-<figureCitation box="[937,1046,2078,2115]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="10.[478,521,1819,1845]" captionTargetBox="[433,1180,877,1806]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 6. B Scapula of Tyrannosaurus. A Scapula of Allosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239322/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDEFF8611E8F7A6FBA5F7EF" box="[937,1046,2078,2115]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="10.[478,521,1819,1845]" captionTargetBox="[433,1180,877,1806]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 6. B Scapula of Tyrannosaurus. A Scapula of Allosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239322/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
, it is actually larger, but compared with the size of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[758,1026,2127,2163]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[758,1026,2127,2163]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDEFF8610B7F7F7FBB1F7DF" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[758,1026,2127,2163]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF8610B7F7F7FBB1F7DF" box="[758,1026,2127,2163]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a wlole it is relatively smaller than in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[495,690,2177,2212]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[495,690,2177,2212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDEFF8613AEF739FD01F708" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[495,690,2177,2212]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDEFF8613AEF739FD01F708" box="[495,690,2177,2212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The measurements are: length of scapula 950, length of coracoid attachment 320 mm.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" lastBlockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="291" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDEFF8513CEF75DFDE3FD03" blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" lastBlockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="291" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
Humerus. -The humerus is so small that grave doubts were entertained as to its association with this animal. These were finally set aside for three reasons: (1) the humerus is hollow, proving that it belonged to one of the Theropoda; (2) the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula; (3) while absurdly reduced as -compared with the femur (
-<figureCitation box="[761,881,503,538]" captionStart="Fig. 8" captionStartId="12.[1170,1213,810,839]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Humerus of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 972. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view; b, posterior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239326/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDDFF8510B8FE4FFCC2FDB6" box="[761,881,503,538]" captionStart="Fig. 8" captionStartId="12.[1170,1213,810,839]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Humerus of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 972. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view; b, posterior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239326/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) it nevertheless is provided with very stout muscular attachments, a powerful deltoid ridge, which proves that it served some function, possibly that of a grasping organ in copulation.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" box="[434,1154,720,756]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF8513F3FD6CFB31FD58" blockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" box="[434,1154,720,756]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
4.
-<emphasis box="[510,802,720,756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">PELVIC GIRDLE</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF8513BFFD68FC91FD5F" box="[510,802,720,756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">PELVIC GIRDLE</emphasis>
AND HIND LIMB.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
-<emphasis box="[211,315,776,813]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Ilium</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF851292FCB0FA18FCF2" blockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF851292FCB0FE88FC81" box="[211,315,776,813]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Ilium</emphasis>
. -The ilium has the same elongate form as in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1254,1451,776,812]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1254,1451,776,812]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDDFF8516A7FCB0FA18FC80" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1254,1451,776,812]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF8516A7FCB0FA18FC80" box="[1254,1451,776,812]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a similar general contour, but with still more compact union
</paragraph>
-<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239322/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" targetBox="[433,1180,877,1806]" targetPageId="10">
-<paragraph blockId="10.[415,1188,1819,1878]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
+<caption id="DF31660EFFDDFF85139FF8A3FD80F8FA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239322/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" targetBox="[433,1180,877,1806]" targetPageId="10">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF85139FF8A3FD80F8FA" blockId="10.[415,1188,1819,1878]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
Fig. 6.
-<emphasis box="[588,609,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">B</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF85100DF8A5FDD2F899" box="[588,609,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">B</emphasis>
Scapula of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[766,963,1820,1845]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[766,963,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDDFF8510BFF8A4FC70F899" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[766,963,1820,1845]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF8510BFF8A4FC70F899" box="[766,963,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
-<emphasis box="[1002,1021,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">A</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF8511ABF8A5FC4EF899" box="[1002,1021,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">A</emphasis>
Scapula of
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[415,559,1854,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[415,559,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDDFF8513DEF886FD9CF8FA" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[415,559,1854,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF8513DEF886FD9CF8FA" box="[415,559,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF8512D0F83AFE28F761" blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2253]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
with the sacrum. An important distinction is the broad plate which extends forward on the inner -side of the ilium from the level of the pubic peduncle, especially for attachment with the first sacral vertebra; this is absent in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[605,802,2069,2106]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[605,802,2069,2106]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDDFF85101CF7ADFC91F796" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[605,802,2069,2106]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF85101CF7ADFC91F796" box="[605,802,2069,2106]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A wide plate extends backward and inward above the ischiadic peduncle for attachment with the processes of S4-5; this is present in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[846,1046,2168,2203]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[846,1046,2168,2203]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDDFF85110FF7C0FBA5F737" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[846,1046,2168,2203]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF85110FF7C0FBA5F737" box="[846,1046,2168,2203]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The measurements are as follows:
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" box="[1231,1301,2257,2287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">mm.</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" box="[298,953,2287,2321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[298,437,2291,2320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Extreme</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF85168EF769FAA6F743" blockId="10.[296,1301,2257,2420]" box="[1231,1301,2257,2287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">mm.</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF85136BF74BFC0AF6A2" blockId="10.[296,1301,2257,2420]" box="[298,953,2287,2321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDDFF85136BF74BFE06F6BC" bold="true" box="[298,437,2291,2320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Extreme</emphasis>
length ....... ...............
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">1515 Height above middle of acetabulum... 530</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" box="[299,1297,2351,2387]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Height above pubic peduncle. 770</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" lastBlockId="11.[325,1622,396,680]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="292" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
-Width of acetabulum. 590
-<emphasis box="[391,563,396,432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Ischium</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF85168CF74FFAA3F6BC" blockId="10.[296,1301,2257,2420]" box="[1229,1296,2295,2320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">1515</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF85136AF6AAFAA1F69C" blockId="10.[296,1301,2257,2420]" box="[299,1298,2321,2353]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Height above middle of acetabulum... 530</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF85136AF689FAA2F6FE" blockId="10.[296,1301,2257,2420]" box="[299,1297,2351,2387]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Height above pubic peduncle. 770</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDDFF851369F6EAFABDF6DF" blockId="10.[296,1301,2257,2420]" box="[296,1294,2386,2420]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Width of acetabulum. 590</paragraph>
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+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDCFF8413C6FE34FD80FE1C" box="[391,563,396,432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Ischium</emphasis>
.-As noted above, the ischium is in progress of reduction inferiorly. Below the junction with the ischiadic peduncle of the ilium (
-<figureCitation box="[453,558,496,532]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="11.[631,672,2179,2204]" captionTargetBox="[257,1684,716,2181]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7. Pelvis of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 73." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239324/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Fig 7</figureCitation>
-) and with the posterior peduncle of the pubis it sends forwards a hook-like process and backwards a process, and then contracts into a long, round, diminishing bar, which united with the opposite ischium for the last 320 millimeters of its length but was not
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDCFF841384FE48FD9DFDB8" box="[453,558,496,532]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="11.[631,672,2179,2204]" captionTargetBox="[257,1684,716,2181]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7. Pelvis of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 73." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239324/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Fig 7</figureCitation>
+) and with the posterior peduncle of the pubis it sends forwards a hook-like process and backwards a process, and then contracts into a long, round, diminishing bar, which united with the opposite ischium for the last 320 millimeters of its length but was not coössifled. The 'extreme distal end is missing but there is no evidence of an expanded foot. The measurements are:
</paragraph>
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-<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[631,1327,2179,2204]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">
+<caption id="DF31660EFFDCFF841036F73BFA9CF730" box="[631,1327,2179,2204]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239324/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="292" targetBox="[257,1684,716,2181]" targetPageId="11">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDCFF841036F73BFA9CF730" blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[631,1327,2179,2204]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">
Fig. 7. Pelvis of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[864,1062,2179,2204]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[864,1062,2179,2204]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDCFF841121F73BFB95F730" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[864,1062,2179,2204]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDCFF841121F73BFB95F730" box="[864,1062,2179,2204]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFDCFF84167CF73DFA98F730" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387310" box="[1085,1323,2179,2204]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="11" pageNumber="292" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 73</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">coössifled. The 'extreme distal end is missing but there is no evidence of an expanded foot. The measurements are:</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[1347,1407,2308,2332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">mm</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[481,1399,2334,2368]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Length 1110</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[480,1400,2367,2401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Across peduncles ..... 360</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[482,1400,2394,2435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDCFF841702F6BCFACCF6B0" blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[1347,1407,2308,2332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">mm</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDCFF8413A0F6A6FAC4F693" blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[481,1399,2334,2368]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Length 1110</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDCFF8413A1F6FBFACBF6CC" blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[480,1400,2367,2401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Across peduncles ..... 360</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDCFF8413A3F6E7FACBF62F" blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[482,1400,2394,2435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">
Length of acetabulum
-<emphasis box="[856,876,2394,2435]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">boundary</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDCFF841119F6E2FCDFF62F" box="[856,876,2394,2435]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">boundary</emphasis>
.
-<emphasis box="[876,903,2398,2434]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">T</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDCFF84112DF6E6FC34F62E" box="[876,903,2398,2434]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">T</emphasis>
160
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="12.[137,1446,341,1062]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDBFF82128BFECFFA62FBF9" blockId="12.[137,1446,341,1062]" lastBlockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="294" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
Pubes. -The pubes are preserved complete in the type of
-<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyranno- saurus</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF8316BDFECFFEB1FE62" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
. They are massive bones with the proximal iliac articulations set closer together than in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[137,333,523,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[137,333,523,560]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDBFF8312C8FDB3FEFEFD9C" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[137,333,523,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF8312C8FDB3FEFEFD9C" box="[137,333,523,560]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They are separated below the junction with the ilium by an elliptical opening equal to one-third of their length; they are then united for a short distance; the middle sections again separate; the distal third is again firmly united and expands anteriorly and posteriorly into the broad foot (
-<figureCitation box="[427,533,823,859]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="11.[631,672,2179,2204]" captionTargetBox="[257,1684,716,2181]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7. Pelvis of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 73." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239324/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDBFF8313EAFC8FFDA6FCF7" box="[427,533,823,859]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="11.[631,672,2179,2204]" captionTargetBox="[257,1684,716,2181]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7. Pelvis of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 73." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239324/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
-<emphasis box="[200,324,874,911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Femur</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF831289FCD2FEF7FC23" box="[200,324,874,911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Femur</emphasis>
. -The femur is relatively larger than that of
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-<emphasis box="[291,483,922,960]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDBFF831362FC22FE50FC6C" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[291,483,922,960]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF831362FC22FE50FC6C" box="[291,483,922,960]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-but resembles it somewhat closely in form and in the areas of muscular attachment. The greater trochanter has relatively a greater
+but resembles it somewhat closely in form and in the areas of muscular attachment. The greater trochanter has relatively a greater development. The articular head of the femur is clearly defined; a very characteristic feature is that when placed in the acetabulum the planes of the articular head are set at an angle of 45̊ to the axis of the vertebral column, proving that the femora at the distal extremities were approximated, bringing the hind feet close together at the ground. The petrified bone is remarkably light for its size, weighing only 180 lbs. when cleaned of all matrix; seventeen inches of the middle portion of the sllaft is hollow, containing a cavity (
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDAFF82145AFC8EFC04FC21" captionStart="Fig. 10" captionStartId="13.[400,443,1026,1061]" captionTargetBox="[320,895,521,1019]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Section of femur of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 973." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239330/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
+) four inches in diameter. The total length is 1300 mm.; the mid-diameter of the shaft is 180; the diameter of the head, 200, the greatest transverse width of the condyles, 340 mm.
</paragraph>
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-<paragraph blockId="12.[137,1446,341,1062]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
+<caption id="DF31660EFFDBFF8316D3FC92FB27FC47" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239326/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" subCaptionStartIDs="12.[1305,1349,911,939]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 8" targetBox="[1114,1440,428,802]" targetPageId="12">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDBFF8316D3FC92FB27FC47" blockId="12.[137,1446,341,1062]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
Fig. 8. Humerus of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1113,1310,844,873]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1113,1310,844,873]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDBFF831618FCF4FAADFCC5" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1113,1310,844,873]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF831618FCF4FAADFCC5" box="[1113,1310,844,873]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387303" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 972</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFDBFF831716FCF6FAA6FC25" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387303" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 972</materialsCitation>
. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view;
-<emphasis box="[1297,1312,941,972]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">b</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF831750FC15FA93FC60" box="[1297,1312,941,972]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">b</emphasis>
, posterior view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239328/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" targetBox="[326,1260,1082,2318]" targetPageId="12">
-<paragraph blockId="12.[307,1268,2326,2390]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
-<figureCitation box="[359,432,2332,2361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[1170,1213,810,839]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Humerus of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 972. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view; b, posterior view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239326/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[359,401,2332,2361]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Fig</emphasis>
+<caption id="DF31660EFFDBFF831326F6A4FDF3F6F9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239328/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" targetBox="[326,1260,1082,2318]" targetPageId="12">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDBFF831326F6A4FDF3F6F9" blockId="12.[307,1268,2326,2390]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDBFF831326F6A4FE03F695" box="[359,432,2332,2361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[1170,1213,810,839]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Humerus of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 972. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view; b, posterior view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239326/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF831326F6A4FE22F695" bold="true" box="[359,401,2332,2361]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Fig</emphasis>
. 9
</figureCitation>
. Femur of
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-<emphasis box="[599,796,2326,2363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDBFF831016F6AEFCAFF697" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[599,796,2326,2363]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF831016F6AEFCAFF697" box="[599,796,2326,2363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387304" box="[834,1094,2337,2360]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFDBFF831103F699FBF5F694" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387304" box="[834,1094,2337,2360]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
. a, posterior view;
-<emphasis box="[380,395,2366,2390]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">b</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFDBFF83133DF686FE38F6FA" box="[380,395,2366,2390]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">b</emphasis>
, internal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="12.[139,1442,2412,2455]" box="[139,1442,2412,2455]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">development. The articular head of the femur is clearly defined;</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
-a very characteristic feature is that when placed in the acetabulum the planes of the articular head are set at an angle of 45̊ to the axis of the vertebral column, proving that the femora at the distal extrem- ities were approximated, bringing the hind feet close together at the ground. The petrified bone is remarkably light for its size, weighing only 180 lbs. when cleaned of all matrix; seventeen inches of the middle portion of the sllaft is hollow, containing a cavity (
-<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 10" captionStartId="13.[400,443,1026,1061]" captionTargetBox="[320,895,521,1019]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Section of femur of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 973." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239330/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
-) four inches in diameter. The total length is 1300 mm.; the mid-diameter of the shaft is 180; the diameter of the head, 200, the greatest transverse width of the condyles, 340 mm.
-</paragraph>
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-<paragraph blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
+<caption id="DF31660EFFDAFF8213D1FBBAFD73FBF8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239330/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" targetBox="[320,895,521,1019]" targetPageId="13">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDAFF8213D1FBBAFD73FBF8" blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
Fig. 10. Section of femur of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDAFF8210BCFBB3FE18FBFA" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
.
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387307" box="[447,700,1073,1108]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFDAFF8213FEFB89FD0FFBF8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387307" box="[447,700,1073,1108]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDAFF8213D6FBDFFC14FAFE" blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
Tibia. -The tibia is relatively larger than that of
-<taxonomicName box="[1440,1632,1128,1163]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
-but with similar contours and similar attachments; twenty-five inches of the shaft is hollow, with a cavity two to three inches in diameter. The total length is 1140 mm. or 160 mm. less than that of the femur. Pes. -The pes is composed of three very elongate and massive metatarsals exhibiting a more powerful and less mobile arrangement of the metatarsals, because they show sutural attachments but not actual coalescence in the middle portion of the shaft, as represented in
-<figureCitation box="[907,1041,1722,1759]" captionStart="Fig. 11" captionTargetBox="[1049,1602,1279,1999]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 11. Right pes of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 973" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3483129/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDAFF8217E1FBD0F9D3FB27" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1440,1632,1128,1163]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
+but with similar contours and similar attachments; twenty-five inches of the shaft is hollow, with a cavity two to three inches in diameter. The total length is 1140 mm. or 160 mm. less than that of the femur.
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDAFF8213D3FAD8F9B8F735" blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
+Pes. -The pes is composed of three very elongate and massive metatarsals exhibiting a more powerful and less mobile arrangement of the metatarsals, because they show sutural attachments but not actual coalescence in the middle portion of the shaft, as represented in
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFDAFF8211CAF902FBA2F973" box="[907,1041,1722,1759]" captionStart="Fig. 11" captionTargetBox="[1049,1602,1279,1999]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 11. Right pes of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 973" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3483129/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
. Mts. III was considerably the longest and largest of the series and firmly buttressed between II and IV; the distal ends of Mts. II and IV turn outward. Mts. I was evidently composed of proximal and distal osseous segments as in
-<taxonomicName box="[648,844,2068,2104]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDAFF8210C9F7ACFCFFF794" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[648,844,2068,2104]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
; of these only the distal segment is preserved, indicating a retroverted, birdlike position of the claw. The chief measurements are as follows:
</paragraph>
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-<paragraph blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
+<caption id="DF31660EFFDAFF821623F858FAAFF7BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3483129/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" targetBox="[1049,1602,1279,1999]" targetPageId="13">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDAFF821623F858FAAFF7BD" blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
Fig. 11. Right pes of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1429,1622,2016,2043]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFDAFF8217D4F858F9E5F857" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1429,1622,2016,2043]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
.
