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<mods:title id="4899DA92ED7ED78646CAC8A80AB99D2B">Redescription and new records of Phoroncidia septemaculeata O. Pickard Cambridge 1873 from India (Araneae: Theridiidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="7CD569C9FFDDC428FF27F873EEA2F857" box="[151,994,1936,1963]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDDC428FF27F873EEA2F857" blockId="0.[151,1098,1829,2023]" box="[151,994,1936,1963]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">
<heading id="6F388D2EFFDDC428FF27F873EEA2F857" bold="true" box="[151,994,1936,1963]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" reason="1">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDDC428FF27F873EEA2F857" bold="true" box="[151,994,1936,1963]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDDC428FF27F873EE20F857" ID-CoL="6VCW3" authority="O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,864,1936,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDDC428FF27F873ECAEF856" bold="true" box="[151,494,1936,1963]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">Phoroncidia septemaculeata</emphasis>
O.
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDDC428FDABF873EE20F857" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O." box="[539,864,1936,1962]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" pagination="112 - 129" refId="ref3142" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1873) On some new genera and species of Araneida. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 41 (1), 112 - 129, pls. XII-XIV." type="journal article" year="1873">Pickard-Cambridge, 1873</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFDDC428FCDFF873EE99F857" box="[879,985,1936,1962]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="1.[151,244,1863,1885]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,244,1939,1961]" captionStartId-2="3.[151,244,1972,1994]" captionStartId-3="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionStartId-4="5.[151,244,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1433,733,1842]" captionTargetBox-1="[250,1342,169,1909]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,1435,665,1949]" captionTargetBox-3="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetBox-4="[157,1395,1171,1858]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[151,1435,733,1843]" captionTargetId-1="figure@2.[245,1343,167,1918]" captionTargetId-2="figure@3.[151,1435,661,1950]" captionTargetId-3="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetId-4="figure@5.[151,1400,1165,1860]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionTargetPageId-3="4" captionTargetPageId-4="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male, frontal view. B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, posterior view. D, Immature female from Christ college campus, Kerala, showing different colouration. Photos, Karunnappilli S. Nafin." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Female, dorsal view.B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, frontal view. D, Same, ventral view. E, Same, eye region. F, Male, Patella IV, showing lyriform organ. G, Same, dorsal view. H, Same, lateral view. I, Same, ventral view. J, Same, frontal view. K, Same, posterior view. Scale bars: A‒E, 1 mm; F, 0.1 mm; G‒K, 1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Male left palp, retrolateral.B, Same, ventral view.C, Same, prolateral view; D, Epigynum, ventral view. E, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A‒E, 0.2 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Map showing distributional records of Phoroncidia septemaculeata. ●—new record,?— question mark indicates that the type locality in Sri Lanka is unknown and locality in Malaysia is unknown." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527195" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527197" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527199" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527205" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3527195/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3527197/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3527199/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3527205/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">Figs 1‒5</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7CD569C9FFDDC428FF27F853E90AF81A" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDDC428FF27F853EECCF834" blockId="0.[151,1098,1829,2023]" box="[151,908,1968,1993]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="14DF1D6CFFDDC428FF27F853EECCF834" box="[151,908,1968,1993]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDDC428FF27F853EE59F834" ID-CoL="6VCW3" authority="O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873: 124" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityPageNumber="124" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,793,1968,1993]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDDC428FF27F853ECF9F835" box="[151,441,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">Phoroncidia septemaculeata</emphasis>
O.
<treatmentCitation id="B56E1C53FFDDC428FE6EF853EE59F834" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O." box="[478,793,1968,1993]" page="124" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" year="1873">
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDDC428FE6EF853EE59F834" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O." box="[478,793,1968,1993]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" pagination="112 - 129" refId="ref3142" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1873) On some new genera and species of Araneida. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 41 (1), 112 - 129, pls. XII-XIV." type="journal article" year="1873">Pickard-Cambridge, 1873: 124</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 14, f. 8
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<paragraph id="34703A42FFDDC428FF27F82CE90AF81A" blockId="0.[151,1098,1829,2023]" box="[151,1098,1998,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="14DF1D6CFFDDC428FF27F82CE90AF81A" box="[151,1098,1998,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDDC428FF27F82CEF1EF81A" ID-CoL="4GRW8" authority="Levi &amp; Levi, 1962: 57" authorityName="Levi &amp; Levi" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,606,1998,2023]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDDC428FF27F82CEC32F81A" box="[151,370,1999,2023]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="188">Phoroncidia aculeata</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="B56E1C53FFDDC428FEC9F82DEF1EF81A" author="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R." box="[377,606,1998,2023]" page="57" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDDC428FEC9F82DEF1EF81A" author="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R." box="[377,606,1998,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="188" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref3050" refString="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R. (1962) The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127, 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="1962">Levi &amp; Levi, 1962: 57</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs 235‒237 (Misidentification, not examined)
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7CD569C9FFDCC429FF27FF7AECECFF28" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDCC429FF27FF7AECECFF28" blockId="1.[151,1437,153,717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FF27FF7AEC7FFF4C" bold="true" box="[151,319,153,177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Type material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="84A7301FFFDCC429FEF6FF7AECE8FF28" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790464" collectionCode="OUMNH" collectorName="G. H. K. Thwaites" country="Sri Lanka" location="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
<typeStatus id="EB7484E0FFDCC429FEF6FF7AECE8FF4C" box="[326,424,153,177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
female, male and immature female from
<collectingCountry id="4CD87AD2FFDCC429FCD3FF7AEE8EFF4C" box="[867,974,153,177]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FC69FF7AE9DCFF4C" box="[985,1180,153,177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">G. H. K. Thwaites</collectorName>
leg., 1871, deposited in
<collectionCode id="52DEA287FFDCC429FF27FF5EEDBCFF28" box="[151,252,189,213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">OUMNH</collectionCode>
