From d0d5fb54218cd874c570f3920c4172b57a72e91b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Tue, 18 Feb 2025 19:42:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-02-18 19:37:55 --- .../50/F9455029975AFFA45C8FF904FC77D39B.xml | 844 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 844 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/F9/45/50/F9455029975AFFA45C8FF904FC77D39B.xml diff --git a/data/F9/45/50/F9455029975AFFA45C8FF904FC77D39B.xml b/data/F9/45/50/F9455029975AFFA45C8FF904FC77D39B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3fb37ea0c50 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/F9/45/50/F9455029975AFFA45C8FF904FC77D39B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,844 @@ + + + +A new miniature Priocharax from the río Putumayo drainage, Amazonas State, Colombia (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) with an unusual skin flap between pelvic fins + + + +Author + +Mattox, George Mendes Taliaferro +0000-0003-4748-472X +Laboratório de Ictiologia de Sorocaba, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 18052 - 780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil. +gmattox@ufscar.br + + + +Author + +Acosta-Santos, Astrid +0000-0003-2927-9298 +Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Cientificas (SINCHI), Grupo de Ecosistemas Acuáticos, Avenida Vásquez Cobo entre Calles 15 y 16, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia. +aacosta@sinchi.org.co + + + +Author + +Bogotá- Gregory, Juan D. +0000-0001-9732-4703 +Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Cientificas (SINCHI), Grupo de Ecosistemas Acuáticos, Avenida Vásquez Cobo entre Calles 15 y 16, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia. +juandbogota@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Agudelo, Edwin +0000-0001-9318-2568 +Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Cientificas (SINCHI), Grupo de Ecosistemas Acuáticos, Avenida Vásquez Cobo entre Calles 15 y 16, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia. +eagudelo@sinchi.org.co + + + +Author + +Lima, Flávio C. T. +000-0002-7636-5431 +Museu de Diversidade Biológica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083 - 682, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. +fctlima@gmail.com + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2025 + +2025-01-28 + + +5575 + + +4 + + +545 +554 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.4.4 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5575.4.4 +1175-5326 +14762751 +E3FF94C7-BC3E-4FB8-92DE-D6F1187ECC8A + + + + + + + +Priocharax rex + +, +new species + + + + + + +( +Figs. 1–4 +) + + + + + + +Holotype +: + +CIACOL 7935 +( +19.8 mm +SL), +Colombia +, +Departamento Amazonas +, +Corregimiento San Rafael +, +forest stream (caño) tributary of río Caraparaná +, +río Putumayo drainage +, +1º41’3’’S +73°14’15’’W +; + +April 2022 + +, +A. Acosta-Santos +& +E. Agudelo. + + + + + +Paratypes +: + +All from +Colombia +, +Departamento Amazonas +. +CIACOL 5845 +(3, +16.1–17.1 mm +SL), +Corregimiento El Encanto +mouth of forest stream (caño) El Arador +, +río Putumayo drainage +, +1°44’44.5’’S +73°12’29.70’’W +; + +April 2022 + +, +A. Acosta-Santos +& +E. Agudelo + +; + +CIACOL 5896 +(1, +15.9 mm +SL), +Corregimiento El Encanto +, +forest stream (“caño”) Ziringa-Jizɨraye +, +río Putumayo drainage +, +1°44’38.8’’S +73°11’10.10’’W +; + +April 2022 + +, +A. Acosta-Santos +& +E. Agudelo + +; + +CIACOL 7936 +(6, +19.1–20.7 mm +SL, 2 c&s, +19.2–19.7 mm +SL) + +; + +CZUT-IC 27943 +(2, +18.3–19.7 mm +SL, 1 c&s, 19.0 mm SL) + +; + +ZUEC 18315 +(2, +17.8–19.9 mm +SL, 1 c&s, +19.9 mm +SL), collected with holotype + +. + + + +FIGURE 1. +CIACOL 7395, + +Priocharax rex + +, holotype, 19.8 mm SL, Colombia, Departamento Amazonas, Corregimiento San Rafael, forest stream (“caño”) tributary of río Caraparaná, río Putumayo drainage. + + + + +FIGURE 2 +. + +Priocharax rex +, CZUT-IC + +27943, 19.7 mm SL, ventral view showing the skin