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<document ENCODING="UTF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6137098" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9aa410be-7687-45e7-a820-065d5b3281e8" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100060549" ID-HNS-Pub="27210" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6137098" checkinTime="1400715470232" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Bolton, Barry &amp; Fisher, Brian" docDate="2014" docId="D328F5E2FA6B0F6C97056EAEC7B01CF9" docLanguage="en" docName="27210_4.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3791 (1)" docTitle="Royidris longiseta Bolton &amp; Fisher, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="94F02DEB689E84D4B189E46A16A44076" masterDocTitle="The Madagascan endemic myrmicine ants related to Eutetramorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): taxonomy of the genera Eutetramorium Emery, Malagidris nom. n., Myrmisaraka gen. n., Royidris gen. n., and Vitsika gen. n .." masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1645179377042" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>The Madagascan endemic myrmicine ants related to Eutetramorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): taxonomy of the genera Eutetramorium Emery, Malagidris nom. n., Myrmisaraka gen. n., Royidris gen. n., and Vitsika gen. n ..</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="AF5BEB34D431A72BEC8144CF3C490849">The Madagascan endemic myrmicine ants related to Eutetramorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): taxonomy of the genera Eutetramorium Emery, Malagidris nom. n., Myrmisaraka gen. n., Royidris gen. n., and Vitsika gen. n ..</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Bolton, Barry</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart id="6DD6333CEA1A4DDE2E467F802E30384D">Bolton, Barry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Fisher, Brian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6137098" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100060549" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6137098" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D328F5E2FA6B0F6C97056EAEC7B01CF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D328F5E2FA6B0F6C97056EAEC7B01CF9" lastPageNumber="57" pageNumber="55">
<subSubSection type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiseta">
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Royidris longiseta
<authority>Bolton &amp; Fisher</authority>
<authority id="763F5498640DD052FFF92DC70606741F">Bolton &amp; Fisher</authority>
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<taxonomicNameLabel rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7F026F9C1A69AD5EA5D80E07D4EDD4BB" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="description">
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="mainText">(Figs 57-59, Map 141)</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="mainText">WORKER (holotype in parentheses). TL 2.7-3.0 (2.7), HL 0.64-0.67 (0.66), HW 0.54-0.56 (0.54), CI 82-84 (82), SL 0.54-0.59 (0.59), SI 100-109 (109), PW 0.36-0.38 (0.36), WL 0.80 - 0.82 (0.80) (3 measured).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken pageId="55" pageNumber="56" start="start">FIGURES</pageBreakToken>
<subSubSection id="2B4BCF69881FCF7C62B6BCFB72B7681B" type="description">
<paragraph id="03F148BA477292068EA89611C07E7BF8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="mainText">(Figs 57-59, Map 141)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D549B588C0FE8A397B584C9DAE6EAE8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="mainText">WORKER (holotype in parentheses). TL 2.7-3.0 (2.7), HL 0.64-0.67 (0.66), HW 0.54-0.56 (0.54), CI 82-84 (82), SL 0.54-0.59 (0.59), SI 100-109 (109), PW 0.36-0.38 (0.36), WL 0.80 - 0.82 (0.80) (3 measured).</paragraph>
<caption id="FDBD55DA23930E1864D52C314D9A6F9E" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<paragraph id="40C56B27D0BEF18B0F363D192C6B456E" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken id="69087E0ECBA9591A70D95172E2138132" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" start="start">FIGURES</pageBreakToken>
57-59. Lateral, full face and dorsal view of body.
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiseta">Royidris longiseta</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="CF7C90EEF668B1CF642B0499977810D9" genus="Royidris" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="longiseta">Royidris longiseta</taxonomicName>
holotype worker CASENT0078298.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="mainText">
<paragraph id="22875AE60EB697B00B91D06899E226B2" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="mainText">
Antennal club 4-segmented. Mandible longitudinally costulate. Scapes of moderate relative length (SI 100-109); when laid straight back in full-face view the apex of the scape slightly exceeds the posterior margin of the head. With head in full-face view the eyes very close to the midlength of the side of the head capsule. EL 0.16-0.18 (EL/HW 0.30-0.33). Dorsum of head from level of eyes to posterior margin finely reticulate-punctate, the sculpture uniform, effaced in places, or fading out posteriorly. Promesonotum in profile convex and swollen, the mesonotum posteriorly descends abruptly to a small, weakly incised metanotal groove. In absolute profile the propodeal dorsum is horizontal and flat, or very nearly flat; posteriorly dorsum meets the declivity in a rounded right-angle and the declivity is straight and almost vertical. The whole propodeal dorsum is strongly depressed with
<pageBreakToken pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">respect</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="408B6259F33CA241F815441AADADA5EF" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">respect</pageBreakToken>
to the highest point of the promesonotum, which is on a considerably higher level. Pronotum with 4-5 pairs of setae; mesonotum with 3-4 pairs; on both pronotum and mesonotum the longest setae are longer than the maximum vertical diameter of the eye. Dorsum of propodeum with 2-3 pairs of short, standing setae that are less then half the length of those on the mesonotum. Petiole node with 3-4 pairs of setae that arise from the apex and posterior face of the node; postpetiole with numerous long setae that arise from the anterior, dorsal and posterior surfaces of the node; first gastral tergite with numerous long, suberect setae that are at least subequal to the maximum vertical diameter of the eye. Entire dorsum of mesosoma finely and densely reticulate-punctate in typematerial, the sculpture of about equal density and intensity everywhere, or weaker on the pronotum (superficial on pronotum in the non-paratypic specimens). Pronotum also with weak transverse striolae in the type-series, but not in the non-paratypic workers. Entire side of mesosoma finely and densely reticulate-punctate, the sculpture of approximately equal density and intensity everywhere in the paratype, but weaker on the pronotum than the mesopleuron in the holotype and partially effaced in the non-paratypic workers. Metafemur with MfL 0.55-0.58 (MfL/HW 1.02-1.07, MfL/MfH 3.63-3.73). Postpetiole relatively narrow in dorsal view, maximum width 0.20-0.21 (0.36-0.39 x HW). First gastral tergite glassy smooth, without trace of superficial microreticulate sculpture. Colour of mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole brown to orange-brown, the head somewhat darker than the mesosoma; the gaster glossy dark brown to black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">QUEEN and MALE: unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1011764D96F82566E5FFD1F6B1078155" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">QUEEN and MALE: unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">Holotype worker, Madagascar: Prov. Toliara, Mahafaly Plateau, 6.2 km. 74° ENE Itampolo, 24°39'S, 43°69'E, 80 m., 21-25.ii.2002, BLF 5763, CASENT0078298, pitfall trap, spiny forest/thicket (Fisher et al.) (CASC).