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+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFDAFF821664F842FAABF7BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387311" box="[1061,1304,2040,2066]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="13.[484,939,2294,2398]" lastBlockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Mts. II, length. " IV " ........ " III width of distal end mm.</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1369,1418,2289,2329]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">615</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1369,1422,2328,2358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">600</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1375,1425,2359,2393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">140</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" box="[629,965,376,411]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[629,650,376,411]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">5</emphasis>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDAFF8213A5F740FA27F75F" blockId="13.[484,939,2294,2398]" lastBlockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Mts. II, length. " IV " ........ " III width of distal end mm.</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDAFF821718F749FA39F6B5" blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1369,1418,2289,2329]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">615</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDAFF821718F6A0FA3DF69A" blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1369,1422,2328,2358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">600</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFDAFF82171EF68FFA22F6F5" blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1375,1425,2359,2393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">140</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD9FF811034FEC0FC76FE36" blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" box="[629,965,376,411]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF811034FEC0FD39FE37" bold="true" box="[629,650,376,411]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">5</emphasis>
.
-<emphasis box="[702,961,382,410]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">THE THORAX</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF8110FFFEC6FC72FE36" box="[702,961,382,410]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">THE THORAX</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD9FF811291FE7AFCE4FD07" blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
Ribs. - A considerable number of thoracic ribs are preserved with
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387301" box="[148,323,498,535]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD9FF8112D5FE4AFEF0FDBA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387301" box="[148,323,498,535]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="holotype">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
, but they have not as yet been fully worked out. The general form is represented
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[700,736,547,583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">in</emphasis>
-<figureCitation box="[759,996,547,584]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF8110FDFD9BFD53FDEB" bold="true" box="[700,736,547,583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">in</emphasis>
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD9FF8110B6FD9BFC57FDE4" box="[759,996,547,584]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
. The probabilities are that the ribs extended back beneath the anterior crest of the ilium as in
-<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[245,437,646,683]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[245,437,646,683]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Allosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD9FF8112B4FD3EFE06FD07" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[245,437,646,683]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF8112B4FD3EFE06FD07" box="[245,437,646,683]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in the Sauropoda.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
-<emphasis box="[211,491,695,732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Abdominal ribs</emphasis>
-. - One of the most surprising characters discovered in this fossil is the presence of an abdominal series of ribs, consist-
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD9FF811292FD0FFD18F76D" blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" lastBlockId="14.[155,1459,1957,2241]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF811292FD0FFE58FD70" box="[211,491,695,732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Abdominal ribs</emphasis>
+. - One of the most surprising characters discovered in this fossil is the presence of an abdominal series of ribs, consisting of double-pointed central ribs and single-pointed short lateral ribs, as in
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD9FF811320F86FFD95F851" authority="Gray, 1831" box="[353,550,2007,2045]" class="Reptilia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF811320F86FFD95F851" box="[353,550,2007,2045]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Sphenodon</emphasis>
+</taxonomicName>
+. As shown in
+<figureCitation id="13752A03FFD9FF81110AF86FFC76F850" box="[843,965,2007,2045]" captionStart="Fig. 12" captionText="Fig. 12. Abdominal ribs of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. Nos. 973 and 5881." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239332/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[355,1251,836,1831]" targetPageId="14">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
+the ribs are asymmetrical and sometimes double. They mostly exhibit a double anterior and posterior rough surface attachment to the preceding and succeeding ribs. The median arched part of the rib extended forward and the free ends pointed backward.
</paragraph>
-<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239332/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[355,1251,836,1831]" targetPageId="14">
-<paragraph blockId="14.[347,1246,1839,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
+<caption id="DF31660EFFD9FF8113DBF897FE4AF8C1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239332/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[355,1251,836,1831]" targetPageId="14">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD9FF8113DBF897FE4AF8C1" blockId="14.[347,1246,1839,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
Fig. 12. Abdominal ribs of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[775,974,1840,1864]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[775,974,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD9FF811146F888FC7DF8E4" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[775,974,1840,1864]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF811146F888FC7DF8E4" box="[775,974,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387314" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">
-<emphasis bold="true" box="[1014,1085,1839,1864]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Amer</emphasis>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD9FF8111B7F897FE33F8C0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387314" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF8111B7F897FB8EF8E4" bold="true" box="[1014,1085,1839,1864]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Amer</emphasis>
. Mus. Nos. 973
</materialsCitation>
and
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387318" box="[448,502,1873,1901]" collectionCode="AMNH" eventDate="1905" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48690 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="portions of right and left hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5881">5881</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD9FF811381F8E9FE45F8C1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387318" box="[448,502,1873,1901]" collectionCode="AMNH" eventDate="1905" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48690 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="portions of right and left hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5881">5881</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="14.[155,1459,1957,2241]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
-ing of double-pointed central ribs and single-pointed short lateral ribs, as in
-<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1831" box="[353,550,2007,2045]" class="Reptilia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[353,550,2007,2045]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Sphenodon</emphasis>
-</taxonomicName>
-. As shown in
-<figureCitation box="[843,965,2007,2045]" captionStart="Fig. 12" captionText="Fig. 12. Abdominal ribs of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. Nos. 973 and 5881." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239332/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[355,1251,836,1831]" targetPageId="14">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
-the ribs are asymmetrical and sometimes double. They mostly exhibit a double anterior and posterior rough surface attachment to the preceding and succeeding ribs. The median arched part of the rib extended forward and the free ends pointed backward.
-</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="14.[223,1458,2286,2388]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
-<heading allCaps="true" box="[576,1071,2286,2320]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" reason="4">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD9FF811001F756FB9CF6BC" blockId="14.[223,1458,2286,2388]" box="[576,1071,2286,2320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
+<heading id="D0B981EAFFD9FF811001F756FB9CF6BC" allCaps="true" box="[576,1071,2286,2320]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" reason="4">
6. THE
-<emphasis box="[753,905,2287,2320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">DERMAL</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD9FF8110B0F757FC3AF6BC" box="[753,905,2287,2320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">DERMAL</emphasis>
ARMOR.
</heading>
-Many dermal plates were found with the individual
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387319" box="[1287,1458,2351,2387]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="15.[331,1627,371,1106]" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">
+<paragraph id="8BF13686FFD9FF80129EF697FB5EFC26" blockId="14.[223,1458,2286,2388]" lastBlockId="15.[331,1627,371,1106]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
+Many dermal plates were found with the individual
+<materialsCitation id="3B263CDBFFD9FF811746F697FA01F6FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387319" box="[1287,1458,2351,2387]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="holotype">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
originally described as
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[785,1057,374,408]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[785,1057,374,408]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD8FF801150FECEFB92FE34" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[785,1057,374,408]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD8FF801150FECEFB92FE34" box="[785,1057,374,408]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; they were used in defining
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[333,603,423,458]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[333,603,423,458]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D05FFD8FF80130CFE1FFDE8FE66" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[333,603,423,458]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B93AEA94FFD8FF80130CFE1FFDE8FE66" box="[333,603,423,458]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Some doubt as to their association with this carnivorous Dinosaur is caused by the presence of a fragment of a frill of
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-<emphasis box="[393,591,522,558]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Triceratops</emphasis>
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and a portion of the jaw of an Iguanodont. These plates were, however, found with ribs that can certainly be assigned to the carnivorous Dinosaur, because they exhibit no resemblances to the ribs of the Sauropoda or Iguanodontia. The plates are irregular in form and size, ranging from half an inch to six inches in length, the small ones rounded and the larger ones flattened with sometimes a raised central ridge curved to form part of the dermal line or crest. The largest plates are about half an inch thick.
</paragraph>
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Genus
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Syn.
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OSBORN
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+<treatment id="03EB9567FFE95F3BFCA27D28D2ACF9D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483010" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137294947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483010" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB9567FFE95F3BFCA27D28D2ACF9D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567FFE95F3BFCA27D28D2ACF9D4" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" scope_family="Tyrannosauridae" scope_subFamily="Tyrannosaurinae">
<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFE95F38FCA27D28D44FF9A5" box="[788,1903,1607,1646]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE95F38FCA27D28D44FF9A5" blockId="20.[785,1972,1607,2146]" box="[788,1903,1607,1646]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FCA27D28D557F9A5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[788,1655,1607,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">TYRANNOSAURUS (TYRANNOSAURUS) REX</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FCA27D28D44FF9A5" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[788,1903,1607,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
+TYRANNOSAURUS (TYRANNOSAURUS) REX
<httpUri id="B5C3FADBFFE95F38F9377D28D44FF9A5" box="[1665,1903,1607,1646]" httpUri="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/html/FFF4FFFEFF92FFE83B0BFF80796EFFAA" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">Osborn, 1905</httpUri>
+</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFE95F38FCA47D12D6F5F955" box="[786,1493,1655,1694]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE95F38FCA47D12D6F5F955" blockId="20.[785,1972,1607,2146]" box="[786,1493,1655,1694]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
<treatmentCitation id="0AE30260FFE95F38FCA47D12D6F5F955" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4561868" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4561868" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:18B498B5-C19E-4176-A628-657505122382" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[786,1493,1655,1694]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD8786FF96FFED3A82F9C57DDCF68A" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" rank="species" treatmentCitationLabel="synonym">
synonym—
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FC507D18D6F5F955" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[998,1493,1655,1694]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperiosus">Dynamosaurus imperiosus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FC507D18D6F5F955" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[998,1493,1655,1694]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperiosus">Dynamosaurus imperiosus</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ best specimens—
,
<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE95F38FB737DB3D68FF8C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979732" box="[1221,1455,1756,1795]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="20" pageNumber="343" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027" typeStatus="Type">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
,
-<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE95F38FA727DB3D5ABF8C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979725" box="[1476,1675,1756,1795]" collectionCode="TMP" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" specimenCode="TMP 81.6.1" typeStatus="other material">TMP 81.6.1</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE95F38FA727DB3D5ABF8C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979725" box="[1476,1675,1756,1795]" collectionCode="TMP" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" specimenCode="TMP 81.6.1">TMP 81.6.1</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE95F38FCA47C7AD66BF8AC" blockId="20.[785,1972,1607,2146]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">SPECIMENS on display at—AMNH, CM, LACM (skull), SDSM (skull), ANSP (cast), TMP</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ main anatomical studies—
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</th>
<th id="76A34F4FFFE9A0D3FA5F7302D423F75E" box="[1513,1795,2157,2197]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
-<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE95F38F9BE7301D423F75E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379301" box="[1544,1795,2158,2197]" collectionCode="UCMP" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="https://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu/cgi/ucmp_query2?admin=&query_src=ucmp_index&table=ucmp2&spec_id=V118742&one=T " pageId="20" pageNumber="343" specimenCode="UCMP 118742" typeStatus="other material">UCMP 118742</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE95F38F9BE7301D423F75E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379301" box="[1544,1795,2158,2197]" collectionCode="UCMP" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="https://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu/cgi/ucmp_query2?admin=&query_src=ucmp_index&table=ucmp2&spec_id=V118742&one=T " pageId="20" pageNumber="343" specimenCode="UCMP 118742">UCMP 118742</materialsCitation>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35722633FFE9A0D3FCA773F0D423F70C" box="[785,1795,2207,2247]" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
@@ -110,11 +113,16 @@ main anatomical studies—
<td id="76A34F4FFFE9A0D3FA5F7259D423F696" box="[1513,1795,2358,2397]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">~4.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35722633FFE9A0D3FCA77208D423F645" box="[785,1795,2407,2446]" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
-<pageTitle id="CBDDFC16FFE95F38FCA77201D529F645" box="[785,1545,2407,2446]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
-<th id="76A34F4FFFE9A0D3FCA77208D76DF645" box="[785,1101,2407,2446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">TONNAGE—</th>
-<td id="76A34F4FFFE9A0D3FBCE7208D698F645" box="[1144,1464,2407,2446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">5.7</td>
-<td id="76A34F4FFFE9A0D3FA5F7208D423F645" box="[1513,1795,2407,2446]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">~12</td>
-</pageTitle>
+<th id="76A34F4FFFE9A0D3FCA77208D76DF645" box="[785,1101,2407,2446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
+<pageTitle id="CBDDFC16FFE95F38FCA77201D0C5F647" box="[785,997,2414,2444]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">TONNAGE—</pageTitle>
+</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFE9A0D3FBCE7208D698F645" box="[1144,1464,2407,2446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
+<pageTitle id="CBDDFC16FFE95F38FBCF7208D790F645" box="[1145,1200,2407,2446]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">5.7</pageTitle>
+</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFE9A0D3FA5F7208D423F645" box="[1513,1795,2407,2446]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
+<pageTitle id="CBDDFC16FFE95F38FA5F7208D529F645" box="[1513,1545,2407,2446]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">~</pageTitle>
+12
+</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
@@ -123,81 +131,82 @@ main anatomical studies—
This is the theropod. Indeed, excepting perhaps Brontosaurus, this is the public’s favorite dinosaur, having fought King Kong for the forced favor of Fay Wray and smashed Tokyo (with inferior special effects) in the guise of Godzilla. Even the formations it is found in have fantastic names like Hell Creek and Lance. Its place as the greatest of known land predators remains secure—no other giant consists of such complete skeletons, is bigger, or as powerful. Everything said about tyrannosaur strength goes furthest with this species, and no other theropod has such a large, thickly built, powerfully muscled skull, and such large teeth for its bulk. Only Dilophosaurus and juvenile A. libratus have teeth that are nearly as large in relative measure. Sickle-clawed
<emphasis id="B936F863FFE85F39FE567859D1E4FC96" box="[480,708,822,861]" pageId="21" pageNumber="344">Velociraptor</emphasis>
antirrhopus may be as formidably armed for its weight, but it is a small animal. And along with its power,
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE85F39FEE178CCD2E3FC01" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[343,451,931,970]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE85F39FEE178CCD2E3FC01" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[343,451,931,970]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
is the fastest known animal for its size!
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE85F3AFEA878B6D0F8FCA9" blockId="21.[202,1398,170,2436]" lastBlockId="22.[778,1981,174,2441]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="21" pageNumber="344">
A number of new finds are coming onto line, including the first combination of a skull with a fairly complete skeleton, at the TMP. The skeletal restoration is after the composite New York mount. Made from the first two known skeletons, these are identical in size.
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+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FE0F7FDCD132FB11" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379315" box="[441,530,1203,1242]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">5027</materialsCitation>
provides the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips;
<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FE377F87D2FAFAC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379306" box="[385,474,1256,1295]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="fore and hind limbs" specimenCode="CM 9380" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Type">9380</materialsCitation>
the fore and hind limbs. The
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+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FC437F87D76CFAC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379303" box="[1013,1100,1256,1295]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">5027</materialsCitation>
skull is crushed a little, giving it a falsely dished dorsal profile and little more breadth at its back end than it really had. Since this is the most complete and best known skull, these crushed features have misled many. On the other hand, Ralph Molnar has made the back of the skull too narrow and triangular.21 The new skulls prove that this animal really was a very broad-cheeked animal. The roguse posterior orbital horn is larger than the reduced preorbital one, much as in
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE85F39FE1D7DF6D140F90B" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[427,608,1689,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
T.
