diff --git a/data/0C/2F/CC/0C2FCC48DAC55A85930EB22B42429B23.xml b/data/0C/2F/CC/0C2FCC48DAC55A85930EB22B42429B23.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ac16c176421 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0C/2F/CC/0C2FCC48DAC55A85930EB22B42429B23.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2985 @@ + + + +Phylogeographic pattern and taxonomic revision of the Kaloula baleata species complex (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae) with description of two new species from Indochina + + + +Author + +Gorin, Vladislav A. +0000-0002-9017-1502 +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia + + + +Author + +Orlov, Nikolai L. +0000-0003-4401-348X +Division of Herpetology & Ormithology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034 Universitetskaya nab., 1, 33701, Russia + + + +Author + +Bragin, Andrey M. +0000-0002-3621-9763 +Joint Vietnam - Russia Tropical Science & Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Road, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Pawangkhanant, Parinya +0000-0002-0947-5729 +Division of Fishery, School of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand & Rabbit in the Moon Foundation, Suanphueng, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand + + + +Author + +Milto, Konstantin D. +0000-0003-4061-0164 +Division of Herpetology & Ormithology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034 Universitetskaya nab., 1, 33701, Russia + + + +Author + +Le, Dac Xuan +0000-0003-4586-6214 +Joint Vietnam - Russia Tropical Science & Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Road, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Nguyen, Tan Van +0000-0001-5413-968X +Institute for Research & Training in Medicine, Biology & Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Dufresnes, Christophe +0000-0002-8497-8908 +College of Medicine & Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 120 Hoang Minh Thao, Lien Chieu, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Suwannapoom, Chatmongkon +0000-0002-3342-1464 +Division of Fishery, School of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand + + + +Author + +Poyarkov, Nikolay A. +0000-0002-7576-2283 +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia & Joint Vietnam - Russia Tropical Science & Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Road, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam + +text + + +Herpetozoa + + +2024 + +2024-12-11 + + +37 + + +391 +420 + + + +journal article +306388 +10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e137394 +5be396ed-af3c-4af5-b187-1c48444979fb +E97A128A-13B5-4781-8FEC-ADC5CB37AB45 + + + + + +Kaloula discordia +Poyarkov, Gorin, Bragin & Nguyen + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 2 +, +4 +, +6 +, +7 +, +8 +, +9 C +, +Tables 3 +, +4 + + + + +Chresonymy. + + + + +Kaloula baleata + +[partim] — + +Orlov et al. (2002: 99) + +; + +Nguyen et al. (2005: 43) + +; + +Orlov and Ananjeva (2007: 148) + +; + +Nguyen et al. (2009: 94) + +. + + + + + +Kaloula indochinensis + +[partim] — + +Chan et al. (2013: 334 + +, + +2014: 577 + +); + +Chandramouli and Prasad (2018: 52) + +; + +Poyarkov et al. (2021 b +: 39 + +); + +Vassilieva (2021: 72–73) + +; + +Holden (2023: 149) + +. + + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + + + +ZMMU + +A-8134 +(field number NAP-14688), +adult male +, from a +pond +in +Cat Tien National Park +, +along the road from park headquarters to the Bau Sau Lake +, +Dong Nai River valley +, +Dac Lua Commune +, +Tan Phu District +, +Dong Nai Province +, +Vietnam +, collected by +N. A. Poyarkov +, +A. M. Bragin +, and +V. A. Gorin +on +15 June, 2024 +( + +11.44121 ° N +, +107.41312 ° E + +; elevation + +137 m +a. s. l. + +) (Figs +6 +, +7 C +). + + + + + + + +Holotype of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +( +ZMMU +A- 8134), adult male. +A. +Dorsal view; +B. +Ventral view; +C. +Head in a lateral view; +D. +Plantar view of left foot; +E. +Volar view of left hand. Photographs by N. A. Poyarkov. + + + + + + + +Breeding habitats of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +( +A, B +) and lateral view of holotype of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +in situ ( +ZMMU +A- 8134) ( +C +). Photographs by A. M. Bragin. + + + + + + +Paratypes + + + +(n = 14). + + +ZMMU + +A-8135 +– +A-8140 +(field numbers NAP-14689–14694), +six adult males +with collection data same as the holotype + +; + + +ZMMU + +A-8141 +– +A-8143 +(field numbers NAP-14688–14694), +three adult males +with collection data same as the holotype + +; + + +ZISP +15285 + +–15287 (field numbers NAP- 14687, NAP-14695–14696), +three adult males +with collection data same as the holotype + +; + + +ZMMU + +A-4739 +(field number NAP-01674), +adult male +from +Cat Tien National Park +, +Dong Nai River valley +, +Dac Lua Commune +, +Tan Phu District +, +Dong Nai Province +, +Vietnam +, collected by +N. A. Poyarkov +on + +June 1, 2011 + +( + +11.44576 ° N +, +107.38673 ° E + +; elevation + +128 m + +a. s. l.) + +; + + +ZMMU + +A-4642 +(field number NAP-00630), +adult female +from +Cat Tien National Park +, +Dong Nai River valley +, +Dac Lua Commune +, +Tan Phu District +, +Dong Nai Province +, +Vietnam +, collected by +N. A. Poyarkov +and +A. B. Vassilieva +on + +June 2, 2009 + +( + +11.44576 ° N +, +107.38673 ° E + +; elevation + +128 m + +a. s. l.) (Fig. +8 +) + +. + + + + + + +Variation in dorsal coloration in paratypes of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +Scale bar equals 5 cm. Photographs by N. A. Poyarkov. + + + + + +Referred materials + + +(n = 3). + + +ZMMU +-A-4602-1 + +– 3 (field numbers NAP- 02010, NAP- 02086, and NAP- 02122), +adult female +and +two subadult females +from +Cat Tien National Park +, +Dong Nai River valley +, +Dac Lua Commune +, +Tan Phu District +, +Dong Nai Province +, +Vietnam +, collected by +E. A. Galoyan +on + +August 22, 2011 + +, + +September 15, 2011 + +, and + +November 11, 2011 + +( + +11.419503 ° N +, +107.426442 ° E + +; elevation + +117 m + +a. s. l.) + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) medium body size ( +SVL +42.9–56.2 mm +); (2) eyes comparatively small (eye length comprising 60 % – 75 % of snout length); (3) dorsally uniform dark olive-brown; (4) beige-gray ventrally with irregular white mottling on belly and limbs; (5) pale yellow or orange-brown 8 - shaped patch on either side of the neck posterior to eyes; (6) yellowish to orange axillary patch present; (7) grayish to beige-yellow inguinal patch present edged with black markings; (8) from gray to beige spot on tibiotarsal articulation present; (9) dark interorbital bar absent; (10) enlarged, widened finger disks ( +3 FDD +6.5 % – 7.5 % of +SVL +), ca. 1.27 times wider than toe disks; (11) finger subarticular tubercle formula: 1: 1: 2: 2; (12) toe subarticular tubercle formula: 1: 1: 2: 2: 2; (13) two metacarpal tubercles not in touch with each other; (14) two metatarsal tubercles, outer metatarsal tubercle rounded, smaller than elongated inner metatarsal tubercle. + + + + + +Description of the +holotype + + + +(Fig. +6 +). Adult male in a good state of preservation, habitus robust, head wider than long ( +HW +/ +HL +1.27), snout projecting beyond lower jaw, gently rounded in lateral view (Fig. +6 C +); truncated in dorsal view; top of head flat; upper eyelid lacking supraciliary tubercles; eye length less than snout length ( +EL +/ +SL +0.74) and less than interorbital distance ( +EL +/ +IOD +0.76); pupils round; nostrils rounded, placed more towards the lateral sides of the snout, located closer to tip of snout than to eye, relatively close to each other ( +IND +/ +IOD +0.60); supratympanic fold flat, glandular, rather thin; tympanum not visible (Fig. +6 C +); dorsal surfaces of body and limbs with sparse tubercules, getting denser backwards; ventral surfaces of body and limbs with flat tubercules (Fig. +6 A, B +). Cloacal opening unmodified, directed posteriorly. Forelimbs relatively long, more than a half of hind limb length ( +FLL +/ +HLL +0.53); hand long, comprising more than a half of lower arm length ( +HAL +/ +LAL +0.60) and almost half of forelimb length ( +HAL +/ +FLL +0.49); fingers rather robust, notably flattened in cross section; relative finger lengths: I <II <IV <III; fingers free of webbing; terminal digits flattened forming wide transversely expanded disks (Fig. +6 E +); finger subarticular tubercles distinct, large and round, finger subarticular tubercle formula 1: 1: 2: 2; inner metacarpal tubercle elongate; outer metacarpal tubercule triangular-shaped, dilated, bigger than inner metacarpal tubercle ( +OPTL +/ IPTL 1.18), two metacarpal tubercles not in touch with each other (Figs +6 E +, +9 C +); hindlimbs robust, relatively short, not much longer than body length ( +HLL +/ +SVL +1.16); relative toe lengths: I <II <V <III <IV; tarsal fold on inner surface of tarsus absent; tips of all toes widened, forming rounded terminal disks; all toe disks having dorso-terminal groves; the disk on toe IV the largest (Figs +6 D +, +9 C +); toe webbing well developed between all toes, reaching disks at all toes except toe IV; webbing formula i 1-2 ii 1.5 - 2.5 iii 1.5 - 3 iv 3 - 1.5 v; toe subarticular tubercules distinct, rounded; toe subarticular formula 1: 1: 2: 2: 2; two metatarsal tubercles, inner metatarsal tubercle elongated, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle smaller, rounded (Figs +6 D +, +9 C +). + + + + + + +Morphological details of feet and hands in the three species of the + +Kaloula baleata + +species complex of eastern Indochina. +A. +Volar view of the left hand and plantar view of the right foot of + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +; +B. +Volar view of the left hand and plantar view of the right foot of + +K. indochinensis + +; +C. +Volar view of the left hand and plantar view of the right foot of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +Scale bar equals 5 mm. Drawings by N. A. Poyarkov. + + + + + +Coloration. + + +In life, the dorsal surfaces of the head and body olive-brown, dorsal surfaces of the limbs grayish-olive with grayish-white spots (Fig. +6 A +); flanks of the body and lateral sides of the head grayish olive; orange-brown 8 - shaped patches on the neck posterior to eyes; bright-orange axillary patch continuing on elbows (Fig. +7 C +); grayish-white inguinal patch; small grayish-beige spots near tibiotarsal articulation; ventral surfaces of head and body gray, darker on the throat near the jaw; belly and ventral surfaces of limbs pinkish with weak white mottling (Fig. +6 B +). Iris golden with brown reticulations ventrally and dorsally from the pupil (Figs +6 C +, +7 C +). In preservation after one year of storage in ethanol, dorsal coloration faded to dark gray, light patches became less pronounced, and they faded to light gray or grayish-beige, though the pattern generally remained unchanged. + + + + + +Measurements of the +holotype + + + +(in mm) +: +SVL +51.5; +HL +11.7; +HW +14.8; +SL +5.5; +EL +4.1; +N-EL +3.9; +IND +3.2; +IOD +5.3; +UEW +3.0; +FLL +31.9; +LAL +26.4; +HAL +15.7; +HLL +60.0; +TL +45.0; +FL +30.2; +IPTL +3.0; +OPTL +3.5; +1 FL +8.1; +1 TOEL +7.9; +OMTL +2.1; +3 FDD +3.6; +4 TDD +2.3. + + + + +Variation. + + +Table +4 +presents the morphometric variation of the type series. Fig. +8 +displays the variation in dorsal coloration of the +paratypes +. In general, all +paratypes +agree well with the description of the +holotype +, differing only in the brightness of light inguinal and axillary markings. In male +paratypes + +ZISP + +15285 and + +ZMMU + +A- 8138, the right foot is poorly developed; in male +paratype + +ZMMU + +A- 8139, the right hand is poorly developed. + + + + + + +Measurements (in mm) of specimens of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +, + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +, and + +K. indochinensis + +. For character abbreviations, see the Materials and methods section. Abbreviations: F – adult female; M – adult male; SF – subadult female; SM – subadult male. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SpeciesSample IDSexStatus +SVL + +HL + +SL + +EL + +N-EL + +HW + +IND + +IOD + +UEW + +FLL + +LAL + +HAL + +1 FL + +IPTL + +OPTL + +3 FDD + +HLL + +TL + +FL + +OMTL + +1 TOEL + +4 TDD +
