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<mods:title>A synoptic review of the aloes (Asphodelaceae, Alooideae) of KwaZulu-Natal, an ecologically diverse province in eastern South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="246DAFD932E41E5EB9D4CD9C8824D357">A synoptic review of the aloes (Asphodelaceae, Alooideae) of KwaZulu-Natal, an ecologically diverse province in eastern South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Klopper, Ronell R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Crouch, Neil R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Gideon F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>van Wyk, Abraham E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B37DBE77B789F0A8EB54E97C6A39C32">van Wyk, Abraham E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>142</mods:number>
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<mods:date id="6A44D0F0BF6230A2178D3758AEBCB9C2">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7FBCBC2F7B037C98AE5D8BAF90FCF247">142</mods:number>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="162486998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD6FD78B0EE95E4D9839EE89FA3AC92C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD6FD78B0EE95E4D9839EE89FA3AC92C" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||||
<treatment id="FD6FD78B0EE95E4D9839EE89FA3AC92C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162486998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD6FD78B0EE95E4D9839EE89FA3AC92C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD6FD78B0EE95E4D9839EE89FA3AC92C" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Asphodelaceae">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="B774F543055F960E2322296F1FBBA858" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="6568AFECF8E36CF7D61AB41B21532E66" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
E
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="FD6FD78B-0EE9-5E4D-9839-EE89FA3AC92C" authority="Reynolds" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1937" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe gerstneri" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerstneri">Aloe gerstneri Reynolds</taxonomicName>
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||||
<taxonomicName id="549D35587EA06B6913113C7332E0FB97" ID-CoL="C3N8" LSID="FD6FD78B-0EE9-5E4D-9839-EE89FA3AC92C" authority="Reynolds" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1937" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe gerstneri" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerstneri">Aloe gerstneri Reynolds</taxonomicName>
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||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
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||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gerstner’s">Gerstner's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1EC20269AC634D021C83D83A59459B3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
|
||||
<paragraph id="89DF6E594E8A02E3AB6F8AA9B357B76A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B38A0E4EE5B42A68C866D7C5E4C4607F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||||
<normalizedToken id="2DC941ED19CA2FBCF62DE3B5DCE969CF" originalValue="Gerstner’s">Gerstner's</normalizedToken>
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aloe (English); bergaalwyn (Afrikaans); isihlabane (Zulu).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6E541D95651CC07C136959A84F00FCAF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="684F3D27CD6FCA2AD357ECDD28D80AF5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="A4DD1EE879F64B2BF14D19F5A4D4D3F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Acaulescent plants or
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stem</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="A3C41D07D935B67DAE7F4290296E9250" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stem</emphasis>
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short; rosettes solitary, erect, 0.4-0.7 m high.
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||||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="82CC322A44FD751CBB71B14E8C1CD800" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
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densely rosulate, arcuate-erect, dull grey-green, without spots, texture smooth, lanceolate-ensiform, 40-60 cm long, 6-12 cm wide at base, lower surface sometimes with few spines in median line near apex (can be copiously spiny on both surfaces in young plants); margin not distinctly coloured, with isolated, pungent, deltoid, pale brown teeth from white sub-tuberculate base, 4 mm long, 10-15 mm apart; exudate honey-coloured.
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||||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Inflorescence</emphasis>
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||||
<emphasis id="D014C152F9335121A1DDDC83BD31F709" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Inflorescence</emphasis>
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||||
1.0-1.3 m high, erect, simple in young plants, 1- to 3-branched from below middle in mature plants.
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||||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Racemes</emphasis>
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||||
<emphasis id="68603401680F84CBB82B3351BC497F18" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Racemes</emphasis>
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cylindrical, slightly acuminate, up to 36 cm long, 6-7 cm wide, very dense; buds and flowers pendent.
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||||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Floral bracts</emphasis>
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||||
<emphasis id="7C70337EBB3AA83CFFF1C14F7969CFBC" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Floral bracts</emphasis>
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||||
18 mm long, 5 mm wide.
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||||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pedicels</emphasis>
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||||
<emphasis id="6192D7B3EAAF8A2C7754FC66EB9A08E5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pedicels</emphasis>
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5 mm long.
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||||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E1D086DE95E7D78AC04DFCBF4A0D4588" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">perianth</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="3CCA6315B842371C5ECCCBC210C01581" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">perianth</emphasis>
|
||||
reddish-orange in bud, flowers yellowish-orange, 24-30 mm long,
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="5409625F907B0E1F751F969EC8CB11FE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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||||
7 mm across ovary, narrowing slightly towards mouth, cylindrical-ventricose, slightly clavate, mouth slightly upturned; outer segments free for 15-17 mm;
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stamens</emphasis>
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||||
<emphasis id="BFBD643F02F9EA1C2645AC4F95DE8EC6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stamens</emphasis>
|
||||
exserted to 13 mm;
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">style</emphasis>
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||||
<emphasis id="4A2E62A191BBBE070EC8B730B9A66BA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">style</emphasis>
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exserted to 14 mm.