-<emphasis id="B936F863FFE85F39FE697DF6D146F90B" box="[479,614,1689,1728]" pageId="21" pageNumber="344">bataar.</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFE85F39FE697DF6D140F90B" box="[479,608,1689,1728]" pageId="21" pageNumber="344">bataar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFE85F39FDD67DF6D146F90B" box="[608,614,1689,1728]" pageId="21" pageNumber="344">.</emphasis>
The lower arm and hand are not known, but since the humerus is smaller than in other
<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE85F39FBEB7DBFD653F93C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1117,1395,1744,1783]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
species, it is likely that the arm as a whole was also. It was not until 1970 that Newman noted that the partial tail was restored with too many vertebrae. With a proper tyrannosaur tail count of thirty-seven to thirty-nine vertebrae,
-<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FCC07CC6D0EDF81B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379307" box="[886,973,1961,2000]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027" typeStatus="other material">5027</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FCC07CC6D0EDF81B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379307" box="[886,973,1961,2000]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">5027</materialsCitation>
is thirty-four feet long, not forty-five as once claimed. Kenneth Carpenter has recently mounted a cast of this skeleton in a modern, accurate, and dynamic pose in Philadelphia. Estimates that
-<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FC597323D766F7B8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379317" box="[1007,1094,2124,2163]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027" typeStatus="other material">5027</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FC597323D766F7B8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379317" box="[1007,1094,2124,2163]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">5027</materialsCitation>
massed close to 7 tonnes22 are reasonable if they are presumed to include fat reserves, but these estimates are not really useful because they were based on unreliable museum models, and a commercial toy made by the BMNH. Substantial growth is possible even after the skull bones start to fuse together as in
-<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FC1E7234D723F649" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379308" box="[936,1027,2395,2434]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027" typeStatus="other material">5027</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFE85F39FC1E7234D723F649" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379308" box="[936,1027,2395,2434]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="344" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">5027</materialsCitation>
. I note this because this and the other big
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AFB0E7BDFD605FF1C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1208,1317,176,215]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
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specimens may or may not be subadults. This is possible because the biggest specimen is a toothbearing UCMP maxilla from the upper jaw that is 29 percent longer than
-<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFEB5F3AFC4B7A3CD77BFEB1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379311" box="[1021,1115,339,378]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="345" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027" typeStatus="other material">5027</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFEB5F3AFC4B7A3CD77BFEB1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379311" box="[1021,1115,339,378]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="345" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">5027</materialsCitation>
. It indicates a 12-tonne individual that could rear its head some twenty-three feet high, and could slide something the size of a whole human body down its gullet as if it were a raw oyster.23 It is possible that this titan, known as it is from only one bone, represents a different species. If not, then 15- tonne individuals were probably fairly common, 20-tonne “record holders” were possible—though so rare that they may never be found. For comparison, most bull African elephants are 5- tonners and a fair number reach 7.5 tonnes; extremely rare are 10-tonners.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEB5F3AFCD4781DD777F944" blockId="22.[778,1981,174,2441]" pageId="22" pageNumber="345">
Suggestions that
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AFB1A781DD63FFC52" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1196,1311,882,921]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AFB1A781DD63FFC52" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1196,1311,882,921]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
is really two species, or even two genera, have been circulating lately. Two genera is completely out of the question; at most it is a-lion-versus-a-tiger kind of species separation. But the type of
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imperiosus
</taxonomicName>
(a wonderful name) is a front lower jaw that is hardly distinguishable from the
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type. The somewhat distorted
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+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFEB5F3AF9677FEED497FB63" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379316" box="[1745,1975,1153,1192]" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="late Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="345" preperations="skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hips" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
skull may be adding to the confusion because the upper jaw’s left maxilla is too low. The right side is not so crushed and looks like other
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AFC347E4BD0D4FA80" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[898,1012,1316,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
specimens. The hind limbs of some specimens do seem to be longer and more slender than those of the type, and they vary somewhat in the teeth. On the other hand, all the skulls are quite consistent in the preorbital horns and other skull details, more so than in
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. So one species is most likely, perhaps one that came in “robust” and “gracile” versions, but the verdict is not in.24
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEB5F3AFCD47DCFD44FF6D7" blockId="22.[778,1981,174,2441]" pageId="22" pageNumber="345">
Of course,
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AFB8E7DCFD789F90C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1080,1193,1696,1735]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AFB8E7DCFD789F90C" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1080,1193,1696,1735]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
is the most illustrated of theropods, and the most famous rendition is Charles Knight’s FMNH painting of a confrontation with Triceratops.25 The horizontal body pose is ahead of its time; on the debit side are such anatomical mistakes as the overly shallow back of the head and a small chest. Another well-known Knight
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AFB347CC0D7D3F81D" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1154,1267,1967,2006]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
effort26 is much less satisfying, especially since the head is too small and lizard-like. Burian’s oftenreproduced
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AFC447373D747F788" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1010,1127,2076,2115]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
27 has a badly dwarfed head and lipless teeth —it is not at all good. Neither is Rudolph Zallinger’s bloated and simplistic version in the YPM mural.28 The rather uninspired commercial model put out by the BMNH is too small in the head and chest, too long-tailed, and has inappropriate plated skin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEB5F3BFCE97244D002FC5F" blockId="22.[778,1981,174,2441]" lastBlockId="23.[190,1388,169,1633]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="22" pageNumber="345">
The reason for the bulk and firepower of
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AF9D87244D5FBF699" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1646,1755,2347,2386]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEB5F3AF9D87244D5FBF699" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1646,1755,2347,2386]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
is apparent when one considers its main prey, Triceratops. Prior tyrannosaurs were going after rhino-sized duckbills and ceratopsids, but by the late Maastrichtian, elephant-sized Triceratops was far and away the most numerous herbivore. Triceratops was horrendously big, fast, and agile, and it was well-armed with beak and horns. Hunging it required an equally gigantic, faster, and even more formidably armed predator. Just how formidable only became clear to me as I did the illustration of
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEA5F3BFC517A9FD772FDDC" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[999,1106,496,535]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
biting Triceratops in Figure 2-6 (page 35). I had to measure things out, and was appalled to find that the tyrannosaur could bite out a wound a yard long, and well over a foot deep and wide. This would have wrecked the entire upper thigh of Triceratops, and cut down to the femur. Some “scavenger”! It is hard to conceive of such titanic battles, with elephant-sized predators sprinting alongside a thundering herd of horned dinosaurs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEA5F3BFEA578CCD78EFADB" blockId="23.[190,1388,169,1633]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
Some remains indicate that
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEA5F3BFC8F78CCD08DFC01" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[825,941,931,970]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
lived in New Mexico’s Kirtland Shale; if so, it hunted the brontosaurs there, while Triceratops was absent. As for competition, the smaller, more gracile and rare
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEA5F3BFE717F29D0E7FBA6" authority="Paul, 1988" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[455,967,1094,1133]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">Albertosaurus megagracilis</taxonomicName>
was about all, and it preferred the duckbills. A. lancensis was too small to be much more than its occasional prey, except when the albertosaur dared pick off a juvenile
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEA5F3BFDA17F86D1A3FADB" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[535,643,1257,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
from under its parents’ noses!
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEA5F3BFEA57E71D2ACF9D4" blockId="23.[190,1388,169,1633]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
The culmination of tyrannosaur evolution,
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEA5F3BFB997E71D7BBFA8E" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1071,1179,1310,1349]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
was one of the very last North American dinosaurs. Nothing else combined its size, speed, and power. Since its demise we have had to make do with lions and tigers and bears, and other “little” mammalian carnivores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEA5F3BFF767CF5D731F80A" blockId="23.[192,1274,1946,2285]" box="[192,1041,1946,1985]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEA5F3BFF767CF5D731F80A" authority="Cope, 1866" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[192,1041,1946,1985]" class="Reptilia" family="Dryptosauridae" genus="Dryptosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquilungis">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEA5F3BFF767CF5D001F80A" box="[192,801,1946,1985]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">DRYPTOSAURUS AQUILUNGIS</emphasis>
+(Cope, 1866)
+</taxonomicName>
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+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEA5F3BFF777CBDD2B4F838" box="[193,404,1996,2035]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">synonym—</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEA5F3BFE227CA3D1D3F838" authority="Cope, 1866" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[404,755,1996,2035]" class="Reptilia" family="Dryptosauridae" genus="Laelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquilungis">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEA5F3BFE227CA3D108F838" box="[404,552,1996,2035]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">Laelaps</emphasis>
+aquilungis
+</taxonomicName>
+</paragraph>
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+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEA5F3BFF77736BD131F7EE" blockId="23.[192,1274,1946,2285]" box="[193,529,2046,2085]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
+type—
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+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEA5F3BFF777359D79BF79C" box="[193,1211,2096,2135]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEA5F3BFF777359D79BF79C" blockId="23.[192,1274,1946,2285]" box="[193,1211,2096,2135]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEA5F3BFF777359D238F79E" box="[193,280,2102,2133]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">time</emphasis>
+----- Late Maastrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEA5F3BFF747307D2AEF770" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" type="distribution">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEA5F3BFF747307D2AEF770" blockId="23.[192,1274,1946,2285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">horizon and distribution—New Egypt Formation of New Jersey</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEA5F3BFF7773A2D05AF726" box="[193,890,2246,2285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEA5F3BFF7773A2D05AF726" blockId="23.[192,1274,1946,2285]" box="[193,890,2246,2285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">MAIN ANATOMICAL STUDY—Cope, 1870</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEA5F3BFDFC7396D1AFF64E" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFEAA0D3FF747396D1C0F64E" box="[194,736,2297,2437]" gridcols="2" gridrows="3" inLine="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
+<tr id="35722633FFEAA0D3FF747396D1C0F6EB" box="[194,736,2297,2336]" gridrow="0" pageId="23" pageNumber="346" rowspan-0="1">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEAA0D3FD9D7396D1C0F6EB" box="[555,736,2297,2336]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">Type</th>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFEAA0D3FF747244D1C0F699" box="[194,736,2347,2386]" gridrow="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEAA0D3FF747244D2DEF699" box="[194,510,2347,2386]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">FEMUR LENGTH— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEAA0D3FD9D7244D1C0F699" box="[555,736,2347,2386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">890 890 mm mm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFEAA0D3FF747231D1C0F64E" box="[194,736,2398,2437]" gridrow="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEAA0D3FF747231D2DEF64E" box="[194,510,2398,2437]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">TONNAGE— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEAA0D3FD9D7231D1C0F64E" box="[555,736,2398,2437]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="346">~ ~1.5 1.5??</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFE55F35FCDC7BD2D2E5F8AC" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="24" pageNumber="347" type="discussion">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE55F34FCDC7BD2D5C2FCC9" blockId="24.[788,1987,187,771]" pageId="24" pageNumber="347">I discuss this species here for a lack of anywhere better to do it; it is being reexamined by Kenneth Carpenter and Dale Russell. This large, gracile, aberrant, and poorly known theropod has been considered everything from a megalosaur to a tyrannosaur, to even a dromaeosaur protobird. It is none of these. The ankle is advanced and looks avetheropodian, but it is also different from other theropods, so this taxa is a unique form. A number of other theropod remains in the United States have been placed in this genus; all are dubious at best. It seems that the forelimbs are large and have very big claws, and the teeth are fairly normal blades. Duckbills were among this big animal’s prey.</paragraph>
+<caption id="DF3D74F9FFE55F34FF757DC4D2E5F85C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756706" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3756706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3756706/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="347" targetBox="[788,1990,1012,1616]" targetPageId="24">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE55F34FF757DC4D3F4F905" blockId="24.[195,453,1706,1943]" box="[195,212,1707,1742]" pageId="24" pageNumber="347">3</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE55F35FCDD7DC3D2E5F8AC" blockId="24.[791,1988,1706,2453]" lastBlockId="25.[195,1393,1473,2441]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="24" pageNumber="347">
+The members of this clade—the sister group to the allosaur-tyrannosaurs—did a fantastic and wonderful thing. They learned to fly (again, we assume that Triassic herrerasaurs and “Protoavis” are bird mimics that did not contribute to early bird evolution). Long-fingered, climbing small avetheropods of the Jurassic rather like
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFE55F34FB267CD4D696F829" box="[1168,1462,1979,2018]" pageId="24" pageNumber="347">Compsognathus</emphasis>
+and Omitholestes may have been the beginnings of this group, which soon developed flying forms, the only known one of which is Archaeopteryx. What happened to the protobirds
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFE55F34FB537331D61EF74E" box="[1253,1342,2142,2181]" pageId="24" pageNumber="347">after</emphasis>
+Archaeopteryx is as interesting as what went on before. This is because most of the theropods closest to
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFE55F34FC2073A5D7B6F73A" box="[918,1174,2250,2289]" pageId="24" pageNumber="347">Archaeoptryx</emphasis>
+and birds lived after Archaeopteryx, and these Cretaceous protobirds—although nonflying—are in many important ways more birdlike than Archaeopteryx itself. It would seem that these were the secondarily flightless progeny of the first flying protobirds. So. as true flying birds evolved, there may have been a parallel radiation of grounded protobirds. This is a new idea, and an unproven one. But as we shall see below, it is also logical. These long-forelimbed ground protobirds developed a number of peculiar adaptations, and seem to have displaced other theropods from the small-to-medium-predator roles. Others became herbivores, and one of the ostrich-mimics may have been gigantic.
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE55F34FF757D82D2E5F85C" blockId="24.[195,453,1706,1943]" pageId="24" pageNumber="347">Protobirds: Flying and Nonflying</paragraph>
+</caption>
+</subSubSection>
+<caption id="DF3D74F9FFE45F35FA267EACD564F97A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756708" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3756708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3756708/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="348" targetBox="[250,1601,176,1352]" targetPageId="25">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE45F35FA267EACD564F97A" blockId="25.[1422,1958,1474,1721]" pageId="25" pageNumber="348">Velociraptor mongoliensis and Troodon mongoliensis squabble over a Protoceratops andrewsi carcass. The firsfls greater firepower matched the second ’s larger size.</paragraph>
+</caption>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFE45F36FEAC7C1AD71EFB2F" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="349" pageId="25" pageNumber="348" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE45F36FEAC7C1AD0A3FE7E" blockId="25.[195,1393,1473,2441]" lastBlockId="26.[763,1963,178,1252]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="349" pageId="25" pageNumber="348">
+Many features link protobirds and birds. For one example, in birds the snout is reduced. The maxilla, preorbital openings, jaw-closing muscles, and smell organs the snout contains are all reduced or lost. These things can be seen developing in protobirds; even the preorbital opening of
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFE45F35FC3D7322D74BF7BD" box="[907,1131,2125,2166]" pageId="25" pageNumber="348">Velociraptor</emphasis>
+is small compared to nonprotobird theropods. A common, but not strict, protobird trait is to have well-developed binocular vision. The way in which protobird eyes faced forward usually differed from that of tyrannosaurs (for an exception, see comments on Dromaeosaurus, pages 349-51). In protobirds the frontals that make up the skull roof above the eye sockets are triangular and broader over the back of the eye socket; this is the bird way of binocular vision. But the purpose of stereo vision was the same in tyrannosaurs, protobirds, and birds: to improve the precision of head strikes.