(not examined)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7CD569C9FFDCC429FF77FF02E9E4FD30" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDCC429FF77FF02E9FEFE2C" blockId="1.[151,1437,153,717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FF77FF02EC76FF04" bold="true" box="[199,310,225,249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDCC429FE8DFF02EF50FF04" author="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R." box="[317,528,225,249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref3050" refString="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R. (1962) The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127, 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="1962">Levi &amp; Levi (1962)</bibRefCitation>
in their revision of the family
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDCC429FCE9FF02EE97FF04" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[857,983,225,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiidae</taxonomicName>
, studied and illustrated the
<typeStatus id="EB7484E0FFDCC429FB4DFF01E86BFF07" box="[1277,1323,226,250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus,
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDCC429FEBBFEE5EF78FEE0" authority="Westwood 1835" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1835" box="[267,568,261,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FEBBFEE5ECC2FEE0" box="[267,386,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">P. aculeata</emphasis>
Westwood 1835
</taxonomicName>
, using non-type specimens deposited at MNHN, Paris. However, it was depicted as lacking long spines on the abdomen in contrast to the original description of
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FC53FEC9E920FEBC" box="[995,1120,297,321]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDCC429FC53FEC9E91CFEBC" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1835" box="[995,1116,297,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aculeata">P. aculeata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
These specimens which were collected from Malaya (now
<collectingCountry id="4CD87AD2FFDCC429FE60FEAEEF73FE98" box="[464,563,333,357]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
) were mistakenly determined as
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDCC429FC26FEADE94DFE98" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1835" box="[918,1037,333,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FC26FEADE94DFE98" box="[918,1037,333,357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">P. aculeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Berland at MNHN, Paris (
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDCC429FAE0FEAEED91FE74" author="Kariko, S. J." pageId="1" pageNumber="189" pagination="195 - 213" refId="ref2928" refString="Kariko, S. J. (2014) The Glitterati: four new species of Phoroncidia (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Madagascar, with the first description of the male of P. aurata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877. Arachnology, 16 (6), 195 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.13156 / arac. 2014.16.6.195" type="journal article" year="2014">Kariko 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, the illustrations of the body, male and female genitalia of the Malayan specimens looks strikingly similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDCC429FE90FE75ECA0FE50" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[288,480,405,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FE90FE75ECA0FE50" box="[288,480,405,429]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">P. septemaculeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDCC429FE5DFE76EFF1FE50" author="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R." box="[493,689,405,429]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref3050" refString="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R. (1962) The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127, 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="1962">Levi &amp; Levi 1962</bibRefCitation>
: figs 235‒237). So, this can be considered as evidence of its conspecificity with
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FEBCFE59EC93FE2C" box="[268,467,441,465]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDCC429FEBCFE59EC8FFE2C" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[268,463,441,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">P. septemaculeata</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
thereby extending the known range of the species to South-East Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDCC429FF77FE3EE9E4FD30" blockId="1.[151,1437,153,717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FF77FE3EEF66FE08" bold="true" box="[199,550,477,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Additional material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="84A7301FFFDCC429FD9CFE3EEC18FDE4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790462" collectingDate="2015-10-17" collectorName="Ernakulam &amp; Aluva &amp; Manalpuram" country="India" elevation="2" latitude="10.122583" location="Kerala" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.351974" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FD9CFE3EEFA2FE08" bold="true" box="[556,738,477,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<collectingCountry id="4CD87AD2FFDCC429FD9CFE3EEF3FFE08" box="[556,639,477,501]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">INDIA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="F60BF4A0FFDCC429FD3BFE3EEF9EFE08" box="[651,734,477,501]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Kerala</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FD59FE3EEE21FE08" box="[745,865,477,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Ernakulam</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FCDAFE3EEEEEFE08" box="[874,942,477,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Aluva</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FC09FE3EE901FE08" box="[953,1089,477,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Manalpuram</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FBE0FE3EE9A7FE08" box="[1104,1255,477,501]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="21.3" value="10.122583">10º07'21.3&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FB5EFE3EE8C4FE08" box="[1262,1412,477,501]" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="07.1" value="76.351974">76º21'07.1&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="F33797A7FFDCC429FA3FFE3EEDECFDE4" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="2.0">
<elevation id="BFE2DD71FFDCC429FA3FFE3EEDECFDE4" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
</quantity>
alt),
<date id="40711C82FFDCC429FF55FDE2EC18FDE4" box="[229,344,513,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2015-10-17">
<collectingDate id="5035E56AFFDCC429FF55FDE2EC18FDE4" box="[229,344,513,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2015-10-17">17.X.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="84A7301FFFDCC429FED4FDE1EE0BFDC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790460" collectingDate="2015-07-09" collectionCode="CATE" collectorName="K. S. Nafin &amp; Wayanad" country="India" elevation="868" latitude="11.702722" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.34434" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" specimenCode="CATE10301" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FED4FDE1EC9FFDE4" box="[356,479,513,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">K. S. Nafin</collectorName>
leg., night collection,
<specimenCount id="22C9F1CBFFDCC429FD60FDE2EFB9FDE4" box="[720,761,513,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="64699239FFDCC429FCB8FDE2EED3FDE4" box="[776,915,513,537]" collectionCode="CATE" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">CATE10301</specimenCode>
D),
<specimenCount id="22C9F1CBFFDCC429FC09FDE2EEA2FDE4" box="[953,994,513,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="64699239FFDCC429FC40FDE2E93CFDE4" box="[1008,1148,513,537]" collectionCode="CATE" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">CATE10301</specimenCode>
A);
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FB12FDE2E847FDE4" box="[1186,1287,513,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Wayanad</collectorName>
, WWS, Bath- ery range (
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FEBDFDC6ECE5FDC0" box="[269,421,549,573]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="09.8" value="11.702722">11º42'09.8&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FE1EFDC6EF06FDC0" box="[430,582,549,573]" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="39.6" value="76.34434">76º20'39.6&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="F33797A7FFDCC429FDE2FDC6EFD8FDC0" box="[594,664,549,573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.68" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="868.0">