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">Paratype. 1 worker, Prov. Toliara, Tsivory, 24°04.24'S, 46°04.52'E, 400 m., 9.xii.2006, BLF 15869, CASENT0120216, urban/garden (Fisher et al.) (CASC).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="04149EB25E13EA2D573BF385F1F8C4AB" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="57B639F8C34A7C5C75E8C6C0F2B31DCA" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">Holotype worker, Madagascar: Prov. Toliara, Mahafaly Plateau, 6.2 km. 74° ENE Itampolo, 24°39'S, 43°69'E, 80 m., 21-25.ii.2002, BLF 5763, CASENT0078298, pitfall trap, spiny forest/thicket (Fisher et al.) (CASC).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E2AB6104F26AA6B767067358D66FDA6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">Paratype. 1 worker, Prov. Toliara, Tsivory, 24°04.24'S, 46°04.52'E, 400 m., 9.xii.2006, BLF 15869, CASENT0120216, urban/garden (Fisher et al.) (CASC).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">
<subSubSection id="936DEC5A1A057D3F74917DE849470A75" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1024B22734DCB7AECD5E765660C5E78F" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">
The holotype of this species was included as part of
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="73DDB898868770525FBB77E8DE3B2FE8" genus="Royidris" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
by Heterick (2006).
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiseta">R. longiseta</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="FACAED5C3F433F3EC22010702FDCBE79" genus="Royidris" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="longiseta">R. longiseta</taxonomicName>
is closest related to
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravipuncta">gravipuncta</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="21462092D449726ED6AF362902AB756E" genus="Royidris" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="gravipuncta">gravipuncta</taxonomicName>
, but has distinctly longer promesontal and gastral setae, and also has short erect setae present on the propodeal dorsum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">Only four specimens are referable to this species, one collected from a pitfall trap in spiny forest, two from urban gardens, and one in shrubland. In the paratype and the non-paratypic workers some suberect pubescence is present on the side of the head below the eye, which may be visible in full-face, projecting from below the eye. This feature is absent from the holotype, and its significance is not understood at present.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DEDD5424D495124415B922538BABBA39" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">Only four specimens are referable to this species, one collected from a pitfall trap in spiny forest, two from urban gardens, and one in shrubland. In the paratype and the non-paratypic workers some suberect pubescence is present on the side of the head below the eye, which may be visible in full-face, projecting from below the eye. This feature is absent from the holotype, and its significance is not understood at present.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">Non-paratypic material examined. Madagascar: Prov. Fianarantsoa, Ihosy (Fisher et al.); Ranohira, Ampandravelo (A. Ravelomanana).</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="2DE5AD841C1141FA66C794B7FBC272F9" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B00BD6E31C9AD4D93BE6492340AEEE06" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="mainText">Non-paratypic material examined. Madagascar: Prov. Fianarantsoa, Ihosy (Fisher et al.); Ranohira, Ampandravelo (A. Ravelomanana).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="DFC7C79D1E3B34361217D9413521CC30">A new Miltochrista Hübner, [1819] from Western Ghats of India (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DFEFC21566716DAA226DCF99FE9B03F1">Singh, Santosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2903E01FCFCEEC06E3D2BE275F7578A7">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A4250A019AF8553643477886ABFC079C">Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="72B1BCF907A2B24DBA2D671B3E1D4C2D">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9F7857B442086C2C90B0A6654929403C" type="ORCID">0000-0002-9670-5931</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="CCFA84F4D77A60D89F98E5B8458743DE">Department of Zoology &amp; Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="EA7B9A2C25DCD47170824E740242F655" type="email">prjagbir2005@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="922D84DA55F0F49897B4035CA1CDAB51">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="8565651A08C133762AE2C4F3BF055C20" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="404DC4C355EBC6D214DDC976486DD9E2">
<mods:title id="75F5CE0342044E78F43E12142B081B85">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="B2067BDBBAAB2E28235F5261F0665F7E">
<mods:date id="1188FDEA93F498BE402E721985D91E72">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="005B7065F942A3660AB8CCAD7CDF7954" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="2D6F984541C5F8EDB970953D3736E2AF">2024-11-08</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="73D98AE31F26EE9FF29030E79B2F400D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="4B4107A7AB1CCD2F7224EC971F28A5C5">5537</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="6E56D17AEEF319A004812ECC354C1C9C" type="issue">
<mods:number id="CA3C851A1E3E8B33E55828E4630095F8">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="762B408AE44624BBC39816F7999A50A3" unit="page">
<mods:start id="66A2EF32D1DF98FBA2CA5050B83F7551">288</mods:start>
<mods:end id="CBF635762FC4BAD992A5C60079209F69">294</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="901AC5CD379B3B84BDF9102F6E575BC4">