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE75F36FCF97AAAD446FBC0" blockId="26.[763,1963,178,1252]" pageId="26" pageNumber="349">Notice that unlike the hips of other theropods, here the long rod is missing from the end of the ischium bone. This means that the ischial-based limb muscles again anchored along most of the bones’ length, as they had in the earliest dinosaurs. This is also an avian feature, and it probably had to do with the equally birdlike initial backward-swinging of the pubis. In 1969, Dale Russell suggested that the slender, bowed outermost digit of the hand of Troodon could rotate backward on the wrist bones and oppose the other fingers, somewhat the way our thumb does. If correct, then this would apply to Archaeopteryx, dromaeosaurs, and perhaps oviraptors too, because they have similar hands.</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE75F36FCE77F75D71EFB2F" blockId="26.[763,1963,178,1252]" pageId="26" pageNumber="349">It is remarkable how ready for avian-style flight the Jurassic avetheropods were. All they had to do was elongate their forelimbs, modify them a little, and increase their power, and they could have flown.</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+</treatment>
+</document>
\ No newline at end of file
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index 62846ee67bc..d26ed954753 100644
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-<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="17.[211,1395,1688,1781]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<treatment id="03EB9567FFEC5F38FF657DF4D08CFA27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4424380" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190642297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4424380" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB9567FFEC5F38FF657DF4D08CFA27" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567FFEC5F38FF657DF4D08CFA27" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" scope_family="Tyrannosauridae" scope_subFamily="Tyrannosaurinae">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEC5F3DFF657DF4D2A6F93E" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFF657DF4D2A6F93E" blockId="17.[211,1395,1688,1781]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
SUBGENUS
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1906" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Tyrannosaurus">
-<emphasis box="[451,1219,1691,1730]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">TYRANNOSAURUS (TYRANNOSAURUS)</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFE757DF4D2A6F93E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1906" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Tyrannosaurus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEC5F3DFE757DF4D7E3F909" box="[451,1219,1691,1730]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">TYRANNOSAURUS (TYRANNOSAURUS)</emphasis>
(Osborn, 1906)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="nomenclature">
-<paragraph blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[211,1159,1817,1856]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
-<emphasis box="[211,1159,1817,1856]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">TYRANNOSAURUS (TYRANNOSAURUS) BATAAR</emphasis>
-</taxonomicName>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEC5F3DFF657C76D258F8B9" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="nomenclature">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFF657C76D258F8B9" blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFF657C76D258F8B9" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEC5F3DFF657C76D7A7F88B" box="[211,1159,1817,1856]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">TYRANNOSAURUS (TYRANNOSAURUS) BATAAR</emphasis>
Maleev, 1955
+</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="reference_group">
-<paragraph blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEC5F3DFF657C13D7BDF81D" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFF657C13D7BDF81D" blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
Synonyms—
-<emphasis box="[450,1259,1916,1955]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[450,825,1916,1955]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">Tarbosaurus bataar</taxonomicName>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEC5F3DFE747C13D7CBF868" box="[450,1259,1916,1955]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFE747C13D019F868" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[450,825,1916,1955]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">Tarbosaurus bataar</taxonomicName>
,
-<taxonomicName authority="Maleev, 1955" box="[848,1253,1916,1955]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="efremovi">Tarbosaurus efremovi</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFCE67C13D7C5F868" authority="Maleev, 1955" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[848,1253,1916,1955]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="efremovi">Tarbosaurus efremovi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[295,738,1967,2006]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancinator">Gorgosaurus lancinator</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFE917CC0D1C2F81D" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[295,738,1967,2006]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancinator">Gorgosaurus lancinator</taxonomicName>
,
-<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" box="[759,1181,1967,2006]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novojilovi">Gorgosaurus novojilovi</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFD417CC0D7BDF81D" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[759,1181,1967,2006]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novojilovi">Gorgosaurus novojilovi</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="materials_examined">
-<paragraph blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" box="[211,514,2017,2056]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">type—PIN 551-1</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEC5F3DFF657C88D2F4F7A6" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="materials_examined">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFF657C88D122F7C3" blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" box="[211,514,2017,2056]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">type—PIN 551-1</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFF657374D2F4F7A6" blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
best specimens—type (skull),
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379310" box="[782,961,2069,2108]" collectingDate="1949" collectionCode="PIN" collectorName="Soviet Expidition" country="Mongolia" formation="Nemegt Formation" geologicalContext="early to mid-Maastrichtian? of the late LAte Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" preperations="skull" specimenCode="PIN 551-3" typeStatus="Type">PIN 551-3</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFEC5F3DFCB8737AD0E1F7F7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379310" box="[782,961,2069,2108]" collectingDate="1949" collectionCode="PIN" collectorName="Soviet Expidition" country="Mongolia" formation="Nemegt Formation" geologicalContext="early to mid-Maastrichtian? of the late LAte Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" preperations="skull" specimenCode="PIN 551-3" typeStatus="Type">PIN 551-3</materialsCitation>
,
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379318" box="[983,1246,2069,2108]" collectionCode="ZPAL" country="Mongolia" formation="Nemegt Formation" geologicalContext="early to mid-Maastrichtian? of the late LAte Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" specimenCode="ZPAL MgD-1/3" typeStatus="other material">ZPAL MgD-1/3</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFEC5F3DFC61737AD7FEF7F7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379318" box="[983,1246,2069,2108]" collectionCode="ZPAL" country="Mongolia" formation="Nemegt Formation" geologicalContext="early to mid-Maastrichtian? of the late LAte Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" specimenCode="ZPAL MgD-1/3">ZPAL MgD-1/3</materialsCitation>
(juvenile)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[209,1352,2169,2208]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" box="[209,1352,2169,2208]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
-<emphasis box="[209,296,2175,2206]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">time</emphasis>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEC5F3DFF677310D668F76B" box="[209,1352,2169,2208]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFF677310D668F76B" blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" box="[209,1352,2169,2208]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEC5F3DFF677310D208F755" box="[209,296,2175,2206]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">time</emphasis>
—early to mid-Maastrichtian? of the late Late Cretaceous
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[210,1247,2219,2258]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="distribution">
-<paragraph blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" box="[210,1247,2219,2258]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">horizon and locality—Nemegt Formation of Mongolia</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEC5F3DFF6473DED7FFF719" box="[210,1247,2219,2258]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="distribution">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFF6473DED7FFF719" blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" box="[210,1247,2219,2258]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">horizon and locality—Nemegt Formation of Mongolia</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[209,935,2269,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="reference_group">
-<paragraph blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" box="[209,935,2269,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">MAIN ANATOMICAL STUDY—Maleev 1974</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEC5F3DFF67738BD087F6CF" box="[209,935,2269,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFF67738BD087F6CF" blockId="17.[209,1352,1817,2308]" box="[209,935,2269,2308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">MAIN ANATOMICAL STUDY—Maleev 1974</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
-<table box="[209,1114,2319,2409]" gridcols="4" gridrows="2" inLine="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
-<tr box="[209,1114,2319,2360]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" rowspan-0="1">
-<td box="[569,722,2319,2360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">MgD-1 1/3 3</td>
-<td box="[761,856,2319,2360]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">551 551- -3 3</td>
-<td box="[978,1114,2319,2360]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Type Type</td>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEC5F3DFD8F7260D771F6A3" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFECA0D3FF677260D77AF6A2" box="[209,1114,2319,2409]" gridcols="4" gridrows="2" inLine="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<tr id="35722633FFECA0D3FF677260D77AF6F3" box="[209,1114,2319,2360]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" rowspan-0="1">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFECA0D3FD8F7260D1F2F6F3" box="[569,722,2319,2360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">MgD-1 1/3 3</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFECA0D3FD4F7260D078F6F3" box="[761,856,2319,2360]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">551 551- -3 3</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFECA0D3FC647260D77AF6F3" box="[978,1114,2319,2360]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">Type Type</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[209,1114,2369,2409]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
-<th box="[209,516,2369,2409]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">skull SKULL length LENGTH— —</th>
-<td box="[569,722,2369,2409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">745 mm mm</td>
-<td box="[761,856,2369,2409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">1135 1135</td>
-<td box="[978,1114,2369,2409]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">-~ 1350 1350</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFECA0D3FF67722ED77AF6A2" box="[209,1114,2369,2409]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFECA0D3FF67722ED124F6A2" box="[209,516,2369,2409]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">skull SKULL length LENGTH— —</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFECA0D3FD8F722ED1F2F6A2" box="[569,722,2369,2409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">745 mm mm</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFECA0D3FD4F722ED078F6A2" box="[761,856,2369,2409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">1135 1135</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFECA0D3FC64722ED77AF6A2" box="[978,1114,2369,2409]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">-~ 1350 1350</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
-<paragraph lastBlockId="19.[965,1078,152,341]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
-<table box="[182,1077,152,342]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" inLine="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
-<tr box="[182,1077,152,192]" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
-<th box="[182,499,152,192]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">TOTAL LENGTH—</th>
-<th box="[544,692,152,192]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">5.8 m</th>
-<th box="[735,917,152,192]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">7.7</th>
-<th box="[965,1077,152,192]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">~10</th>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEE5F3FFF007BF0D0D9FE9E" lastBlockId="19.[965,1078,152,341]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFEEA0D3FF007BF7D715FE9D" box="[182,1077,152,342]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" inLine="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
+<tr id="35722633FFEEA0D3FF007BF7D715FF0B" box="[182,1077,152,192]" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FF007BF7D2D3FF0B" box="[182,499,152,192]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">TOTAL LENGTH—</th>
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FD967BF7D194FF0B" box="[544,692,152,192]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">5.8 m</th>
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FD697BF7D0B5FF0B" box="[735,917,152,192]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">7.7</th>
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FC737BF7D715FF0B" box="[965,1077,152,192]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">~10</th>
</tr>
-<tr box="[182,1077,202,241]" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
-<th box="[182,499,202,241]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">FEMUR LENGTH—</th>
-<td box="[544,692,202,241]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">700 mm</td>
-<td box="[735,917,202,241]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">970</td>
-<td box="[965,1077,202,241]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">~1200</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFEEA0D3FF007BA5D715FF3A" box="[182,1077,202,241]" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FF007BA5D2D3FF3A" box="[182,499,202,241]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">FEMUR LENGTH—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FD967BA5D194FF3A" box="[544,692,202,241]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">700 mm</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FD697BA5D0B5FF3A" box="[735,917,202,241]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">970</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FC737BA5D715FF3A" box="[965,1077,202,241]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">~1200</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[182,1077,251,291]" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
-<th box="[182,499,251,291]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">HIP HEIGHT—</th>
-<td box="[544,692,251,291]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">1.9 m</td>
-<td box="[735,917,251,291]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">2.4</td>
-<td box="[965,1077,251,291]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">~2.9</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFEEA0D3FF007B94D715FEE8" box="[182,1077,251,291]" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FF007B94D2D3FEE8" box="[182,499,251,291]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">HIP HEIGHT—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FD967B94D194FEE8" box="[544,692,251,291]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">1.9 m</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FD697B94D0B5FEE8" box="[735,917,251,291]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">2.4</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FC737B94D715FEE8" box="[965,1077,251,291]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">~2.9</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[182,1077,302,342]" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
-<th box="[182,499,302,342]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">MASS—</th>
-<td box="[544,692,302,342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">760 kg</td>
-<td box="[735,917,302,342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">2.1 tonnes</td>
-<td box="[965,1077,302,342]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">~5</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFEEA0D3FF007A41D715FE9D" box="[182,1077,302,342]" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FF007A41D2D3FE9D" box="[182,499,302,342]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">MASS—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FD967A41D194FE9D" box="[544,692,302,342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">760 kg</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FD697A41D0B5FE9D" box="[735,917,302,342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">2.1 tonnes</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEEA0D3FC737A41D715FE9D" box="[965,1077,302,342]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">~5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
-<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="342" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="19.[180,1383,374,2426]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFEE5F3FFEBF7A17D7DDFABA" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEE5F3FFEBF7A17D7DDFABA" blockId="19.[180,1383,374,2426]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
Discovered by the Soviet expedition of 1949, this taxa was at first correctly named
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[597,1020,430,469]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">Tyrannosaurus bataar</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFDE37AC1D0DCFE1E" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[597,1020,430,469]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">Tyrannosaurus bataar</taxonomicName>
by E. Maleev. But then he gave a smaller specimen the fine generic title,
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1187,1374,485,524]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFB157A8AD3D1FD89" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEE5F3FFB157A8AD3D1FD89" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[344,519,539,578]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFEEE7974D127FD89" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[344,519,539,578]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
T.
-<emphasis box="[391,519,539,578]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">bataar</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEE5F3FFE317974D127FD89" box="[391,519,539,578]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">bataar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is often sunk into the latter. But if the very big type skull had been found in North America it would have been assigned to
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[401,513,647,686]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFE2779E8D121FD65" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[401,513,647,686]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
: they are that alike! So much so that if they did overlap in time—the exact age of the Nemegt is hard to pin down
-<emphasis box="[180,227,755,794]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">—</emphasis>
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[227,406,755,794]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEE5F3FFF02799CD3C3FCD1" box="[180,227,755,794]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">—</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFF55799CD2B6FCD1" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[227,406,755,794]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
T.
-<emphasis box="[278,406,755,794]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">bataar</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEE5F3FFEA0799CD2B6FCD1" box="[278,406,755,794]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">bataar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have even been an interbreeding, geographical subspecies of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[438,545,810,849]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFE007845D101FC9A" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[438,545,810,849]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
, much as the Eurasian brown bear and American grizzly are subspecies of Ursus arctos.
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[983,1181,865,904]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar’s</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFC61780ED7BDFC43" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[983,1181,865,904]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar’s</taxonomicName>
somewhat smaller size might be due to its living in a harsher, more arid habitat. So Maleev was right the first time in making this
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFB5378A1D245FBE0" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
. The Mongolian predator does have smaller teeth, a shallower snout and mandible, and somewhat different skull roof bones than
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[411,527,1136,1175]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFE2D7F1FD12FFB5C" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[411,527,1136,1175]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
. Also,
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orbital horns, both before and behind the eye socket, appear to be the smallest among tyrannosaurs. The biggest complete
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T.
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</taxonomicName>
and
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skulls are the same length, so these individuals were about equal in size. Their skulls also share the same degree of binocular vision.
</paragraph>
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-<paragraph blockId="19.[180,1383,374,2426]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
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A more serious taxonomic problem is that the many good skulls and skeletons may represent more than one species.18 Maleev and Osmolska believe in two or more, Rhozhdestvensky argues for one.19 Initially, I inclined toward the former view. After all, three species of the big-cat genus Panthera are found in India (lion, tiger, and leopard), and there is always more than one tyrannosaur present in North American formations. That the Nemegt had only one seemed wrong. Yet, careful examination of published remains and those I saw in Warsaw leaves me pretty sure that Rhozhdestvensky is right. Whatever the specimen’s size, the teeth of all the specimens are alike in size and design, the orbital horns are the same, and there just is no significant variation in morphology. One small, partial skull
-<emphasis box="[1117,1146,2059,2098]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">(“</emphasis>
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novojilovi">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEE5F3FFBEB7364D75AF7F9" box="[1117,1146,2059,2098]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">(“</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFBCC7364D252F7A3" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novojilovi">
Gorgosaurus
-<emphasis box="[187,377,2113,2152]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">novojilovi,</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEE5F3FFF0D732ED252F7A3" box="[187,370,2113,2152]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">novojilovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEE5F3FFEC4732ED259F7A3" box="[370,377,2113,2152]" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">,</emphasis>
” Maleev, 1955 20) has been restored as very long and low, quite different from the others. But the individual bones match other
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEE5F3FFE1F73C1D17BF71E" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[425,603,2222,2261]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
skulls, and restored properly they form a normal skull. There have been suggestions that this specimen’s foot bones are unique, but as far as I can tell they are not.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="19.[180,1383,374,2426]" lastBlockId="20.[786,1987,174,1516]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFEE5F38FEBB723FD53BFE2E" blockId="19.[180,1383,374,2426]" lastBlockId="20.[786,1987,174,1516]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="19" pageNumber="342">
All Nemegt tyrannosaurs may therefore represent a growth series of
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[970,1157,174,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FC7C7BC1D7A5FF1E" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[970,1157,174,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
. As the species grew up, the body became more robust, the shank and feet somewhat shorter, and the transverse braincase crest seems to have enlarged, rather like what appears to occur in
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FB337A3DD66DFEB2" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1157,1357,338,377]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
. Unlike the latter,
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1706,1881,338,377]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38F91C7A3DD479FEB2" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1706,1881,338,377]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
teeth show no dramatic alteration in size relative to the skull, but the snout did became longer as they matured.
</paragraph>
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Note that the larger skeletal restoration (see page 341) is of a fairly complete subadult skull and skeleton. Full adults were even more like
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FB9A790ED7B6FD43" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1068,1174,609,648]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
, as shown by the big type skull. The juvenile skeleton is based on a superb individual that lacks only the tail.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="20.[786,1987,174,1516]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFE95F38FCDE79A1D08CFA27" blockId="20.[786,1987,174,1516]" pageId="20" pageNumber="343">
Prior to the Nemegt deposition, Mongolia was too arid to support big herbivore populations large enough to feed big tyrannosaurs, so only a few big theropod teeth are known. Even the Nemegt was a dryer, more open, savanna-like habitat than were the heavily forested North American tyrannosaur environments.