<elevation id="BFE2DD71FFDCC429FDE2FDC6EFD8FDC0" box="[594,664,549,573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.68" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="868.0">868 m</elevation>
</quantity>
alt),
<date id="40711C82FFDCC429FD63FDC6EE0BFDC0" box="[723,843,549,573]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2015-07-09">
<collectingDate id="5035E56AFFDCC429FD63FDC6EE0BFDC0" box="[723,843,549,573]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2015-07-09">9.VII.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="84A7301FFFDCC429FCE7FDC5E818FD9C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790463" collectingDate="2017-04-07" collectionCode="IV" collectorName="P. P. Sudhin &amp; K. S. Nafin &amp; Thrissur &amp; Kodungallur &amp; Sankukulangara Kavu" country="India" elevation="9" latitude="10.277638" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.16656" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" specimenCode="CATE10301" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Kerala">
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FCE7FDC5EE9AFDC0" box="[855,986,549,573]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">P. P. Sudhin</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FC4FFDC5E93DFDC0" box="[1023,1149,549,573]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">K. S. Nafin</collectorName>
leg., beating method,
<specimenCount id="22C9F1CBFFDCC429FAC2FDC6E8DCFDC0" box="[1394,1436,549,573]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="male">4 ♂</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="64699239FFDCC429FF2FFDAAEC6AFD9C" box="[159,298,585,609]" collectionCode="CATE" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">CATE10301</specimenCode>
F);
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FEFCFDAAECE7FD9C" box="[332,423,585,609]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Thrissur</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FE03FDAAEF7CFD9C" box="[435,572,585,609]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Kodungallur</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FDF7FDAAEE75FD9C" box="[583,821,585,609]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Sankukulangara Kavu</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FCF5FDAAEE9DFD9C" box="[837,989,585,609]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="39.5" value="10.277638">10º16'39.5&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FC55FDAAE93CFD9C" box="[997,1148,585,609]" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="59.6" value="76.16656">76º09'59.6&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="F33797A7FFDCC429FB38FDAAE9F3FD9C" box="[1160,1203,585,609]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="9.0">
<elevation id="BFE2DD71FFDCC429FB38FDAAE9F3FD9C" box="[1160,1203,585,609]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</elevation>
</quantity>
alt),
<date id="40711C82FFDCC429FB5DFDAAE818FD9C" box="[1261,1368,585,609]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2017-04-07">
<collectingDate id="5035E56AFFDCC429FB5DFDAAE818FD9C" box="[1261,1368,585,609]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2017-04-07">
7.
<collectionCode id="52DEA287FFDCC429FB4DFDAAE85BFD9C" box="[1277,1307,585,609]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">IV</collectionCode>
.2017
</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="84A7301FFFDCC429FAD4FDA9EC04FD54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790459" collectingDate="2018-09-13" collectionCode="CATE" collectorName="N. V. Sumesh &amp; Thrissur &amp; Irinjalakuda &amp; Christ" country="India" elevation="15" latitude="10.3550005" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.2133" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" specimenCode="CATE10301" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FAD4FDA9EDABFD78" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">N. V. Sumesh</collectorName>
leg.,
<specimenCount id="22C9F1CBFFDCC429FE96FD8EEC10FD78" box="[294,336,621,645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="22C9F1CBFFDCC429FEEAFD8EECC2FD78" box="[346,386,621,645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="64699239FFDCC429FE20FD8EEF5CFD78" box="[400,540,621,645]" collectionCode="CATE" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">CATE10301</specimenCode>
C);
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FD8EFD8EEFD9FD78" box="[574,665,621,645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Thrissur</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FD13FD8EEE67FD78" box="[675,807,621,645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Irinjalakuda</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FC81FD8EEE32FD78" box="[817,882,621,645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Christ</collectorName>
college campus (
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FB9BFD8EE981FD78" box="[1067,1217,621,645]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="18.0" value="10.3550005">10º21'18.0&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FB77FD8EE81CFD78" box="[1223,1372,621,645]" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="47.9" value="76.2133">76º12'47.9&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="F33797A7FFDCC429FAD7FD8EE8DDFD78" box="[1383,1437,621,645]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="15.0">
<elevation id="BFE2DD71FFDCC429FAD7FD8EE8DDFD78" box="[1383,1437,621,645]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</elevation>
</quantity>
alt),
<date id="40711C82FFDCC429FF78FD72EC04FD54" box="[200,324,657,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2018-09-13">
<collectingDate id="5035E56AFFDCC429FF78FD72EC04FD54" box="[200,324,657,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2018-09-13">13.IX.2018</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="84A7301FFFDCC429FEFFFD71EE54FD54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790457" box="[335,788,657,681]" collectionCode="CATE" collectorName="K. S. Nafin" country="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" specimenCode="CATE10301" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FEFFFD71EC89FD54" box="[335,457,657,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">K. S. Nafin</collectorName>
leg.,
<specimenCount id="22C9F1CBFFDCC429FDB5FD72EF6FFD54" box="[517,559,657,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="22C9F1CBFFDCC429FD8AFD72EF23FD54" box="[570,611,657,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="64699239FFDCC429FDC1FD72EFBCFD54" box="[625,764,657,681]" collectionCode="CATE" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">CATE10301</specimenCode>
E)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="84A7301FFFDCC429FCAEFD72EF89FD30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790461" collectingDate="2016-02-28" collectionCode="II" collectorName="Kancheepuram &amp; Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary" country="India" elevation="122" latitude="12.544445" location="Tamil Nadu" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="79.85397" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FCAEFD72EEEEFD54" bold="true" box="[798,942,657,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<collectingRegion id="F60BF4A0FFDCC429FCAEFD72EEE9FD54" box="[798,937,657,681]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FC05FD72E919FD54" box="[949,1113,657,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Kancheepuram</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FBD3FD72E8DDFD54" box="[1123,1437,657,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FF2FFD56EC76FD30" box="[159,310,693,717]" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="40.0" value="12.544445">12º32'40.0&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="51FB5C85FFDCC429FE8DFD56EC92FD30" box="[317,466,693,717]" degrees="79" direction="east" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" precision="1" seconds="14.3" value="79.85397">79º51'14.3&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="F33797A7FFDCC429FE6DFD56EF61FD30" box="[477,545,693,717]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="122.0">
<elevation id="BFE2DD71FFDCC429FE6DFD56EF61FD30" box="[477,545,693,717]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" unit="m" value="122.0">122 m</elevation>
</quantity>
alt),
<date id="40711C82FFDCC429FDE8FD56EF89FD30" box="[600,713,693,717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2016-02-28">
<collectingDate id="5035E56AFFDCC429FDE8FD56EF89FD30" box="[600,713,693,717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" value="2016-02-28">
28.
