diff --git a/data/2E/39/87/2E3987A07171FF8C3CA7D9ABFBA4E679.xml b/data/2E/39/87/2E3987A07171FF8C3CA7D9ABFBA4E679.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4442ff22fdc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2E/39/87/2E3987A07171FF8C3CA7D9ABFBA4E679.xml @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ + + + +Phenology of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from marine temperate ecosystems Abstract + + + +Author + +Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy + + + +Author + +Arossa, Silvia +King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia + + + +Author + +Pica, Daniela +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy + + + +Author + +Bastari, Azzurra +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy + + + +Author + +Torsani, Fabrizio +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy + + + +Author + +Cerrano, Carlo +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy & Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy & Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, viale Adriatico 1 / N, 61032 Fano, Pesaro Urbino, Italy + +text + + +Mediterranean Marine Science + + +2020 + +2021-01-08 + + +22 + + +1 + + +40 +50 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.24600 + +journal article +10.12681/mms.24600 +1108-393X +12551868 + + + + + + +Exaiptasia diaphana + + + + + + +Individuals of + +E. diaphana + +were mostly retrieved in sheltered substrates, with high water exchange and current exposure. The maximum depth that limits their distribution at Passetto was + +3 m +. + +Contrary to + +A. viridis + +, + +E. diaphana + +was usually observed on shady and vertical/ subvertical surfaces, where it tends to strongly attach and to colonize the micro asperities found on the substrate. + + + + + +Temporal variations in abundance + + + +Its variations + +Exaiptasia diaphana + +were always present during the study period, but its abundance fluctuated as shown in +Figure 2B +, reaching a maximum value in +September 2013 +(31.6% ± 18.1% SD) and a minimum value in +December 2013 +(5.0% ± 7.6% SD). +Table 1 +summarises main features of + +E. diaphana + +. Their abundance was positively correlated with temperature patterns (r = 0.59, N = 11, p <0.05), but not with wave heights and irradiance (Kruskal- +Wallis +, respectively with r = 0.35, N = 11 and r = 0.57, N = 11, p> 0.05). +A. diphana’s +abundance peaked during the quarter July-September (on average: 24.4% ± 17.8% SD), while the minimal value occurred between October and December (15.3% ± 20.4% SD). Statistical analysis showed significant variations in + +E. diaphana + +coverage among quarters (Kruskal- +Wallis +, H = 22.6, p <0.001). +Table 1 +summarises main features of + +E. diaphana + +. + + + +Reproductive biology + + + +Figure 3B summarizes data about +sex ratio +in the species + +E. diaphana + +. The first fertile individuals (females) were recorded in December 2013 (10%). The following months showed an increasing in the number of females (Fig. 4d-f), reaching a peak in April and May 2014 (35%), while males were observed only in June 2014 (54.5 %), with a sex ratio (F/M) 1:2. + + +Monthly variations in the number of female gonads +individual-1 +were shown in Figure 4D. The minimal value was recorded in December 2013 (29 gonads +individual-1 +± 4.2 SD) reaching a maximum in May 2014 (94.0 ± 12.4 SD), then, their abundance dropped in June (71 ± 21.2 SD). Considering the quarterly variations, the number of gonads peaked in April-June (76.8 ± 24.3 SD) and decreased in October-December (29.0 ± 2.1 SD). Variations in the number of gonads +individual-1 +in + +E. diaphana + +were negatively correlated to temperature (Pearson’s correlation, r = 0.71, df = 28, p <0.001). Differences among quarters were statistically significant (One Way ANOVA, p <0.01, followed by Tuckey HSD, p <0.05). + + +The number of oocytes +gonad-1 +was counted only from April to June 2014, as the increase of size of the oocytes allowed us to count them. In April the number was 44.3 ± 36.5 SD, in May it was 37.7 ± 6.0 SD and in June it was equal to 13.9 ± 8.5 SD. It showed a decreasing pattern in time. + +Sizes of female gametes are shown in Figure 4E and Supplementary Material S3. Their size ranged from 60 to 180 μm in January-March, with the 55% of the measured cells within the class 101-140 μm; while sizes varied between 60 and 220 μm in April-June (size class more frequent (46%): 101-140 μm). Finally, Male individuals were not