+ +Kaloula discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8134 + +M +holotype51.511.75.54.13.914.83.25.33.031.926.415.78.13.03.53.660.014.730.22.17.92.3
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 4739 + +M +paratype52.011.95.24.03.915.23.25.32.933.426.815.88.23.03.43.862.715.331.42.57.72.9
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZISP +15285 + +M +paratype48.010.85.13.13.713.73.15.02.831.224.115.07.82.93.33.258.013.428.92.57.92.6
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8135 + +M +paratype49.611.35.33.43.814.03.24.92.731.525.315.37.92.63.33.559.014.129.72.47.62.8
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8136 + +M +paratype45.410.64.93.33.413.83.04.82.731.424.214.67.82.92.83.357.414.127.92.27.22.4
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8137 + +M +paratype42.910.34.93.03.013.73.04.52.630.824.014.97.82.33.13.056.313.128.52.07.12.4
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8138 + +M +paratype48.711.15.33.73.514.73.24.92.931.125.015.47.92.43.03.560.614.430.52.27.42.3
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8139 + +M +paratype49.511.25.13.13.515.03.14.73.031.724.914.27.42.63.13.360.513.831.01.97.52.7
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8140 + +M +paratype47.210.55.03.43.315.13.04.92.727.923.014.16.82.73.33.557.614.727.41.96.92.8
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZISP +15286 + +M +paratype52.612.25.83.83.815.73.25.62.832.926.315.67.93.23.64.061.915.131.12.38.23.4
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZISP +15287 + +M +paratype49.110.65.33.63.514.53.15.02.731.224.615.48.12.83.13.460.614.329.72.68.22.6
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8141 + +M +paratype50.011.35.53.53.715.33.25.03.031.825.215.27.52.63.03.360.514.331.01.97.42.6
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8142 + +M +paratype52.211.75.13.63.215.33.25.02.831.925.115.67.92.53.03.661.014.130.81.97.22.7
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8143 + +M +paratype51.511.75.53.43.615.03.25.12.732.125.415.27.92.93.13.758.513.429.92.47.52.6
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 4642 + +F +paratype56.212.86.24.14.217.03.85.93.035.928.216.39.33.23.74.067.416.733.33.09.03.0
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 4602-1 + +F +-56.413.05.44.24.016.93.76.03.035.828.616.610.03.43.43.867.617.233.73.09.12.9
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 4602-2 + +SF +-25.37.03.12.52.87.51.93.21.515.511.97.03.82.01.81.730.27.413.9-3.51.5
+ +K. discordia + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 4602-3 + +SF +-35.08.33.83.02.810.22.63.61.923.214.510.35.92.22.22.640.29.620.41.44.52.0
+ +Kaloula laosensis + + +sp. nov. + + +ZISP +15284 + +M +holotype44.010.64.63.33.212.62.74.32.427.621.713.07.52.72.83.449.311.625.42.07.32.2
+ +K. laosensis + + +sp. nov. + + +ZMMU +- A- 8144 + +F +paratype54.812.45.35.05.216.53.65.73.033.828.317.810.43.23.74.366.916.432.52.88.42.8
+ +Kaloula indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8147 + +M +-45.311.04.93.93.314.73.15.02.831.523.713.98.13.13.43.855.214.027.22.197.22.3
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8148 + +M +-50.911.65.33.43.815.13.04.52.532.524.814.67.92.93.13.357.314.527.52.728.12.4
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8149 + +M +-42.39.84.83.43.312.02.94.52.428.120.412.67.82.42.62.947.910.924.92.156.22.2
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8150 + +M +-46.310.74.93.53.513.03.14.52.629.922.413.97.92.63.03.450.712.226.22.597.02.4
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8151 + +M +-48.511.25.23.93.515.73.14.72.731.124.014.68.23.23.33.755.112.927.62.447.42.7
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8152 + +M +-49.111.95.34.03.815.03.35.12.830.624.414.98.73.13.23.655.912.727.52.357.42.3
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8153 + +M +-48.811.84.94.03.615.33.05.02.731.324.314.57.82.93.33.653.012.726.22.806.62.5
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8154 + +M +-49.811.95.53.93.516.33.45.02.732.024.315.18.42.73.13.854.512.927.52.627.42.5
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6316 + +M +topotype50.411.75.24.03.714.93.24.92.928.122.814.58.63.23.33.154.712.427.02.756.82.3
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6317 + +M +topotype47.310.85.13.83.314.13.04.92.926.722.013.98.02.72.92.852.212.225.72.895.91.8
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6318 + +M +topotype51.111.65.43.93.516.23.35.22.731.725.215.58.93.43.43.555.813.027.52.847.12.2
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6319 + +M +topotype59.612.75.84.14.017.73.45.83.134.328.618.110.43.94.44.263.915.031.62.798.52.8
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6320 + +M +topotype51.312.35.34.03.815.93.45.32.930.524.915.79.23.33.23.455.413.127.32.797.72.2
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6321 + +M +topotype50.012.35.34.03.716.13.45.43.228.424.014.78.82.93.43.455.713.427.53.227.02.1
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6322 + +M +topotype50.512.46.04.24.216.53.65.73.030.424.915.79.43.53.53.957.813.928.82.887.82.4
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6323 + +M +topotype51.711.45.44.03.715.03.65.93.331.325.315.89.23.63.93.258.014.128.02.857.42.4
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6324 + +M +topotype50.212.45.54.03.515.72.95.03.129.123.614.68.23.33.43.255.713.626.52.977.02.2
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6325 + +M +topotype48.210.75.13.93.714.33.35.13.028.823.114.47.82.72.93.453.912.426.32.656.72.1
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 6315 + +F +topotype55.213.16.24.34.417.33.45.83.132.927.918.09.83.23.84.062.714.831.93.088.42.5
+ +K. indochinensis + + +ZMMU +- A- 8155 + +SF +-36.18.74.43.42.911.62.63.92.124.818.811.75.92.22.43.041.610.421.31.695.72.1
+ + + + +Tadpole morphology. + + +Vassilieva (2021) +provided morphometric data and a detailed description of tadpoles of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +(as + +K. indochinensis + +). +Vassilieva (2021) +noted that tadpoles of ‘ + +K. indochinensis + +’ from Cat Tien NP, +Dong Nai Province +, southern +Vietnam +(corresponding to + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +) differ from + +K. indochinensis + +sensu stricto +from Kon Ka Kinh NP, +Gia Lai Province +, and Chu Mon Ray NP, +Kon Tum Province +, central +Vietnam +, by having comparatively longer spiracle tubes (markedly longer than the vent tubes), a narrower mouth relative to body width, more developed tail musculature (tail base width more than a third of the body width), and a rather contrasting tail coloration. + + + + +Distribution and natural history. + + + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +is currently reliably known from +Dong Nai +, +Lam Dong +, +Tay Ninh +, and +Binh Phuoc +provinces of Southern +Vietnam +and was also reported from the adjacent +Mondulkiri Province +of eastern +Cambodia +; the known distribution of the new species is shown in Fig. +5 +, and the locality information is detailed in Appendix +1 +. The single Cambodian record of the new species from Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary in +Mondulkiri Province +, originally reported as + +K. indochinensis + +by +Chan et al. (2013) +and +Holden (2023) +, can be confidently assigned to + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +based on the external morphology and coloration of the recorded specimen and the geographic proximity of the locality to the population of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +in +Binh Phuoc Province +of southern +Vietnam +. The new species was recorded mostly from relatively low elevations of ca. +70–300 m +a. s. l.; in Bao Loc forestry of +Lam Dong Province +, the new species was recorded at elevations up to +550 m +a. s. l. + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +is restricted to lowland and hilly, seasonally dry, semi-deciduous, and evergreen monsoon forests of southern +Vietnam +(see +Vassilieva et al. 2016 +). Male frogs were recorded calling from small temporary pools and flooded areas from May to November (Fig. +7 A, B +); the peak of the breeding season coincides with heavy rains in June – August. The new species is semi-fossorial and quite elusive and is usually active only after periods of heavy rains; frogs are aestivating during dry periods in leaf litter, underground borrows, or tree hollows ( +Vassilieva et al. 2016 +; +Holden 2023 +). Diet consists of ants and beetles ( +Vassilieva et al. 2016 +); the new species is a good climber; males can call when perching a few meters above ground level ( +Holden 2023 +). The actual distribution of + +K. discordia + +sp. nov. +is still insufficiently known, but we suppose that this species is likely to occur in those provinces of southern +Vietnam +where forests similar in composition are still preserved, including +Dak Nong +, +Binh Duong +, +Binh Thuan +, and +Ba Ria-Vung Tau +provinces. Syntopic species of amphibians included + +Microhyla butleri +Boulenger, 1900 + +; + +M. heymonsi +Vogt, 1911 + +; + +M. mukhlesuri + +; + +Kaloula pulchra + +; + +Fejervarya limnocharis +(Gravenhorst, 1829) + +; + +Occidozyga martensii + +; + +Polypedates megacephalus +Hallowell, 1861 + +; and + +Rhacophorus annamensis +Smith, 1924 + +. + + + + +Comparisons. + + + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +most closely resembles other frogs of the + +K. baleata + +species complex in overall morphology; most specifically, it is similar to + +K. indochinensis + +, with which it was previously confused. From + +K. indochinensis + +, the new species can be distinguished by having generally smaller eye size in males ( +EL +mean 3.5 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 3.9 ± +0.2 mm +[n = 18]; +EL +/ +SVL +0.071 ± 0.004 vs. 0.079 ± 0.004); smaller finger I in males ( +1 FL +mean 7.8 ± +0.4 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 8.5 ± +0.7 mm +[n = 18]; +1 FL +/ +SVL +0.16 ± 0.01 vs. 0.17 ± 0.007); generally smaller inner palmar tubercules in males ( +IPTL +mean 2.8 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 3.1 ± +0.4 mm +[n = 18]; +IPTL +/ +SVL +0.056 ± 0.004 vs. 0.062 ± 0.005); and generally smaller outer palmar tubercules in males ( +OPTL +mean 3.2 ± +0.2 mm +[n = 14] mm vs. mean 3.3 ± +0.4 mm +[n = 18]; +OPTL +/ +SVL +0.064 ± 0.004 vs. 0.067 ± 0.005); generally longer hindlimbs in both sexes ( +HLL +mean 59.6 ± +1.9 mm +[n = 14] in males, mean 67.5 ± +0.2 mm +[n = 2] in females vs. mean 55.2 ± +3.3 mm +[n = 18] in males; +62.7 mm +[n = 1] in female; +HLL +/ +SVL +1.21 ± 0.04 vs. 1.12 ± +0.03 in +both sexes); smaller metatarsal tubercule in males ( +OMTL +mean 2.2 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 2.7 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 18]); by having two metacarpal tubercles, see Fig. +9 C +(vs. three metacarpal tubercles, see Fig. +9 B +); by having two subarticular tubercles on toe IV, see Fig. +9 C +(vs. three well-developed subarticular tubercles, see Fig. +9 B +); and by having olive dorsal coloration (vs. chocolate-brown to dark grayish-brown). + + +From + +K. baleata + +(morphological data taken from +Chan et al. 2013 +), + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +can be distinguished by having generally smaller eyes in both sexes ( +EL +mean 3.5 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 14] in males, mean 4.2 ± +0.01 mm +[n = 2] in females vs. mean 4.1 ± +0.4 mm +[n = 10] in males, mean 4.5 ± +1.7 mm +[n = 2] in females); larger distance between nares in both sexes ( +IND +mean 3.1 ± +0.1 mm +[n = 14] in males, mean 3.7 ± +0.1 mm +[n = 2] in females vs. mean 2.7 ± +0.4 mm +[n = 10] in males, mean 3.1 ± +0.30 mm +[n = 2] in females); wider finger III disks in both sexes ( +3 FDD +mean 3.5 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 14] in males, mean 3.9 ± +0.1 mm +[n = 2] in females vs. mean 1.7 ± +0.2 mm +[n = 10] in males, mean 2.1 ± +0.6 mm +[n = 2] in females); smaller metatarsal tubercule in males ( +OMTL +mean 2.2 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 3.2 ± +0.2 mm +[n = 10]); and by having two subarticular tubercles on toe IV, see Fig. +9 C +(vs. three well-developed subarticular tubercles). + + +From + +K. latidisca + +(morphological data taken from +Chan et al. 2014 +), the new species can be distinguished by having shorter head in males ( +HL +mean 11.2 ± +0.6 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 14.4 ± +0.8 mm +[n = 4]); narrower head in males ( +HW +mean 14.7 ± +0.7 mm +(n = 14) vs. mean 18.7 ± +1.1 mm +[n = 4]); smaller distance between nares in males ( +IND +mean 3.1 ± +0.1 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 4.0 ± +0.1 mm +[n = 4]); smaller distance between eyes in males ( +IOD +mean 5.0 ± +0.2 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 5.7 ± +0.4 mm +[n = 4]); smaller eye in males ( +EL +mean 3.5 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 14] vs. mean 4.6 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 4]); smaller metatarsal tubercle in males ( +OMTL +mean 2.2 ± +0.3 mm +[= 14] vs. mean 3.4 ± +0.1 mm +[n = 4]); and by having two subarticular tubercles on toe IV, see Fig. +9 C +(vs. three subarticular tubercles). + + +Furthermore, + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +differs from + +K. aureata +Nutphand, 1989 + +, by having an olive dorsum with no dark reticulations (vs. golden dorsum with dark brown reticulations); from + +K. borealis + +by having wider finger disks (vs. finger tips slightly dilated but not forming wide disks); by yellowish blotches on flanks absent (vs. present); and by olive dorsal coloration (vs. gray-brown). The new species is further diagnosed from + +K. conjuncta + +by the stratified coloration on flanks absent (vs. present) and by having distinct outer metatarsal tubercle (vs. weak or indistinct). + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +differs from + +K. ghoshi + +by having axillary and inguinal light spots (vs. absent); tubercles on dorsum and venter (vs. smooth skin or with small granules dorsally); and olive dorsal coloration (vs. orange-brown). The new species further differs from + +K. kalingensis + +by having tubercles on the dorsum (vs. dorsum smooth); by having a distinct outer metatarsal tubercle (vs. indistinct); yellow or orange axillary and inguinal spots (vs. usually absent or small and red if present); lacking light pericloacal ring (vs. present); from + +K. kokacii + +by tuberculated dorsum (vs. smooth); axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent); from + +K. mediolineata + +by lacking dorsolateral stripes (vs. present); sacral medial stripe absent (vs. present); and finger disks widened (vs. finger disks slightly dilated but not forming wide disks). + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +is distinguished from + +K. nonggangensis + +by lacking protuberant tubercles on the upper surface of finger tips (vs. present); from + +K. picta + +by lacking dorsolateral stripes (vs. present); by the stratified coloration on flanks absent (vs. present); and by having wide finger disks (vs. finger disks slightly dilated but not forming wide disks). The new species further differs from + +K. pulchra + +by the absence of dorsolateral stripes (vs. always present); by having axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent); from + +K. rigida + +by having wide finger disks (vs. finger disks slightly dilated but not forming wide disks); by the stratified coloration on flanks absent (vs. present); by the absence of dorsolateral stripes (vs. present); and by having axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent). + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +differs from + +K. rugifera + +by having wide finger disks (vs. slightly expanded small finger disks); by having axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent); from + +K. verrucosa + +by having wide finger disks (vs. slightly expanded small finger disks); by having axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent); from + +K. walteri + +by having wide finger disks (vs. slightly expanded small finger disks); by the stratified coloration on flanks absent (vs. present); having axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent); and by having a distinct outer metatarsal tubercle (vs. indistinct or absent). + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +is geographically isolated from other members of the + +K. baleata + +species complex and most of the other congeners, except + +K. pulchra + +, with which it occurs in sympatry everywhere throughout its range, and, possibly, + +K. mediolineata + +, with which the new species might co-occur in the +Tay Ninh +, +Binh Phuoc +, and +Ba Ria-Vung Tau +provinces of southern +Vietnam +. + + + + +Acoustic data. + + +For a comparison of the male advertisement calls of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +with + +K. indochinensis + +sensu stricto +, see Table +3 +; data for + +K. indochinensis + +are taken from +Nguyen et al. (2022) +. The power call parameters of + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +and + +K. indochinensis + +are quite similar, with the dominant frequency of the call being the same in the two species (0.38 kHz, range 0.34–0.43 kHz vs. 0.38 kHz, range 0.30–0.45 kHz, respectively) (Table +3 +). At the same time, + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +had a slightly shorter call duration (186.1 ms, range 144–214 ms) than + +K. indochinensis + +(215.6 ms, range 194–250 ms) and a significantly longer intercall interval: 1539.4 ms (range 851–8954 ms) in + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +vs. 789.3 ms (range 481–1627 ms) in + +K. indochinensis + +. These differences have to be taken cautiously as the records of calling of the two species were taken with different ambient temperatures (20.5 ° C for + +K. indochinensis + +and 24.0 ° C for the new species), which also could contribute to the observed differences in call parameters between the two species. +Nguyen et al. (2022) +did not calculate the number of pulses per call in + +K. indochinensis + +and noted the presence of one pulse per call in this species ( +Nguyen et al. 2022 +: Table +2 +), while we recorded 11–13 pulses per call in + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +These differences actually result from the different terminology used by +Nguyen et al. (2022) +and our study, as the waveform oscillograms in +Nguyen et al. (2022) +clearly show the presence of several pulses in each call. + + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific epithet “ +discordia +” is a noun in apposition, in the nominative case, given in reference to the Roman mythological goddess Discordia. According to the poet Hesiod, this goddess personified not only strife and discord but also competition and labor (Hesiod, Theogony: 20–24, 226–230; see +Most 2006 +). The duality of this name echoes the two aspects of the discovery of the new species. The first aspect is the authors’ hard work and laborious approach in collecting data for the description of the new species. The second challenge pertains to the authors’ internal struggle to choose a politically correct and neutral name for the new species. In modern taxonomy, international teams often face the common challenge of strife and competition; however, this can also lead to overall scientific progress. We recommend “ +South Vietnamese Painted Frog +” as the common name in English, “ +Yuzhnovietnamskiy Bychiy Uzkorot +” as the common name in Russian, and “ +Ễnh ương Nam b ộ +” as the common name in the Vietnamese language. + + + + +Conservation status. + + +At present, the new species is reliably known only from four localities in southern +Vietnam +and a single locality in eastern +Cambodia +(Fig. +5 +; Appendix +1 +). The main threats to this species in +Vietnam +are habitat loss and degradation. The new species is restricted to the lowland monsoon tropical forests of southern +Vietnam +; it should be noted that these forests during the last 40 years have been subjected to greater anthropomorphic conversion (including logging, agriculture, road construction, and other human activities) than other areas in +Vietnam +(e. g., +De Koninck 1999 +; +Kuznetsov and Kuznetsova 2011 +; +Laurance 2007 +; +Meijer 1973 +; +Meyfroidt and Lambin 2008 +). The range of the new species covers several nature conservation areas of southern +Vietnam +and +Cambodia +, including Cat Tien NP ( +Dong Nai +Biosphere Reserve), Bu Gia Map NP, Lo Go-Xa Mat NP ( +Vietnam +), and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary ( +Cambodia +). Given the lack of comprehensive studies on the adjacent territories, we suggest + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +be classified as Data Deficient (DD) according to the IUCN’s Red List categories ( +IUCN 2019 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E457021FD91C310C8D0FAB7.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E457021FD91C310C8D0FAB7.xml index 76a5f9f42df..79bb1229780 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E457021FD91C310C8D0FAB7.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E457021FD91C310C8D0FAB7.xml @@ -1,65 +1,71 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + @@ -75,11 +81,11 @@ Huber urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5EC32BD5-FE22-45DE-A5EB-7659D61FFC03 -Figs 7–8 +Figs 7–8 , -29–33 +29–33 , -90–92 +90–92 @@ -94,9 +100,9 @@ Easily distinguished from putatively closest known relatives (other species in t halabala core group) by morphology of male palps ( -Figs 29–30 +Figs 29–30 ; procursus with heavily sclerotized dorsal process distally; shapes of uncus and appendix) and by female internal genitalia ( -Figs 32–33 +Figs 32–33 ; triangular pore plates). @@ -172,9 +178,9 @@ a.s.l., SINGAPORE : -2 ♂♂ +2 ♂♂ , -3 ♀♀ +3 ♀♀ , ZFMK ( @@ -182,8 +188,8 @@ a.s.l., ), same data as holotype ; - -2 ♀♀ + +2 ♀♀ , 3 juvs , in absolute ethanol, @@ -195,7 +201,7 @@ a.s.l., . - + MALAYSIA-BORNEO : 1 ♂ @@ -237,15 +243,15 @@ a.s.l., MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.1, carapace width 1.0. Leg 1: 30.4 (7.3 + 0.4 + 7.2 + 14.2 + 1.3), tibia 2: 4.7, tibia 3: 2.7, tibia 4: 3.9; tibia 1 L/d: 86. Distance PME-PME 220 µm, diameter PME 95 µm, distance PME-ALE ~35 µm; distance AME-AME 35 µm; diameter AME 60 µm. COLOR. Carapace ochre-yellow with brown pattern of radiating marks posteriorly, in live specimens with reddish color in median area between posterior marks ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ); ocular area and clypeus not darkened; sternum with some dark marks posteriorly; legs ochre-yellow with dark brown patellae and tibiametatarsus joints; abdomen pale ochre-gray with small black and white marks dorsally and laterally, monochromous ventrally. BODY. Habitus as in -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ; ocular area slightly raised, with brushes of ~10 stronger hairs behind each PME; carapace without median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum wider than long (0.62/0.40), unmodified. - + Figs 29–33. @@ -265,16 +271,16 @@ Huber CHELICERAE. As in -Fig. 31 +Fig. 31 , with pair of frontal apophyses provided with two modified hairs each and rounded lateral processes. PALPS. As in -Figs 29–30 +Figs 29–30 ; coxa unmodified; trochanter with retrolatero-ventral apophysis; femur with small retrolateral apophysis proximally; tibia very large; tarsus with dorsal elongation carrying subdistal tarsal organ; procursus with prominent ventral ‘knee’, with distinctive heavily sclerotized dorsal process distally (arrow in -Fig. 30 +Fig. 30 ); bulb oval, with distinctive uncus and appendix; weakly sclerotized embolus with subdistal fringed side branch (hidden by appendix in -Fig. 29 +Fig. 29 ). LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 5%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other tibiae; tarsus 1 with ~20 pseudosegments (only distally ~15 fairly distinct). @@ -294,20 +300,20 @@ Tibia In general similar to male ( -Fig. 8 +Fig. 8 ), but without stronger hairs behind PME; sternum mostly dark with some small light marks; eye triads closer together than in male (PME-PME distance: 185 µm). Tibia 1 in 3 females : 5.8, 5.9, 6.1. Epigynum weakly sclerotized whitish plate ( -Fig. 90 +Fig. 90 ), anterior internal arch visible through cuticle, posterior margin laterally slightly more sclerotized; with median ‘knob’ ( -Figs 32 +Figs 32 , -90–91 +90–91 ); internal genitalia as in -Figs 33 +Figs 33 and -92 +92 . @@ -335,7 +341,7 @@ WNW. Most specimens were collected by beating of branches, but some were observe Known from two localities in Singapore and Gaya Island ( Sabah ) respectively ( -Fig. 17 +Fig. 17 ). diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E4E702CFDA0C2ECCDFDFA7E.