flap. Black arrows point to border of skin flap. + + + + +FIGURE 3. + +Priocharax rex, +ZUEC + +18315, female, 19.9 mm SL, c&s specimen. A. left lateral view of suspensorium; B. left lateral view of jaws; C. left lateral view of pectoral girdle; D. left lateral view of Weberian apparatus. Abbreviations: Ana, anguloarticular; Ant, antorbital; Cl, cleithrum; Cla, claustrum; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; Ect, ectopterygoid; End, endopterygoid; Hyo, hyomandibular; Int, intercalarium; Iop, interopercle; Met, metapterygoid, Mx, maxilla; NA3–4, neural arches 3–4; PecRdC, pectoral-fin radial cartilage; Pcl, postcleithrum; Pcl3, postcleithrum 3; Pmx, premaxilla; Pt, posttemporal; Op, opercle; OsS, os suspensorium; Pop, preopercle; Qua, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; Sc, scaphium; ScCoC, scapulocoracoid cartilage; Sn3, supraneural 3; Sop, subopercle; Suc, supracleithrum; Sym, symplectic; Tr, tripus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for B: 0.2 mm. + + + +Non-types: + +CIACOL 5880 (4, 17.0– +19.7 mm +SL), +Colombia +, Departamento Amazonas, El Encanto village, forest stream (“caño”) near airfield, +1º45’20’’S +73º11’29’’W +; +4 Dec 2022 +, A. Acosta-Santos & E. Agudelo. + + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Priocharax rex + +is distinguished from all congeners by the presence of a round flap of skin between contralateral pelvic-fins bases ( +vs +. absence). + +Priocharax rex + +is further distinguished from all congeners except + +P. nanus + +, + +P. pygmaeus + +, and + +P. varii + +by the absence of infraorbitals ( +vs. +presence of infraorbitals, Ios +1–3 in + +P. ariel + +and + +P. conwayi + +; presence of a single infraorbital, Io 2, in + +P. britzi + +and + +P. marupiara + +; presence of two infraorbitals, Ios 1+2, in + +P. marupiara + +, + +P. phasma + +and + +P. toledopizae + +). + +Priocharax rex + +can be distinguished from + +P. britzi + +, + +P. nanus + +, + +P. pygmaeus + +and + +P. varii + +by having fewer premaxillary teeth (14–19 +vs. +20–29), from + +P. conwayi + +, + +P. marupiara + +and + +P. phasma + +by more maxillary teeth (30–38 +vs. +13–29). The presence of two postcleithra distinguishes + +P. rex + +from + +P. ariel + +, + +P. phasma + +, and + +P. conwayi + +( +vs. +one), and from + +P. pygmaeus + +( +vs. +absence). + +Priocharax rex + +can be further distinguished from + +P. nanus + +and + +P. varii + +by having five branched pelvic-fin rays ( +vs. +six), and from + +P. varii + +by the absence of adipose fin ( +vs. +presence). + + + + +Description. +For overall appearance, see +Fig. 1 +. Morphometric data presented in +Table 1 +. Body laterally compressed and elongated, greatest depth at vertical through pelvic-fin in small specimens, at vertical through dorsal-fin origin in larger specimens. Dorsal-fin origin approximately at midbody, at vertical through vent and slightly anterior to anal-fin origin. Pectoral-fin bud at vertical through anterior portion of pseudotympanum. Pelvic-fin origin slightly posterior to vertical at midway between posterior margin of opercle and anal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body along dorsal-fin base nearly straight, gently sloping posteroventrally; slope less conspicuous from latter point to caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle straight to base of dorsal procurrent rays. Ventral profile of head and body slightly convex from symphysis of lower jaw to vertical through pectoral-fin origin; straight to slightly convex from latter point to anal-fin origin. Ventral profile of body slightly concave and posterodorsally rising along anal-fin base, slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to origin of ventral procurrent rays. Round skin flap between contralateral pelvic-fin bases ( +Fig. 2 +). Caudal peduncle short and relatively robust. Pseudotympanum large, located anterior to rib of fifth vertebra. + + + +FIGURE 4. + +Priocharax rex + +, c&s specimens. A. CZUT-IC 27943, male, 19.0 mm SL, lateral view of anal fin; B. ZUEC 18315, female, 19.9 mm SL, lateral view of anal fin; C. CZUT-IC 27943, same specimen as A, lateral view of pelvic girdle; D. CIACOL 7936, 18.4 mm SL, lateral view of pelvic girdle; E. CZUT-IC 27943, same specimen as A, ventral view of pelvic girdle; F. ZUEC 18315, same specimens as B, ventral view of pelvic girdle. Abbreviations: AnR, anal-fin ray; Bpt, basipterygium; DRd, anal-fin distal radial; PMRd, anal-fin proximal-middle radial; PvG, pelvic girdle; PvR, pelvic-fin ray; PvRd, pelvic-fin radials. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. + + + +Snout round in lateral view. Eye diameter about one-third of head length. Antorbital present (n=4) ( +Fig. 3A +). Infraorbitals 1 to 6 and supraorbital absent (n=4). Mouth terminal. Tip of maxilla elongate, posterior border reaching vertical through midway between middle and posterior border of eye, but closer to middle of eye in largest males. Premaxillary teeth in single series, premaxilla with 14 (1), 16(1), or 19(2) teeth. Maxilla with 30(3), or 38(1) teeth, in single series. Dentary with 26(1), 28(1), 35(1), or 39(1) teeth. Dentary teeth in single series, with few anterior teeth slightly displaced from series anteriorly. A conspicuous, elongate foramen at anterior portion of the dentary. All jaw teeth small, conical and curved lingually to a moderate extent ( +Fig. 3B +). + + +Dorsal-fin rays ii,9*(15). Endoskeletal part of pectoral fin and some thin exoskeletal bones of the pectoral girdle showing larval structure ( +Fig. 3C +). Cartilaginous pectoral-radial plate with incomplete longitudinal middle fissure leaving upper and lower halves connected at base and tip; base articulating with vertically elongated scapulocoracoid cartilage and round distal margin with larval-like pectoral-fin fold supported solely by actinotrichia. Pectoral-fin rays absent. All bones of endoskeletal pectoral girdle absent, exoskeletal part with posttemporal, supracleithrum, cleithrum and two postcleithra, with postcleithrum 3 slender and forming a sinuous arch. Cleithrum with posteriorly directed, curved process immediately below ventral tip of supracleithrum. Pelvic-fin rays i,5*(15). Posterior tip of pelvic fin on vertical through vent in females and extending further posterior slightly beyond anal-fin origin in males. Anal-fin rays ii,18(3), ii,19(2), ii,20(4), ii,21*(3), ii,22(2) or ii,23(1). Anal-fin margin concave with anterior lobe formed by elongated fin rays and posterior section of short rays. Principal caudal-fin rays i,8,8(1) or i.,9.8.i*(14), dorsal procurrent rays 8(2) or 9(2), ventral procurrent rays 6(1) or 7(3). Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin absent. Squamation present in almost all specimens, but scales highly deciduous and easily lost during handling. Scales cycloid, very thin, with no obvious circuli or radii. Scales in midlateral row 20(1), 21(2), 22*(2), 23(4), 25(2) or 27(1); no canal-bearing lateral-line scales. Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin 8(7) or 10*(3). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 10*(10). Predorsal scales typically absent but occasionally one or two scales present immediately anterior to dorsal fin. Caudal-fin squamation restricted to base of caudal-fin rays, no scales on caudal-fin lobes. + + +Total vertebrae 32(1) or 33(3), with 14(4) abdominal vertebrae and 18(1) or 19(3) caudal vertebrae. Total number of gill-rakers on first branchial arch 12(2) or 13(2), with 2(1), 3(2) or 4(1) gill-rakers on upper limb, and 9(3) or 11(1) gill-rakers on lower limb. Weberian apparatus well-developed, all components ossified including claustrum (n=4) ( +Fig. 3D +). Large gap between neural arches 3 and 4, with gap partially covered by dorsally projecting pointed process from vertebra 3. Inner arm of os suspensorium large, projecting forward to vertical through middle of second centrum. Supraneurals 5(4). + + +Colour in