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<mods:title>The Madagascan endemic myrmicine ants related to Eutetramorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): taxonomy of the genera Eutetramorium Emery, Malagidris nom. n., Myrmisaraka gen. n., Royidris gen. n., and Vitsika gen. n ..</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="F61EF68D58EA5F78B4DD315A623F3D73">The Madagascan endemic myrmicine ants related to Eutetramorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): taxonomy of the genera Eutetramorium Emery, Malagidris nom. n., Myrmisaraka gen. n., Royidris gen. n., and Vitsika gen. n ..</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">
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<taxonomicName id="80F1E03925B1AC49684810C559AF55EF" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" genus="Royidris" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="shuckardi">
Royidris shuckardi (
<authority>Forel</authority>
<authority id="1BEB4A11F234C0B442738CB83C672011">Forel</authority>
)
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<taxonomicNameLabel>comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3BB89F99A2AA6418C495C61E4B13AA15">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection type="description">
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="mainText">(Figs 75-77, Map 147)</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="55FAF54950B0132565E7609C894A6213" type="description">
<paragraph id="DDED7E24AFB6E7FCE6273039028480B7" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="mainText">(Figs 75-77, Map 147)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">Monomorium shuckardi Forel</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="EEB293EA32F4DFDEA13D3A91938D7E55" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AA3F47B5AEB888C1C75763C28F65B293" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName id="CD87FD3FA88B8B07DE19A97474075A51" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">Monomorium shuckardi Forel</taxonomicName>
, 1895: 251. Holotype queen, MADAGASCAR: Moramanga (Sikora) (MHNG) [examined].
<taxonomicNameLabel>Comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D10157E2F5E27F135771B86CAAEEF733">Comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection type="discussion">
<paragraph lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="mainText">
<subSubSection id="B09EFEDCE5835F78A4E27D3AADDF35B5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C074EA449D38628A4379B3095E788C96" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="mainText">
QUEEN (gyne). Alate when virgin. Among the few known queens of the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravipuncta">gravipuncta</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="8088A5FEB336064BD60B2C344788523C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravipuncta">gravipuncta</taxonomicName>
complex,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4CB874C1408EA9117995F04A80ABEF71" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
is isolated because with its head in full-face view the eyes are located in front of the midlength of the sides, and the
<pageBreakToken pageId="65" pageNumber="66" start="start">sides</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="F24ECB58B4340F0F602BF01381988B27" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" start="start">sides</pageBreakToken>
behind the eyes appear long and shallowly convex, convergent posteriorly through long, shallow curves, and with the posterior margin short and indented medially. In the worker-associated queen of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrina">peregrina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="329EEDBF7C2CA96950EC21DB09F37D46" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrina">peregrina</taxonomicName>
, and the two unassociated queens that are known in the complex, the eyes are at, or very close to, the midlength, and the sides behind the eyes round through narrow curves into a broad posterior margin that is shallowly concave across its width.
</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<paragraph pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="caption">
<subSubSection id="613E14F040B47F0062A15E9678174741" type="multiple">
<caption id="3F3622F27ACCA5864EE80DA000F18BFD" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<paragraph id="77E7BBB450F6977BA65092C67379E38A" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="caption">
FIGURES 75-77. Lateral, full face and dorsal view of body.
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">Royidris shuckardi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E9674E39DA92C0A8C7417EAD5F98C7DB" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species" species="shuckardi">Royidris shuckardi</taxonomicName>
holotype queen CASENT0010761.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection type="description">
<paragraph pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="mainText">WORKER and MALE: unknown.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="0C1FFB0536316CDF6EA15FA626F4386C" type="description">
<paragraph id="5F9856324BF0BF18C57A7231DDA8EC52" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="mainText">WORKER and MALE: unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="mainText">
<subSubSection id="59CC3F265A8676B2AC193019BD892A9D" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B3AEC0685D82BFC6EA45760FEF6F5121" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="mainText">
This species is known only from the holotype queen. While it certainly belongs in
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Royidris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="ECDEE54F06A1EF90DA789E76DA672C41" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="genus">Royidris</taxonomicName>
, and because of its 4-segmented antennal club is referable to the
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="notorthotenes">notorthotenes</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B4C6D9C167F0624F8BB596D9E9DCD6F5" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species" species="notorthotenes">notorthotenes</taxonomicName>
group, it can not be matched with any other queen assigned to that group. In addition, as pointed out by Heterick (2006), its type-locality, Moramanga, is in Toamasina Province, hundreds of kilometers away from the range of, and with vegetation and conditions very different from, that inhabited by other species now in
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Royidris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="01545E5E73D35DA366A4BBBD1928B33F" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="genus">Royidris</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="mainText">
<subSubSection id="C8823D0628AA5AD2D04A1BDFBD3674E4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C2F5F251FEF81A35C3B2B193FA7F9324" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="mainText">
Heterick (2006) associated the isolated
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holotype queen with workers of what is now considered a complex of three worker-based species,
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,
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, and the more recently discovered
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrina">peregrina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="8ED85DC17D5C6E8E0052BF9773705B80" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species" species="peregrina">peregrina</taxonomicName>
. He grouped the first two species together with the isolated queen, and regarded them as a single species, to which he applied the name
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="26FD27A6BA915188991BD82CB917C4D7" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
. However, there is no evidence for this association. None of the few queens associated with, or assumed to belong to the same group as the three worker-based species, corresponds to the holotype of
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F2D0198AF19C3C9EB84F6DAD24F072D1" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
. Heterick (2006) suggests that the locality given for the
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D83D6C986B537D003C6D7098243FCAF5" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
queen may be in error. This could be correct, but even if true the queen can not be linked to any known species. Resolution of the identity of
<taxonomicName authority="Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2014" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Royidris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AB7FC6E7745AF9FF59FF2FC0A962B5FA" genus="Royidris" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species" species="shuckardi">shuckardi</taxonomicName>
will require the acquisition and comparison of more samples of worker-associated queens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>