<collectionCode id="52DEA287FFDCC429FDC7FD56EFCAFD30" box="[631,650,693,717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">II</collectionCode>
.2016
</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="84A7301FFFDCC429FD64FD56E9DFFD30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790458" box="[724,1183,693,717]" collectionCode="CATE" collectorName="Pooja Anilkumar" country="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" specimenCode="CATE10301" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">
<collectorName id="993A5F94FFDCC429FD64FD56EECAFD30" box="[724,906,693,717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Pooja Anilkumar</collectorName>
leg.,
<specimenCount id="22C9F1CBFFDCC429FC75FD56EEADFD30" box="[965,1005,693,717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="64699239FFDCC429FC4BFD56E9C7FD30" box="[1019,1159,693,717]" collectionCode="CATE" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">CATE10301</specimenCode>
B)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="60B06ACAFFDCC429FF27F8A4E843F87C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527195" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527195/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" startId="1.[151,244,1863,1885]" targetBox="[151,1433,733,1842]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDCC429FF27F8A4E843F87C" blockId="1.[151,1436,1863,1921]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FF27F8A4EC4EF8A1" bold="true" box="[151,270,1863,1885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Photographs of
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FE1FF8A4EF8AF8A1" box="[431,714,1863,1884]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDCC429FE1FF8A4EF86F8A1" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[431,710,1863,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">Phoroncidia septemaculeata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, Male, frontal view. B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, posterior view. D, Immature female from Christ college campus, Kerala, showing different colouration. Photos, Karunnappilli S. Nafin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="7CD569C9FFDCC42BFF77F852EEB9FE53" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDCC42BFF77F852EEB9FE53" blockId="1.[151,1437,1969,2029]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,154,646]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FF77F852EC7CF834" bold="true" box="[199,316,1969,1993]" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDCC429FEF4F851EF46F834" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[324,518,1969,1993]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDCC429FEF4F851EF46F834" box="[324,518,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="189">P. septemaculeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be readily distinguished from its congeners by the subtriangular shape of abdomen in lateral aspect, which is slightly humped anteriorly, anterior abdomen adorned with seven short and stout spines originating from protuberances, and shield-shaped posterior. (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFDEC42BFC9DFF79EE2DFF4F" box="[813,877,154,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,733,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,733,1843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male, frontal view. B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, posterior view. D, Immature female from Christ college campus, Kerala, showing different colouration. Photos, Karunnappilli S. Nafin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527195/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Figs 1</figureCitation>
A‒C, 2B, H, K). The genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDEC42BFB6BFF78E8DCFF4F" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[1243,1436,154,178]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFB6BFF78E8DCFF4F" box="[1243,1436,154,178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">P. septemaculeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closest to
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDEC42BFEA9FF5CECE4FF28" baseAuthorityName="Emerton" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[281,420,190,214]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFEA9FF5CECE4FF28" box="[281,420,190,214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">P. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features: male palp with conductor on the prolateral side ventral to TTA (positioned retrolaterally, dorsal to embolic base in
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDEC42BFB95FF00E9F1FF04" baseAuthorityName="Emerton" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1061,1201,226,250]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFB95FF00E9F1FF04" box="[1061,1201,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">P. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), embolic base lobed, almost heart-shaped, with a deep v-shaped excavation on prolateral side (irregularly shaped with a shallow excavation distally in
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDEC42BFEB6FEC8ECD2FEBC" baseAuthorityName="Emerton" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[262,402,298,322]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFEB6FEC8ECD2FEBC" box="[262,402,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">P. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); vulva of female genitalia with copulatory duct forming a loop over the posterior half of sperma- thecae (forms a loop almost over the entire spermathecae in
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDEC42BFCAEFEACEEEAFE98" baseAuthorityName="Emerton" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[798,938,334,358]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFCAEFEACEEEAFE98" box="[798,938,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">P. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), posterior spermathecae and fertilisation duct slightly bent laterally (bent 180 degrees medially in
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDEC42BFD78FE90EE15FE74" baseAuthorityName="Emerton" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[712,853,370,394]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFD78FE90EE15FE74" box="[712,853,370,394]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">P. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)(compare
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFDEC42BFC7AFE91E94AFE77" box="[970,1034,370,394]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,244,1972,1994]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,665,1949]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,661,1950]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Male left palp, retrolateral.B, Same, ventral view.C, Same, prolateral view; D, Epigynum, ventral view. E, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A‒E, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527199" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527199/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A‒C, E, 4A‒C, F with
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDEC42BFAB5FE91E836FE77" author="Levi, H. W." box="[1285,1398,370,394]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" pagination="333 - 342" refId="ref2993" refString="Levi, H. W. (1955) The spider genera Oronota and Stemmops in North America, Central America and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 48, 333 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 48.5.333" type="journal article" year="1955">Levi 1955</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 1, figs 1, 2, 4‒6, 9,