<mods:url id="33E160A3FC4161F1A244D6101D246467">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.9</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="601EDF90180CB83C59742FACB85A8564">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="DB6973AD8E0DE4C9BFB79BE57524A469" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.9</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3960AE12298F064EE76C4865F78759AD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="84AF00C80D62F308BD74B452DE3BE63E" type="Zenodo-Dep">14239553</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="593F25B8129FACC7F8912A0607C118E1" type="ZooBank">1F51B0BD-FD08-4AA8-94A8-1CB77165527F</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="D32DAA7C691D006A558BFE58FB9B23F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240142" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14240142" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D32DAA7C691D006A558BFE58FB9B23F1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D32DAA7C691D006A558BFE58FB9B23F1" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<subSubSection id="139E48E1691D006A558BFE58FDFA24C5" box="[151,567,393,420]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A558BFE58FDFA24C5" blockId="1.[151,567,393,456]" box="[151,567,393,420]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<heading id="0073AC06691D006A558BFE58FDFA24C5" bold="true" box="[151,567,393,420]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" reason="1">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A558BFE58FDFA24C5" bold="true" box="[151,567,393,420]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A558BFE58FE1E24C5" authorityName="Singh &amp; Singh &amp; Kirti" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,467,393,420]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coonoorensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A558BFE58FE1E24C5" bold="true" box="[151,467,393,420]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Miltochrista coonoorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72C37A03691D006A54C6FE5BFDFA24C5" box="[474,567,394,420]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="139E48E1691D006A558BFE7FFE9F24A9" box="[151,338,430,456]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="description">
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A558BFE7FFE9F24A9" blockId="1.[151,567,393,456]" box="[151,338,430,456]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5583FE7FFEC924A9" box="[159,260,430,456]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="2.[152,270,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,189,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[202,1385,179,1849]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Miltochrista species: 1. M. coonoorensis, HT ♂, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 2. M. coonoorensis, PT ♂, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 3. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 4. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 5. M. ochracea ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 6. M. obliqua ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 7. M. hollowai ♂, India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 8. M. uncalis ♂ India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239555/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Figs 1, 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A540CFE7FFE8424A9" box="[272,329,430,456]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–12" captionStartId="3.[152,270,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[162,1429,199,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 9–12. Male genitalia of Miltochrista species: 9. M. coonoorensis, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 10. M. coonoorensis, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 11. M. hogani India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 12. M. hogani India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI). Arrow showing the diagnostic characters." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239557/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">9, 10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="139E48E1691D006A558BFE27FB892755" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A558BFE27FA8C2771" blockId="1.[151,1437,501,1680]" box="[151,1345,501,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A558BFE27FE0C276E" bold="true" box="[151,449,501,528]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Type material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="EBEC1137691D006A54D4FE27FA8C2771" box="[456,1345,502,529]" collectingDate="2005-10-02" collectorName="N. Singh" country="India" location="Tamil Nadu" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="23935BFA691D006A54D4FE27FDD72771" box="[456,538,502,528]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">INDIA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="9940D588691D006A5739FE27FD612771" box="[549,684,502,528]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
,
<typeStatus id="843FA5C8691D006A57A4FE27FCED2771" box="[696,800,502,528]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="4D82D0E3691D006A563BFE27FCF32771" box="[807,830,502,528]" count="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, Coonoor
<date id="2F3A3DAA691D006A56AFFE27FBDA2770" box="[947,1047,502,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" value="2005-10-02">
<collectingDate id="3F7EC442691D006A56AFFE27FBDA2770" box="[947,1047,502,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" value="2005-10-02">2.x.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="F6717EBC691D006A513FFE27FB442771" box="[1059,1161,502,528]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">N. Singh</collectorName>
, leg. (NZCZSI).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A55DBFDCBFB892755" blockId="1.[151,1437,501,1680]" box="[199,1092,538,565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<materialsCitation id="EBEC1137691D006A55DBFDCBFB8D2755" box="[199,1088,538,565]" collectingDate="2005-11-16" collectorName="N. Singh" country="India" location="Jog" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Karnataka" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A55DBFDCBFEF02755" bold="true" box="[199,317,538,564]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<typeStatus id="843FA5C8691D006A55DBFDCBFEF52755" box="[199,312,538,564]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="4D82D0E3691D006A5458FDCBFEA42755" box="[324,361,538,564]" count="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="23935BFA691D006A5469FDCBFE7C2755" box="[373,433,538,564]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="9940D588691D006A54A1FDCBFDF82755" box="[445,565,538,564]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="5E5B4DB1691D006A5723FDCBFDAB2755" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D32DAA7C691D006A558BFE58FB9B23F1:5E5B4DB1691D006A5723FDCBFDAB2755" box="[575,614,538,564]" country="India" name="Jog" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" stateProvince="Karnataka">Jog</location>
fall,
<date id="2F3A3DAA691D006A57BCFDCBFCD72754" box="[672,794,538,565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" value="2005-11-16">
<collectingDate id="3F7EC442691D006A57BCFDCBFCD72754" box="[672,794,538,565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" value="2005-11-16">16.xi.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="F6717EBC691D006A563AFDCBFC412755" box="[806,908,538,564]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">N. Singh</collectorName>
, leg. (NZCZSI)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="139E48E1691D006A55DBFDECFD2E2115" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A55DBFDECFD2E2115" blockId="1.[151,1437,501,1680]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A55DBFDECFE892736" bold="true" box="[199,324,573,599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Forewing length
<quantity id="9C7CB68F691D006A5713FDEFFDB12739" box="[527,636,574,600]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9–10 mm</quantity>
in male.