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E4E702CFDA0C2ECCDFDFA7E.xml index 97803ef920b..443800c9d4a 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E4E702CFDA0C2ECCDFDFA7E.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E4E702CFDA0C2ECCDFDFA7E.xml @@ -1,69 +1,75 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + - + Pholcus halabala species group @@ -82,31 +88,31 @@ The core group of six species (see below) includes medium-sized, long-legged spi Pholcus by the combination of the following characters: elongate abdomen pointed dorso-posteriorly, with distinctive dorsal pattern of black and whitish or yellowish marks in life specimens ( -Figs 1–16 +Figs 1–16 ; similar only in Ph. sudhami -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 , cf. -Figs 54–56 +Figs 54–56 ); eight eyes; male ocular area with conspicuous modified hairs (setae), which may appear as stiff bristles or stout curved spines, or both ( -Figs 19, 23 +Figs 19, 23 , -43 +43 ); male chelicerae with proximal and distal apophyses, distal apophyses with two cone-shaped teeth (modified hairs) each ( -Fig. 28 +Fig. 28 ); male bulb with uncus and appendix; procursus with distinctive dorsal flap ( -Fig. 35 +Fig. 35 ; absent in Ph. erawan -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ); epigynum weakly sclerotized, with ‘knob’. - + Description – amendments @@ -114,25 +120,25 @@ by the combination of the following characters: elongate abdomen pointed dorso-p The original description of the core group ( -Huber 2011 +Huber 2011 ) is still largely valid. The following can be added: male eye triads on low humps ( -Figs 18, 20 +Figs 18, 20 , -43 +43 ; i.e., not on short stalks as seen in Ph. krabi group) and only slightly wider apart than female eye triads (1.2–1.5 ×); dorsal elongation of male palpal tarsus usually short and conical (asterisk in -Fig. 30 +Fig. 30 ), long in Ph. erawan -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 (fig. 1467 in -Huber 2011 +Huber 2011 ); procursus usually with dorsal flap, absent in Ph. erawan @@ -140,9 +146,9 @@ group) and only slightly wider apart than female eye triads (1.2–1.5 ×); dors ; tibia 1 in males ~6–9, in females ~6–8; male gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( -Figs 26 +Figs 26 , -44 +44 ; confirmed in Ph. halabala @@ -152,9 +158,9 @@ and Ph. erawan ); ALS with eight spigots each (one widened, one pointed, and six smaller cylindrically shaped spigots of varying sizes, -Figs 25 +Figs 25 , -45 +45 ; confirmed in Ph. halabala @@ -164,9 +170,9 @@ and Ph. erawan ); web consists mostly of flat round platform closely attached to underside of leaf; web sometimes with large numbers of small silk tufts ( -Figs 4 +Figs 4 , -16 +16 ; confirmed for Ph. halabala @@ -180,9 +186,9 @@ and Ph. sepaku ); female holds egg-sac under body rather than in front of it ( -Figs 3, 5–6 +Figs 3, 5–6 , -16 +16 ; confirmed for Ph. halabala @@ -197,6 +203,8 @@ and ). + + Composition @@ -206,12 +214,12 @@ and The 13 species assigned to this group are here divided into two operational sub-groups: a core-group of six species for which the evidence for monophyly is considered to be strong ( Ph. erawan -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. halabala -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; @@ -223,12 +231,12 @@ Huber ; Ph. sabah -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. sepaku -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; @@ -262,23 +270,21 @@ Huber ; Ph. pakse -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. pyu -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. sudhami -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ]. - - - + The composition of the group changes as follows: to the original core group consisting of three species ( Ph. halabala @@ -312,8 +318,8 @@ Huber Pholcus quinquenotatus group; -Huber 2011 -: 290). It lacks the distinctive dorsal flap on the procursus that is present in the other five species of the core group, and the hairs in the male ocular area are not particularly strong, but it is moved into the core group because (1) it builds the same distinctive web closely attached to the leaf surface as the five other species; (2) webs are provided with facultative silk tufts like in +Huber 2011: 290 +). It lacks the distinctive dorsal flap on the procursus that is present in the other five species of the core group, and the hairs in the male ocular area are not particularly strong, but it is moved into the core group because (1) it builds the same distinctive web closely attached to the leaf surface as the five other species; (2) webs are provided with facultative silk tufts like in Ph. halabala @@ -327,7 +333,7 @@ and Simon, 1890 ; -Huber 2012 +Huber 2012 ); (3) females carry the egg-sac under the body like Ph. halabala @@ -343,18 +349,30 @@ and Ph. halabala ( -Figs 21–22 +Figs 21–22 , -41 -). Preliminary molecular data (A. Valdez-Mondragón, B.A. +41 +). Preliminary molecular data (A. Valdez-Mondragón, B.A. Huber & D. Dimitrov unpublished data), including all species of the core group except + +Ph. sepaku + +(i.e., also + +Ph. erawan + +), strongly support the monophyly of this group. The RMNH has three further species of the core group from +Sabah +( +Fig. 17 +), but the specimens are poorly preserved and for this reason not formally described here. - + Figs 1–8. Live specimens, Pholcus halabala -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 (1–6) and @@ -382,21 +400,6 @@ Huber , Singapore. - -Huber & D. Dimitrov unpublished data), including all species of the core group except - -Ph. sepaku - -(i.e., also - -Ph. erawan - -), strongly support the monophyly of this group. The RMNH has three further species of the core group from -Sabah -( -Fig. 17 -), but the specimens are poorly preserved and for this reason not formally described here. - In addition to this core group, we include in the @@ -409,12 +412,12 @@ group two further species that were previously part of the group ( Ph. sudhami -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. pakse -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ) as well as two newly described species ( @@ -444,13 +447,13 @@ and lack stronger hairs in the ocular area, and both species lack the bulbal appendix. - + Figs 9–16. Live specimens, Pholcus sabah -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 (9–10), @@ -462,7 +465,7 @@ Huber (11–12) and Ph. erawan -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 (13–16). 9 @@ -493,7 +496,7 @@ Three species originally assigned to the group are kept in the group simply for the lack of a better solution: Ph. pyu -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; @@ -533,7 +536,7 @@ Huber & Dimitrov, 2014 is a mysterious species with entirely reduced distal cheliceral apophyses. - + Fig. 17. Known distribution of the core group of the @@ -551,27 +554,27 @@ Finally, five species originally included in the group are transferred to new species groups (see below): Ph. andulau -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. chiangdao -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. khene -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. kinabalu -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; and Ph. satun -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 . @@ -586,9 +589,9 @@ group are transferred to new species groups (see below): All six species of the core group were observed in the field. At most localities, abundances seemed very low. Surprisingly, several species were partly or exclusively found in degraded forests. All specimens seen during the day were tightly pressed against the undersides of mostly large leaves. Webs consisted mainly of round platforms with a diameter of about 10 cm ; most of the platform was closely attached to the leaf surface. Small silk tufts ( -Figs 4 +Figs 4 , -16 +16 ) were observed in some webs of three species ( Ph. halabala @@ -614,9 +617,9 @@ and Ph. sepaku (and possibly in close relatives), the egg-sac is carried under the prosoma rather than in front of it ( -Figs 3, 5–6 +Figs 3, 5–6 , -16 +16 ). For further details, see individual species descriptions below. @@ -650,7 +653,7 @@ was mostly found on exposed tree roots at the riverside. Webs were either barely sp. nov. ). Silk tufts were not seen in any of these webs. Egg-sacs were carried in front of the body as in typical pholcids ( -Fig. 51 +Fig. 51 ). @@ -666,9 +669,9 @@ The Ph. halabala group is restricted to Southeast Asia, from Myanmar and southern China to Sumatra and Borneo ( -Figs 17 +Figs 17 , -57 +57 ). diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E567031FD8DC654C8DFFE04.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E567031FD8DC654C8DFFE04.xml index 89467d3f912..10b6ef53bac 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E567031FD8DC654C8DFFE04.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E567031FD8DC654C8DFFE04.xml @@ -1,69 +1,75 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + - + Pholcus krabi species group @@ -79,17 +85,17 @@ This species group is newly proposed to include three species previously part of group ( Ph. chiangdao -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. khene -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ; Ph. kinabalu -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ) as well as three newly described species ( @@ -113,11 +119,11 @@ Huber , sp. nov. ). They share three putative synapomorphies: (1) absence of AME ( -Figs 116–117 +Figs 116–117 ); (2) absence of modified hairs on distal male cheliceral apophyses ( -Fig. 118 +Fig. 118 ); and (3) reduction of ALS spigots to two (one widened, one pointed; -Fig. 122 +Fig. 122 ; confirmed in Ph. kinabalu @@ -128,7 +134,7 @@ and sp. nov. only). In addition, live males of the three newly described species share highly distinctive reddish to orange palps ( -Figs 102, 106, 108 +Figs 102, 106, 108 ), and females of at least Ph. chiangdao @@ -160,19 +166,19 @@ share dimorphic color patterns on the prosoma. Species newly observed in the fie ) built very similar domed webs among the vegetation ( 0.5–2 m above the ground), usually with the apex of the dome attached to the underside of a leaf. They are also very similar in general appearance (the three species are indistinguishable in the field; -Figs 102–109 +Figs 102–109 ). Very low abundances and/or patchy distributions were observed in all three species. However, most specimens known of Ph. kinabalu were collected by canopy fogging ( -Huber 2011 +Huber 2011 ), suggesting that abundances of at least this species may be different in higher forest strata. Egg-sacs are carried in front of the body ( -Figs 105, 109 +Figs 105, 109 ) as in typical pholcids. This species group is known from mainland Southeast Asia and Borneo ( -Fig. 110 +Fig. 110 ). The RMNH has an additional species from East Kalimantan ( -Fig. 110 +Fig. 110 ) that is not described here because only a single poorly preserved male specimen is available. diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E58703DFDA5C549CE89F8B3.