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="flowering time">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering time.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">February-March.</paragraph>
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||||
<subSubSection id="8A3553847F8787B416C6034D8D9B64CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="flowering time">
|
||||
<paragraph id="6ED470275CD9E252F32AD54853557503" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering time.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5EFE14FF4107BB071C26CF41F85A77EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">February-March.</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="habitat">
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||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rocky slopes in grassland in areas with cold winters and reasonably high rainfall, on granite or quartzite formations.</paragraph>
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||||
<subSubSection id="55862FACAAEC505C9EA2270A5E3B0E69" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="habitat">
|
||||
<paragraph id="43ECC27577CD78F8F263BD5510E4289A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Habitat.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="9C60456A7F834843375C0585994ECD09" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rocky slopes in grassland in areas with cold winters and reasonably high rainfall, on granite or quartzite formations.</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnostic characters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1937" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe gerstneri" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerstneri">
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||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe gerstneri</emphasis>
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||||
<subSubSection id="E963D689753492E666BB2B246F089330" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="E7DD3B768435684536A0C73CA749CF5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnostic characters.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="AE9BB0AEC0E7516CA999C506E4799CF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6CFE3B6F43E46B8535E297FC87AB3098" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1937" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe gerstneri" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerstneri">
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||||
<emphasis id="0C85633FED9E090D854BCAA6B569CB44" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe gerstneri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from other virtually acaulescent, non-maculate aloes in KwaZulu-Natal (
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||||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aristaloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aristaloe aristata" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aristaloe aristata</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9C17C25C1CDC708554653CB114485CBC" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aristaloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aristaloe aristata" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8447C63EB72B63635F79E278B6A764FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aristaloe aristata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
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<taxonomicName authority="var. chabaudii" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe chabaudii subsp. var. var. chabaudii" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="chabaudii" subSpecies="var." variety="chabaudii">Aloe chabaudii var. chabaudii</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0B115E8FDC1FAC75BBA9AD5ED8B4A39F" authority="var. chabaudii" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe chabaudii subsp. var. var. chabaudii" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="chabaudii" subSpecies="var." variety="chabaudii">Aloe chabaudii var. chabaudii</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1880" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe pratensis" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe pratensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="18D42EBD9770B77276B4B30A89942AA7" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1880" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe pratensis" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F45ED5FC77F6475D378CCA21340565DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe pratensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe reitzii subsp. var. var. vernalis" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="reitzii" subSpecies="var." variety="vernalis">Aloe reitzii var. vernalis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8CE4B2DBB99B5F21B953FE26B7C09DB8" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe reitzii subsp. var. var. vernalis" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="reitzii" subSpecies="var." variety="vernalis">Aloe reitzii var. vernalis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe suprafoliata" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suprafoliata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe suprafoliata</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8B158BF34BF30523C63E26CE799A02B6" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe suprafoliata" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suprafoliata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0CDE8D69225A10A959DA43AE0D889FA1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe suprafoliata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pillans" authorityYear="1934" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe vanbalenii" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vanbalenii">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe vanbalenii</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="20CC54ECADF1CC7FC4A4AAEF74527DC1" authorityName="Pillans" authorityYear="1934" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe vanbalenii" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vanbalenii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CE6185998B7E85FD23565A535FC3C716" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe vanbalenii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) by the very dense racemes (up to 36
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="57CA1417DEBFDFD949724B6573ACFEB3" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
6-7 cm) with short erect pedicels (5 mm). Flowers are yellowish-orange, 24-30 mm long, tubular and straight, pointing downwards and almost pressed against the stalk, with conspicuously exserted stamens and style. Leaves can be copiously spiny on both surfaces in young plants, but mature leaves (40-60
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="19B2AD1D11B9DC17F3788A6900DC5229" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
6-12 cm) are without surface prickles (sometimes with spines on median line of lower surface), arcuate erect, dull grey-green and with pungent marginal teeth on a distinctive white base.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="conservation status">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="32DB74BC720BE164145596C3F9FA79C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="conservation status">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7BA4A90FD719E180E2FF93EA78C15AEE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="AE2DDD929B9CCCFEDEF1EF3EA1566B2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