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A57F5FDEFFBDC2739" authorityName="Singh &amp; Singh &amp; Kirti" authorityYear="2024" box="[745,1041,574,600]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coonoorensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A57F5FDEFFBDC2739" box="[745,1041,574,600]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Miltochrista coonoorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A5106FDEFFBB82739" bold="true" box="[1050,1141,574,600]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72C37A03691D006A5106FDEFFBB82739" box="[1050,1141,574,600]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A519AFDEFFB202739" box="[1158,1261,574,600]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="2.[152,270,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,189,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[202,1385,179,1849]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Miltochrista species: 1. M. coonoorensis, HT ♂, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 2. M. coonoorensis, PT ♂, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 3. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 4. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 5. M. ochracea ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 6. M. obliqua ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 7. M. hollowai ♂, India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 8. M. uncalis ♂ India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239555/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Figs 1, 2</figureCitation>
) is reminiscent to five congeners i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A548FFDB2FCE6271D" authority="Volynkin &amp; Huang, 2022" authorityName="Volynkin &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2022" box="[403,811,610,636]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hogani">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A548FFDB2FDCA271D" box="[403,519,610,636]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. hogani</emphasis>
Volynkin &amp; Huang, 2022
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5627FDB3FC6C271D" box="[827,929,610,636]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="2.[152,270,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,189,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[202,1385,179,1849]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Miltochrista species: 1. M. coonoorensis, HT ♂, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 2. M. coonoorensis, PT ♂, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 3. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 4. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 5. M. ochracea ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 6. M. obliqua ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 7. M. hollowai ♂, India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 8. M. uncalis ♂ India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239555/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Figs 3, 4</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A56ABFDB2FADF271D" authority="(Hampson, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[951,1298,610,636]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A56ABFDB2FB88271D" box="[951,1093,610,636]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. ochracea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3F15669B691D006A5149FDB3FAC7271D" author="Hampson, G. F." box="[1109,1290,610,636]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" refId="ref1906" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1891) Illustrations of typical specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British Museum. Part 8. The Lepidoptera of Heterocera of the Nilgiri district. British Museum (Natural History), London, iv + 144 pp., pls. CXXXIX - CLVI." type="book" year="1891">Hampson, 1891</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A503EFDB3FAAA271C" box="[1314,1383,610,637]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="2.[152,270,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,189,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[202,1385,179,1849]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Miltochrista species: 1. M. coonoorensis, HT ♂, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 2. M. coonoorensis, PT ♂, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 3. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 4. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 5. M. ochracea ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 6. M. obliqua ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 7. M. hollowai ♂, India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 8. M. uncalis ♂ India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239555/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A5062FDB2FE7427C1" authority="(Hampson, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliqua">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A5062FDB2FF2027C1" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. obliqua</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3F15669B691D006A55E0FD57FE7C27C1" author="Hampson, G. F." box="[252,433,646,672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" refId="ref1906" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1891) Illustrations of typical specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British Museum. Part 8. The Lepidoptera of Heterocera of the Nilgiri district. British Museum (Natural History), London, iv + 144 pp., pls. CXXXIX - CLVI." type="book" year="1891">Hampson, 1891</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A54D5FD57FDC527C1" box="[457,520,646,672]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="2.[152,270,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,189,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[202,1385,179,1849]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Miltochrista species: 1. M. coonoorensis, HT ♂, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 2. M. coonoorensis, PT ♂, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 3. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 4. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 5. M. ochracea ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 6. M. obliqua ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 7. M. hollowai ♂, India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 8. M. uncalis ♂ India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239555/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig 6</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A5702FD56FC4027C1" authority="(Kirti &amp; Gill, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Kirti &amp; Gill" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[542,909,646,672]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hollowai">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A5702FD56FD6B27C1" box="[542,678,646,672]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. hollowai</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3F15669B691D006A57A9FD57FC4B27C1" author="Kirti, J. S. &amp; Gill, N. S." box="[693,902,646,672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref2011" refString="Kirti, J. S. &amp; Gill, N. S. (2009) Description of four new species of the genus Lyclene Moore (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Lithosiinae) from India. Acta zoological cracoviensia, 52 B (1 - 2), 109 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2008.10417561" type="journal article" year="2009">Kirti &amp; Gill, 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5681FD57FC1427C1" box="[925,985,646,672]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="2.[152,270,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,189,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[202,1385,179,1849]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Miltochrista species: 1. M. coonoorensis, HT ♂, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 2. M. coonoorensis, PT ♂, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 3. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 4. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 5. M. ochracea ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 6. M. obliqua ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 7. M. hollowai ♂, India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 8. M. uncalis ♂ India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239555/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.7</figureCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A56F5FD56FA8527C1" authority="(Kirti &amp; Gill, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Kirti &amp; Gill" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1001,1352,646,672]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncalis">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A56F5FD56FBAC27C1" box="[1001,1121,646,672]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. uncalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3F15669B691D006A516CFD57FA8D27C1" author="Kirti, J. S. &amp; Gill, N. S." box="[1136,1344,646,672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref2011" refString="Kirti, J. S. &amp; Gill, N. S. (2009) Description of four new species of the genus Lyclene Moore (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Lithosiinae) from India. Acta zoological cracoviensia, 52 B (1 - 2), 109 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2008.10417561" type="journal article" year="2009">Kirti &amp; Gill, 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5044FD57FA5927C1" box="[1368,1428,646,672]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="2.[152,270,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,189,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[202,1385,179,1849]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Miltochrista species: 1. M. coonoorensis, HT ♂, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 2. M. coonoorensis, PT ♂, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 3. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 4. M. hogani ♂ India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 5. M. ochracea ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 6. M. obliqua ♂ India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 7. M. hollowai ♂, India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 8. M. uncalis ♂ India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239555/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.8</figureCitation>
) and is difficult to identify based on external morphology. Reliable identification of these species is only possible by investigating their copulatory organs. In male genitalia,
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A561BFD1EFC0D2789" authorityName="Singh &amp; Singh &amp; Kirti" authorityYear="2024" box="[775,960,719,744]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coonoorensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A561BFD1EFC0D2789" box="[775,960,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. coonoorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A56DBFD1FFBED2789" bold="true" box="[967,1056,718,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72C37A03691D006A56DBFD1FFBED2789" box="[967,1056,718,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5133FD1FFB582789" box="[1071,1173,718,744]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–12" captionStartId="3.[152,270,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[162,1429,199,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 9–12. Male genitalia of Miltochrista species: 9. M. coonoorensis, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 10. M. coonoorensis, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 11. M. hogani India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 12. M. hogani India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI). Arrow showing the diagnostic characters." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239557/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.9, 10</figureCitation>
) is most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A55A8FD22FEE5266D" authorityName="Volynkin &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2022" box="[180,296,754,780]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hogani">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A55A8FD22FEE5266D" box="[180,296,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. hogani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5424FD23FE66266D" box="[312,427,754,780]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–12" captionStartId="3.[152,270,1878,1902]" captionTargetBox="[162,1429,199,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 9–12. Male genitalia of Miltochrista species: 9. M. coonoorensis, India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 10. M. coonoorensis, India, Karnataka, Jog fall (NZCZSI); 11. M. hogani India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI); 12. M. hogani India, Karnataka, Ganeshgudi (NZCZSI). Arrow showing the diagnostic characters." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239557/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.11, 12</figureCitation>
) but distinct by the uncus narrower, sub-basally dilated and then gradually tapering to the tip (in
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A55FDFCC6FE992651" authorityName="Volynkin &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2022" box="[225,340,790,816]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hogani">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A55FDFCC6FE992651" box="[225,340,790,816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. hogani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uncus is stouter, shorter and medially much dilated, sickle shaped); tegumen slightly longer, valva broader, apically dilated (swollen), tip convexed (in
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A57F3FCEAFCA82635" authorityName="Volynkin &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2022" box="[751,869,826,852]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hogani">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A57F3FCEAFCA82635" box="[751,869,826,852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. hogani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
valva is narrower, shallowly bifurcated apically). Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A542CFC8EFE2A2619" authorityName="Singh &amp; Singh &amp; Kirti" authorityYear="2024" box="[304,487,863,888]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coonoorensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A542CFC8EFE2A2619" box="[304,487,863,888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. coonoorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A54F1FC8FFD882619" bold="true" box="[493,581,862,888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72C37A03691D006A54F1FC8FFD882619" box="[493,581,862,888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is distinct from
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A57EBFC8EFC4E2619" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[759,899,862,888]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A57EBFC8EFC4E2619" box="[759,899,862,888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. ochracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A568DFC8FFC162619" box="[913,987,862,888]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="4.[152,270,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[179,1388,227,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[179,1407,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Male genitalia of Miltochrista species: 13. M. ochracea India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 14. M. obliqua India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 15. M. hollowai India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 16. M. uncalis India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239559/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.13</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A510BFC8EFB5C2619" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1047,1169,862,888]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliqua">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A510BFC8EFB5C2619" box="[1047,1169,862,888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. obliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5182FC8FFB252619" box="[1182,1256,862,888]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="4.[152,270,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[179,1388,227,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[179,1407,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Male genitalia of Miltochrista species: 13. M. ochracea India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 14. M. obliqua India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 15. M. hollowai India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 16. M. uncalis India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239559/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.14</figureCitation>