alcohol. +Overall body colour pale beige ( +Fig. 1 +). Melanophores scattered on dorsal surface of head in region of brain. Horizontal blotch composed by a few melanophores from tip of snout to anterior margin of orbital cavity in some specimens. A conspicuous group of melanophores around nostrils. Thin line of three to four melanophores along anterolateral margin of dentary, approximately on region of large dentary foramen. Horizontal line of 3–4 superficial melanophores along dorsal portion of lateral surface of opercle. Superficial melanophores on lateral surfaces of isthmus inside branchial chamber, and a single melanophore on ventral surface of body just posterior to isthmus. Thin line of melanophores along posteroventral margin of orbital cavity. Eye black around pupil. Overall coloration of eye black with faint silver of guanine. Line of superficial melanophores along pelvic-fin base. Deep inconspicuous blotches of melanophores on lateral surface of abdominal cavity. Irregular thin line of large melanophores along dorsal-fin base. A few specimens with irregular line of large melanophores along dorsal profile of body, scarcer on predorsal area. Lines of melanophores paired posterior to dorsal fin, with transversal lines of small melanophores connecting contralateral lines in some specimens. Thin line of small both deep and superficial melanophores along lateral surface of body, irregular anterior to dorsal fin origin, more regular from that point towards caudal peduncle. Thin line of scattered melanophores along entire anal-fin base, and another thicker curved line of melanophores along ventral margin of hypaxial myomeres starting at vertical through fourth to fifth anal-fin ray, approaching thin line of anal-fin base posteriorly. Both lines continuing posteriorly to caudal-fin anteriormost ventral procurrent rays. Two or three isolated melanophores along midlateral surface of caudal peduncle. Scattered melanophores forming irregular triangle on lateral surface of hypural plate. Fins mostly hyaline, with small dark patch on first rays of dorsal- and anal-fin bases, and on dorsal and ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins with scattered melanophores along rays. + + +Sexual dimorphism. +Hooks present on anal- and pelvic-fin rays of mature males as small as +15.9 mm +SL ( +Fig. 4 +). Hooks better developed on pelvic fin. Hooks on anal fin present in longest unbranched and subsequent branched rays up to third ray, one pair of hooks on posterior edge of six to nine distal segments of rays.Approximately six to ten small hooks on medial margin of the three lateralmost branched pelvic-fin rays in all mature males (n=4). All mature male specimens ( +15.9–18.3 mm +SL) with a horizontal slit along the dorsal portion of the pelvic-fin musculature. Overall size of pelvic girdle in mature males larger than that of females, pelvic bone restricted posteriorly to level of rib of sixth vertebra in females, but reaching further anteriorly (e.g., halfway between ribs of fifth and sixth vertebra, or rib of fifth vertebra) in mature males. Basipterygium of males better ossified, more robust, and closer to contralateral part than in females. General colour pattern more pronounced in males than in females. + + + + +Distribution +. + +Priocharax rex + +is only known from small tributaries in the middle río +Putumayo +system, Departamento Amazonas, +Colombia +, near the border with +Peru +( +Fig. 5 +). + + + +FIGURE 5. +Map of the middle río Putumayo basin at the border between Colombia and Peru, showing the type-locality of + +Priocharax rex + +. + + + +Ecological notes +. + +Priocharax rex + +is recorded from small, shallow (less than +1 meter +deep), slow-flowing +terrafirme +dark water streams, with channel width less than 15 meters at its widest point ( +Fig. 6 +). At the time of sampling the water temperature was 25.6°C, conductivity 34 µS/cm, pH 5.3, and dissolved oxygen +2.03 mg +/l. The substrate of the sampled section was