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E58703DFDA5C549CE89F8B3.xml index c2fa18e9d1b..ade8ef3e1ba 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E58703DFDA5C549CE89F8B3.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E58703DFDA5C549CE89F8B3.xml @@ -1,65 +1,71 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + @@ -75,11 +81,11 @@ Huber urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2A1CAF47-9EB4-480C-8C83-DFB0162AF617 -Figs 52–53 +Figs 52–53 , -63–78 +63–78 , -99–101 +99–101 @@ -95,15 +101,15 @@ Easily distinguished from most similar known relative ( sp. nov. ) by morphology of male palps ( -Figs 63–64 +Figs 63–64 ; shapes of male palpal tarsus and procursus tip, larger uncus, complex appendix with retrolateral process) and by female internal genitalia ( -Figs 66–67 +Figs 66–67 ; distinctive median triangular sclerite). From other close relatives also by combination of pale coloration ( -Figs 52–53 +Figs 52–53 ), shape of male palpal trochanter apophysis (curved, proximally wide, distally pointed; -Fig. 64 +Fig. 64 ), and shape and position of pore plates ( -Fig. 67 +Fig. 67 ). @@ -129,20 +135,20 @@ material - + THAILAND : holotype -, ♂, +, +♂ +, ZFMK ( Ar 15028 ), Nakhon Si Thammarat , -Khao Nan National Park -, -Tham Khao Lek +Khao Nan National Park, Tham Khao Lek ( 8°46.09' N , @@ -171,40 +177,40 @@ a.s.l., - + THAILAND : -6 ♂♂ +6 ♂♂ , -5 ♀♀ +5 ♀♀ , -2 juvs +2 juvs , ZFMK ( -5 ♂♂ +5 ♂♂ , -4 ♀♀ +4 ♀♀ , Ar 15029–30 ) and - + PSUZC ( -1 ♂ +1 ♂ , -1 ♀ +1 ♀ ), same data as holotype ; - -1 ♂ + +1 ♂ , -2 ♀♀ +2 ♀♀ , -3 juvs +3 juvs , in absolute ethanol, ZFMK ( @@ -214,7 +220,7 @@ and . - + Figs 63–67. @@ -235,7 +241,7 @@ Huber . Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; p = procursus; u = uncus. Scale lines: 0.5 mm. - + Figs 68–78. @@ -286,34 +292,34 @@ Huber COLOR. Carapace pale ochre-yellow with pair of light brown marks posteriorly; ocular area and clypeus not darkened; sternum light brown with lighter marks and dark lateral margins; legs ochre-yellow with dark brown patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; abdomen monochromous ochre-gray. BODY. Habitus as in -Fig. 53 +Fig. 53 ; ocular area slightly raised, with brushes of stronger hairs behind each PME ( -Figs 68–69 +Figs 68–69 ); carapace without median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum wider than long (0.84/0.52), unmodified. ALS with one widened, one pointed, and six smaller cylindrically shaped spigots of varying sizes ( -Fig. 78 +Fig. 78 ). CHELICERAE. As in -Fig. 65 +Fig. 65 , with pair of distal frontal apophyses provided with two to three modified (cone-shaped) hairs each ( -Fig. 70 +Fig. 70 ), pair of rounded lateral processes, and pair of small indistinct proximal frontal humps. PALPS. As in -Figs 63–64 +Figs 63–64 ; coxa unmodified; trochanter with large retrolatero-ventral apophysis; femur proximally widened on ventral side, with small retrolatero-dorsal apophysis; tarsus without dorsal elongation; procursus rather simple ( -Figs 71–72 +Figs 71–72 ), with prolateral weakly sclerotized process and transparent membranous structures; procursus tip as in -Fig. 75 +Fig. 75 ; bulb with distinctive uncus and appendix with retrolateral process ( -Fig. 73 +Fig. 73 ); weakly sclerotized short embolus. LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 6%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other tibiae; tarsus 1 with> 30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Tarsus 4 comb-hairs as in -Fig. 71 +Fig. 71 . @@ -332,20 +338,20 @@ Tibia In general similar to male ( -Fig. 52 +Fig. 52 ) but without stronger hairs behind PME; eye triads closer together than in male (PME-PME distance: 220 µm). Tibia 1 in 5 females : 8.7–10.1 (mean 9.3). Epigynum weakly sclerotized bulging area, only posterior area more strongly sclerotized, with small but distinct ‘knob’ ( -Figs 66 +Figs 66 , -77 +77 , -99–100 +99–100 ); internal genitalia as in -Figs 67 +Figs 67 and -101 +101 , with anterior arch and distinctive triangular sclerite visible through cuticle. @@ -371,7 +377,7 @@ locality on vertical and slightly overhanging smooth rocks. Specimens were obser Known from type locality only ( -Fig. 57 +Fig. 57 ). diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E627004FDA3C4E4CF7BF8B8.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E627004FDA3C4E4CF7BF8B8.xml index 03d5e9bfc1a..621636907f6 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E627004FDA3C4E4CF7BF8B8.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E627004FDA3C4E4CF7BF8B8.xml @@ -1,69 +1,75 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + - + Pholcus andulau species group @@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ This species group is newly proposed to include one species previously included group ( Ph. andulau -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ) and the newly described @@ -89,17 +95,17 @@ Huber , sp. nov. They share three putative synapomorphies: (1) the unique, partly sclerotized embolus with strong sclerotized pointed processes ( -Figs 200 +Figs 200 , -209–212 +209–212 ); (2) pointed male cheliceral apophyses directed toward each other and without modified hairs ( -Figs 202 +Figs 202 , -214 +214 ); and (3) large unsclerotized ‘knob’ on female external genitalia directed toward anterior ( -Figs 203 +Figs 203 , -213 +213 ). The two species are also otherwise very similar (females are indistinguishable in the field; Ph. lambir @@ -110,7 +116,7 @@ males have a darker ocular area than Ph. andulau males) and restricted to a limited geographic area in northern Borneo ( -Fig. 153 +Fig. 153 ). Preliminary molecular data (A. Valdez-Mondragón, B.A. Huber & D. Dimitrov unpublished data) suggest a close relationship with the Panjange nigrifrons @@ -125,7 +131,7 @@ and sp. nov. vibrate vigorously. Egg-sacs are carried in front of the body ( -Figs 194, 196 +Figs 194, 196 ), as in typical pholcids. diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E697000FDABC61FC8DBFC2A.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E697000FDABC61FC8DBFC2A.xml index 2eba5b798b6..f47e70e6b4d 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E697000FDABC61FC8DBFC2A.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E697000FDABC61FC8DBFC2A.xml @@ -1,65 +1,71 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + @@ -75,11 +81,11 @@ Huber urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D2E21FAE-2ECD-414D-81E4-4C3CC7FC352F -Figs 143–146 +Figs 143–146 , -154–168 +154–168 , -184–186 +184–186 @@ -90,11 +96,11 @@ Huber Easily distinguished from known congeners by morphology of male palps ( -Figs 154–155 +Figs 154–155 ; unique shape of procursus with transversal sclerotized ridges on retrolateral side and complex processes on prolateral side; slender appendix) and by internal female genitalia (large lateral sclerites; shape and position of pore plates; -Figs 158 +Figs 158 , -186 +186 ). From most congeners (except putatively closest relatives Ph. satun @@ -104,9 +110,9 @@ and Ph. schwendingeri ) also by dorsally uniquely widened male palpal patella ( -Fig. 155 +Fig. 155 ) and by large sclerotized ‘knob’ on female external genitalia ( -Fig. 184 +Fig. 184 ). @@ -164,7 +170,7 @@ a.s.l., . - + Figs 143–152. Live specimens, @@ -177,12 +183,12 @@ Huber (143–146), Ph. satun -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 (147–149), and Ph. schwendingeri -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 (150–152). 143–145 @@ -205,20 +211,20 @@ Huber, 2011 - + THAILAND : -9 ♂♂ +9 ♂♂ , -3 ♀♀ +3 ♀♀ , -1 juv. +1 juv. , ZFMK ( -8 ♂♂ +8 ♂♂ , -2 ♀♀ +2 ♀♀ , Ar 15045 ) and @@ -226,17 +232,16 @@ Huber, 2011 PSUZC ( -1 ♂ +1 ♂ , -1 ♀ -), same data as -holotype +1 ♀ +), same data as holotype ; -2 ♂♂ +2 ♂♂ , -3 ♀♀ +3 ♀♀ , in absolute ethanol, ZFMK ( @@ -245,9 +250,9 @@ Huber, 2011 ; -3 ♂♂ +3 ♂♂ , -1 ♀ +1 ♀ , ZFMK ( @@ -261,9 +266,9 @@ town, Tham Buatong ( -8°10.83' N +8°10.83' N , -98°53.06' E +98°53.06' E ), 50 m @@ -282,7 +287,7 @@ a.s.l., ; -3 ♀♀ +3 ♀♀ , in absolute ethanol, ZFMK ( @@ -308,32 +313,32 @@ a.s.l., COLOR. Carapace pale ochre-grey with light brown posterior mark, ocular area with small median and pair of lateral brown marks; clypeus not darkened; sternum pale gray with small very indistinct darker marks; legs ochre-yellow with darker brown patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; abdomen ochre-gray with some black and indistinct whitish marks dorsally and laterally, monochromous ventrally. BODY. Habitus as in -Figs 143–144 +Figs 143–144 ; ocular area slightly raised and each triad on short stalk directed obliquely dorsad ( -Fig. 159 +Fig. 159 ); carapace without median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum wider than long (0.60/0.50), unmodified. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( -Fig. 167 +Fig. 167 ). ALS with one widened, one pointed, and six smaller cylindrically shaped spigots of varying sizes ( -Fig. 166 +Fig. 166 ). CHELICERAE. As in -Fig. 156 +Fig. 156 , barely modified, very indistinct frontal humps. PALPS. As in -Figs 154–155 +Figs 154–155 ; coxa unmodified; trochanter with long ventral apophysis and small hump at its basis; femur with small retrolatero-dorsal process proximally ( -Fig. 162 +Fig. 162 ) and rounded protrusion ventrally; patella dorsally characteristically widened, resulting in an angle between femur and patella of ~120° (lateral view); procursus very distinctive and complex, with transversal sclerotized ridges on retrolateral side and complex processes on prolateral side ( -Figs 162–164 +Figs 162–164 ); bulb elongate, with strong proximal sclerite, slender and simple appendix ( -Fig. 161 +Fig. 161 ), without uncus, with long weakly sclerotized embolus distally transparent. - + Fig. 153. Known distributions of the @@ -355,12 +360,12 @@ LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobo - type (cf. -Huber & Fleckenstein 2008 +Huber & Fleckenstein 2008 ), with four lateral tines ( -Fig. 168 +Fig. 168 ). - + Figs 154–158. @@ -378,7 +383,7 @@ Huber . Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; p = procursus. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (156), 0.5 mm (154–155, 157–158). - + Figs 159–168. @@ -420,22 +425,22 @@ Tibia In general similar to male ( -Fig. 145 +Fig. 145 ) but eye triads on low humps and closer together ( -Fig. 160 -; PME- PME distance: 200 µm). Tibia +Fig. 160 +; PME-PME distance: 200 µm). Tibia 1 in 5 females : 6.4–8.5 (mean 7.3). Epigynum weakly sclerotized flat plate with large conspicuous sclerotized ‘knob’ ( -Fig. 165 +Fig. 165 ), anterior arch and lateral internal sclerites visible through cuticle ( -Figs 157 +Figs 157 , -184–185 +184–185 ); internal genitalia as in -Figs 158 +Figs 158 and -186 +186 , with large lateral sclerites and oval pore plates in rather anterior position. @@ -461,7 +466,7 @@ Cave, most specimens were found in barely visible domed webs close to the rock s Known from two neighboring localities in Krabi Province, southern Thailand ( -Fig. 153 +Fig. 153 ). diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E69700FFD9CC3E4CF8EF9C2.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E69700FFD9CC3E4CF8EF9C2.xml index f4111b8ab28..45837c78839 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E69700FFD9CC3E4CF8EF9C2.