) by the shape of uncus and valval apex. In
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A54A7FC52FD8526FD" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[443,584,898,924]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A54A7FC52FD8526FD" box="[443,584,898,924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. ochracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A5762FC52FD3426FD" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[638,761,898,924]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliqua">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A5762FC52FD3426FD" box="[638,761,898,924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. obliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uncus shorter and curved downward, distal saccular process is longer (in
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A5438FC76FE1126A1" authorityName="Singh &amp; Singh &amp; Kirti" authorityYear="2024" box="[292,476,935,960]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coonoorensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A5438FC76FE1126A1" box="[292,476,935,960]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. coonoorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A54FFFC77FDF126A1" bold="true" box="[483,572,934,960]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72C37A03691D006A54FFFC77FDF126A1" box="[483,572,934,960]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
uncus longer and bent downward, distal saccular process narrower). The new species is distinct from
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A5483FC1AFDEB2685" baseAuthorityName="Kirti &amp; Gill" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[415,550,970,996]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hollowai">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A5483FC1AFDEB2685" box="[415,550,970,996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. hollowai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5729FC1BFD4D2684" box="[565,640,970,997]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="4.[152,270,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[179,1388,227,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[179,1407,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Male genitalia of Miltochrista species: 13. M. ochracea India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 14. M. obliqua India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 15. M. hollowai India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 16. M. uncalis India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239559/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.15</figureCitation>
) by the shape of uncus, narrow valva and distal saccular process which are elongated and simple in
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A54C3FC3EFD572169" authorityName="Singh &amp; Singh &amp; Kirti" authorityYear="2024" box="[479,666,1007,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coonoorensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A54C3FC3EFD572169" box="[479,666,1007,1032]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. coonoorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A57B8FC3FFCCD2169" bold="true" box="[676,768,1006,1032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72C37A03691D006A57B8FC3FFCCD2169" box="[676,768,1006,1032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
but leaf like in
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A56A1FC3EFB8A2169" baseAuthorityName="Kirti &amp; Gill" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[957,1095,1006,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hollowai">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A56A1FC3EFB8A2169" box="[957,1095,1006,1032]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. hollowai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Though
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A51ABFC3FFA512169" baseAuthorityName="Kirti &amp; Gill" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1207,1436,1006,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncalis">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A51ABFC3FFA512169" box="[1207,1436,1006,1032]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Miltochrista uncalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A55BCFBC3FF27214D" box="[160,234,1042,1068]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="4.[152,270,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[179,1388,227,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[179,1407,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Male genitalia of Miltochrista species: 13. M. ochracea India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 14. M. obliqua India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 15. M. hollowai India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 16. M. uncalis India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239559/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.16</figureCitation>
) is also almost indistinguishable from the new species in external appearance, but it is distinct in male genitalia having distal saccular and distal costal process in valva and snake hood like uncus (
<figureCitation id="C3BF07EF691D006A5183FBE7FB242131" box="[1183,1257,1078,1104]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="4.[152,270,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[179,1388,227,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[179,1407,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Male genitalia of Miltochrista species: 13. M. ochracea India, Tamil Nadu, Coonoor (NZCZSI); 14. M. obliqua India, Tamil Nadu, Naduvattam (NZCZSI); 15. M. hollowai India, Gujarat, Saputara (NZCZSI); 16. M. uncalis India, Kerala, Attappadi (NZCZSI)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239559/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Fig.16</figureCitation>
) whereas, in
<taxonomicName id="9C8460E9691D006A5062FBE6FEE62115" authorityName="Singh &amp; Singh &amp; Kirti" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coonoorensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A5062FBE6FEE62115" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">M. coonoorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A542EFB8BFE412115" bold="true" box="[306,396,1114,1140]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="72C37A03691D006A542EFB8BFE412115" box="[306,396,1114,1140]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
distal costal process is absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="139E48E1691D006A55DBFBACFDE72329" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="description">
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A55DBFBACFE9C21F6" blockId="1.[151,1437,501,1680]" box="[199,337,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A55DBFBACFE9C21F6" bold="true" box="[199,337,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A55DBFB73FEC921DD" blockId="1.[151,1437,501,1680]" box="[199,260,1186,1212]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A55DBFB73FEC921DD" bold="true" box="[199,260,1186,1212]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A55DBFB17FB7E2181" blockId="1.[151,1437,501,1680]" box="[199,1203,1222,1248]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Head. frons and vertex orange red, labial palpus porrect and black, antennae bipectinated.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A55DBFB3BFDE72329" blockId="1.[151,1437,501,1680]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
Thorax. Pale orange, patagia pale orange with a black spot; foreleg, midleg and hindleg ochreous. Forewing ground colour pinkish red, base of costa black, a black spot at base, a sinuous black antemedial band emerging from costa, an arched centrally broaden medial line, series of seven black short longitudinal streaks at submarginal areas, eight black marginal spots; underside with costa black at base, black suffusion from mid to submarginal area, eight marginal black spots; Hindwing with basal half pale yellow, medial area black, postmedial area pinkish red. Abdomen. Pale black with orange anal tuft.