composed mainly by silt and clay, with some leaf litter, and logs. All specimens were collected at the marginal vegetation. + + + + +Etymology +. The specific name + +rex + +refers to the Latin word for king, in allusion to the large size of this species when compared with congeners. A noun in apposition. + + + + +Discussion +. With the description of + +Priocharax rex + +, + +Priocharax + +now has ten valid species. + +Priocharax rex + +is so far only known from a few localities in the middle portion of the río +Putumayo +basin in +Colombia +. Consequently, it follows a similar pattern to most species of + +Priocharax + +, which are geographically restricted to a single or few locations ( + +Mattox +et al +., 2020 + +; +2021 +; +2023 +; +2024 +), making them potentially vulnerable to threats caused by anthropogenic impacts. + + + +FIGURE 6. +Type locality of + +Priocharax rex + +, Colombia, Departamento Amazonas, Corregimiento San Rafael, forest stream (caño) tributary of río Caraparaná, río Putumayo drainage. + + + + +TABLE 1 +. Morphometric data of + +Priocharax rex + + +sp. nov. + +N = number of specimens; SD = Standard Deviation. Range includes the +holotype +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
HolotypeNRangeMeanSD
Standard length (SL) (mm)19.81515.9–20.718.5-
Percentages of Standard Length
Depth at dorsal-fin origin271519–2724.62.0
Snout to dorsal-fin origin541551–5452.90.8
Snout to pelvic-fin origin451542–5046.12.1
Snout to anal-fin origin591556–6460.52.6
Dorsal-fin length261525–2826.21.0
Dorsal-fin base121510–1411.91.1
Pelvic-fin length9159–1411.01.3
Anal-fin length231520–2422.31.0
Anal-fin base301526–3129.11.5
Caudal-peduncle depth9156–108.30.9
Caudal-peduncle length151514–2016.21.5
Head length (HL)261525–3026.61.5
Percentages of head length
Orbital diameter321531–4033.92.2
Interorbital distance321524–3330.22.6
Snout length231521–2723.01.9
Upper jaw length411534–5342.55.4
Percentages of caudal peduncle length
Caudal-peduncle depth611542–6151.56.3
Percentages of orbital diameter
Snout length731557–7568.16.0
+ + +Achieving a size of +20.7 mm +SL (CIACOL 7936), + +Priocharax rex + +is the largest known species of the genus so far. The species presenting the larger specimens reported previously were + +P. conwayi + +(19.0 mm SL), + +P. toledopizae + +( +18.8 mm +SL), + +P. marupiara + +( +17.2 mm +SL), and + +P. ariel + +( +17.1 mm +SL) ( + +Mattox +et al +., 2023 + +, +2024 +; +Weitzman & Vari, 1987 +). However, + +P. rex + +is not noticeably distinct from its congeners regarding paedomorphisms. + + +The round skin flap, the main diagnostic feature of + +Priocharax rex + +, is so far unique to this species among valid species of + +Priocharax + +and as far as we know, no other characiform has such a structure. It is a loose skin flap between contralateral pelvic fins, attached only by its base and covering the urogenital pore ( +Fig. 2 +), present in all specimens (n=15), males and females, which indicates that it probably plays no role in sexual dimorphism. Apparently, there is no musculature that would move the skin flap, but further dissection and histological sections are necessary to elucidate the nature of this flap. Its function is beyond the scope of the present paper. + + +Another interesting feature noted herein concerns the sexual dimorphism.All mature males of + +P. rex + +(n=4) possess a similar unusual sexual dimorphism as mature males of + +P. toledopizae +( + +Mattox +et al +., 2023 + +) + +and of + +P. conwayi + +and + +P. phasma +( + +Mattox +et al +., 2024 + +) + +, consisting of a horizontal slit along the pelvic-fin musculature separating it from the main hypaxial muscle mass of the body. Cases of conspicuous sexual dimorphism are common in heterochronic miniaturized lineages (e.g., +Conway & Britz, 2007 +; +Britz & Conway, 2016 +). The functional role of this character is unknown and its phylogenetic significance will be explored in the future. + + + + \ No newline at end of file