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDEC42BFED6FE75EF69FE53" author="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R." box="[358,553,406,430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref3050" refString="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R. (1962) The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127, 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="1962">Levi &amp; Levi 1962</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 245 and
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDEC42BFD09FE75EEE7FE53" author="Agnarsson, I. &amp; Coddington, J. A. &amp; Knoflach, B." box="[697,935,406,430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" pagination="334 - 395" refId="ref2872" refString="Agnarsson, I., Coddington, J. A. &amp; Knoflach, B. (2007) Morphology and evolution of cobweb spider male genitalia (Araneae, Theridiidae). Journal of Arachnology, 35, 334 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / SH- 06 - 36.1" type="journal article" year="2007">
Agnarsson
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFC82FE74EE28FE53" box="[818,872,406,430]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
: fig 49)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="60B06ACAFFDFC42AFF27F870E976F80D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527197" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527197" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527197/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="190" startId="2.[151,244,1939,1961]" targetBox="[250,1342,169,1909]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDFC42AFF27F870E976F80D" blockId="2.[151,1437,1939,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="190">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDFC42AFF27F870EC4CF855" bold="true" box="[151,268,1939,1961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="190">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDFC42AFEA0F870EF6AF855" box="[272,554,1939,1960]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDFC42AFEA0F870EF65F855" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[272,549,1939,1960]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">Phoroncidia septemaculeata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, Female, dorsal view. B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, frontal view. D, Same, ventral view. E, Same, eye region. F, Male, Patella IV, showing lyriform organ. G, Same, dorsal view. H, Same, lateral view. I, Same, ventral view. J, Same, frontal view. K, Same, posterior view. Scale bars: A‒E, 1 mm; F, 0.1 mm; G‒K, 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="7CD569C9FFDEC42EFF77FE59EC18FEBF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" type="description">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDEC42BFF77FE59E90EFD7B" blockId="3.[151,1437,154,646]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFF77FE59ECEDFE2C" bold="true" box="[199,429,441,466]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
Redescription.
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFEC5FE5AECEDFE2C" bold="true" box="[373,429,441,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Male</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(CATE10301C) (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFDEC42BFDDFFE59EFF0FE2F" box="[623,688,442,466]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,733,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,733,1843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male, frontal view. B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, posterior view. D, Immature female from Christ college campus, Kerala, showing different colouration. Photos, Karunnappilli S. Nafin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527195/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Figs 1</figureCitation>
A‒C, 2G‒K, 3A‒C, 4A‒D): Measurements: Body length 2.27, cara- pace length 1.20, width 0.93, height at PME 0.76, sternum length 0.52, width 0.45, clypeus height 0.28, abdomen length 1.86, width 1.49, height 2.78. Eye diameters: AME 0.08, ALE 0.05, PLE 0.04, PME 0.07. Eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.03, PLE-PME 0.06, AME-PME 0.08, PME-PME 0.03. Leg formula: I, IV, II, III. Measurement of palp and legs: Palp 1.13 [0.44, 0.12, 0.17, 0.40], leg I 3.51 [1.29, 0.38, 0.86, 0.47, 0.51], leg II 2.03 [0.70, 0.25, 0.44, 0.27, 0.37], leg III 1.77 [0.60, 0.22, 0.38, 0.22, 0.35], leg IV 2.96 [1.00, 0.38, 0.75, 0.36, 0.47].
</paragraph>
<caption id="60B06ACAFFDEC42BFF27F857EFA9F810" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527199" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527199" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527199/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" startId="3.[151,244,1972,1994]" targetBox="[169,1435,665,1949]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDEC42BFF27F857EFA9F810" blockId="3.[151,1437,1972,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFF27F857EC4BF834" bold="true" box="[151,267,1972,1994]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDEC42BFEBFF857EF68F834" box="[271,552,1972,1993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDEC42BFEBFF857EF64F834" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[271,548,1972,1993]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">Phoroncidia septemaculeata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, Male left palp, retrolateral. B, Same, ventral view. C, Same, prolateral view; D, Epigynum, ventral view. E, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A‒E, 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="60B06ACAFFD9C42CFF27F88DEC82F80D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" startId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" targetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFD9C42CFF27F88DEC82F80D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1902,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFD9C42CFF27F88DEC4CF87E" bold="true" box="[151,268,1902,1924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFD9C42CFEA0F88DEF69F87E" box="[272,553,1902,1923]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFD9C42CFEA0F88DEF65F87E" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[272,549,1902,1923]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">Phoroncidia septemaculeata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A, Male left palp, ventral view. B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="34703A42FFD8C42DFF77FF79EE49FD9F" blockId="5.[151,1437,154,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">
Carapace orange-brown, ocular area profoundly produced than female, covered with short spines, longitudinal rows of spines behind PME; AME largest, separated by half their diameter. MOQ almost square, ALE and PLE subequal and touching each other, PME slightly smaller than AME, with tapetum, located on top of the turret; thoracic area devoid of spines; chelicerae small, anterior inner margin with a row of long dark setae, with two closely situated promarginal teeth apically; labium and maxillae pale yellow-brown; sternum yellow-orange, shield-shaped with impressed dots, with sparsely situated long setae (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFE61FEADEF5EFE9B" box="[465,542,334,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[250,1342,169,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[245,1343,167,1918]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Female, dorsal view.B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, frontal view. D, Same, ventral view. E, Same, eye region. F, Male, Patella IV, showing lyriform organ. G, Same, dorsal view. H, Same, lateral view. I, Same, ventral view. J, Same, frontal view. K, Same, posterior view. Scale bars: A‒E, 1 mm; F, 0.1 mm; G‒K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527197" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527197/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">
Fig.