found in the sampling site; however, we observed males in June 2013 in some specimens collected nearby for other purposes. + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2E/39/87/2E3987A07172FF8C3F12DAEBFE19E0D9.xml b/data/2E/39/87/2E3987A07172FF8C3F12DAEBFE19E0D9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a46d8bb9362 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2E/39/87/2E3987A07172FF8C3F12DAEBFE19E0D9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ + + + +Phenology of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from marine temperate ecosystems Abstract + + + +Author + +Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy + + + +Author + +Arossa, Silvia +King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia + + + +Author + +Pica, Daniela +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy + + + +Author + +Bastari, Azzurra +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy + + + +Author + +Torsani, Fabrizio +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy + + + +Author + +Cerrano, Carlo +Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy & Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy & Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, viale Adriatico 1 / N, 61032 Fano, Pesaro Urbino, Italy + +text + + +Mediterranean Marine Science + + +2020 + +2021-01-08 + + +22 + + +1 + + +40 +50 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.24600 + +journal article +10.12681/mms.24600 +1108-393X +12551868 + + + + + + +Anemonia viridis + + + + + + +The species + +A. viridis + +was observed in sheltered areas, likely characterized by a low water exchange. Its upper limit of distribution was ~ +1.5 m +depth. Individuals of this species were found on substrates with significant exposure to light, both on vertical and horizontal surfaces. They are usually weakly attached onto the substrate. +Table 1 +summarises main features of + +A. viridis + +. + + + + + +Temporal variations in abundance + + + + +Anemonia viridis + +specimens were observed all year round in the studied area, however its cover varied monthly as shown in +Figure 2A +. The anemone was particularly abundant from +July to September 2013 +with a peak in August (percentage cover: 45.7% ± 26.8% SD), then it decreased steadily from October to December, reaching a minimum value in December (13.8% ± 12.1% SD). The abundance resulted higher in the quarter July-September (average in the quarter: 35.1% ± 22.3% SD) and minimal in the quarter October-December (16.9% ± 15.4% SD). Abundance of + +A. viridis + +was not correlated to temperature, waves height and irradiance values (Kruskal-Wallis, respectively r = 0.29, r = 0.38, r = 0.14, N = 11, p> 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant variation among all the considered quarters (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 5.38, p> 0.05). + + + +Fig. 2: +Temporal variations in abundance of + +Anemonia viridis + +(A) and + +Exaiptasia diaphana + +(B) expressed as cover percentage in relation to monthly fluctuations of surface water temperature (°C), irradiance (W/m +2 +) and wave heights (m). + + + + +Table 1. +Summary of the characteristics of + +Anemonia viridis + +and +Exaiptasia diaphana +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +Anemonia viridis + + + +Exaiptasia diaphana + +
ColourColumn brownish-green; tentacles opaque often with purple tipsColumn brownish-green; tentacles transparent
Number of tentacles40-160 (118.1 ± 15.7 SE)20-50 (35.2 ± 3.6)
Location of achroragiOn margin, under tentaclesAbsent
Presence of acontiaeNoYes
Number of mesenteries56-220 (105.8 ± 5.0 SE)12-64 (27.4 ±1.7)
+ + + +Reproductive biology + + + +Monthly variations in +sex ratio +are shown in +Figure 3A +. Female individuals occurred all year round except for July. The maximum number of females was reached in +February 2014 +(87.5%); then, females decreased in the period from +March 2014 +and the minimum value was observed in +June 2014 +(21.7%). Males were observed from +January 2014 +to +June 2014 +with a maximum value in +May 2014 +(42.1%). +July 2013 +was the only month in which all the specimens collected were infertile. The +sex ratio +(F/M) varied from 14: +1 in +February 2014 +to 1: +1 in +June 2014 +. Males were more abundant than females only in +May 2014 +(42.1% male and 26.3% female). The average F/M ratio was 6:1. Hermaphrodites were never found. + + +In +Figure 4A +average monthly variations in the number of female gonads per individual is