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FC1078B2D75AFBCF" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[934,1146,989,1028]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar’s</taxonomicName>
prey consisted mainly of armored ankylosaurs, the big duckbill Saurolophus, and one or two of species of medium-sized brontosaurs. There is little doubt that 5-tonne
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FCA57F10D0E6FB6D" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[787,966,1151,1190]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
could bring down the 5-to-10-tonne brontosaurs in its neighborhood. So, although
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FAA97FDAD6AAFB17" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1311,1418,1205,1244]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
never met Brontosaurus itself, the comic books are correct in showing tyrannosaurs preying on its relative. These bulky herbivores may have provided most of
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38FCA27E36D0C0FA4B" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[788,992,1369,1408]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar’s</taxonomicName>
prey biomass. With the possible exception of the rare and possibly herbivorous Deinocherius,
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFE95F38F9A77EE0D5E4FA7D" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1553,1732,1423,1462]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
had no competitors.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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SUBGENUS
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSenus" subGenus="Daspletosaurus">
-<emphasis box="[1006,1790,1246,1285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">TYRANNOSAURUS (DASPLETOSAURUS)</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFED5F3CFC587FB1D740FAF3" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSenus" subGenus="Daspletosaurus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFED5F3CFC587FB1D5DEFACE" box="[1006,1790,1246,1285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">TYRANNOSAURUS (DASPLETOSAURUS)</emphasis>
(Russell, 1970)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="nomenclature">
-<paragraph blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus" subGenus="Daspletosaurus">
-<emphasis box="[767,1161,1372,1411]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">TYRANNOSAURUS (</emphasis>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFED5F3CFD497E33D092FA7E" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="nomenclature">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFED5F3CFD497E33D092FA7E" blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFED5F3CFD497E33D092FA7E" authority="(Russell, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus" subGenus="Daspletosaurus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFED5F3CFD497E33D7A9FA48" box="[767,1161,1372,1411]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">TYRANNOSAURUS (</emphasis>
DASPLETOSAURUS
-<emphasis box="[1543,1555,1372,1411]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">)</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFED5F3CF9B17E33D533FA48" box="[1543,1555,1372,1411]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">)</emphasis>
TOROSUS (Russell, 1970)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[767,1395,1472,1511]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="reference_group">
-<paragraph blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" box="[767,1395,1472,1511]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<emphasis box="[767,934,1478,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">synonym</emphasis>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFED5F3CFD497EA9D653FA2C" box="[767,1395,1472,1511]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFED5F3CFD497EA9D653FA2C" blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" box="[767,1395,1472,1511]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFED5F3CFD497EA9D086FA2E" box="[767,934,1478,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">synonym</emphasis>
—
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[977,1395,1472,1511]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Albertosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFED5F3CFC677EAFD653FA2C" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[977,1395,1472,1511]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Albertosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[767,1619,1521,1560]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="materials_examined">
-<paragraph blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" box="[767,1619,1521,1560]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFED5F3CFD497E97D573F9D3" box="[767,1619,1521,1560]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="materials_examined">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFED5F3CFD497E97D573F9D3" blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" box="[767,1619,1521,1560]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
TYPE, BEST AND DISPLAY SPECIMEN—
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379302" box="[1423,1619,1521,1560]" collectionCode="NMC" country="Canada" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" preperations="partial skull and skeleton" specimenCode="NMC 8506" stateProvince="Alberta" typeStatus="Type">NMC 8506</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFED5F3CFA397E9ED573F9D3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379302" box="[1423,1619,1521,1560]" collectionCode="NMC" country="Canada" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" preperations="partial skull and skeleton" specimenCode="NMC 8506" stateProvince="Alberta" typeStatus="Type">NMC 8506</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[767,1690,1572,1611]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" box="[767,1690,1572,1611]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">time—late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFED5F3CFD497D45D5BAF980" box="[767,1690,1572,1611]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFED5F3CFD497D45D5BAF980" blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" box="[767,1690,1572,1611]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">time—late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[767,1937,1621,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="distribution">
-<paragraph blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" box="[767,1937,1621,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">horizon and distribution—Judith River Formation of Alberta</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFED5F3CFD497D34D4B1F9B7" box="[767,1937,1621,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="distribution">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFED5F3CFD497D34D4B1F9B7" blockId="16.[767,1937,1372,1660]" box="[767,1937,1621,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">horizon and distribution—Judith River Formation of Alberta</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<table box="[767,1461,1671,1962]" gridcols="2" gridrows="6" inLine="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<tr box="[767,1461,1671,1710]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" rowspan-0="1">
-<th box="[1127,1461,1671,1710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFED5F3CFBD17DE8D7BFF861" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFEDA0D3FD497DE8D695F861" box="[767,1461,1671,1962]" gridcols="2" gridrows="6" inLine="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<tr id="35722633FFEDA0D3FD497DE8D695F965" box="[767,1461,1671,1710]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" rowspan-0="1">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FBD17DE8D695F965" box="[1127,1461,1671,1710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
Type/
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379314" box="[1228,1461,1671,1710]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="Canada" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" specimenCode="AMNH 5438" stateProvince="Alberta" typeStatus="other material">AMNH 5438</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFED5F3CFB7A7DE8D695F965" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396379314" box="[1228,1461,1671,1710]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="Canada" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" specimenCode="AMNH 5438" stateProvince="Alberta">AMNH 5438</materialsCitation>
</th>
</tr>
-<tr box="[767,1461,1722,1761]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<td box="[767,1084,1722,1761]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">SKULL LENGTH—</td>
-<td box="[1127,1461,1722,1761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">1107 mm</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFEDA0D3FD497DD5D695F92A" box="[767,1461,1722,1761]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FD497DD5D71CF92A" box="[767,1084,1722,1761]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">SKULL LENGTH—</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FBD17DD5D695F92A" box="[1127,1461,1722,1761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">1107 mm</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[767,1461,1773,1812]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<td box="[767,1084,1773,1812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">TOTAL LENGTH—</td>
-<td box="[1127,1461,1773,1812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">9.0 m</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFEDA0D3FD497D82D695F8DF" box="[767,1461,1773,1812]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FD497D82D71CF8DF" box="[767,1084,1773,1812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">TOTAL LENGTH—</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FBD17D82D695F8DF" box="[1127,1461,1773,1812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">9.0 m</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[767,1461,1823,1862]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<td box="[767,1084,1823,1862]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">FEMUR LENGTH—</td>
-<td box="[1127,1461,1823,1862]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">1000 mm</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFEDA0D3FD497C70D695F88D" box="[767,1461,1823,1862]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FD497C70D71CF88D" box="[767,1084,1823,1862]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">FEMUR LENGTH—</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FBD17C70D695F88D" box="[1127,1461,1823,1862]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">1000 mm</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[767,1461,1873,1912]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<td box="[767,1084,1873,1912]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">HIP HEIGHT—</td>
-<td box="[1127,1461,1873,1912]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">2.55 m</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFEDA0D3FD497C3ED695F8B3" box="[767,1461,1873,1912]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FD497C3ED71CF8B3" box="[767,1084,1873,1912]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">HIP HEIGHT—</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FBD17C3ED695F8B3" box="[1127,1461,1873,1912]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">2.55 m</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[767,1461,1923,1962]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
-<td box="[767,1084,1923,1962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">TONNAGE—</td>
-<td box="[1127,1461,1923,1962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">2.3</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFEDA0D3FD497CECD695F861" box="[767,1461,1923,1962]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FD497CECD71CF861" box="[767,1084,1923,1962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">TONNAGE—</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFEDA0D3FBD17CECD695F861" box="[1127,1461,1923,1962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">2.3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
-<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="340" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="16.[767,1964,2003,2371]" lastBlockId="17.[208,1406,720,1572]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="340" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFED5F3DFCE57CBBD64DF9EF" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="340" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFED5F3DFCE57CBBD64DF9EF" blockId="16.[767,1964,2003,2371]" lastBlockId="17.[208,1406,720,1572]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="340" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">
Until recently, this species’ remains were lumped in with
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
-<emphasis box="[1922,1960,2004,2043]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">A.</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFED5F3CF8347CBBD0B0F7F9" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFED5F3CF8347CBBD488F830" box="[1922,1960,2004,2043]" pageId="16" pageNumber="339">A.</emphasis>
libratus
</taxonomicName>
of the same formation. But even as he dug up the first good skull and skeleton in 1921, Sternberg suggested that it was a new taxa, and Dale Russell made it the type of the evocatively titled
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[875,1316,2222,2261]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">Daspletosaurus torosus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFED5F3CFCDD73C1D604F71E" authority="Russell, 1970" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[875,1316,2222,2261]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">Daspletosaurus torosus</taxonomicName>
. However, as explained above, this species belongs in
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1121,1404,2277,2316]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFED5F3CFBD7738AD65CF6C7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1121,1404,2277,2316]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
, of which it is the earliest. No complete skeleton is known, but Russell combined the skull and partial skeleton of the type with the hind limbs of equal-sized AMNH 5436 and restored a few parts to make a very good restoration, one that has been modified here. Philip Currie has a hefty new preorbital horn that may come from a somewhat larger example of this species As well as being smaller than those of the other genus members, the skull has bigger openings and lacks the bar that nearly cuts the orbit in two. On the other hand the skull is quite big for the body. The best skull of the species, ROM 8506, is crushed from side to side and obscures the fact that
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1015,1194,1209,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">T. torosus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFC417FD6D78AFB2B" authority="(Russell, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1015,1194,1209,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">T. torosus</taxonomicName>
had a good degree of binocular vision. The moderate-sized preorbital horn is triangular; the forelimbs are the biggest known in an advanced tyrannosaur. Russell has explained that since
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1071,1253,1371,1410]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">T. torosus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFB997E34D7C5FA49" authority="(Russell, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1071,1253,1371,1410]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">T. torosus</taxonomicName>
is more robust than, and one fourth as numerous as similar-sized
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
-<emphasis box="[1310,1349,1425,1464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">A.</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFEC5F3DFAA87EFED26BFA24" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFEC5F3DFAA87EFED665FA73" box="[1310,1349,1425,1464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="340">A.</emphasis>
libratus
</taxonomicName>
, it probably went after the relatively less common and powerful horned dinosaurs more often than the albertosaur did.
diff --git a/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF05F22FF197F61D6B9FABF.xml b/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF05F22FF197F61D6B9FABF.xml
index 6cc469f1ecb..450967b972a 100644
--- a/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF05F22FF197F61D6B9FABF.xml
+++ b/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF05F22FF197F61D6B9FABF.xml
@@ -1,43 +1,44 @@
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-<mods:title id="C498C71634736441A3C1E85BBEC06923">Predatory Dinosaurs of the World</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF05F21FF197F61D106FBAC" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF05F21FF197F61D106FBAC" blockId="13.[175,1249,1038,1327]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FF197F61D106FBAC" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FF197F61D106FBAC" authority="(Gilmore, 1946)" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
<emphasis id="B936F863FFF05F21FF197F61D10EFBFE" box="[175,558,1038,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">ALBERTOSAURUS?</emphasis>
(“NANOTYRANNUS”)
<emphasis id="B936F863FFF05F21FC687F61D7E2FBFE" box="[990,1218,1038,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">LANCENSIS</emphasis>
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@
<emphasis id="B936F863FFF05F21FF057F17D27AFB5C" box="[179,346,1144,1175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">synonym</emphasis>
—
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FE3E7F1DD009FB52" authority="Gilmore, 1946" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1946" box="[392,809,1138,1177]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis" status="synonym">Gorgosaurus lancensis</taxonomicName>
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@@ -92,14 +93,14 @@ type—
</paragraph>
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type CMNH 5741
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The only good specimen we have got of this one is a skull. Although small, it is not a young juvenile because of its combination of extremely good ossification, with some sutures obliterated by the bones’ intergrowth, a large transverse braincase crest, and a big rugosity on the lower edge of the cheeks. Even big
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FF4D7C5ED17FF893" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[251,607,1841,1880]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FF4D7C5ED17FF893" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[251,607,1841,1880]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
skulls are no better ossified, so this individual vidual was was at at least least fairly fairly close close to to being being fully fully grown grown..
<emphasis id="B936F863FFF05F21FBC97C08D781F844" box="[1151,1185,1895,1935]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">A A</emphasis>
.. lancensis lancensis was not necessarily faster than its giant relative, but this small animal could use its superior manueverablity to escape.
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ skulls are no better ossified, so this individual vidual was was at at least lea
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Note the smaller teeth of this adult tyrannosaur compared to similar-sized but big-toothed juveniles of
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FC06732DD755F7A2" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[944,1141,2114,2153]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
<emphasis id="B936F863FFF05F21FC06732DD0F1F7A2" box="[944,977,2114,2153]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">A</emphasis>
. libratus
</taxonomicName>
@@ -136,15 +137,15 @@ olseni.
</paragraph>
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As with
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, the rarity of this species suggests that it was in trouble.
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FB0578BFD601FC3C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1203,1313,976,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FB0578BFD601FC3C" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1203,1313,976,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
was a direct danger to
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22F96778BFD491FC3C" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1745,1969,976,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">A. lancensis</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22F96778BFD491FC3C" authority="(Gilmore, 1946)" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1745,1969,976,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">A. lancensis</taxonomicName>
, but was too big to be a direct rival. Its main competition came from the moderately larger
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FA927F52D568FBAF" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[1316,1608,1085,1124]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">A. megagracilis</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FA927F52D568FBAF" authority="Paul, 1988" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[1316,1608,1085,1124]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">A. megagracilis</taxonomicName>
, and possibly from some of the larger, also rare sickle-claws. Certainly, small-bodied and small-toothed
-<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FBC77FC6D677FB1B" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1137,1367,1193,1232]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">A. lancensis</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FBC77FC6D677FB1B" authority="(Gilmore, 1946)" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1137,1367,1193,1232]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">A. lancensis</taxonomicName>
avoided the gigantic adult ceratopsids and duckbills in its habitat. It probably went after immature duckbills and other medium-sized herbivores such as dome-headed Pachycephalosaurus.
</paragraph>
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+<treatment id="03EB9567FFF35F23FCB97EB0D1AFF6CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4424376" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137294936" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4424376" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB9567FFF35F23FCB97EB0D1AFF6CE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567FFF35F23FCB97EB0D1AFF6CE" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" scope_family="Tyrannosauridae" scope_subFamily="Tyrannosaurinae">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF35F22FCB97EB0D536F9CD" box="[783,1558,1503,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" type="nomenclature">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF35F22FCB97EB0D536F9CD" blockId="14.[782,1869,1500,1641]" box="[783,1558,1503,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="337">
+GENUS
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FC1A7EB0D536F9CD" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[940,1558,1503,1542]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
+TYRANNOSAURUS
+<httpUri id="B5C3FADBFFF35F22FA917EB0D536F9CD" box="[1319,1558,1503,1542]" httpUri="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/html/03CD8786FF91FFEC394FFE0D7AEDF9A7" pageId="14" pageNumber="337">Osborn, 1905</httpUri>
+</taxonomicName>
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF35F22FCB87D78D76FF9A2" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF35F22FCB87D78D76FF9A2" blockId="14.[782,1869,1500,1641]" pageId="14" pageNumber="337">
+synonyms—
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FC437D7ED63AF9F3" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[1013,1306,1553,1592]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
+,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FA9B7D7ED567F9F3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1325,1607,1553,1592]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dynamosaurus</taxonomicName>
+,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22F9EB7D7ED467F9F3" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[1629,1863,1553,1592]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
+,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FCD47D2DD76FF9A2" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[866,1103,1602,1641]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF35F23FCD47DFBD1AFF6CE" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" type="discussion">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF35F23FCD47DFBD647FF31" blockId="14.[776,1979,1681,2429]" lastBlockId="15.[204,1403,154,2309]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="14" pageNumber="337">
+Traditionally,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FBCD7DFBD6B4F970" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1147,1428,1684,1723]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+is considered to consist of only one species,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FBD67DA4D7F1F939" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1120,1233,1739,1778]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+. However, tyrannosaurs are so like one another that all the usual genera cannot be justified; they are oversplit. In particular,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FB607C58D6D7F895" box="[1238,1527,1847,1886]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
+and
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22F9ED7C58D465F895" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[1627,1861,1847,1886]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
+share most of the key characters that characterize
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22F9CB7C02D5CFF85F" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1661,1775,1901,1940]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+: a stocky, heavy-boned build, relatively short lower hind limbs and large arms, a short snout, smaller preorbital horns, nasal bones that are tightly constricted between the preorbital bones, deep lower jaws, and long yet stout teeth that point a little more forward than they do in
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FBFD7313D675F768" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1099,1365,2172,2211]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
+. These three species form their own clade, and the amount of variation between them is less than that seen in some well-established modern or recent genera such as Canis (wolves and jackals) and even our own genus Homo.
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FCBD723AD70FF6B7" box="[779,1071,2389,2428]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
+and
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF35F22FB2B723AD6A9F6B7" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[1181,1417,2389,2428]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
+are, therefore, junior synonyms of
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FED97BF2D1ACFF0F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[367,652,157,196]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+. However,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FCC67BF2D7AEFF0F" box="[880,1166,157,196]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
+is different enough from the other two species to warrant its own subgenus.
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF25F23FE927A66D7E6FD67" blockId="15.[204,1403,154,2309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="338">
+To a fair extent the
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FD2D7A66D093FEFB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[667,947,265,304]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+species are the tyrannosaur’s tyrannosaurs; they have taken to an extreme the development of skull size, strength, and power. This and the larger, more forward-pointing mid-upper-jaw teeth suggest a more potent wounding ability than the albertosaur’s. The stoutness of
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FB4A7A8DD25AFDF4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+relative to albertosaurs is readily apparent in the skeletal restorations. They are not as graceful, but they have a well-proportioned, majestic attractiveness of their own.
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF25F23FE9279D3D2C2F9C5" blockId="15.[204,1403,154,2309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="338">
+Because
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FE7E79D3D1C0FD28" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[456,736,700,739]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+is shorter and stockier-limbed than
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FF7A799DD2F6FCD2" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[204,470,754,793]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
+, it is tempting to ascribe slower speeds to it. However, the proportional differences are not great, while the morphology is almost identical. Perhaps
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FC117830D79DFC4D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[935,1213,863,902]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+used the power of its stouter limbs to equal the running performance of
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FF7A78A5D2F6FC3A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[204,470,970,1009]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
+. Or perhaps the former were better sprinters and the latter better long distance runners. The very size of
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FABE7F6ED658FBE3" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1288,1400,1025,1064]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+may have made it the fastest tyrannosaur; there is no way to be certain. Stout
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FE6E7F03D1D2FB58" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[472,754,1132,1171]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+was well built for ceratopsian killing. To safely and successfully hunt ceratopsians, tyrannosaurs probably had to surprise them, or panic them into a run in which they could be approached from the rear. Otherwise the powerful horned dinosaurs may have reared like enraged bears to try and intimidate the tyrannosaurs. If that failed, a running charge was the horned dinosaur’s answer, and then the tyrannosaur often did the fleeing!
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF25F23FE947D71D069F83C" blockId="15.[204,1403,154,2309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="338">
+Unlike
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FE137D71D18EF98E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[421,686,1566,1605]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
+, which remained pretty much the same size and became a little more gracile over ten or so million years,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FF797DE5D2C9F97A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[207,489,1674,1713]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+became much larger and stouter during this same time.
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FE8A7DAED176F923" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[316,598,1729,1768]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+may have evolved from unknown tyrannosaurs, but the fact that
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FD337D98D01CF8D5" authority="(Russell, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[645,828,1783,1822]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">T. torosus</taxonomicName>
+and
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FC217D98D77CF8D5" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[919,1116,1783,1822]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
+were long confused suggests that a form of
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FCBC7C42D72FF89F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[778,1039,1837,1876]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
+may have been its ancestor. Because
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FD917C0CD1F8F841" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[551,728,1891,1930]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">T. bataar</taxonomicName>
+and
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FC807C0CD083F841" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[822,931,1891,1930]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+are so similar, they must have shared a recent, common ancestor, if they were not geographic subspecies of one another.
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF25F23FE977369D1AFF6CE" blockId="15.[204,1403,154,2309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="338">
+There is more variation in this genus than in
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF25F23FBD17369D654F7E6" box="[1127,1396,2054,2093]" pageId="15" pageNumber="338">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FBD17369D64DF7E6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1127,1389,2054,2093]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
+,
+</emphasis>
+and the lightly built skull of
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FCA07353D0F4F7A8" authority="(Russell, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[790,980,2108,2147]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">T. torosus</taxonomicName>
+makes it a subgenus separate from
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FE6B731DD1AEF752" authority="(Maleev, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[477,654,2162,2201]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
+T.
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF25F23FDB8731DD1AEF752" box="[526,654,2162,2201]" pageId="15" pageNumber="338">bataar</emphasis>
+</taxonomicName>
+and
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FD5B731DD07BF752" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[749,859,2162,2201]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+. In his 1970 study, Dale Russell reported a juvenile
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF25F23FD3C73C7D062F704" authority="(Russell, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[650,834,2216,2255]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">T. torosus</taxonomicName>
+-type skeleton from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation.