<date id="40711C82FFD8C42DFDB4FEADEF5EFE9B" box="[516,542,334,358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">2I</date>
</figureCitation>
). Abdomen yellow to pale yellow, subtriangular laterally, projecting over the base of carapace, covered with circular impressed dots with a single setae (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFC38FE91EE9EFE77" box="[904,990,370,394]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[250,1342,169,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[245,1343,167,1918]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Female, dorsal view.B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, frontal view. D, Same, ventral view. E, Same, eye region. F, Male, Patella IV, showing lyriform organ. G, Same, dorsal view. H, Same, lateral view. I, Same, ventral view. J, Same, frontal view. K, Same, posterior view. Scale bars: A‒E, 1 mm; F, 0.1 mm; G‒K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527197" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527197/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
); anteriorly adorned with seven short and stout spines originating from protuberances of abdomen, anteriorly with nine circular orange-brown spots and seven each on lateral and posterior, all symmetrically arranged, few dark patches also present on the anterior face (2G‒H, J); ventral abdomen pale yellow, epigastric pale orange-brown, sclerotised. Legs yellow, Leg I longest, with a row of four long, prominent spines on dorsal tibia, tibia II with a row of small spines on prolateral and retrolateral, patella I‒III with one dorsal spine, distal tibia I‒III with short spines (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFD25FDC5EFAAFDC3" box="[661,746,550,574]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[250,1342,169,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[245,1343,167,1918]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Female, dorsal view.B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, frontal view. D, Same, ventral view. E, Same, eye region. F, Male, Patella IV, showing lyriform organ. G, Same, dorsal view. H, Same, lateral view. I, Same, ventral view. J, Same, frontal view. K, Same, posterior view. Scale bars: A‒E, 1 mm; F, 0.1 mm; G‒K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527197" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527197/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
); basal half of tibia I‒IV with two rows of trichobothria dorsally, lyriform organ present on retrolateral patella I‒IV (Fig. F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34703A42FFD8C42DFF77FD8DE821FCC7" blockId="5.[151,1437,154,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">
Palp. (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFEBEFD8DEC12FD7B" box="[270,338,622,646]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,244,1972,1994]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,665,1949]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,661,1950]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Male left palp, retrolateral.B, Same, ventral view.C, Same, prolateral view; D, Epigynum, ventral view. E, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A‒E, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527199" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527199/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A‒C, 4 A‒D). Palp yellow, tibia bell-shaped, distal rim with a regular row of long setae; cymbium stout, covered in setae, tapering distally, cymbial hook tapering, hook tip blunt (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFC4EFD71E915FD57" box="[1022,1109,658,682]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
); embolus long, originating at 2‒3 o’clock, tip of embolus at 12 o’clock; embolic base lobed, almost heart-shaped, with a deep v-shaped excavation on the prolateral (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFE83FD39ECEBFD0F" box="[307,427,730,754]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Figs 4A, C</figureCitation>
); conductor long and wide, positioned ventrally above TTA, with tip of embolus resting on the conductor (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFEBFFD1DEC12FCEB" box="[271,338,766,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Figs 4</figureCitation>
A‒D); TTA surface smooth, tip bent ventrally; MA without hood (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFBB6FD1DE919FCEB" box="[1030,1113,766,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
); when palp is expanded, large tegular tooth articulates with v-shaped excavation of embolic base, thereby locking the embolus in place (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFB4FFCC1E816FCC7" box="[1279,1366,802,826]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34703A42FFD8C42DFF77FCA6E949FBEF" blockId="5.[151,1437,154,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFD8C42DFF77FCA6EC8AFCA0" bold="true" box="[199,458,837,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">
Redescription.