shown. Female gonads were visible starting from +August 2013 +(85.8 gonads +individual-1 +± 40.4 SD); the number of gonads was higher from October to April, reaching a maximum during +April 2014 +(322.0 gonads +individual-1 +± 85 SD). From May, their abundance decreased and dropped in +June 2014 +(99.8 gonads +individual-1 +± 45.5 SD). Number of gonads +individual-1 +were inversely correlated to temperature (Pearson’s correlation, r = 0.70, df = 9, p <0.05). Considering the quarterly variations of gonads number +individual-1 +, the highest values were observed from October to June, with a maximum in winter (265.3 ± 68.6 SD; when the mean temperature was equal to Tav=11.3 ± 0.02°C) and lower in July-September (154.9 ± 80.2 SD; Tav=21.7 ± 0.07°C). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the number of gonads during different quarters in females (One-way ANOVA, F = 3.92, p <0.05). Values observed in the period from July to September were significantly different from those of periods January-March and April-June (One-way ANOVA, F = 3.92, p <0.05, followed by Tukey HSD, p <0.05), but not from October-December (Tukey HSD, p <0.05). October-December values showed no significant difference with January-March and April-June and the same occurred between values occurred in January-March and April-June (Tukey HSD, p> 0.05). + + +Oocytes ( +Fig. 4B +) were observed from +August 2013 +to +June 2014 +; however, it was not possible to count cells from August to October due to their small size (and in November no samples were collected due to unfavorable weather conditions, as already mentioned). The number of female sex cells increased from +December 2013 +to +May 2014 +reaching a peak in April (44.0 oocytes per gonad ± 6.9 SD), followed by a sharp decrease in June (20 ± 7.9 SD). Variations in the number of oocytes per gonad in + +A. viridis + +were inversely correlated to temperature (Spearman’s correlation, r = 0.59, N = 11, p <0.05). The investigation of variations in the oocyte number per gonad in the considered quarters highlighted that the higher reproductive effort occurred from April to June (in average 31.6 oocytes per gonad ± 13.1 SD). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between sample medians in all considered quarters (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 4.26, p> 0.05), but Mann-Whitney pairwise test showed a significant difference only between quarters April-June and October-December (p <0.05). + + + +Fig. 3: +Sex ratio of + +Anemonia viridis + +(A) and + +Exaiptasia diaphana + +(B) throughout the period July 2013-July 2014 with relative percentages of male, female and infertile individuals. + + + + +Fig. 4: +Reproductive biology of + +Anemonia viridis + +(A-C) and + +Exaiptasia diaphana + +(D-F). The histograms show variations in number of female (A, D) and male (C, F) gonads and number of oocytes per gonad (B, E) in each species throughout the period July 2013- July 2014. + + + +Concerning the size of oocytes ( +Fig. 4B +, Supplementary Material S3), it was observed that gametocytes are smaller from July to September (size range: 20-100 μm; size class more frequent (60%): 20-61 μm), while they reach the maximal sizes in April-June (size range: 61- 460 μm; size class more frequent (23%): 381-420 μm) with the highest value in +May 2014 +(421-460 μm). + + +The number of male gonads +individual-1 +is shown in +Fig. 4C +. No gonads were observed from +July 2013 +to +December 2013 +. Male gonads were detectable from +January 2014 +; then, their number started increasing, peaking in +April 2014 +(235.4 gonads per ind. ± 1.9 SD) and dropping in +June 2014 +(94.8 ± 40.3 SD). Monthly Variations in the number of gonads per male was not correlated to temperature (Pearson’s correlation, r = 0.55, df = 10, p> 0.05). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between sample medians in quarters January-March and April-June (188.4 ± 181.9 SD and 181.9 ± 75.9 SD, respectively; One Way ANOVA, F = 0.027, p> 0.05). It was not possible to count the number of sperm cysts for each gonad due to their small size. However, we measured the diameter of the gonads containing sperms (spermatocysts). Biggest spermatocysts ( +Fig. 4C +, Supplementary Material S3) were observed in the quarter April-June (size range: 61-460 μm; size class more frequent (30%): 261-300 μm); on the contrary, in the period January-March gametocysts ranged from 20 to 180 μm (class more frequent (54%): 20-60 μm). + + + + \ No newline at end of file