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+</treatment>
+</document>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF45F26FF7E7D83D40EFB93.xml b/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF45F26FF7E7D83D40EFB93.xml
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+<treatment id="03EB9567FFF45F26FF7E7D83D40EFB93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4561910" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137294940" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4561910" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB9567FFF45F26FF7E7D83D40EFB93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567FFF45F26FF7E7D83D40EFB93" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="333" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" scope_family="Tyrannosauridae" scope_subFamily="Tyrannosaurinae">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF45F25FF7E7D83D763F8D8" box="[200,1091,1772,1811]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" type="nomenclature">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF45F25FF7E7D83D763F8D8" blockId="9.[200,1358,1772,2109]" box="[200,1091,1772,1811]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF45F25FF7E7D83D763F8D8" authority="Parks, 1928" authorityName="Parks" authorityYear="1928" box="[200,1091,1772,1811]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctunguis">ALBERTOSAURUS ARCTUNGUIS Parks, 1928a</taxonomicName>
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF45F25FF7B7C4CD04DF8BD" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" type="materials_examined">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF45F25FF7B7C4CD2DEF888" blockId="9.[200,1358,1772,2109]" box="[205,510,1820,1859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+TYPE—
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFF45F25FEE47C73D2DEF888" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979731" box="[338,510,1820,1859]" collectionCode="ROM" country="Canada" formation="Horseshoe Canyon Formation" geologicalContext="latest Campanian to early Maastrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" preperations="partial skeleton" specimenCode="ROM 807" stateProvince="Alberta" typeStatus="Type">ROM 807</materialsCitation>
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF45F25FF787C3AD04DF8BD" blockId="9.[200,1358,1772,2109]" box="[206,877,1871,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+best specimens—type,
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFF45F25FD367C20D07EF8BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979739" box="[640,862,1871,1910]" collectionCode="TMP " country="Canada" formation="Horseshoe Canyon Formation" geologicalContext="latest Campanian to early Maastrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" preperations="skull and partial skeleton" specimenCode="TMP 81.10.1" stateProvince="Alberta">TMP 81.10.1</materialsCitation>
+?
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF45F25FF7B7CE8D2CBF811" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF45F25FF7B7CE8D2CBF811" blockId="9.[200,1358,1772,2109]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">time—latest Campanian to early Maastrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF45F26FF7B7C84D40EFB93" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="333" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" type="distribution">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF45F25FF7B7C84D289F7F6" blockId="9.[200,1358,1772,2109]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">horizon and distribution—Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF45F25FDE07326D0A2F6A7" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFF4A0D3FF7A7326D703F6A7" box="[204,1059,2121,2412]" gridcols="3" gridrows="6" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+<tr id="35722633FFF4A0D3FF7A7326D703F7BA" box="[204,1059,2121,2161]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" rowspan-0="1">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FD807326D1DCF7BA" box="[566,764,2121,2161]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">Type</th>
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FC9A7326D703F7BA" box="[812,1059,2121,2161]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">TMP 81.10.1</th>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFF4A0D3FF7A7313D703F768" box="[204,1059,2172,2211]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" rowspan-1="1">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FF7A7313D129F768" box="[204,521,2172,2211]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">SKULL LENGTH—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FC9A7313D703F768" box="[812,1059,2172,2211]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">970 mm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFF4A0D3FF7A73C1D703F71E" box="[204,1059,2222,2261]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FF7A73C1D129F71E" box="[204,521,2222,2261]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">TOTAL LENGTH—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FD8073C1D1DCF71E" box="[566,764,2222,2261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">~8.6 m</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FC9A73C1D703F71E" box="[812,1059,2222,2261]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">~8.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFF4A0D3FF7A73B0D703F6CC" box="[204,1059,2271,2311]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FF7A73B0D129F6CC" box="[204,521,2271,2311]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">FEMUR LENGTH—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FD8073B0D1DCF6CC" box="[566,764,2271,2311]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">1020 mm</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FC9A73B0D703F6CC" box="[812,1059,2271,2311]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">950</td>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFF4A0D3FF7A727ED703F6F2" box="[204,1059,2321,2361]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FF7A727ED129F6F2" box="[204,521,2321,2361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">HIP HEIGHT—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FD80727ED1DCF6F2" box="[566,764,2321,2361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">2.7 m</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FC9A727ED703F6F2" box="[812,1059,2321,2361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">2.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFF4A0D3FF7A722AD703F6A7" box="[204,1059,2373,2412]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FF7A722AD129F6A7" box="[204,521,2373,2412]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">TONNAGE—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FD80722AD1DCF6A7" box="[566,764,2373,2412]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">2.5</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF4A0D3FC9A722AD703F6A7" box="[812,1059,2373,2412]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">2.0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FCC27BF7D40EFB93" blockId="10.[799,1998,149,1112]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+To be frank, I am not sure what to do with this species and the below
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF75F26FC517BA1D62FFF3E" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[999,1295,206,245]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">A. sarcophagus</taxonomicName>
+, which are both from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. This is because both species’ old type remains leave a lot to be desired, and new specimens do not have enough comparable parts. This species’ type, for example, is missing its head. There do appear to be two big, common tyrannosaurs in the Horseshoe Canyon. One is a robust species that may be
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26FC02797DD7FFFDF2" box="[948,1247,530,569]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF75F26FC02797DD7F8FDF2" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[948,1240,530,569]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">A. sarcophagus</taxonomicName>
+,
+</emphasis>
+the other is gracile. The type of
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26F8FC797DD089FDBB" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">A. arctunguis</emphasis>
+is lightly built and long legged, and the same is true of the very nice new skull and partial skeleton, TMP 81.10.1 (both are missing their tails). So these may be the same gracile species. I have taken a bit of a risk and combined the two individuals to come up with a skeletal drawing that it is hoped represents
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26F817784DD4E7FC82" box="[1953,1991,802,841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">A.</emphasis>
+arctunguis. If so then
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26FB0F7837D7C0FCB4" box="[1209,1248,856,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">A.</emphasis>
+arctunguis had smaller arms and finger claws, and longer legs, than
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF75F26FA8078E1D6DFFC7E" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1334,1535,910,949]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26FA8078E1D67DFC7E" box="[1334,1373,910,949]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">A.</emphasis>
+libratus
+</taxonomicName>
+. Also, the orbit is nearly cut in half by a postorbital bar like that of
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF75F26F98478ABD46AFC20" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1586,1866,964,1003]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+. These characters imply that
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26FB047895D7F4FBEA" box="[1202,1236,1018,1057]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">A</emphasis>
+. arctunguis was a direct descendant of
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF75F26F8177895D093FB93" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26F8177895D4E1FBEA" box="[1953,1985,1018,1057]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">A</emphasis>
+. libratus
+</taxonomicName>
+, and the direct ancestor of later
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF75F26F9BC7F5ED409FB93" authority="Paul, 1988" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[1546,1833,1073,1112]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26F9BC7F5ED50CFB93" box="[1546,1580,1073,1112]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">A</emphasis>
+.
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26F9F67F5ED409FB93" box="[1600,1833,1073,1112]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">megagracilis</emphasis>
+</taxonomicName>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF75F26F89F7F5ED40EFB93" box="[1833,1838,1073,1112]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">.</emphasis>
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+</treatment>
+</document>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF75F21FCAC73B1D711FD29.xml b/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF75F21FCAC73B1D711FD29.xml
index c32b510b95c..b4bcde36ae1 100644
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-<taxonomicName authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[794,1484,2270,2309]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">ALBERTOSAURUS MEGAGRACILIS</taxonomicName>
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+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF75F26FCAC73B1D590F6CE" box="[794,1712,2270,2309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="nomenclature">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FCAC73B1D590F6CE" blockId="10.[794,1830,2268,2409]" box="[794,1712,2270,2309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF75F26FCAC73B1D6ECF6CE" authority="Paul, 1988" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[794,1484,2270,2309]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">ALBERTOSAURUS MEGAGRACILIS</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[798,1754,2320,2359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="materials_examined">
-<paragraph blockId="10.[794,1830,2268,2409]" box="[798,1754,2320,2359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF75F26FCA87279D5FAF6FC" box="[798,1754,2320,2359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="materials_examined">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FCA87279D5FAF6FC" blockId="10.[794,1830,2268,2409]" box="[798,1754,2320,2359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
type and best specimen—
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979728" box="[1294,1533,2320,2359]" collectionCode="LACM" country="United States" formation="Hell Creek Formation" geologicalContext="latest Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" preperations="partial skeleton" specimenCode="LACM 23845" stateProvince="Montana" typeStatus="Type">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFF75F26FAB8727FD6DDF6FC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979728" box="[1294,1533,2320,2359]" collectionCode="LACM" country="United States" formation="Hell Creek Formation" geologicalContext="latest Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" preperations="partial skeleton" specimenCode="LACM 23845" stateProvince="Montana" typeStatus="Type">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
(subadult?)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[799,1830,2370,2409]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="10.[794,1830,2268,2409]" box="[799,1830,2370,2409]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">time—latest Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF75F26FCA97227D406F6A2" box="[799,1830,2370,2409]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FCA97227D406F6A2" blockId="10.[794,1830,2268,2409]" box="[799,1830,2370,2409]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">time—latest Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[185,1343,147,186]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" type="distribution">
-<paragraph blockId="11.[184,1343,147,236]" box="[185,1343,147,186]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">horizon and distribution—Hell Creek Formation of Montana</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF65F27FF0F7BF6D61FFF71" box="[185,1343,147,186]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" type="distribution">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF65F27FF0F7BF6D61FFF71" blockId="11.[184,1343,147,236]" box="[185,1343,147,186]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">horizon and distribution—Hell Creek Formation of Montana</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[184,920,197,236]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" type="reference_group">
-<paragraph blockId="11.[184,1343,147,236]" box="[184,920,197,236]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF65F27FF0E7BA3D0B8FF27" box="[184,920,197,236]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF65F27FF0E7BA3D0B8FF27" blockId="11.[184,1343,147,236]" box="[184,920,197,236]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
MAIN ANATOMICAL STUDY—
-<treatmentCitation author="Molnar" box="[681,920,197,236]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0392879F-D075-3E40-59A7-FBF7F8E8DAC8" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" year="1978">Molnar, 1978</treatmentCitation>
+<treatmentCitation id="0AE30260FFF65F27FD1F7BAAD0B8FF27" authorityName="Molnar" authorityYear="1978" box="[681,920,197,236]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0392879F-D075-3E40-59A7-FBF7F8E8DAC8" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">Molnar, 1978</treatmentCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
-<table box="[185,723,254,437]" gridcols="2" gridrows="3" inLine="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
-<tr box="[185,723,254,336]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
-<th box="[185,494,254,336]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">SKULL LENGTH— —</th>
-<th box="[527,723,254,336]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">Type ~ ~900 900 mm</th>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF65F27FF0F7A5FD150FE7E" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFF6A0D3FF0F7B91D1F3FE7E" box="[185,723,254,437]" gridcols="2" gridrows="3" inLine="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<tr id="35722633FFF6A0D3FF0F7B91D1F3FE9B" box="[185,723,254,336]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF6A0D3FF0F7B91D2CEFE9B" box="[185,494,254,336]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">SKULL LENGTH— —</th>
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF6A0D3FDB97B91D1F3FE9B" box="[527,723,254,336]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">Type ~ ~900 900 mm</th>
</tr>
-<tr box="[185,723,348,387]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
-<td box="[185,494,348,387]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">TOTAL LENGTH— —</td>
-<td box="[527,723,348,387]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">—7.5 m m</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFF6A0D3FF0F7A33D1F3FE48" box="[185,723,348,387]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF6A0D3FF0F7A33D2CEFE48" box="[185,494,348,387]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">TOTAL LENGTH— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF6A0D3FDB97A33D1F3FE48" box="[527,723,348,387]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">—7.5 m m</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[185,723,398,437]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
-<td box="[185,494,398,437]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">TONNAGE— —</td>
-<td box="[527,723,398,437]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">~ ~ 1.7 1.7</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFF6A0D3FF0F7AE1D1F3FE7E" box="[185,723,398,437]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF6A0D3FF0F7AE1D2CEFE7E" box="[185,494,398,437]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">TONNAGE— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF6A0D3FDB97AE1D1F3FE7E" box="[527,723,398,437]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">~ ~ 1.7 1.7</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
-<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="334" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="11.[186,1382,477,1712]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF65F27FEB97AB0D7E3FB5A" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF65F27FEB97AB0D7E3FB5A" blockId="11.[186,1382,477,1712]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
In describing the one partial skeleton, Ralph Molnar tentatively assigned it to the contemporary A. lancensis. While looking over the remains I became convinced that they are much too big and too immature—the poorly ossified elements and moderate sized transverse crest atop the braincase suggest it was not fully grown—to belong in the much smaller species. This animal is clearly not
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[402,682,804,843]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF65F27FE24784BD18AFC80" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[402,682,804,843]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
either. The next question is whether it is
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[270,472,859,898]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF65F27FEB87834D2F8FC49" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[270,472,859,898]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
or A. arctunguis. The LACM animal’s extremely atrophied forelimbs, down-bent nasals, very long snout, and long hind limbs strongly indicate that it is not. A new species is therefore named, one that describes its combination of large size and gracile build. In fact, this species probably got as big as
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[1223,1381,1076,1115]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A. libratus</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF65F27FB717F5BD3D5FB5A" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF65F27FB717F5BD3D5FB5A" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A. libratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Not enough is known to allow a skeletal restoration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" type="discussion">
-<paragraph blockId="11.[186,1382,477,1712]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[265,554,1185,1224]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
-<emphasis box="[265,299,1185,1224]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF65F21FEBF7FCED711FD29" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" type="discussion">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF65F27FEBF7FCED21FF9C6" blockId="11.[186,1382,477,1712]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF65F27FEBF7FCED10AFB03" authority="Paul, 1988" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[265,554,1185,1224]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF65F27FEBF7FCED20BFB03" box="[265,299,1185,1224]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
.
-<emphasis box="[320,554,1185,1224]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">megagracilis</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF65F27FEF67FCED10AFB03" box="[320,554,1185,1224]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">megagracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to and may be a direct descendant of the earlier
-<emphasis box="[428,462,1239,1278]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF65F27FE1A7FB8D2EEFB35" box="[428,462,1239,1278]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
. arctunguis, which in turn may be a direct descendant of the yet earlier
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[631,837,1293,1332]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
-<emphasis box="[631,665,1293,1332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF65F27FDC17E62D065FAFF" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[631,837,1293,1332]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF65F27FDC17E62D1B9FAFF" box="[631,665,1293,1332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
. libratus
</taxonomicName>
. So these three species may represent a lineage in which size and basic design remained remarkably consistent, but the legs became increasingly long, the arms ever smaller, the snout longer, and the form overall more gracile.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="11.[186,1382,477,1712]" lastBlockId="13.[182,1380,153,739]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF65F21FEBB7D73D7A8FF32" blockId="11.[186,1382,477,1712]" lastBlockId="13.[182,1380,153,739]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
Not only are the hand claws small, but their very small tubers for muscle insertion show that the arm was very weak.
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
-<emphasis box="[1339,1371,1618,1657]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF65F27FA8D7D3DD285F964" authority="Paul, 1988" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF65F27FA8D7D3DD67BF9B2" box="[1339,1371,1618,1657]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
.
-<emphasis box="[187,421,1672,1711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">megagracilis</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF65F27FF0D7DE7D285F964" box="[187,421,1672,1711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">megagracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more advanced than even
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[980,1331,1672,1711]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF65F27FC627DE7D613F964" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[980,1331,1672,1711]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
in forelimb reduction, and this indicates that given a little more time albertosaurs would have abandoned them altogether.
</paragraph>
-<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756702" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3756702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3756702/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" targetBox="[1440,1993,1378,1720]" targetPageId="11">
-<paragraph blockId="11.[1412,1934,1777,1858]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1413,1791,1777,1817]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Albertosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
+<caption id="DF3D74F9FFF65F27FA337D9ED541F889" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756702" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3756702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3756702/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" targetBox="[1440,1993,1378,1720]" targetPageId="11">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF65F27FA337D9ED541F889" blockId="11.[1412,1934,1777,1858]" pageId="11" pageNumber="334">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF65F27FA337D9ED5DFF8D2" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1413,1791,1777,1817]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Albertosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
? AMNH 5664juvenile
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="13.[182,1380,153,739]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF05F21FEBC7A66D711FD29" blockId="13.[182,1380,153,739]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">
Time it did not have, for the rarity
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[905,1230,265,304]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FC3F7A66D7EEFEFB" authority="Paul, 1988" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[905,1230,265,304]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
ofA.