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFD8C42DFEC7FCA6EC8AFCA0" bold="true" box="[375,458,837,861]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Female</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(CATE10301C) (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFD20FCA5EF97FCA3" box="[656,727,838,862]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[250,1342,169,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[245,1343,167,1918]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Female, dorsal view.B, Same, lateral view. C, Same, frontal view. D, Same, ventral view. E, Same, eye region. F, Male, Patella IV, showing lyriform organ. G, Same, dorsal view. H, Same, lateral view. I, Same, ventral view. J, Same, frontal view. K, Same, posterior view. Scale bars: A‒E, 1 mm; F, 0.1 mm; G‒K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527197" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527197/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Figs 2</figureCitation>
A‒E, 3D‒E, 4E‒F): Measurements: Body length 3.36, carapace length 1.41, width 1.21, height at PME 0.93, sternum length 0.71, width 0.61, clypeus height 0.28, abdomen length 1.95, width 2.06, height 3.82. Eye diameters: AME 0.08, ALE 0.06, PLE 0.07, PME 0.07. Eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.05, PLE-PME 0.05, AME-PME 0.12, PME-PME 0.04. Leg formula: IV, I, II, III. Measurement of palp and legs: Palp 0.81 [0.27, 0.11, 0.14, 0.29], leg I 3.83 [1.41, 0.44, 0.91, 0.49, 0.58], leg II 2.41 [0.83, 0.39, 0.52, 0.30, 0.37], leg III 2.27 [0.73, 0.28, 0.53, 0.28, 0.45], leg IV 4.12 [1.50, 0.47, 1.06, 0.48, 0.61].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34703A42FFD8C42DFF77FBFDEEAEFB83" blockId="5.[151,1437,154,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">In all details like male, except as follows: Body larger than males, carapace with ocular projection less prominent than males, turret with only a single row of short spines behind PMEs; leg IV longest, tibia I devoid of row of spines. Abdomen pale yellow, with irregular black patches on anterior and lateral faces.</paragraph>
<caption id="60B06ACAFFD8C42DFF27F8BAEE2AF86E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527205" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527205" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527205/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193" startId="5.[151,244,1881,1903]" targetBox="[157,1395,1171,1858]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFD8C42DFF27F8BAEE2AF86E" blockId="5.[151,1436,1880,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFD8C42DFF27F8BAEC4DF893" bold="true" box="[151,269,1881,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Map showing distributional records of
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFD8C42DFD38F8BAEE8BF892" box="[648,971,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFD8C42DFD38F8BAEEDEF893" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[648,926,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">Phoroncidia septemaculeata</taxonomicName>
. ●—
</emphasis>
new record,?— question mark indicates that the type locality in Sri Lanka is unknown and locality in Malaysia is unknown.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="34703A42FFD8C42EFF77F85DEFB8FF07" blockId="5.[151,1436,1982,2042]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,154,394]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">
Epigynum (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFD8C42DFEF5F85DECC7F82B" box="[325,391,1982,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,244,1972,1994]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,665,1949]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,661,1950]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Male left palp, retrolateral.B, Same, ventral view.C, Same, prolateral view; D, Epigynum, ventral view. E, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A‒E, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527199" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527199/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="193">Figs 3</figureCitation>
D‒E, 4 E‒F). Epigynum orange-brown, highly sclerotised, with a pair of bean-shaped sclerotised spots on the lateral sides, copulatory opening situated on arch-like protrusion beneath posterior margin of epigynal plate (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFDBC42EFF2FFF79EDB3FF4F" box="[159,243,154,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
); spermathecae separated from each other, pear-shaped, tapering posteriorly, with apical end slightly bent later- ally; fertilisation duct bent laterally (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFDBC42EFDAFFF5DEF35FF2B" box="[543,629,190,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,244,1972,1994]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,665,1949]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,661,1950]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phoroncidia septemaculeata.A, Male left palp, retrolateral.B, Same, ventral view.C, Same, prolateral view; D, Epigynum, ventral view. E, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A‒E, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527199" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527199/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Figs 3E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFDBC42EFD30FF5DEFE0FF2B" box="[640,672,190,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">4F</figureCitation>
); copulatory duct long, forms a loop around the posterior spermathecae before entering it posteriorly on the dorsal side (
<figureCitation id="ACF426C7FFDBC42EFD2AFF01EFABFF07" box="[666,747,226,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[154,1416,238,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,222,1830]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phoroncidia septemaculeata. A, Male left palp, ventral view.B, Same, prolateral view. C, Same loosened, ventral view. D, Same, expanded, ventral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C—conductor, CD—copulatory duct, Chk—cymbial hook, CO—copulatory opening, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, Tt—tegular tooth, TTA—theridioid tegular apophysis. Scale bars, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527203/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDBC42EFF77FEE5EC18FEBF" blockId="6.[151,1437,154,394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDBC42EFF77FEE5EC3DFEE0" bold="true" box="[199,381,261,286]" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Natural history.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F3CF41C1FFDBC42EFE34FEE5EF04FEE3" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1873" box="[388,580,262,286]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Phoroncidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemaculeata">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDBC42EFE34FEE5EF04FEE3" box="[388,580,262,286]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">P. septemaculeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spins single almost horizontal thread, and hangs around the centre of the strand during night time.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7CD569C9FFDBC42EFF77FEAEEC67FE77" pageId="6" pageNumber="194" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="34703A42FFDBC42EFF77FEAEEC67FE77" blockId="6.[151,1437,154,394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">
<emphasis id="06BBE650FFDBC42EFF77FEAEEC1AFE98" bold="true" box="[199,346,333,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="4CD87AD2FFDBC42EFEEFFEADECD6FE9B" box="[351,406,334,358]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="F60BF4A0FFDBC42EFE13FEADECACFE9B" box="[419,492,334,358]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Kerala</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="F60BF4A0FFDBC42EFDBCFEADEFC9FE9B" box="[524,649,334,358]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
[new record]),
<collectingCountry id="4CD87AD2FFDBC42EFC9DFEADEECFFE9B" box="[813,911,334,358]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDBC42EFC2CFEADE91FFE9B" author="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R." box="[924,1119,334,358]" pageId="6" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref3050" refString="Levi, H. W. &amp; Levi, L. R. (1962) The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127, 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="1962">Levi &amp; Levi 1962</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="4CD87AD2FFDBC42EFBC0FEADE998FE9B" box="[1136,1240,334,358]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="6" pageNumber="194">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
(O.