Endangered. Threats include habitat degradation owing to erosion caused by overgrazing and subsistence farming (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Raimondo, D" journalOrPublisher="South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B37" refString="Raimondo, D, Von Staden, L, Foden, W, Victor, JE, Helme, NA, Turner, RC, Kamundi, DA, Manyama, PA, 2009. Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria." title="Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria." year="2009">Raimondo et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EF87D14DA6C81CD275C1132A3BF4E0DE" author="Raimondo, D" journalOrPublisher="South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B37" refString="Raimondo, D, Von Staden, L, Foden, W, Victor, JE, Helme, NA, Turner, RC, Kamundi, DA, Manyama, PA, 2009. Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria." title="Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria." year="2009">Raimondo et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, L. von Staden pers. comm.).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C5E43AB2776790F5826569142942E67B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D3D33927B112973A0438E2D9B19C564F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="E9FFA946D678C3A711699B06A58E0FBF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
Restricted to a small area in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Aloe gerstneri. Photo: E. van Wyk." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.142.48365.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388241" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="EFDFDF2BFA0EBE2FCB86AABF1BFB5EA9" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Aloe gerstneri. Photo: E. van Wyk." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.142.48365.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388241" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.142.48365.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388241" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1937" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe gerstneri" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerstneri">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe gerstneri</emphasis>
|
||||
<caption id="FC0E4894221B9DDB10855907F9A36313" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.142.48365.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/388241" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
|
||||
<paragraph id="F22D9B6B46B2DD028EF379A4F694B4A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3E4BB041532253E99E87315C30471C98" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3285E8C9C29A16812668D6951FC56F33" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1937" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Aloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aloe gerstneri" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerstneri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DFC602A0638AB5644EA65B38AA8C30E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aloe gerstneri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Photo: E. van Wyk.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,145 +1,145 @@
|
|||
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="170296347" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FDB5C5B4B6435A5D94827D1C9F4EFA2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FDB5C5B4B6435A5D94827D1C9F4EFA2A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="FDB5C5B4-B643-5A5D-9482-7D1C9F4EFA2A" authority="Tang, 1990" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus jilinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jilinensis">Enicospilus jilinensis Tang, 1990</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Enicospilus jilinensis Tang, 1990 ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473787" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 21</figureCitation>
|
||||
<treatment id="FDB5C5B4B6435A5D94827D1C9F4EFA2A" ID-GBIF-Taxon="170296347" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FDB5C5B4B6435A5D94827D1C9F4EFA2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FDB5C5B4B6435A5D94827D1C9F4EFA2A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Insecta" scope_family="Ichneumonidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Ophioninae" scope_superFamily="Ichneumonoidea">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C2F73793A8519614598340AC4167776C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="3E91BC7E67036C7A99E5007E5455D1EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F6EE5C099C879465EDC9C45D0690EB74" ID-CoL="6FCFK" LSID="FDB5C5B4-B643-5A5D-9482-7D1C9F4EFA2A" authority="Tang, 1990" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus jilinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jilinensis">Enicospilus jilinensis Tang, 1990</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="2B616CCC3D9AC4FAC8455725DB367195" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Enicospilus jilinensis Tang, 1990 ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473787" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 21</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus jilinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jilinensis">Enicospilus jilinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="58B6EB9099C269555C9FC2F25547A4D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="703216593B8DBCCD8C52E3361AB585B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D4A8AF3F0E19F74F83E577F3C2A12E78" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus jilinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jilinensis">Enicospilus jilinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Tang, 1990: 72; HT ♀ from Jilin, China, FAFU, not examined.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Total of 3 specimens (2♀♀1♂): Japan (2♀♀1♂).</paragraph>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="A4EE6062177FCD3E04B295AA1B8B190E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="FE0AFDCEC8887249326B8CCE8524DB3F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="E6DAC3A95974727D3981A682E8A9209A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Total of 3 specimens (2♀♀1♂): Japan (2♀♀1♂).</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="3CADE0D97A48C810591E235AE1E38995" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="51944B0C1E13A87A80FAA5AA01E71612" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BB5B80E6E079090912781C520E3E6A46" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
Eastern Palaearctic region (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Tang, YQ" journalOrPublisher="Chongqing Publishing House, Chongqing" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B168" refString="Tang, YQ, 1990. A monograph of Chinese Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae). Chongqing Publishing House, Chongqing" title="A monograph of Chinese Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)." year="1990">Tang 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="91136E1CC01674C06F19F3EBD26D1485" author="Tang, YQ" journalOrPublisher="Chongqing Publishing House, Chongqing" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B168" refString="Tang, YQ, 1990. A monograph of Chinese Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae). Chongqing Publishing House, Chongqing" title="A monograph of Chinese Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)." year="1990">Tang 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="www.taxapad.com" refId="B199" refString="Yu, DSK, van Achterberg, C, Horstmann, K, 2016. Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015 Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ontario, Canada. www.taxapad.com" title="Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015 Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ontario, Canada." url="www.taxapad.com" year="2016">Yu et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E386E901DC044BD95B2FBC077DC3DF79" author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="www.taxapad.com" refId="B199" refString="Yu, DSK, van Achterberg, C, Horstmann, K, 2016. Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015 Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ontario, Canada. www.taxapad.com" title="Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015 Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ontario, Canada." url="www.taxapad.com" year="2016">Yu et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Newly recorded from Japan.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BC0FEF4A941C7D6F6EF4C0580CAA7859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Newly recorded from Japan.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="14B7FE0604DE8C2B2B7F6FEB2A053531" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