-<emphasis box="[999,1230,265,304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">megagracilis</emphasis>
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF05F21FC517A66D7EEFEFB" box="[999,1230,265,304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">megagracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relative to
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[235,347,319,358]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FF5D7A50D27BFEAD" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[235,347,319,358]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
suggests that, like many other latest Cretaceous dinosaurs, it was in trouble. If so, then the big albertosaur lineage may have been doomed even if the great extinction had not taken place. This lineage’s decline seems to have been due to the lessening numbers of their preferred prey, duckbills, in Maastrichtian time, not because the genus was intrinsically inferior to
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[183,468,644,683]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FF0179EBD2F4FD60" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[183,468,644,683]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
. Aside from
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[704,810,644,683]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FD7679EBD00AFD60" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[704,810,644,683]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
, the competitor of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
-<emphasis box="[1151,1379,644,683]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">A. megagracilis</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FBC979EBD220FD29" authority="Paul, 1988" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis" status="sp. nov.">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF05F21FBC979EBD220FD29" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">A. megagracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the small and equally rare
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[844,1068,699,738]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
-<emphasis box="[844,882,699,738]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">A.</emphasis>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF05F21FCFA79D4D70CFD29" authority="(Gilmore, 1946)" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[844,1068,699,738]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
+<emphasis id="B936F863FFF05F21FCFA79D4D052FD29" box="[844,882,699,738]" pageId="13" pageNumber="336">A.</emphasis>
lancensis
</taxonomicName>
.
diff --git a/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF75F26FCAD7FD0D67DF7BC.xml b/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF75F26FCAD7FD0D67DF7BC.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4d40ffdf583
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+synonyms—
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF75F26FBB07F9ED659FAD3" authority="Cope, 1876" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1876" box="[1030,1401,1265,1304]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Laelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="incrassatus">Laelaps incrassatus</taxonomicName>
+,
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+</paragraph>
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+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FCA97E45D748FA80" blockId="10.[795,1955,1215,1555]" box="[799,1128,1316,1355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+type—
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFF75F26FC177E4BD748FA80" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979736" box="[929,1128,1316,1355]" collectionCode="NMC" country="Canada" formation="Horseshoe Canyon Formation" geologicalContext="latest Campanian to early Maastrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" preperations="partial skull" specimenCode="NCM 6500" stateProvince="Alberta" typeStatus="Type">NMC 6500</materialsCitation>
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF75F26FCA97E34D71FFA64" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FCA97E34D71FFA64" blockId="10.[795,1955,1215,1555]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">time—latest Campanian to early Maastrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF75F26FC967EAFD67DF7BC" pageId="10" pageNumber="333" type="distribution">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FC967EAFD0DCF9D8" blockId="10.[795,1955,1215,1555]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">horizon and distribution—Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FCAB7D38D7F9F962" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFF7A0D3FCAB7D70D666F962" box="[797,1350,1567,1705]" gridcols="2" gridrows="2" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+<tr id="35722633FFF7A0D3FCAB7D70D666F9BC" box="[797,1350,1567,1655]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF7A0D3FCAB7D70D770F9BC" box="[797,1104,1567,1655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">SKULL LENGTH— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF7A0D3FBC57D70D666F9BC" box="[1139,1350,1567,1655]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">Type ~ ~1000 1000 mm mm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFF7A0D3FCAB7DEDD666F962" box="[797,1350,1666,1705]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF7A0D3FCAB7DEDD770F962" box="[797,1104,1666,1705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">TONNAGE— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF7A0D3FBC57DEDD666F962" box="[1139,1350,1666,1705]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">~ ~ 2.4 2.4</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF75F26FCC77DBAD67DF7BC" blockId="10.[797,1996,1746,2167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="333">As I said above, this and the other Horseshoe Canyon tyrannosaur A. arctunguis are real headaches. The type of this species is a partial, badly preserved skull, not enough to really tell us what kind of animal it is. Hopefully better remains will eventually help better define the species. Until then about all we can say is that it appears to be more heavily constructed than A. arctunguis. Just how closely related this species is to the other albertosaurs is not clear either.</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+</treatment>
+</document>
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diff --git a/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF85F2AFF0D7F14D47EFA5F.xml b/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFF85F2AFF0D7F14D47EFA5F.xml
index a56996b9222..4540545b454 100644
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-(Gilmore, 1933)
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synonym—
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1933" box="[400,777,1247,1286]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alectrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olseni">Alectrosaurus olseni</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF85F29FE267FB0D029FACD" authority="(Gilmore, 1933)" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[400,777,1247,1286]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alectrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olseni">Alectrosaurus olseni</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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type—
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-<paragraph blockId="5.[187,1336,1147,1486]" box="[191,741,1347,1386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">time—early? Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="5.[187,1336,1147,1486]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">horizon and distribution—Iren Dabasu Formation of Mongolia</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF85F29FF097E26D2E0FA05" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF85F29FF097E26D1C5FAA1" blockId="5.[187,1336,1147,1486]" box="[191,741,1347,1386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">time—early? Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF85F29FF767E15D2E0FA05" blockId="5.[187,1336,1147,1486]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">horizon and distribution—Iren Dabasu Formation of Mongolia</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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-<tr box="[192,743,1497,1536]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" rowspan-0="1">
-<th box="[556,743,1497,1536]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Type</th>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF85F29FDE47EB6D186F95D" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFF8A0D3FF767EB6D1C7F95D" box="[192,743,1497,1686]" gridcols="2" gridrows="4" inLine="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
+<tr id="35722633FFF8A0D3FF767EB6D1C7F9CB" box="[192,743,1497,1536]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" rowspan-0="1">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFF8A0D3FD9A7EB6D1C7F9CB" box="[556,743,1497,1536]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Type</th>
</tr>
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-<td box="[192,519,1546,1585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">SKULL LENGTH— —</td>
-<td box="[556,743,1546,1585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">~ ~600 600 mm mm</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFF8A0D3FF767D65D1C7F9FA" box="[192,743,1546,1585]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF8A0D3FF767D65D127F9FA" box="[192,519,1546,1585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">SKULL LENGTH— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF8A0D3FD9A7D65D1C7F9FA" box="[556,743,1546,1585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">~ ~600 600 mm mm</td>
</tr>
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-<td box="[192,519,1596,1636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">TOTAL LENGTH— —</td>
-<td box="[556,743,1596,1636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">~ ~5 5 m m</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFF8A0D3FF767D53D1C7F9AF" box="[192,743,1596,1636]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF8A0D3FF767D53D127F9AF" box="[192,519,1596,1636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">TOTAL LENGTH— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF8A0D3FD9A7D53D1C7F9AF" box="[556,743,1596,1636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">~ ~5 5 m m</td>
</tr>
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-<td box="[192,519,1647,1686]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">KILOGRAMMAGE— —</td>
-<td box="[556,743,1647,1686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">~ ~500 500??</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFF8A0D3FF767D00D1C7F95D" box="[192,743,1647,1686]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF8A0D3FF767D00D127F95D" box="[192,519,1647,1686]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">KILOGRAMMAGE— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFF8A0D3FD9A7D00D1C7F95D" box="[556,743,1647,1686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">~ ~500 500??</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
-<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" type="discussion">
-<paragraph blockId="5.[187,1386,1726,2419]" lastBlockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">This poorly known species has a number of uncertainties about it. It is usually placed in its own genus because of the enormous forelimb bones found with the very incomplete type specimen. I am very skeptical about these forelimbs, however, because they look very like those of Therizinosaurus and segnosaurs, which are also in Mongolia. In fact, more recent finds assigned by Perle in 1977 to A. olseni show a typically slender tyrannosaur shoulder blade that could not support such a big arm. Perle drew a nearly complete skull reconstruction which, although too schematic to adapt for use here, is very like other albertosaurs, including the short teeth. It also lacks Alioramus’s peculiar nasal ridge. The hind limb is long and in most ways A Albertosaurus-like /bertosaurus-like.. All in all, this looks like a small, primitive Asian albertosaur, primitive enough that it may be its own subgenus, or even genus, Alectrosaurus. It hunted the segnosaurs, protoceratopsids, and juvenile hadrosaurs in its area.</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFF85F2AFEA27DAFD47EFA5F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" type="discussion">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF85F2AFEA27DAFD47EFA5F" blockId="5.[187,1386,1726,2419]" lastBlockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">This poorly known species has a number of uncertainties about it. It is usually placed in its own genus because of the enormous forelimb bones found with the very incomplete type specimen. I am very skeptical about these forelimbs, however, because they look very like those of Therizinosaurus and segnosaurs, which are also in Mongolia. In fact, more recent finds assigned by Perle in 1977 to A. olseni show a typically slender tyrannosaur shoulder blade that could not support such a big arm. Perle drew a nearly complete skull reconstruction which, although too schematic to adapt for use here, is very like other albertosaurs, including the short teeth. It also lacks Alioramus’s peculiar nasal ridge. The hind limb is long and in most ways A Albertosaurus-like /bertosaurus-like.. All in all, this looks like a small, primitive Asian albertosaur, primitive enough that it may be its own subgenus, or even genus, Alectrosaurus. It hunted the segnosaurs, protoceratopsids, and juvenile hadrosaurs in its area.</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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\ No newline at end of file
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-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[779,1356,1548,1587]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">ALBERTOSAURUS LIBRATUS</taxonomicName>
-(Lambe, 1914)
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-synonyms—
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[1015,1407,1598,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Gorgosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
-,
-<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Matthew & Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1426,1882,1598,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sternbergi">Albertosaurus sternbergi</taxonomicName>
-TYPE—
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446862302" box="[913,1105,1646,1685]" collectionCode="NMC" country="Canada" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="NMC 2120" typeStatus="Type">NMC 2120</materialsCitation>
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+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFB5F2AFCBD7D63D575F9F8" box="[779,1621,1548,1587]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" type="nomenclature">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFB5F2AFCBD7D63D575F9F8" blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" box="[779,1621,1548,1587]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
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</paragraph>
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-<paragraph blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
-BEST SPECIMENS—type,
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446859302" box="[1218,1458,1697,1736]" collectionCode="TMP" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="TMP 85.62.1" typeStatus="other material">TMP 85.62.1,</materialsCitation>
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446862301" box="[1472,1704,1697,1736]" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="AMNH 5458" typeStatus="other material">AMNH 5458</materialsCitation>
+</subSubSection>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFB5F2AFCB97D2BD771F95E" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFB5F2AFCB97D2BD771F95E" blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
+synonyms—
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,
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+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFB5F2AFA247D51D47AF9AE" authority="(Matthew & Brown, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Matthew & Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1426,1882,1598,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sternbergi">Albertosaurus sternbergi</taxonomicName>
+TYPE—
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+</paragraph>
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+BEST SPECIMENS—type,
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+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFFB5F2AFA767DCED588F903" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446862301" box="[1472,1704,1697,1736]" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="AMNH 5458">AMNH 5458</materialsCitation>
+,
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFFB5F2AF9097DCED0FEF930" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446861301" collectionCode="FMNH" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="FMNH PR308">FMNH PR308</materialsCitation>
?,
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446859303" box="[1026,1263,1748,1787]" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="AMNH 5336" typeStatus="other material">AMNH 5336</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFFB5F2AFBB47DBBD7CFF930" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446859303" box="[1026,1263,1748,1787]" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="AMNH 5336">AMNH 5336</materialsCitation>
?,
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446860302" box="[1300,1539,1748,1787]" collectionCode="USNM" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="USNM 12814" typeStatus="other material">USNM 12814</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFFB5F2AFAA27DBBD523F930" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446860302" box="[1300,1539,1748,1787]" collectionCode="USNM" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="USNM 12814">USNM 12814</materialsCitation>
? (juvenile?),
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446861302" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="AMNH 5664" typeStatus="other material">AMNH 5664</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFFB5F2AF9437DBBD09DF8E7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446861302" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" preperations="skull" specimenCode="AMNH 5664">AMNH 5664</materialsCitation>
? (juvenile?),
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446859301" box="[1208,1400,1797,1836]" collectionCode="ROM" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" specimenCode="ROM 1247">ROM 1247</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFFB5F2AFB0E7C6AD658F8E7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446859301" box="[1208,1400,1797,1836]" collectionCode="ROM" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" specimenCode="ROM 1247">ROM 1247</materialsCitation>
? (juvenile?)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="329" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">SPECIMENS on display at—AMNH, FMNH, TMP, ROM, NMC, USNM</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" box="[782,1703,1947,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">time—late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFB5F2AFCBB7C52D587F809" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFB5F2AFCBB7C52D0FBF844" blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">SPECIMENS on display at—AMNH, FMNH, TMP, ROM, NMC, USNM</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFB5F2AFCB87CCED587F809" blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" box="[782,1703,1947,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">time—late Campanian of the late Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="329" type="distribution">
-<paragraph blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">horizon and distribution—Judith River Formation, western North America</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFB5F2AFCB87CBCD754F7ED" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" type="distribution">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFB5F2AFCB87CBCD754F7ED" blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">horizon and distribution—Judith River Formation, western North America</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[780,1503,2097,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" type="reference_group">
-<paragraph blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" box="[780,1503,2097,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">main anatomical study—Lambe, 1917</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFB5F2AFCBA7358D6FFF793" box="[780,1503,2097,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFB5F2AFCBA7358D6FFF793" blockId="6.[779,1975,1280,2136]" box="[780,1503,2097,2136]" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">main anatomical study—Lambe, 1917</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
-<table box="[779,1644,2148,2438]" gridcols="3" gridrows="6" inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
-<tr box="[779,1644,2148,2188]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" rowspan-0="1">
-<th box="[1140,1371,2148,2188]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">AMNH 5664</th>
-<th box="[1415,1644,2148,2188]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">AMNH 5458</th>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFB5F2AFBC2730BD563F64D" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFFBA0D3FCBD730BD54CF64D" box="[779,1644,2148,2438]" gridcols="3" gridrows="6" inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
+<tr id="35722633FFFBA0D3FCBD730BD54CF747" box="[779,1644,2148,2188]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" rowspan-0="1">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FBC2730BD67BF747" box="[1140,1371,2148,2188]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">AMNH 5664</th>
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FA31730BD54CF747" box="[1415,1644,2148,2188]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">AMNH 5458</th>
</tr>
-<tr box="[779,1644,2199,2238]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
-<th box="[779,1098,2199,2238]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">SKULL LENGTH—</th>
-<td box="[1140,1371,2199,2238]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">678 mm</td>
-<td box="[1415,1644,2199,2238]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">1040</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFBA0D3FCBD73F8D54CF775" box="[779,1644,2199,2238]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FCBD73F8D76AF775" box="[779,1098,2199,2238]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">SKULL LENGTH—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FBC273F8D67BF775" box="[1140,1371,2199,2238]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">678 mm</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FA3173F8D54CF775" box="[1415,1644,2199,2238]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">1040</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[779,1644,2249,2288]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
-<th box="[779,1098,2249,2288]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">TOTAL LENGTH—</th>
-<td box="[1140,1371,2249,2288]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">5.8 m</td>
-<td box="[1415,1644,2249,2288]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">8.6</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFBA0D3FCBD73A6D54CF73B" box="[779,1644,2249,2288]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FCBD73A6D76AF73B" box="[779,1098,2249,2288]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">TOTAL LENGTH—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FBC273A6D67BF73B" box="[1140,1371,2249,2288]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">5.8 m</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FA3173A6D54CF73B" box="[1415,1644,2249,2288]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">8.6</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[779,1644,2298,2338]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
-<th box="[779,1098,2298,2338]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">FEMUR LENGTH—</th>
-<td box="[1140,1371,2298,2338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">700 mm</td>
-<td box="[1415,1644,2298,2338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">1025</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFBA0D3FCBD7395D54CF6E9" box="[779,1644,2298,2338]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FCBD7395D76AF6E9" box="[779,1098,2298,2338]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">FEMUR LENGTH—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FBC27395D67BF6E9" box="[1140,1371,2298,2338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">700 mm</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FA317395D54CF6E9" box="[1415,1644,2298,2338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">1025</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[779,1644,2349,2388]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
-<th box="[779,1098,2349,2388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">HIP HEIGHT—</th>
-<td box="[1140,1371,2349,2388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">1.9 m</td>
-<td box="[1415,1644,2349,2388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">2.8</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFBA0D3FCBD7242D54CF69F" box="[779,1644,2349,2388]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FCBD7242D76AF69F" box="[779,1098,2349,2388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">HIP HEIGHT—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FBC27242D67BF69F" box="[1140,1371,2349,2388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">1.9 m</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FA317242D54CF69F" box="[1415,1644,2349,2388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">2.8</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[779,1644,2399,2438]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
-<th box="[779,1098,2399,2438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">MASS—</th>
-<td box="[1140,1371,2399,2438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">700 kg</td>
-<td box="[1415,1644,2399,2438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">2.5 tonnes</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFBA0D3FCBD7230D54CF64D" box="[779,1644,2399,2438]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FCBD7230D76AF64D" box="[779,1098,2399,2438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">MASS—</th>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FBC27230D67BF64D" box="[1140,1371,2399,2438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">700 kg</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFBA0D3FA317230D54CF64D" box="[1415,1644,2399,2438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="329">2.5 tonnes</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
-<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="7" pageNumber="330" type="discussion">
-<paragraph blockId="7.[207,1404,1622,2425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="330">This is the best known 0f the tyrannosaurs in terms 0f known remains, which include a number of fine skulls and skeletons of varying ages. Many more are being found. First discovered in the Canadian section of the Judith River (formerly Oldman) Formation in the late 1800s, Lawrence Lambe named and described the type skeleton in the WW I years. Unfortuantely, he characterized it as a sluggish scavenger. Just to look at the form of the Lambe’s skeleton as it was found in the ground belies this image.</paragraph>
-<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468490" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3468490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468490/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="330" targetBox="[180,2164,160,1462]" targetPageId="7">
-<paragraph blockId="7.[1432,1987,1624,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="330">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFA5F25FE947D39D779FBEE" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="7" pageNumber="330" type="discussion">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFA5F2BFE947D39D7F8F837" blockId="7.[207,1404,1622,2425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="330">This is the best known 0f the tyrannosaurs in terms 0f known remains, which include a number of fine skulls and skeletons of varying ages. Many more are being found. First discovered in the Canadian section of the Judith River (formerly Oldman) Formation in the late 1800s, Lawrence Lambe named and described the type skeleton in the WW I years. Unfortuantely, he characterized it as a sluggish scavenger. Just to look at the form of the Lambe’s skeleton as it was found in the ground belies this image.</paragraph>
+<caption id="DF3D74F9FFFA5F2BFA2E7D35D5E8F919" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3468490" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3468490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3468490/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="330" targetBox="[180,2164,160,1462]" targetPageId="7">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFA5F2BFA2E7D35D5E8F919" blockId="7.[1432,1987,1624,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="330">
A running
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1612,1987,1624,1653]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Albertosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFA5F2BF9FA7D37D4E3F9BF" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1612,1987,1624,1653]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Albertosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
youngster, or an adult
-<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sternbergi">Albertosaurus sternbergi</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFA5F2BF8AE7DEDD5E0F919" authority="(Matthew & Brown, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Matthew & Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sternbergi">Albertosaurus sternbergi</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
-<paragraph blockId="7.[207,1404,1622,2425]" lastBlockId="8.[772,1973,151,2415]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="331" pageId="7" pageNumber="330">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFA5F24FE927366D0C8FC81" blockId="7.[207,1404,1622,2425]" lastBlockId="8.[772,1973,151,2415]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="331" pageId="7" pageNumber="330">
It is interesting and important that two types of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1172,1402,2056,2088]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">A. “libratus ”</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFA5F2BFB227365D65AF7DF" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1172,1402,2056,2088]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">A. “libratus ”</taxonomicName>
heads have been found. In both the preorbital horn, which is much larger than the postorbital horn, is rather cylindrical. In the type and some others the cylinder points up and forward and forms a shorter triangle. In others the horn is more horizontal, rectangular, and longer; this second kind is seen in the FMNH skull. The suture patterns of the skull roof bones also differ, and the first form has bigger, and perhaps fewer, teeth. It may be that these types represent “gracile” and “robust” forms of the sort seen in the primitive coelophysians. But the skeletons of tyrannosaurs do not show as much dual divergence as the coelophysians do, and it has not yet been shown that theropod species in general are split into two such variants. Whether the differences indicate sexes or very similar species—a la lions and tigers—is not obvious at this time. Certainly the variation in
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1723,1921,533,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF55F24F90D797AD4A1FDF7" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1723,1921,533,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
is more than within
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1127,1243,587,626]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF55F24FBD17924D7FBFDB9" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1127,1243,587,626]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
and some other theropod species. So those specimens that may, or may not, belong to the second type have been indicated with question marks. There are more of the second type than the first, yet most of the second group seem to be juveniles.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="8.[772,1973,151,2415]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF55F24FCEF7836D68FF8D2" blockId="8.[772,1973,151,2415]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
This brings us to another point. During 1970, Dale Russell noted that the much smaller
-<taxonomicName box="[1347,1596,911,950]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sternbergi">A. sternbergi</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF55F24FAF578E0D51CFC7D" authority="(Matthew & Brown, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Matthew & Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1347,1596,911,950]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sternbergi">A. sternbergi</taxonomicName>
, based on skeleton 5664, is probably a juvenile. Also observe (see pages 334-35) that its orbital horns are of the FMNH skull type. One thing Russell did not notice is that the teeth of this two-thirds-sized albertosaur are literally larger than those of the big specimen. This may mean that they are different species after all. Yet, a few skulls of differing sizes do seem to show that the teeth get smaller as they approach full size, and this supports the possibilty that these skulls do represent a growth series. If so, such a dramatic tooth reduction is rare. That it can happen at all is because the teeth are continually replaced by new sets. If juveniles were abandoned by their parents at half size, their big teeth may have helped them get along in what was a very hard world. Or perhaps, like the needle-sharp teeth and claws of lion cubs, the youngsters’ big teeth allowed them to protect themselves against nonrelations that wished them harm. Possibly it was just a genetic quirk of no particular meaning.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="8.[772,1973,151,2415]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Other possible growth changes include a moderate decrease in relative limb length, especially the extremities, with increasing size. The transverse crest atop the braincase did not become large until adulthood, and the adult’s skull was relatively bigger. There does not appear to be a consistent change in the length and depth of the snout relative to the rest of the head between different specimens.</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="8.[772,1973,151,2415]" lastBlockId="9.[210,1407,152,1601]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF55F24FCEF7C46D735F75D" blockId="8.[772,1973,151,2415]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Other possible growth changes include a moderate decrease in relative limb length, especially the extremities, with increasing size. The transverse crest atop the braincase did not become large until adulthood, and the adult’s skull was relatively bigger. There does not appear to be a consistent change in the length and depth of the snout relative to the rest of the head between different specimens.</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF55F25FCEE73C9D112FDB9" blockId="8.[772,1973,151,2415]" lastBlockId="9.[210,1407,152,1601]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
Most
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[957,1156,2214,2253]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF55F24FC0B73C9D7A4F706" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[957,1156,2214,2253]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
skulls have been flattened from side to side by the pressure of overlaying sediments, and this obscures the breadth of the back of the skull and the forward-facing of the eyes. This is shown by AMNH S336 and the new skull TMP 85.62.1. Somewhat crushed from top to bottom, they show the truly heavy build of the back of the head and the good binocular vision. Even worse is the oblique down and forward crushing a few skulls have experienced. Some artists have innocently failed to account for this, and drawn
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[809,1007,371,410]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF45F25FC9F7A1CD0CFFE51" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[809,1007,371,410]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
with a weird, sort of pig-like snout. Like all big albertosaurs, it has smaller forelimbs than
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[310,595,480,519]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF45F25FE807A8FD173FDCC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[310,595,480,519]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
. A few adult skulls show the beginnings of the kind of orbital process that becomes so well developed in later tyrannosaurs.