<bibRefCitation id="505E47B3FFDBC42EFAB7FEADEC5BFE77" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O." pageId="6" pageNumber="194" pagination="112 - 129" refId="ref3142" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1873) On some new genera and species of Araneida. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 41 (1), 112 - 129, pls. XII-XIV." type="journal article" year="1873">Pickard-Cambridge 1873</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

129
data/BC/66/AD/BC66AD162695687819C2BE2FE7966D95.xml Normal file
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<treatment id="BC66AD162695687819C2BE2FE7966D95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11335562" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231540044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11335562" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC66AD162695687819C2BE2FE7966D95" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC66AD162695687819C2BE2FE7966D95" lastPageNumber="1491" pageNumber="1491" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13001786">
<subSubSection id="9A52EF1A62EFA3233BC1FBFC33A93B1B" pageNumber="1491" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="21DB48059A798DD5E436D39E2C3AA6FB" pageNumber="1491">
<taxonomicName id="466083B7CE5B6EC350F082206CD5F829" ID-CoL="4RM7J" authority="Musser and Heaney 1985" authorityName="Musser and Heaney" authorityYear="1985" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tawitawiensis">
<emphasis id="698FEF999E930F19537A65B883E64FE3" italics="true" pageNumber="1491">Rattus tawitawiensis</emphasis>
Musser and Heaney 1985
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EAF67CD8A0C8F9D346E7BD0C3EF24ADB" pageNumber="1491" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="EFCCAC69C98C5BFA23A35052DFC9E329" pageNumber="1491">
<treatmentCitation id="96753095EE0F54BABF122371E221A850" author="Musser and Heaney" authority="Musser and Heaney 1985" authorityName="Musser and Heaney" authorityYear="1985" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" journal="Am. Mus. Novit." kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" page="5" pageNumber="1491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tawitawiensis" title="Rattus tawitawiensis" volume="2818" year="1985">
<taxonomicName id="30C6081B9FFD7DDFA8255FD852579AA3" ID-CoL="4RM7J" authority="Musser and Heaney 1985" authorityName="Musser and Heaney" authorityYear="1985" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tawitawiensis">
<emphasis id="55F64DF2B529F3FAD71B2464CDB10C29" italics="true" pageNumber="1491">Rattus tawitawiensis</emphasis>
Musser and Heaney 1985
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="73E6B3018770AABC9CF0D7F869990E38" author="Musser and Heaney" journal="Am. Mus. Novit." pageNumber="1491" pagination="5" title="Rattus tawitawiensis" volume="2818" year="1985">
Am.
<taxonomicName id="0981B8C9590245A686A3C28301CF3E07" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mus</taxonomicName>
. Novit., 2818: 5
</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C510919C8B082657CE50BDE5C7E6A309" pageNumber="1491" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="71A7B3170584994D345A0257FED76388" pageNumber="1491">
<emphasis id="7EC4C051E57E9BD5CCC94DF787DEE15C" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1491">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0A8FEBEF7490B03B9D34A5A0F701348" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867324652" country="Philippines" pageNumber="1491" stateProvince="Sulu">
<collectingCountry id="1BD34A868A9833BC90E6A448B83AF55B" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="0AFE09DFF3E9510D1BF0307B295E5EA0" country="Philippines" name="Sulu">Sulu</collectingRegion>
Arch., Tawitawi Isl, Batu Batu.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0295D0961CC857C0B59B25F8F0563C0D" pageNumber="1491" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="CF48AAD056C6314D83680B026D13F928" pageNumber="1491">
<emphasis id="55661ED7187074482D10DBA4C810B810" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1491">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="9B71A91E0FDAAC74774A8D66F19849C3" language="eng" pageNumber="1491">Tawitawi Forest Rat</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D71A3101489F44B2DBE12CD7A0E6ADBF" pageNumber="1491" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="63F9899F501EB5F484E9E9AD53C476C7" pageNumber="1491">
<emphasis id="0603CE8CCCCCA31938798AFBDE7B5D07" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1491">Distribution:</emphasis>
Greater
<collectingRegion id="023111380B19A165565D6CE0F450D3F8" country="Philippines" name="Sulu">Sulu</collectingRegion>
Faunal
<collectingRegion id="DE7CF1DED38095C96F93FFA7DBC5A852" country="Iraq" name="">Region</collectingRegion>
. Known only from Tawitawi Isl in S part of
<collectingRegion id="E59B8CDA3C8DD916CDC7278399773DBC" country="Philippines" name="Sulu">Sulu</collectingRegion>
Arch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC4F2A96CCA8D4ECE0945237EC27AA71" pageNumber="1491" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="290171F8E8D076C95F34A32A0D8F2F73" pageNumber="1491">
<emphasis id="5B61FCAC3EB1C99AAAA4BDFDBB2B575A" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1491">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="A17480F35EC257FFBC10043F96A963B0">IUCN</collectionCode>
– Vulnerable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="197A58C42962C028C2A9780BFCFAC4FE" pageNumber="1491" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BED3BFFB981F9CF9EB1E2722413C9998" pageNumber="1491">
<emphasis id="A609B6D5D8F1B73ABCF7E25A494B28C7" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1491">Discussion:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="078E5323131D9DDCD17107792BAAE7DA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
<emphasis id="FB70DF13B0F801650AE7D2B7FA17663A" italics="true" pageNumber="1491">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group. Still recorded by only
<specimenCount id="CBE5BED7F03E7C2887D28E5D92A4DF1A" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
. Phylogenetic affinities unclear; in some traits resembles Sulawesian
<taxonomicName id="AB23321143FA37103EEFAA9A177568B8" baseAuthorityName="Trouessart" baseAuthorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
<emphasis id="46F4D24EA5E9C9AD4B118D2B4C09CA89" italics="true" pageNumber="1491">R. hoffmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and members of the
<emphasis id="C3E4CCED6EB17158337456BB8C43C610" italics="true" pageNumber="1491">
<taxonomicName id="038D05DA2329E6241206973471DC574C" baseAuthorityName="Ellerman" baseAuthorityYear="1949" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rattus</taxonomicName>
palmarum-burrus-simalurensis-lugens
</emphasis>
clusters on the Nicobar, Simalur, and Mentawai islands more closely than any described
<taxonomicName id="9AD33825CA7775E18B8C0E217B9FD4A2" baseAuthorityName="Ellerman" baseAuthorityYear="1949" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1D670CE39B52858B7B14C2DC9F9919FA" italics="true" pageNumber="1491">Rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Indo-Australian region (Musser and Heaney, 1985).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>