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E69700FFD9CC3E4CF8EF9C2.xml @@ -1,69 +1,75 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + - + Pholcus buatong species group @@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ This species group is newly proposed to include one species previously part of t group ( Ph. satun -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ), one species previously tentatively assigned to the @@ -88,7 +94,7 @@ group ( group ( Ph. schwendingeri -Huber, 2011 +Huber, 2011 ), and a newly described species ( @@ -98,11 +104,11 @@ Huber , sp. nov. ). They share three putative synapomorphies, (1) the complete reduction of distal anterior apophyses on the male chelicerae ( -Fig. 156 +Fig. 156 ); (2) the very distinctive dorsal bulging of the male palpal patella ( -Fig. 155 +Fig. 155 ; angle between femur and patella ~120–125° rather than ~180° as in typical pholcids); and (3) the large, heavily sclerotized ‘knob’ on the epigynum ( -Figs 184, 187, 190 +Figs 184, 187, 190 ). The group is strongly supported by preliminary molecular data (A. Valdez-Mondragón, B.A. Huber & D. Dimitrov unpublished data). Pholcus schwendingeri @@ -113,17 +119,17 @@ and sp. nov. also share a distinctive whitish membranous process retrolatero-distally on the procursus (arrows in -Figs 155 +Figs 155 , -180 +180 ). Otherwise this group appears rather inhomogeneous: Pholcus schwendingeri males have extremely long eye stalks ( -Fig. 173 +Fig. 173 ) while males of the other two species have short eye stalks ( -Fig. 155 +Fig. 155 ); Pholcus buatong @@ -138,9 +144,9 @@ has small AME, while the other two species lack AME; Pholcus satun males have only one bulbal process (sclerotized embolus), while males of the other two species have a membranous embolus plus an appendix. In all three species, egg-sacs are carried in front of the body ( -Figs 145, 152 +Figs 145, 152 ) as in typical pholcids. This species group is known from southern Thailand and northern mainland Malaysia ( -Fig. 153 +Fig. 153 ). diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E6C7008FDBBC175CFB2FDF3.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E6C7008FDBBC175CFB2FDF3.xml index 0eb1d3c25fd..30120dce2bf 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E6C7008FDBBC175CFB2FDF3.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E6C7008FDBBC175CFB2FDF3.xml @@ -1,65 +1,71 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + @@ -75,11 +81,11 @@ Huber urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0127E1C4-BABC-4C33-A92E-65744D43D8E2 -Figs 106–107 +Figs 106–107 , -124–128 +124–128 , -137–139 +137–139 @@ -94,13 +100,13 @@ Distinguished from similar species (other species in the Ph. krabi group) by morphology of male palps ( -Figs 124–125 +Figs 124–125 ; unique shape of bifid appendix; shape of uncus; procursus with strong distal ventral sclerite, similar only in Ph. chiangdao ) and by distinctive rounded sclerites in internal female genitalia ( -Fig. 127 +Fig. 127 ). @@ -170,14 +176,14 @@ a.s.l., - + THAILAND : -1 ♀ +1 ♀ , together with holotype; -1 ♀ +1 ♀ , in absolute ethanol, ZFMK ( @@ -190,7 +196,7 @@ a.s.l .; -1 ♀ +1 ♀ , in absolute ethanol, ZFMK ( @@ -198,9 +204,9 @@ a.s.l ), same locality but ‘site 1’, forest at river near headquarters ( -5°47.8' N +5°47.8' N , -101°49.9' E +101°49.9' E ), 90 m @@ -235,17 +241,17 @@ a.s.l., COLOR. Carapace pale ochre-yellow with light brown median line and V-mark, ocular area and clypeus light brown; sternum whitish; palps orange; legs pale ochre-yellow with darker brown patellae and tibiametatarsus joints; abdomen pale gray with some indistinct marks dorsally. BODY. Habitus as in -Fig. 106 +Fig. 106 ; ocular area slightly raised and each triad on short stalk directed laterad; carapace without median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum wider than long (0.60/0.52), unmodified. CHELICERAE. As in -Fig. 126 +Fig. 126 , with large proximal lateral processes and pair of rounded distal apophyses without modified hairs. PALPS. As in -Figs 124–125 +Figs 124–125 ; coxa unmodified; trochanter with retrolatero-ventral apophysis directed first laterad then bending sharply ventrad; femur with small retrolatero-dorsal process proximally; tibia large; procursus distally complex, with distinctive strong ventral apophysis; bulb with strong proximal sclerite, with uncus, with distinctive bifid appendix (prolateral part with large scales), short weakly sclerotized embolus. LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 4%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other tibiae; tarsus 1 with> 20 pseudosegments, only distally fairly distinct. @@ -256,23 +262,23 @@ PALPS. As in In general similar to male ( -Fig. 107 +Fig. 107 ) but eye triads on low humps and closer together (PME-PME distance: 235 µm), ocular area and clypeus either with one large black mark ( 1 ♀ ) or with two transversal black bands ( 2 ♀♀ ). Tibia 1: 5.9, 6.3, 6.6. Epigynum weakly sclerotized slightly bulging plate with posterior ‘knob’, internal anterior arch and distinctive rounded sclerites poorly visible through cuticle ( -Figs 127 +Figs 127 , -137–138 +137–138 ); internal genitalia as in -Figs 128 +Figs 128 and -139 +139 . - + Figs 124–128. @@ -314,7 +320,7 @@ above the ground. Known from type locality in southern Thailand only ( -Fig. 110 +Fig. 110 ). diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E6E700FFDAAC24CCEFFFEAC.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E6E700FFDAAC24CCEFFFEAC.xml index af70886c931..fe22cc0a6d3 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E6E700FFDAAC24CCEFFFEAC.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E6E700FFDAAC24CCEFFFEAC.xml @@ -1,65 +1,71 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + @@ -75,11 +81,11 @@ Huber urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:374082FB-1878-493D-A8B6-CC148D8BB223 -Figs 108–109 +Figs 108–109 , -129–133 +129–133 , -140–142 +140–142 @@ -92,11 +98,11 @@ Distinguished from similar species (other species in the Ph. krabi group) by morphology of male palps ( -Figs 129–130 +Figs 129–130 ; long trochanter apophysis; distinctive shapes of simple round uncus and small appendix; procursus strongly bent dorsad, with distinctive prolatero-ventral pointed process and fringed membranous distal elements) and by unique median sclerite in internal female genitalia visible through cuticle ( -Figs 132 +Figs 132 , -140 +140 ). @@ -127,17 +133,15 @@ material : holotype , -♂ +♂ , ZFMK ( Ar 15042 ), - -Sabah - +Sabah , - + Mt Kinabalu , Poring Hot Springs, forest near beginning of @@ -145,9 +149,9 @@ Mt Trail ( -6.048° N +6.048° N , -116.706° E +116.706° E ), 450 m @@ -172,14 +176,14 @@ a.s.l., - + MALAYSIA-BORNEO : -1 ♀ +1 ♀ , together with holotype; -2 ♀♀ +2 ♀♀ , in absolute ethanol, ZFMK ( @@ -188,19 +192,17 @@ a.s.l., ; -1 ♂ +1 ♂ , RMNH , - Sabah - , Poring Hot Springs ( -6°03.467' N +6°03.467' N , -116°42.205' E +116°42.205' E ), 9 Aug. 2009 @@ -211,13 +213,13 @@ a.s.l., ; -1 ♂ +1 ♂ , -2 juvs +2 juvs , RMNH , -Poring Hot Springs +Poring Hot Springs , 500 m @@ -233,24 +235,24 @@ a.s.l., ) ; - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ , ZFMK ( Ar 15043 ), - Sabah - , Sepilok , -Rainforest Discovery Centre, forest along Pitta Trail -(5.875– -5.878° N +Rainforest Discovery Centre, forest along Pitta Trail +(5.875 +–5.878 +° +N , 117.937– -117.942° E +117.942° E ), 30 m @@ -269,7 +271,7 @@ a.s.l., ; -3 ♀♀ +3 ♀♀ , in absolute ethanol, ZFMK ( @@ -278,21 +280,19 @@ a.s.l., ; -3 ♂♂ +3 ♂♂ , -3 ♀♀ +3 ♀♀ , RMNH (2 vials), - Sabah - , -Danum Valley +Danum Valley [ -5.022° N +5.022° N , -117.747° E +117.747° E ], primary forest , @@ -322,20 +322,20 @@ a.s.l., COLOR. Carapace pale whitish to gray with pair of light brown marks, ocular area and clypeus not darkened; sternum whitish; palps orange; legs pale ochre-yellow with dark patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; abdomen pale gray with some indistinct darker marks dorsally. BODY. Habitus as in -Fig. 108 +Fig. 108 ; ocular area slightly raised and each triad on low hump; carapace without median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum wider than long (0.60/0.50), unmodified. CHELICERAE. As in -Fig. 131 +Fig. 131 , with small proximal processes and pair of rounded distal apophyses without modified hairs. PALPS. As in -Figs 129–130 +Figs 129–130 ; coxa unmodified; trochanter with very long retrolatero-ventral apophysis with retrolateral process proximally; femur with small retrolatero-ventral process proximally; tibia large; procursus strongly bent dorsad, with distinctive prolatero-ventral pointed process and fringed membranous distal elements; bulb with strong proximal sclerite, with small uncus and small appendix, short weakly sclerotized embolus. - + Figs 129–133. @@ -361,15 +361,15 @@ Huber In general similar to male ( -Fig. 109 +Fig. 109 ) but eye triads closer together (PME-PME distance: 195 µm), entire clypeus and ocular area frontally black; legs pale ochre, less yellowish. Tibia 1: 6.7, 6.9 (missing in other females). Epigynum weakly sclerotized almost flat plate with posterior ‘knob’, internal distinctive median sclerite visible through cuticle ( -Figs 132 +Figs 132 , -140–141 +140–141 ); internal genitalia as in -Figs 133 +Figs 133 and -142 +142 . @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ Of the four webs seen at Poring, three had their apex connected to the underside above the ground. - + Figs 134–142. Female genitalia, untreated in ventral view, cleared in ventral and dorsal views. @@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ Huber Known from two localities in Sabah ( -Fig. 110 +Fig. 110 ). diff --git a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E7C701EFD9DC105CF88FE27.xml b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E7C701EFD9DC105CF88FE27.xml index 4d2b9284904..09ac75a508f 100644 --- a/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E7C701EFD9DC105CF88FE27.xml +++ b/data/7F/71/87/7F7187D54E7C701EFD9DC105CF88FE27.xml @@ -1,65 +1,71 @@ - - - -The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure + + + +The Southeast Asian Pholcus halabala species group (Araneae, Pholcidae): new data from field observations and ultrastructure - - -Author + + +Author -Berhard A. Huber +Berhard A. Huber - - -Author + + +Author -Booppa Petchard +Booppa Petchard - - -Author + + +Author -Charles Leh Moi Ung +Charles Leh Moi Ung - - -Author + + +Author -Joseph K. H. Koh +Joseph K. H. Koh - - -Author + + +Author -Amir R. M. Ghazali +Amir R. M. Ghazali -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2016 - -190 + +2016 + +2016-04-14 - -1 -55 + +190 + + +190 + + +1 +55 - -http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 + +http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/313 -journal article -32674 -10.5852/ejt.2016.190 -3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 -831004 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2016.190 +3c438ae3-9ea0-4eda-b893-acf6d5756c90 +2118-9773 +831004 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE92596B-62D9-46CD-8486-CF6B36C640B11 - + @@ -75,7 +81,7 @@ Huber urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2B969B98-2995-4325-911C-D3013371FFE3 -Figs 195–218 +Figs 195–218 @@ -90,13 +96,13 @@ Easily distinguished from putatively closest known relative ( Ph. andulau ) by very short dorsal (slightly prolateral) process on procursus ( -Fig. 200 +Fig. 200 ), by much larger sclerotized teeth on male embolus ( -Figs 200 +Figs 200 , -209–212 +209–212 ), and by less curved anterior sclerite in internal female genitalia ( -Figs 197–199 +Figs 197–199 ). @@ -127,22 +133,22 @@ material : holotype , -♂ +♂ , ZFMK ( Ar 15059 ), -Sarawak +Sarawak , - + Lambir Hills National Park (4.198– -4.207° N +4.207° N , 114.034– -114.045° E +114.045° E ), 60–150 m @@ -167,20 +173,20 @@ a.s.l., - + MALAYSIA-BORNEO : -9 ♂♂ +9 ♂♂ , -13 ♀♀ +13 ♀♀ , -1 juv. +1 juv. , ZFMK ( -8 ♂♂ +8 ♂♂ , -12 ♀♀ +12 ♀♀ , Ar 15060–61 ) @@ -189,16 +195,16 @@ and SMK ( -1 ♂ +1 ♂ , -1 ♀ +1 ♀ ), same data as holotype ; -1 ♂ +1 ♂ , -2 ♀♀ +2 ♀♀ , in absolute ethanol, ZFMK ( @@ -207,9 +213,9 @@ and ; -3 ♂♂ +3 ♂♂ , -8 ♀♀ +8 ♀♀ , ZFMK ( @@ -217,11 +223,11 @@ and ), Sarawak , -Niah Cave National Park, forest along main trail +Niah Cave National Park, forest along main trail (3.814– -3.821° N +3.821° N , 113.763– -113.771° E +113.771° E ), 20–40 m @@ -257,32 +263,32 @@ a.s.l., COLOR. Carapace pale ochre-yellow, ocular area and clypeus brown; sternum whitish; legs ochre-yellow to orange, with brown patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; abdomen ochre-gray with some darker marks dorsally, monochromous ventrally. BODY. Habitus as in -Fig. 195 +Fig. 195 ; ocular area slightly raised and each triad on short stalk directed obliquely dorsad ( -Fig. 205 +Fig. 205 ); carapace without median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum wider than long (0.80/0.65), unmodified. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( -Fig. 216 +Fig. 216 ). ALS with one widened, one pointed, and six smaller cylindrically shaped spigots of varying sizes ( -Fig. 218 +Fig. 218 ). CHELICERAE. As in -Fig. 202 +Fig. 202 , with distinctive pair of pointed frontal apophyses directed toward each other ( -Fig. 214 +Fig. 214 ); indistinct lateral processes. PALPS. As in -Figs 200–201 +Figs 200–201 ; coxa unmodified; trochanter with retrolatero-ventral apophysis; femur with distinctive ventral process directed proximad; procursus relatively simple, with small semitransparent prolateral process ( -Figs 207–209 +Figs 207–209 ) and distinctive sclerotized and membranous distal elements; bulb large, with strong proximal sclerite, with uncus, with proximally heavily sclerotized embolus provided with strong teeth ( -Figs 209–212 +Figs 209–212 ). - + Figs 200–204. @@ -308,9 +314,9 @@ LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobo - type (cf. -Huber & Fleckenstein 2008 +Huber & Fleckenstein 2008 ), with four lateral tines ( -Fig. 215 +Fig. 215 ). @@ -329,28 +335,28 @@ Tibia In general similar to male ( -Fig. 196 +Fig. 196 ), but eye triads on low humps and closer together ( -Fig. 206 +Fig. 206 ; PME-PME distance: 200 µm), clypeus darker than in males. Tibia 1 in 20 females : 6.8–8.8 (mean 8.0). Epigynum weakly sclerotized flat plate with large unsclerotized ‘knob’ directed toward anterior ( -Fig. 213 +Fig. 213 ), anterior internal sclerite visible through cuticle ( -Figs 197–198 +Figs 197–198 , -203 +203 ); internal genitalia as in -Figs 199 +Figs 199 and -204 +204 . ALS as in male ( -Fig. 217 +Fig. 217 ). - + Figs 205–210. @@ -382,13 +388,13 @@ Huber Spiders were collected from domed webs among the vegetation, at approximately 1–2 m above the ground. The apex of the sheet was connected to the underside of a leaf, but spiders hung in their webs under the leaf rather than having their bodies pressed against the leaf. In some webs, cecidomyiid flies were seen and collected in large numbers. When disturbed, the spiders vibrated vigorously. Egg-sacs were carried in front of the body ( -Fig. 196 +Fig. 196 ), as in typical pholcids; they are slightly elongate and contain ~25– 30 eggs . - + Figs 211–218. @@ -420,7 +426,7 @@ Huber Known from two localities in northeastern Sarawak ( -Fig. 153 +Fig. 153 ). diff --git a/data/B0/55/0F/B0550F463226595F8DC47BEFEC917F34.xml b/data/B0/55/0F/B0550F463226595F8DC47BEFEC917F34.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7b768701641 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/B0/55/0F/B0550F463226595F8DC47BEFEC917F34.xml @@ -0,0 +1,941 @@ + + + +Phylogeographic pattern and taxonomic revision of the Kaloula baleata species complex (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae) with description of two new species from Indochina + + + +Author + +Gorin, Vladislav A. +0000-0002-9017-1502 +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia + + + +Author + +Orlov, Nikolai L. +0000-0003-4401-348X +Division of Herpetology & Ormithology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034 Universitetskaya nab., 1, 33701, Russia + + + +Author + +Bragin, Andrey M. +0000-0002-3621-9763 +Joint Vietnam - Russia Tropical Science & Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Road, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Pawangkhanant, Parinya +0000-0002-0947-5729 +Division of Fishery, School of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand & Rabbit in the Moon Foundation, Suanphueng, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand + + + +Author + +Milto, Konstantin D. +0000-0003-4061-0164 +Division of Herpetology & Ormithology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034 Universitetskaya nab., 1, 33701, Russia + + + +Author + +Le, Dac Xuan +0000-0003-4586-6214 +Joint Vietnam - Russia Tropical Science & Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Road, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Nguyen, Tan Van +0000-0001-5413-968X +Institute for Research & Training in Medicine, Biology & Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Dufresnes, Christophe +0000-0002-8497-8908 +College of Medicine & Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 120 Hoang Minh Thao, Lien Chieu, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam + + + +Author + +Suwannapoom, Chatmongkon +0000-0002-3342-1464 +Division of Fishery, School of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand + + + +Author + +Poyarkov, Nikolay A. +0000-0002-7576-2283 +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia & Joint Vietnam - Russia Tropical Science & Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Road, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam + +text + + +Herpetozoa + + +2024 + +2024-12-11 + + +37 + + +391 +420 + + + +journal article +306388 +10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e137394 +5be396ed-af3c-4af5-b187-1c48444979fb +E97A128A-13B5-4781-8FEC-ADC5CB37AB45 + + + + + +Kaloula laosensis +Poyarkov, Orlov, Gorin & Milto + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 2 +, +9 A +, +10 +, +11 +, +12 +, +Table 4 + + + + +Chresonymy. + + + + +Kaloula baleata + +[partim] — + +Orlov and Ananjeva (2007: 148) + +; + +Nguyen et al. (2009: 94) + +. + + + + + +Kaloula indochinensis + +[partim] — + +Chan et al. (2013: 334 + +, + +2014: 577 + +); + +Teynié et al. (2014: 29) + +; + +Chandramouli and Prasad (2018: 52) + +; + +Poyarkov et al. (2021 b +: 39 + +); + +Holden (2023: 148) + +. + + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + + + +ZISP +15284 + +(field label +ZISP +199), +adult male +, +Na Home Village +, +Bouphala District +, near the border of +Nakai-Nam Theun National Park +, +Khammouane Province +, +Laos +, collected by +N. L. Orlov +, +S. N. Nguyen +, and +K. D. Milto +on + +June 18, 2009 + +( + +17.544528 ° N +, +105.695278 ° E + +; + +elevation +174 m +a. s. l. + +). + + + + + + +Paratype + + + +(n = 1). + + +ZMMU + +A-8144 +(field label +ZISP +200), +adult female +from the same location and with the same collection data as the holotype + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological attributes: (1) medium size ( +SVL +ranging 44.0– +54.8 mm +); (2) eyes comparatively large (eye length comprising 75 % – 100 % of snout length); (3) dark-brown dorsally, with numerous irregular dark blotches forming pericloacal ring; (4) gray or beige ventrally with dense white mottling on belly and limbs; (5) orange triangular patch on either side of the neck posterior to eyes; (6) bright-orange axillary patch present; (7) orange inguinal patch present; (8) bright-orange butterfly-shaped blotch above cloaca present; (9) gray spot on tibiotarsal articulation present; (10) dark interorbital bar present; (11) enlarged, widened finger disks (7.8 % – 7.9 % of +SVL +), ca. 1.53 times wider than toe disks; (12) finger subarticular tubercle formula: 1: 1: 2: 2; (13) toe subarticular tubercle formula: 1: 1: 2: 2: 2; (14) three metacarpal tubercles, median metacarpal tubercle in contact with inner metacarpal tubercle; (15) two metatarsal tubercles, inner metatarsal tubercle ca. three times larger than outer metatarsal tubercle; (16) three small supernumerary tubercles at the basis of toes I, III, IV. + + + + + +Description of the +holotype + + + +(Fig. +10 +). Adult male in a good state of preservation, habitus robust; head wider than long ( +HW +/ +HL +1.19); snout projecting beyond lower jaw, truncated in dorsal and lateral views (Fig. +10 C +); top of head flat; upper eyelid lacking supraciliary tubercles; eye length less than snout length ( +EL +/ +SL +0.75) and less than interorbital distance ( +EL +/ +IOD +0.77); pupils round; nostrils rounded, placed more towards the lateral sides of snout, located closer to tip of snout than to eye, relatively close to each other ( +IND +/ +IOD +0.63); supratympanic fold flat, tubercular; tympanum not visible (Fig. +10 C +); dorsal surfaces of body and limbs with sparse tubercules, getting denser backwards; ventral surfaces of body and limbs almost smooth (Fig. +10 A, B +). Cloacal opening unmodified, directed posteriorly. Forelimbs relatively long, more than a half of hind limb length ( +FLL +/ +HLL +0.63); hand long, comprising more than a half of lower arm length ( +HAL +/ +LAL +0.6) and almost half of forelimb length ( +HAL +/ +FLL +0.47); fingers rather robust, flattened in cross section; relative finger lengths: I <II <IV <III; no webbing between fingers; terminal digits flattened into very wide transversely expanded T-shaped disks (Fig. +10 E +); finger subarticular tubercles distinct, protuberant, large and round, finger subarticular formula: 1: 1: 2: 2; metacarpal tubercles three (Figs +9 A +, +10 E +), inner metacarpal tubercle elongate, flattened; outer metacarpal tubercule oval, dilated, slightly bigger than inner ( +OPTL +/ +IPTL +1.05), median metacarpal tubercle the smallest, oval-shaped, contacting both the inner and outer metacarpal tubercles (Figs +9 A +, +10 E +); hindlimbs robust, relatively short, not much longer than body length ( +HLL +/ +SVL +1.12); relative toe lengths: I <II <V <III <IV; tarsal fold on inner surface of tarsus absent; tips of all toes widened, forming terminal oval-shaped disks (Figs +9 A +, +10 D +); all toe disks having dorso-terminal groves; the disk on toe IV the largest; toe webbing well developed between all toes, reaching disks at all toes except toe IV; webbing formula i 1.5-2 ii 1.5 - 2.5 iii 1.5 - 3 iv 3 - 2 v; toe subarticular tubercules distinct, rounded, protruding; toe subarticular formula: 1: 1: 2: 2: 2; two metatarsal tubercles, inner metatarsal tubercle elongated, oval, shovel-shaped; outer metatarsal tubercle smaller, rounded; three small supernumerary tubercles at the basis of toes I, III, IV (Figs +9 A +, +10 D +). + + + + + + +Holotype of + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +( +ZISP +15284), adult male. +A. +Dorsal view; +B. +Ventral view; +C. +Head in a lateral view; +D. +Plantar view of left foot; +E. +Volar view of left hand. Photographs by V. A. Gorin. + + + + + +Coloration. + + +In life, dorsal surfaces of head and body dark brown with contrasting black spots and blotches; black interorbital bar between the upper eyelids; irregular black blotch on the snout; a series of black blotches forming a L-shaped chevron pattern in the scapular region; elongated black blotches on mid-dorsum, body flanks, and sacral area, forming a black pericloacal ring with irregular borders (Figs +2 +, +11 +); dorsal surfaces of limbs grayish brown with dark-brown to black blotches; flanks of body and lateral sides of head grayish brown; on lateral sides of belly getting dark-brown with white spots and blotches; pale orange patches on the neck posterior to eyes; bright reddish-orange axillary patch edged with dark brown; bright reddish-orange inguinal patch edged with black; bright reddish-orange patch above cloaca in the center of dark pericloacal ring (Fig. +2 +); small grayish-beige spots near tibiotarsal articulation; ventral surfaces of head and body gray, darker near the jaw; belly and ventral sides of limbs densely mottled with white spots and dots (Fig. +10 +); iris chocolate brown with copper sparkles dorsally and ventrally (Fig. +11 +). In preservation after 15 years of storage in ethanol, dorsal coloration faded to dark grayish-brown; dark markings on dorsum are well descernible; light patches became less pronounced and faded to yellowish or beige in color, though the coloration pattern generally remained unchanged (Fig. +10 +). + + + + + + +Dorsolateral ( +A +) and frontal ( +B +) views of the holotype of + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +in situ ( +ZISP +15284, male). Photographs by N. L. Orlov. + + + + + + +Measurements of the +holotype + + + +(in mm) +: +SVL +44.0; +HL +10.6; +HW +12.6; +SL +4.6; +EL +3.3; +N-EL +3.2; +IND +2.7; +IOD +4.3; +UEW +2.4; +FLL +27.6; +LAL +21.7; +HAL +13.0; +HLL +49.3; +TL +37.0; +FL +25.4; +IPTL +2.7; +OPTL +2.8; +1 FL +7.5; +1 TOEL +7.3; +OMTL +2.0; +3 FDD +3.4; +4 TDD +2.2. + + + + +Variation. + + +Morphometric variation of the type series is presented in Table +4 +. A dorsal view of a female +paratype +specimen is presented in Fig. +12 +. In general, the female +paratype +specimen agrees well with the description of the +holotype +, diverging only in body size, which is larger than in the +holotype +( +SVL +54.8 mm +). Female +paratype + +ZMMU + +- A- 8144 has comparatively fewer dark markings on the dorsum (Fig. +12 +), but generally, the coloration pattern is similar to that of the +holotype +. +Holden (2023: 148 +, fig. 152) published a photo of the new species from +Laos +as ‘ + +K. indochinensis + +, ’ which has bright-red axillary, inguinal, and pericloacal patches and lighter grayish-brown dorsal coloration. + + + + + + +Dorsal coloration in a single paratype of + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +( +ZMMU +- A- 8144, female) Scale bar equals 5 cm. Photograph by V. A. Gorin. + + + + + +Tadpole morphology. + + +Currently, data on the larval morphology of + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +are lacking. + + + + +Distribution and natural history. + + + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +is currently reliably known only from two localities in the +Khammouane Province +of +Laos +; the distribution of the new species is shown in Fig. +5 +, and the locality information is detailed in Appendix +1 +. In Nakai-Nam Theun NP and in Hin Nam No NP, +Khammouane Province +, +Laos +, the new species was recorded from limestone evergreen tropical forests at relatively low elevations of ca. +100–300 m +asl. The data on the natural history of + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +is scarce; it inhabits primarily lowland forests and is quite secretive, emerging only after heavy rains from June to September, when depressions in the forest floor are flooded and form temporary pools. The new species is likely associated with limestone karst landscapes of central +Laos +; the actual distribution of + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +is unknown, but we suppose that this species is likely to occur in adjacent provinces of +Vietnam +( +Ha Tinh +and +Quang Binh +), which harbor limestone forests similar in composition. Details about the new species’ reproductive biology and diet are unknown. + + + + +Comparisons. + + + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +most closely resembles other members of the + +K. baleata + +species complex in overall morphology, and comparison with these species appears to be the most pertinent. Most specifically, the new species superficially resembles + +K. indochinensis + +, with which it was previously confused. From + +K. indochinensis + +, + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +can be distinguished by having relatively longer head in males ( +HL +/ +SVL +0.24 [n = 1] by our data or mean 0.25 ± 0.1 [n = 4] reported by +Chan et al. 2013 +) vs. mean 0.23 ± 0.1 [n = 18] by our data or [n = 25] reported by +Chan et al. 2013 +); relatively wider disk of finger III in males ( +3 FDD +/ +HAL +0.26 ± 0.1 [n = 1] vs. mean 0.23 ± 0.1 [n = 18]); relatively longer first toe in males ( +1 TOEL +/ +FL +0.29 ± 0.1 [n = 1] vs. mean 0.26 ± 0.1 [n = 18]); by having three metacarpal tubercles with median metacarpal tubercle touching both the inner and outer metacarpal tubercles, see Fig. +9 A +(vs. median metacarpal tubercle small, not touching the inner metacarpal tubercle, see Fig. +9 B +); by having two subarticular tubercles on toe IV, see Fig. +9 A +(vs. three well-developed subarticular tubercles, see Fig. +9 B +); by having supranumerary tubercles at the basis of toes I, III, and IV, see Fig. +9 A +(vs. supranumerary tubercles absent, see Fig. +9 B +); by the presence of numerous contrasting black markings on dorsum (vs. absent or indistinct); and brownish dorsal coloration (vs. chocolate to dark grayish-brown). + + +From + +K. baleata + +, + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +can be distinguished by having a relatively larger distance between nares in males ( +IND +/ +HW +0.21 [n = 1] by our data or [n = 6] reported by +Chan et al. (2013) +vs. 0.18 ± 0.1 [n = 10] reported by +Chan et al. (2013) +); wider finger III disks in males ( +3 FDD +3.4 ± +0.1 mm +[n = 1] by our data) or mean 3.1 ± +0.3 mm +[n = 6] reported by +Chan et al. (2013) +vs. 1.7 ± +0.2 mm +[n = 10] reported by +Chan et al. (2013) +); by having two subarticular tubercles on toe IV, see Fig. +9 A +(vs. three well-developed tubercles); and by having supranumerary tubercles at the basis of toes I, III, and IV, see Fig. +9 A +(vs. supranumerary tubercles absent). + + +From + +K. latidisca + +, + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +can be distinguished by having relatively shorter heads in males ( +HL +/ +SVL +0.24 [n = 1] by our data or mean 0.25 ± 0.1 [n = 4] reported by +Chan et al. (2013) +vs. mean 0.27 ± 0.1 [n = 4] reported by +Chan et al. (2014) +); relatively smaller distance between eyes in males ( +IOD +/ +HW +0.34 [n = 1] by our data or mean 0.33 ± 0.1 [n = 6] reported by +Chan et al. (2013) +vs. mean 0.30 ± 0.1 [n = 4] reported by +Chan et al. (( 2014 +); by the presence of numerous black markings on the dorsum (vs. black markings on dorsum absent or few); and by having two subarticular tubercles on toe IV (vs. three well-developed tubercles). + + +From + +Kaloula discordia + +sp. nov. +(described above), the new species can be distinguished by having a relatively longer head in males ( +HL +/ +SVL +0.24 [n = 1] by our data or mean 0.25 ± 0.2 [n = 6] reported by +Chan et al. (2013) +vs. mean 0.22 ± 0.2 [n = 14]); relatively shorter snout in males ( +SL +/ +HL +0.43 [n = 1] by our data or mean 0.40 ± 0.1 [n = 6] reported by +Chan et al. (2013) +vs. mean 0.47 ± 0.1 [n = 14]); relatively narrower head in males ( +HW +/ +HL +1.19 [n = 1] vs. mean 1.31 ± 0.2 [n = 14]); wider finger III disks ( +3 FDD +/ +HAL +0.26 [n = 1] vs. mean 0.23 ± 0.10 [n = 14]); shorter toe I ( +1 TOEL +/ +FL +0.29 [n = 1] vs. mean 0.25 ± 0.1 [n = 14]); by having three metacarpal tubercles, see Fig. +9 A +(vs. two metacarpal tubercles, see Fig. +9 C +); by having supranumerary tubercles at the basis of toes I, III, and IV, see Fig. +9 A +(vs. supranumerary tubercles absent, see Fig. +9 C +); by the brown coloration of the dorsum (vs. olive); and by the presence of numerous black markings on the dorsum (vs. black markings on dorsum absent or few). + + +Furthermore, + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +differs from + +K. aureata + +by having a brownish dorsum with no reticulations (vs. golden dorsum with dark brown reticulations); from + +K. borealis + +by having wide finger disks (vs. finger tips dilated but not forming wide disks); by the absence of yellowish blotches on flanks (vs. present); an by brownish dorsal coloration (vs. gray-brown). + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +further differs from + +K. conjuncta + +by the stratified coloration on flanks absent (vs. present); by having distinct outer metatarsal tubercle (vs. weak or indistinct); from + +K. ghoshi + +by the presence of axillary and inguinal spots (vs. axillary and inguinal spots absent); by tuberculated dorsum and venter (vs. smooth or with small flat granules dorsally); by brownish dorsal coloration (vs. orange-brown). The new species differs from + +K. kalingensis + +in that it has tubercles on the dorsum (vs. dorsum smooth), a distinct outer metatarsal tubercle (vs. indistinct), and yellow or orange axillary and inguinal spots (vs. usually absent or small and red if present). + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +further differs from + +K. kokacii + +by the presence of dorsal tubercles, axillary and inguinal spots, and a light pericloacal ring (vs. absent). The new species differs from + +K. mediolineata + +by dorsolateral stripes and sacral stripe absent (vs. present); by having enlarged, wide finger disks (vs. finger tips slightly dilated but not forming wide disks); from + +K. nonggangensis + +by protuberant tubercles on the upper surface of finger tips absent (vs. present); from + +K. picta + +by the absence of dorsolateral stripes and stratified coloration on flanks (vs. present); by having enlarged, wide finger disks (vs. finger tips slightly dilated but not forming wide disks). The new species can be readily diagnosed from + +K. pulchra + +by the absence of dorsolateral stripes (vs. present) and by having axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent). + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +further differs from + +K. rigida + +by having enlarged, wide finger disks (vs. finger tips slightly dilated but not forming wide disks), by the absence of dorsolateral stripes and stratified coloration on flanks (vs. present), and by having axillary and inguinal light spots (vs. absent). The new species differs from + +K. rugifera + +by having enlarged, wide finger disks (vs. slightly dilated small finger disks) and by having axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent) and is further different from + +K. verrucosa + +by having very wide finger disks (vs. small finger disks) and by having axillary and inguinal spots (vs. absent). The new species differs from + +K. walteri + +by having very wide finger disks (vs. slightly dilated small finger disks), by the absence of stratified coloration on flanks (vs. presence), by having axillary and inguinal light spots (vs. absent), and by having a distinct outer metatarsal tubercle (vs. indistinct or absent). Except for + +K. pulchra + +, which can be found in central +Laos +in syntopy with the new species, + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +is geographically separated from most of its relatives. + + + + +Acoustic data. + + +The male advertisement call of + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +has not been recorded, and the bioacoustic data on this species is absent. + + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific epithet “ +laosensis +” is an adjective in the nominative case, given in reference to the new species’ distribution in central +Laos +. The name also mirrors the specific epithet of + +K. indochinensis + +, with which the new species was previously confused. We recommend “ +Laotian Painted Frog +” as the common English name, “ +Laosskiy bychiy uzkorot +” as the common name in Russian, “ +Ễnh ương Lào +” as the common name in Vietnamese, and “ ອ ື ່ ງຢາງລາວ ” (“ +Ung Yang Lao +”) as the common name in Lao languages. + + + + +Conservation status. + + +At present, the new species is known only from two localities in +Khammouane Province +of +Laos +(Fig. +5 +). The main threats to this species in +Laos +are habitat loss and degradation due to intensified logging and deforestation, namely Nakai-Nam Theun NP and Hin Nam No NP. We propose that the IUCN’s Red List categories ( +IUCN 2019 +) classify + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +as Data Deficient (DD) due to the absence of comprehensive studies in the adjacent territories. + + + + +Comments. + + +We assume, based on the distribution of the new species, that several specimens from the type series of + +K. indochinensis + +in the original description by +Chan et al. (2013) +, collected in Khammouance Province of +Laos +and labeled as ‘ + +K. indochinensis + +Laos’ or ‘ +Laos +OTU’ throughout the text, actually represent + +Kaloula laosensis + +sp. nov. +These specimens include +six adult +males stored in the Field Museum of Natural History ( +FMNH +), Chicago, +USA +, under voucher numbers +FMNH +270360–65. The lack of genetic information on these specimens in the original description of + +K. indochinensis + +prevented +Chan et al. (2013) +from recognizing their taxonomic distinctiveness. + + + + \ No newline at end of file