</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="9.[210,1407,152,1601]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">The adult skeleton is restored after the nearly complete New York specimen, whose skull horns are like the type’s. FMNH PR308 is used to show the alternate skull form. The juvenile skeleton is one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons known, it lacks only a few tail tip vertebrae. I find this a particularly attractive dinosaur. With its big size, long limbs, long upturned skull, compact body, and long bulldog neck, it combines grace, speed, and power in an elegant hunting machine.</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFF45F25FE9179EDD779FBEE" blockId="9.[210,1407,152,1601]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">The adult skeleton is restored after the nearly complete New York specimen, whose skull horns are like the type’s. FMNH PR308 is used to show the alternate skull form. The juvenile skeleton is one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons known, it lacks only a few tail tip vertebrae. I find this a particularly attractive dinosaur. With its big size, long limbs, long upturned skull, compact body, and long bulldog neck, it combines grace, speed, and power in an elegant hunting machine.</paragraph>
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White-rhino-sized
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was the dominant predator of the Judith River, making up about 75 percent of the big-predator fauna. The equally big
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was its main competitor, the smaller gracile albertosaur less so. The Judith River’s most numerous inhabitants were rhino-sized duckbills, and they were probably the main prey of
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[991,1191,1347,1386]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFF45F25FC697E2CD787FAA1" authority="(Lambe, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[991,1191,1347,1386]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
. The duckbill’s main defense was to run, perhaps into dense brush to try and lose the albertosaurs. However, the more powerful horned dinosaurs were by no means immune to the depredations of this tyrannosaur either.
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SUBFAMILY
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+<tr id="35722633FFFEA0D3FF627EC8D1C6FA1A" box="[212,742,1447,1489]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="326" rowspan-0="1">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFEA0D3FD9D7EC8D1C6FA1A" box="[555,742,1447,1489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">Type Type</th>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFFEA0D3FF627EB6D1C6F9CB" box="[212,742,1497,1536]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFEA0D3FF627EB6D124F9CB" box="[212,516,1497,1536]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">SKULL skull length LENGTH— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFEA0D3FD9D7EB6D1C6F9CB" box="[555,742,1497,1536]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">~750 mm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr id="35722633FFFEA0D3FF627D65D1C6F9FA" box="[212,742,1546,1585]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFEA0D3FF627D65D124F9FA" box="[212,516,1546,1585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">TONNAGE—</td>
+</tr>
+</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFE5F2FFD847D65D153F9FA" box="[562,627,1546,1585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFEA0D3FD9D7D65D1C6F9FA" box="[555,742,1546,1585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">~11??</td>
+</paragraph>
+</table>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFE5F2FFE9F7D33D0D9F6B7" blockId="3.[208,1409,1627,2430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="326">
+Only well-preserved but isolated skull pieces have been found. I was skeptical about identifying them, but Sankar Chat- Chatterjee showed that they have D-cross-sectioned premaxillary teeth in the tip of the upper jaw, a tall, broad-tipped snout, a heavy dorsally convex maxilla, tyrannosaurian-type skull roof openings, and a narrowing of the skull bones above the orbits which suggests that binocular vision was already present. Because India was supposed to have been an isolated continent at this time, with its own unique fauna, there have been arguments that
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFE5F2FFE85732AD127F7A7" authority="Huene, 1933" authorityName="Huene" authorityYear="1933" box="[307,519,2117,2156]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Indosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indosuchus</taxonomicName>
+could not have been a tyrannosaur. But the bones say
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFE5F2FFE2E7314D14CF769" authority="Huene, 1933" authorityName="Huene" authorityYear="1933" box="[408,620,2171,2210]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Indosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indosuchus</taxonomicName>
+really was a small, heavily built, and very primitive tyrannosaur that in many ways was still like the advanced allosaurs it evolved from. Along with the allosaur Indosaurus,
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFE5F2FFEC87270D172F68D" authority="Huene, 1933" authorityName="Huene" authorityYear="1933" box="[382,594,2335,2374]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Indosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indosuchus</taxonomicName>
+probably hunted the ankylosaurs and juvenile brontosaurs that shared its habitat.
+</paragraph>
+</subSubSection>
+</treatment>
+</document>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D681FBE2.xml b/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D681FBE2.xml
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-<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4424320" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137294920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4424320" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D681FBE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D681FBE2" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
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-<paragraph blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[762,1720,383,422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Dong" authorityYear="1977" box="[762,1479,383,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis" subFamily="Aublysodontinae">AUBLYSODON HUOYANSHANENSIS</taxonomicName>
-(Dong, 1977)
+<treatment id="03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D681FBE2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4424320" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137294920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4424320" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D681FBE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D681FBE2" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" scope_family="Tyrannosauridae" scope_subFamily="Aublysodontinae">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D598FE6D" box="[762,1720,383,422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="nomenclature">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D598FE6D" blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[762,1720,383,422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFF5F2EFD4C7A10D598FE6D" authority="(Dong, 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[762,1720,383,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis" subFamily="Aublysodontinae">AUBLYSODON HUOYANSHANENSIS (Dong, 1977)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[765,1636,432,471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="reference_group">
-<paragraph blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[765,1636,432,471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFF5F2EFD4B7AD9D544FE1C" box="[765,1636,432,471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="reference_group">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFF5F2EFD4B7AD9D544FE1C" blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[765,1636,432,471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
synonym—
-<taxonomicName authorityName="Dong" authorityYear="1977" box="[977,1636,432,471]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis" subFamily="Aublysodontinae">Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis</taxonomicName>
+<taxonomicName id="4C425FF2FFFF5F2EFC677ADFD544FE1C" authority="Dong, 1977" authorityName="Dong" authorityYear="1977" box="[977,1636,432,471]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis" subFamily="Aublysodontinae">Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection box="[766,1114,482,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="materials_examined">
-<paragraph blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[766,1114,482,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFF5F2EFD487A87D77AFDC2" box="[766,1114,482,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="materials_examined">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFF5F2EFD487A87D77AFDC2" blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[766,1114,482,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
type—
-<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979744" box="[899,1114,482,521]" collectionCode="IVPP" country="China" formation="Subash Formation" geologicalContext="Campanian to Maastrrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" preperations="fragmentary snout and premaxillary teeth" specimenCode="IVPP V4878" typeStatus="Type">IVPP V4878</materialsCitation>
+<materialsCitation id="3B2A2E2CFFFF5F2EFC357A8DD77AFDC2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1699979744" box="[899,1114,482,521]" collectionCode="IVPP" country="China" formation="Subash Formation" geologicalContext="Campanian to Maastrrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" preperations="fragmentary snout and premaxillary teeth" specimenCode="IVPP V4878" typeStatus="Type">IVPP V4878</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="description">
-<paragraph blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[765,1938,533,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">time—Campanian? to Maastrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[767,1812,582,621]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">horizon and distribution—Subash Formation of China</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFF5F2EFD4B7974D434FDA6" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="description">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFF5F2EFD4B7974D4B2FDF7" blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[765,1938,533,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">time—Campanian? to Maastrichtian of the late Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFF5F2EFD497923D434FDA6" blockId="2.[762,1938,383,621]" box="[767,1812,582,621]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">horizon and distribution—Subash Formation of China</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
-<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
-<table box="[765,1318,632,821]" gridcols="2" gridrows="4" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
-<tr box="[765,1318,632,671]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" rowspan-0="1">
-<th box="[1135,1318,632,671]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">Type</th>
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFF5F2EFB277917D7EFFCFE" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<table id="F942D6D1FFFFA0D3FD4B7917D606FCFE" box="[765,1318,632,821]" gridcols="2" gridrows="4" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<tr id="35722633FFFFA0D3FD4B7917D606FD54" box="[765,1318,632,671]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" rowspan-0="1">
+<th id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FBD97917D606FD54" box="[1135,1318,632,671]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">Type</th>
</tr>
-<tr box="[765,1318,682,721]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
-<td box="[765,1093,682,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">SKULL skull length LENGTH— —</td>
-<td box="[1135,1318,682,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">~ ~280 280 mm</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFFA0D3FD4B79C5D606FD1A" box="[765,1318,682,721]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FD4B79C5D765FD1A" box="[765,1093,682,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">SKULL skull length LENGTH— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FBD979C5D606FD1A" box="[1135,1318,682,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">~ ~280 280 mm</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[765,1318,732,771]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
-<td box="[765,1093,732,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">FEMUR LENGTH— —</td>
-<td box="[1135,1318,732,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">275 mm mm</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFFA0D3FD4B79B3D606FCC8" box="[765,1318,732,771]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FD4B79B3D765FCC8" box="[765,1093,732,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">FEMUR LENGTH— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FBD979B3D606FCC8" box="[1135,1318,732,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">275 mm mm</td>
</tr>
-<tr box="[765,1318,782,821]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
-<td box="[765,1093,782,821]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">KILOGRAMMAGE— —</td>
-<td box="[1135,1318,782,821]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">~ ~50 50??</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFFA0D3FD4B7861D606FCFE" box="[765,1318,782,821]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FD4B7861D765FCFE" box="[765,1093,782,821]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">KILOGRAMMAGE— —</td>
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FBD97861D606FCFE" box="[1135,1318,782,821]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">~ ~50 50??</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
-<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="discussion">
-<paragraph blockId="2.[765,1960,862,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">The snout and premaxillary teeth of this again fragmentary form are very like those of the American remains above and can be put in the same genus.16 Its tyrannosaurid skeletal elements prove that it was not a dromaeosaur.</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFF5F2EFCE67830D681FBE2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="discussion">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFF5F2EFCE67830D681FBE2" blockId="2.[765,1960,862,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">The snout and premaxillary teeth of this again fragmentary form are very like those of the American remains above and can be put in the same genus.16 Its tyrannosaurid skeletal elements prove that it was not a dromaeosaur.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4F7FCED756F84D.xml b/data/03/EB/95/03EB9567FFFF5F2EFD4F7FCED756F84D.xml
index 4d85ad11957..1094f9a352a 100644
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-<taxonomicName authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[761,1281,1185,1224]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molnaris" status="sp. nov." subFamily="Aublysodontinae">AUBLYSODON MOLNARIS</taxonomicName>
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type—
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-<paragraph blockId="2.[761,1943,1185,1424]" box="[764,1685,1285,1324]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">time—Maastrichtian of the latest Late Cretaceous</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="2.[761,1943,1185,1424]" box="[766,1943,1334,1373]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">horizon and distribution—Hell Creek Formations of Montana</paragraph>
-<paragraph blockId="2.[761,1943,1185,1424]" box="[764,1502,1385,1424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
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main anatomical study—
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-<th box="[1124,1334,1435,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">Type Type</th>
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+<th id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FBD27EF4D616FA0F" box="[1124,1334,1435,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">Type Type</th>
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-<td box="[764,1092,1484,1524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">skull SKULL length LENGTH— —</td>
-<td box="[1124,1334,1484,1524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">— ~450 450mm mm??</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFFA0D3FD4A7EA3D616FA3F" box="[764,1334,1484,1524]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FD4A7EA3D764FA3F" box="[764,1092,1484,1524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">skull SKULL length LENGTH— —</td>
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</tr>
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-<td box="[764,1092,1535,1574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">KILOGRAMMAGE— —</td>
-<td box="[1124,1334,1535,1574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">~ ~200 200??</td>
+<tr id="35722633FFFFA0D3FD4A7E90D616F9ED" box="[764,1334,1535,1574]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">
+<td id="76A34F4FFFFFA0D3FD4A7E90D764F9ED" box="[764,1092,1535,1574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">KILOGRAMMAGE— —</td>
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</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
-<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="discussion">
-<paragraph blockId="2.[765,1959,1615,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">The “Jordon theropod” type snout from Montana has the same shape and front teeth as the other aublysodonts, so it most likely belongs to the same genus. This specimen’s bigger size, bigger teeth and more robust snout indicate it is a little closer to tyrannosaurs proper than the other two species are. I have named it after its describer.</paragraph>
+<subSubSection id="C35877FAFFFF5F2EFCE67D3FD756F84D" pageId="2" pageNumber="325" type="discussion">
+<paragraph id="8BFD2471FFFF5F2EFCE67D3FD756F84D" blockId="2.[765,1959,1615,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="325">The “Jordon theropod” type snout from Montana has the same shape and front teeth as the other aublysodonts, so it most likely belongs to the same genus. This specimen’s bigger size, bigger teeth and more robust snout indicate it is a little closer to tyrannosaurs proper than the other two species are. I have named it after its describer.</paragraph>
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