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A57AFFA4FFCA820D6" bold="true" box="[691,869,1437,1464]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Male genitalia</emphasis>
: uncus long sharply curved downward, basally constricted, subbasally dilated and apically tapering; tegumen long and narrow; valva having lobular apex, sacculus strongly setosed medially, and modified to short narrow distal process; vinculum narrow; phallus of aedeagus stout, slightly curved and basally humped; presence of two parallel unequal sized basal and medial diverticula in vesica, and scobnation between both spines
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="139E48E1691D006A55DBF980FCFE230D" box="[199,819,1617,1644]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5B3B1B6A691D006A55DBF980FCFE230D" blockId="1.[151,1437,501,1680]" box="[199,819,1617,1644]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A55DBF980FEAE230A" bold="true" box="[199,355,1617,1643]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Distribution:</emphasis>
South
<collectingCountry id="23935BFA691D006A54AEF983FE21230D" box="[434,492,1618,1644]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">India</collectingCountry>
<emphasis id="69F0C778691D006A54EFF980FE31230A" bold="true" box="[499,508,1617,1643]" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">(</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="9940D588691D006A54E0F983FD4C230D" box="[508,641,1618,1644]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="9940D588691D006A57ABF983FCE1230D" box="[695,812,1618,1644]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="1" pageNumber="289">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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The specific epithet is derived from the
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Hübner, [1819]
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[Denis &amp; Schiffermüller], 1775
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<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">(Figs 87-89, Map 151)</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">WORKER (holotype in parentheses). TL 2.3-2.6 (2.6), HL 0.58-0.70 (0.52), HW 0.50-0.59 (0.52), CI 82-86 (83), SL 0.38-0.44 (0.39), SI 73-76 (75), PW 0.34-0.40 (0.34), WL 0.68-0.80 (0.70) (15 measured).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">Eye with 6-7 rows of ommatidia, and with 8-9 ommatidia in the longest row; EL 0.14-0.17 (EL/HW 0.28-0.30). MfL 0.46-0.52 (MfL/HW 0.85-0.92). Propodeal spines in profile short, diameter of annulus of propodeal spiracle is greater than the thickness of the propodeal spine at its midlength. Petiole node low and relatively long, usually appearing quite squat and blocky in profile. Anterior face of petiole node rises steeply to the anterodorsal angle; the dorsal face is long and slopes down posteriorly; there is usually a blunt angle posteriorly between the dorsal face and the short posterior face, but this angle is sometimes rounded and inconspicuous. Height of petiole node in posterior view (from midpoint of the dorsal margin of the foramen to the apex) 0.95-1.07 x its maximum width. In dorsal view postpetiole 1.10-1.20 x broader than long; maximum width of postpetiole</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">1.25-1.60 x the length of a propodeal spine; maximum width of postpetiole 1.00-1.22 x the distance between the apices of the propodeal spines. Length of postpetiole node in profile slightly less than the height of the segment. Disc of postpetiole entirely smooth, glossy. Full adult colour yellow.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">QUEEN (gyne). Only ergatoids known (e.g. CASENT0496288). HL 0.68-0.72, HW 0.57-0.62, CI 83-86, SL 0.44-0.46, SI 71-78, PW 0.41-45, WL 0.82-0.84, EL 0.17-0.18 (EL/HW 0.28-0.29), MfL 0.54-0.56 (MfL/HW 0.90-0.95) (4 measured). Usually with only the median ocellus developed, and frequently this ocellus very reduced; sometimes with 3 ocelli, the median distinct and the posterior pair reduced. The mesonotum is scarcely more inflated than in the workers. It is possible that the largest individuals regarded as workers here may actually be extreme ergatoids.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">MALE. HL 0.52-0.54, HW 0.42-0.43, CI 78-83, SL 0.16-0.18, SI 37-43, mesoscutum width at maximum 0.40-0.42, WL 0.82-0.84, EL 0.24, MfL 0.60 (2 measured). Propodeum unarmed; propodeal dorsum unsculptured; propodeal dorsum and declivity without trace of a median longitudinal carina. Postpetiole in dorsal view longer than broad. Dorsal arc of eye, from midpoint of anterior margin to midpoint of posterior margin, bounded by a marked impression in the cuticle of the head capsule. Scape only very slightly longer than funiculus segment 2 (antennal segment 3); scape about equal in length to funiculus segment 8; funiculus segment 9 easily the longest antennal segment (ca 0.24); funiculus segments 10 and 11 each about equal in length to the scape; apical antennal segment (funiculus segment 12) almost 2 x SL. Colour dull yellow, with infuscated patches, especially dorsum of head around the ocelli.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="944BCCB28A08CEC4B9149EEAE9C1D173" type="description">
<paragraph id="5CC923A7E6A145D91D96841383261FE5" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">(Figs 87-89, Map 151)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4E8D7074A755A2D5B778FB7F8BA4E461" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">WORKER (holotype in parentheses). TL 2.3-2.6 (2.6), HL 0.58-0.70 (0.52), HW 0.50-0.59 (0.52), CI 82-86 (83), SL 0.38-0.44 (0.39), SI 73-76 (75), PW 0.34-0.40 (0.34), WL 0.68-0.80 (0.70) (15 measured).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1B55857939923D1C39B79FD96FCA817" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">Eye with 6-7 rows of ommatidia, and with 8-9 ommatidia in the longest row; EL 0.14-0.17 (EL/HW 0.28-0.30). MfL 0.46-0.52 (MfL/HW 0.85-0.92). Propodeal spines in profile short, diameter of annulus of propodeal spiracle is greater than the thickness of the propodeal spine at its midlength. Petiole node low and relatively long, usually appearing quite squat and blocky in profile. Anterior face of petiole node rises steeply to the anterodorsal angle; the dorsal face is long and slopes down posteriorly; there is usually a blunt angle posteriorly between the dorsal face and the short posterior face, but this angle is sometimes rounded and inconspicuous. Height of petiole node in posterior view (from midpoint of the dorsal margin of the foramen to the apex) 0.95-1.07 x its maximum width. In dorsal view postpetiole 1.10-1.20 x broader than long; maximum width of postpetiole</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30BA4386D13435A8D3930FCC905F4D22" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">1.25-1.60 x the length of a propodeal spine; maximum width of postpetiole 1.00-1.22 x the distance between the apices of the propodeal spines. Length of postpetiole node in profile slightly less than the height of the segment. Disc of postpetiole entirely smooth, glossy. Full adult colour yellow.