JAPAN: [
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kantô-Kôshin">Kanto-Koshin</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="322C653717511D2ADE79AD65687DBF63" originalValue="Kantô-Kôshin">Kanto-Koshin</normalizedToken>
|
||||
]
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tôkyô">Tokyo</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="E90C897B190B68685E8CB816B7C5F6E3" originalValue="Tôkyô">Tokyo</normalizedToken>
|
||||
and Chiba. This species is collected only from a big city in Japan.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="bionomics">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bionomics.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Unknown.</paragraph>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0B829F1459083709CC2ECED24A359352" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="bionomics">
|
||||
<paragraph id="0A538C8CD4386F7A987B98E57EE71A72" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bionomics.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BBE298E9CB415E844D652E73A7C2AD1C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Unknown.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6D8BE0F1F7FD1AA630D2DE123180F370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="ED0EAA9DB7BC589C8497A0E08A2F7959" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="087EBA87CCADD14B5A0FE8E7CE874DB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
All Japanese specimens had been misidentified as
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. yonezawanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="yonezawanus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. yonezawanus</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F9CAAED3A8657D9B345ABB00D62FF70" lsidName="E. yonezawanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="yonezawanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="95EDD7942BD94F6F3A72B379F99E6C2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. yonezawanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, because they lack the central sclerite of fore wing fenestra and have a strongly pigmented triangular proximal sclerite, as in Figs
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Enicospilus jilinensis Tang, 1990 ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473787" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="853A38D233C3A403FF0DA5C6B5ABF1F0" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Enicospilus jilinensis Tang, 1990 ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473787" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21F</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Enicospilus yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473820" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="83152B0A4BB3129F6FDC467F1DC11CCE" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Enicospilus yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473820" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54F</figureCitation>
|
||||
. However,
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. jilinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="jilinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. jilinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1ACE515D3355A18D1992CF8DA2CC8695" lsidName="E. jilinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="jilinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F51C32C46AFB56F494020C2BF0114822" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. jilinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be distinguished from
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. yonezawanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="yonezawanus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. yonezawanus</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A8A766F807C20512F966D3242248B434" lsidName="E. yonezawanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="yonezawanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="584D0D352E3FC9777AB1DAB262E33599" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. yonezawanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by many characters, such as the smooth outer mandibular surface, smaller fore wing fenestra, entirely punctate mesopleuron, and larger value of ICI.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="018CB5DE066BE86586E13F3990AEAB96" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||||
<paragraph id="055715041D18C316D2A11C87E963DA99" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B217518B18F99311D15E3E037C28A7FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
Some morphological features (e.g., flattened clypeus, moderately long and slender mandible, and absence of central sclerite of fore wing fenestra) suggest a relation to
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. shinkanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="shinkanus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. shinkanus</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C759DE9323E00F2714E5A22B97091A20" lsidName="E. shinkanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="shinkanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E4452EC2C753E5A39B5B199857CE0929" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. shinkanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which should be tested when fresh specimens are available.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473787" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 21.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus jilinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jilinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus jilinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<caption id="62CFCF6D073D8651521814CE318E32EC" doi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473787" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
|
||||
<paragraph id="30335A7F4961A05B2F9CD624154498B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="50C7D1B86994FCE621A9C6C28274F320" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 21.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B5957D5181A72C9EF5183A2832F59455" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus jilinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jilinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0FCC1926AB239DB6CCB8638FE24BC908" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus jilinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Tang, 1990 ♀ from Japan
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="CEFF57AD436116D2218119272F15EA32" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||||
habitus
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="83C0CE5AC0A9CAA67DE1EA4EF793B0DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||||
head, frontal view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="FAC3C76A967B0515E325BD4CA0669022" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||||
head, dorsal view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="A4DC40B64E2938C65BDADBCEB6BD188F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||||
head, lateral view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="F98E067FE87F90B0C3A55654E3DC8D43" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||||
mesosoma, lateral view
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="FCB25850622BD3A5DADD08BE834B93AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||||
central part of fore wing.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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