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="515EAD979DE5DDB5DCE1CB9002BA98D3" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">QUEEN (gyne). Only ergatoids known (e.g. CASENT0496288). HL 0.68-0.72, HW 0.57-0.62, CI 83-86, SL 0.44-0.46, SI 71-78, PW 0.41-45, WL 0.82-0.84, EL 0.17-0.18 (EL/HW 0.28-0.29), MfL 0.54-0.56 (MfL/HW 0.90-0.95) (4 measured). Usually with only the median ocellus developed, and frequently this ocellus very reduced; sometimes with 3 ocelli, the median distinct and the posterior pair reduced. The mesonotum is scarcely more inflated than in the workers. It is possible that the largest individuals regarded as workers here may actually be extreme ergatoids.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="697D357139789EB5E3EB3237190BCD9F" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="mainText">MALE. HL 0.52-0.54, HW 0.42-0.43, CI 78-83, SL 0.16-0.18, SI 37-43, mesoscutum width at maximum 0.40-0.42, WL 0.82-0.84, EL 0.24, MfL 0.60 (2 measured). Propodeum unarmed; propodeal dorsum unsculptured; propodeal dorsum and declivity without trace of a median longitudinal carina. Postpetiole in dorsal view longer than broad. Dorsal arc of eye, from midpoint of anterior margin to midpoint of posterior margin, bounded by a marked impression in the cuticle of the head capsule. Scape only very slightly longer than funiculus segment 2 (antennal segment 3); scape about equal in length to funiculus segment 8; funiculus segment 9 easily the longest antennal segment (ca 0.24); funiculus segments 10 and 11 each about equal in length to the scape; apical antennal segment (funiculus segment 12) almost 2 x SL. Colour dull yellow, with infuscated patches, especially dorsum of head around the ocelli.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="mainText">
<pageBreakToken pageId="76" pageNumber="77" start="start">Holotype</pageBreakToken>
<subSubSection id="4B71FC93D23FE8386899D62F6EC8CD26" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="925CC962C2A1980881E7B377A602E7FB" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="mainText">
<pageBreakToken id="F37E40533F9E40620ED98C028BDDFF14" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" start="start">Holotype</pageBreakToken>
worker (top specimen of 3 on pin), Madagascar: Prov. Toamasina, Mont. Akirindro, 7.6 km. 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15°17.3'S, 49°32.9'E, 600 m., 17-21.iii.2003, ex Melastomataceae, BLF 8284, CASENT0496230 (Fisher et al.) (CASC).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<paragraph pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="caption">
<caption id="BE02F12A4B935CCE788AC64A1D8F8A70" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<paragraph id="F17B194421B815280F8D4AFD52298D6F" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="caption">
FIGURES 87-89. Lateral, full face and dorsal view of body.
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviscapa">Vitsika breviscapa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="8B91AC54EE0CC75FF8EE33CBA2FDB846" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="breviscapa">Vitsika breviscapa</taxonomicName>
holotype worker CASENT0914141.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="mainText">Paratypes. 2 workers mounted on pin below holotype; 2 workers with same data but CASENT0496231 (CASC).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5353231CFF3D46EDD33C3214E384E9B6" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="mainText">Paratypes. 2 workers mounted on pin below holotype; 2 workers with same data but CASENT0496231 (CASC).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="mainText">
<subSubSection id="C34208CEA43A55DA2D68138350F89BEA" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="41B41E1414FF777605C4C58EB1365975" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="mainText">
The immediate distinguishing features of
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7A656DF2CDB59A323449684D76B13665" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
workers are the combination of yellow colour, relatively short scapes (the shortest in the genus), metafemur that is always shorter than HW, and propodeal spines that are shorter than in all other species except
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crebra">crebra</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F78C1B50861C9F1B1D81D407F729B313" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="crebra">crebra</taxonomicName>
. Confusion with
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crebra">crebra</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1886290C718F0055F789FF0AA5A6825F" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="crebra">crebra</taxonomicName>
should be impossible as the postpetiole in
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crebra">crebra</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="78655611D86FE3194B435A2FF2C79F28" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="crebra">crebra</taxonomicName>
is entirely densely sculptured, its postpetiole in dorsal view is 1.35-1.45 x broader than long, and its SI is 85-91. In addition, in
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crebra">crebra</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7D6E4017BF6F208E9E520CDC239C9CA2" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="crebra">crebra</taxonomicName>
, the anterior curvature of the outline of the eye in profile is very similar to the posterior curvature, whereas in
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="159285F2064044E94D712D0B4A4A2443" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
the eye is more obviously tear-drop shaped, with an outline that is much more narrowly rounded and pointed anteriorly than posteriorly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="mainText">
<subSubSection id="BFDDDBE6D8E93700FF4968698448BBAA" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="4AEEF85E81F406931130E6D100C1D29A" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="mainText">
A few specimens of
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C8EF5982B874D473F95D3765F5781218" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
have been recovered from leaf litter samples in rainforest, but the great majority were captured in association with plants of the family Melastomataceae. The biology of the ant-plant association is not known, but
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AB52B24BA9AE176B2F331891CF7C9081" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="breviscapa">breviscapa</taxonomicName>
appears to be the only known member of
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Vitsika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vitsika</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="16089A947C962E99B0BE6295028C8169" genus="Vitsika" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="genus">Vitsika</taxonomicName>
that is plant-associated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="mainText">
<pageBreakToken pageId="77" pageNumber="78" start="start">Non-paratypic</pageBreakToken>
<subSubSection id="FE61B1C99C255014E563EED8DBD64E33" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B2664C0F0F66828F0677C7AA741153E0" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="mainText">
<pageBreakToken id="4C06D052A7EC3E923F9127F4CF345CCC" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" start="start">Non-paratypic</pageBreakToken>
material examined. Madagascar: Prov. Toamasina, Mont. Anjanaharibe, NNE Ambinanitelo (Fisher et al.); Prov. Toamasina, Mont. Akirindro, NNW Ambinanitelo (Fisher et al.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>