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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a15ec661-e796-4207-8509-756590c75c0e" ID-PMC="PMC4389221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-493-1" ID-PubMed="25878545" ID-ZBK="1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-493-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 493" ModsDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" checkinTime="1451244490299" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Noort, Simon van, Buffington, Matthew L. &amp; Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2015" docId="DDD9520F6438543231B40BE6CD616F69" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 493: 1-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 493" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" docTitle="Bothrochacis Cameron 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="DD2DFF8EFFC4FFA2FFD7FFE4FFB46007" masterDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="176" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="84" updateTime="1668160156725" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>493</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>176</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-493-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059186" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DDD9520F6438543231B40BE6CD616F69" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DDD9520F6438543231B40BE6CD616F69" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<subSubSection pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Figitidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName authority="Cameron, 1904" authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothrochacis Cameron, 1904</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
(synonyms
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Ditrupaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ditrupaspis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ditrupaspis</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1910d,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Salpictes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salpictes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Salpictes</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1913b,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Stirencoela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stirencoela" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stirencoela</taxonomicName>
Cameron, 1910)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Not uncommon.
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
has been a small and easily recognisable genus since its original description.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Quinlan’s">Quinlan's</normalizedToken>
Afrotropical
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Eucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
species have been known for some time to not fit into
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Eucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
, but nothing has been published about them since their original description. Here we note that they share all the important characteristics of
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
except the very peculiar notched scutellum, and include them here. Most of the characteristics of the genus in the wider sense are also found in the genera
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrodontaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrodontaspis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrodontaspis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucoilidae" genus="Linoeucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Linoeucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Linoeucoila</taxonomicName>
, but preliminary phylogenetic analyses (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Baião">Baiao</normalizedToken>
and Forshage, unpubl.) have not supported their merging into one genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Most of the large and dark (black or distinctly bicolored) eucoilines in the Afrotropical region belong to
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
. They can be distinguished from the few others (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrodontaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrodontaspis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrodontaspis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucoilidae" genus="Linoeucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Linoeucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Linoeucoila</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Aganaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aganaspis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aganaspis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Trybliographa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trybliographa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trybliographa</taxonomicName>
and perhaps some
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Trichoplasta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichoplasta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trichoplasta</taxonomicName>
) by having plenty of large truncate setae on pronotum and mesoscutum, and stout setae on the subcosta of the wing. Like other genera of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="tribe" tribe="Eucoilini">Eucoilini</taxonomicName>
, they have subalar pits and glabrous oblique metapleural corners. They have a striate vertex, often have vermiculate-reticulate sculpture on the coxae and large scutellar foveae, usually strong reduction of wing pubescence, and sometimes a notched scutellum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
The core group are the &quot;
<taxonomicName genus="Muscomorpha" lsidName="Muscomorpha erythropoda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species" species="erythropoda">erythropoda</taxonomicName>
species group&quot;, coinciding with
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothrochacis</taxonomicName>
sensu Quinlan, the species possessing a notched scutellar plate. These are large, typically bicolored, have hairless wings, smooth coxae, and large scutellar foveae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Appearing like a less modified stem group there is the &quot;
<taxonomicName genus="Muscomorpha" lsidName="Muscomorpha veleda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species" species="veleda">veleda</taxonomicName>
species group&quot;, consisting of species described by Quinlan in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Eucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
, typically of smaller size, with an evenly arched scutellar plate and smaller scutellar foveae, often with some pubescence on wings. Specimens belonging to this group are sometimes quite similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Trybliographa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trybliographa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trybliographa</taxonomicName>
, rare in the region, common elsewhere, but easily separated by the characters listed above.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Figure 25.
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis marina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">Bothrochacis marina</taxonomicName>
(Uganda). A habitus lateral view B head and mesosoma dorsal view C head, anterior view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Mainly Afrotropical but also occuring in the Oriental and Oceanic regions (hitherto unpublished). Afrotropical records: Kenya (
<bibRefCitation author="Kieffer, JJ" editor="Voyage, de Ch" journalOrPublisher="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 35" title="Proctotrupidae, Cynipidae et Evaniidae." volume="1" volumeTitle="Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale (1911 - 1912). Resultats scientifiques." year="1913 b">Kieffer 1913b</bibRefCitation>
), Rwanda
<pageBreakToken pageId="84" pageNumber="85" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
<bibRefCitation author="Benoit, PLG" journalOrPublisher="Annales Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren (serie 8)" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="532 - 550" title="Contributions a l'etude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urundi (Mission P. Basilewsky 1953). CIX. HymenopteraCynipidae." volume="51" year="1956 a">Benoit 1956a</bibRefCitation>
), Ethiopia (
<bibRefCitation author="Belizin, VI" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe obozrenie" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="29 - 38" volume="52" year="1973">Belizin 1973</bibRefCitation>
), Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe (
<bibRefCitation author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="171 - 229" title="A revision of some Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera)." volume="56" year="1988">Quinlan 1988</bibRefCitation>
), Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Namibia, Somalia, Tanzania, Zambia (here).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
One species is recorded as attacking
<taxonomicName family="Muscidae" lsidName="" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
in dung (
<bibRefCitation author="Bridwell, JC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="166 - 179" title="Descriptions of new species of hymenopterous parasites of Muscoid Diptera with notes on their Habits." volume="4" year="1919">Bridwell 1919</bibRefCitation>
), and due to phylogenetic inference as well as inference based on parallell occurrence of morphological particularities (elsewhere in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Eucoilinae">Eucoilinae</taxonomicName>
as well as in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Figitinae">Figitinae</taxonomicName>
) it seems reasonable to assume that most of them have similar habits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="species richness">
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<pageBreakToken pageId="85" pageNumber="86" start="start">Species</pageBreakToken>
richness.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis erythropoda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythropoda">Bothrochacis erythropoda</taxonomicName>
species group
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis erythropoda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythropoda">Bothrochacis erythropoda</taxonomicName>
Cameron, 1904 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
syn
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Ditrupaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ditrupaspis semirufa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semirufa">Ditrupaspis semirufa</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1910d
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
syn
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis stercoraria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stercoraria">Bothrochacis stercoraria</taxonomicName>
Bridwell, 1919
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
syn
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Stirencoela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stirencoela striaticollis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striaticollis">Stirencoela striaticollis</taxonomicName>
Cameron, 1910
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis rufiventris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiventris">Bothrochacis rufiventris</taxonomicName>
(Kieffer, 1913b) (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Salpictes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salpictes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Salpictes</taxonomicName>
) (Kenya)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis septenaria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septenaria">Bothrochacis septenaria</taxonomicName>
Belizin, 1973 (Ethiopia)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis serratepilosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serratepilosa">Bothrochacis serratepilosa</taxonomicName>
Benoit, 1956a (Rwanda)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis veleda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veleda">Bothrochacis veleda</taxonomicName>
species group
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis bantia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bantia">Bothrochacis bantia</taxonomicName>
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Eucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
) Type in BMNH studied by MF (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis erinna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinna">Bothrochacis erinna</taxonomicName>
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Eucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
) Type in RMCA studied by MB (Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis marina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">Bothrochacis marina</taxonomicName>
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Eucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
) Type in BMNH studied by MF (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Bothrochacis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrochacis veleda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veleda">Bothrochacis veleda</taxonomicName>
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Eucoila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucoila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucoila</taxonomicName>
) Type in BMNH studied by MF (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="2797809C5016D84E601A7A15273D2FC0">Contribution to the knowledge of the arthropods community inhabiting the winter-flooded meadows (marcite) of northern Italy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5EB47C5CDA0645FBCB525EE3B36D5FB4">Della Rocca, Francesca</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0C5AA66398B15CE9F2D36CA2A92164FD">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="42F1EF96D39F71E46A040ADEAD69BC16">Stefanelli, Silvia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="ADD99379BCF05E8023F7EB8975594682">Via Ugo Foscolo 14, 24127, Bergamo, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D1E927F47162E726FB327D88A30CE48F">Cardarelli, Elisa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BAD6B580DA49EB64E3C226661F580774">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="008B3A819759C7B599D1E1D9D27517D9">Bogliani, Giuseppe</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3191E5583EF6BF9EBC669875A695C17C">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FD7BCD4D26E7CBAE57325A2483D53272">Bracco, Francesco</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="439F5C5D877F0848C092D24EC094C6E1">Botanical Garden, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, Pavia, Italy &amp; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="35CB0903DFC03873BDB5DD67BCBF3B48">Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C0800A69F98E60B827CB4BC68C92F595">
<mods:date id="77341A1B92F3759DCF18E4891779A149">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="284C2CB8F6C4F257E142520924159FEA">2021-01-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="06071983A29C462840715925F695DBD2">9</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="45520C34830ABED9470E9AD22B4AE881" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">
<taxonomicName id="40841014DEA1D346B7FCEC4BDCFBCEF2" ID-CoL="4N37H" LSID="DDD9E965-C302-55B4-A035-64F7C296E6ED" authority="Stephens, 1834" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Proteinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proteinus ovalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovalis">Proteinus ovalis Stephens, 1834</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="7DBB448E34F50BC23F9F7B4E0E4CF1DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4D4A5F44158C37552576111C9FE1CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">
European species (
<bibRefCitation id="7E20F8AADBAD395CFD0FBC18178B3FB0" author="Isaia, Marco" journalOrPublisher="Arachnologische Mitteilungen" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" refId="B6008440" refString="2000 ITIS Species The Catalogue of Life https://www.catalogueoflife.org/ 2020-03-03T00:00:00+02:00" year="2018">ITIS Species 2000 2020</bibRefCitation>
). In Italy, it is widespread (
<bibRefCitation id="9FFFAD85F0A29AAB89E1816B743299C3" author="Ruffo, S." journalOrPublisher="Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 2. serie, Sezione Scienze della Vita 16" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" refId="B6300128" refString="Ruffo, S., Stoch, F., 2005. Checklist e distribuzione della fauna italiana. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 2.serie, Sezione Scienze della Vita 16" title="Checklist e distribuzione della fauna italiana" year="2005">Ruffo and Stoch 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB989B8D804791845569592E412B2EDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95B492BB158688C507D25263C718155E" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">
Lives forests (floodplain, mountain and hill)), banks, screes, reforestation areas (
<emphasis id="66AB69C64780923509503BFF08CC6952" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">
Picea,
<taxonomicName id="1BDE8221CD799415C4501353DF4CD372" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="genus">Pinus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), pastures, banks of stream, parks, subalpine bushes (
<taxonomicName id="F9AF991B5D8173EF6F3D2F40CA60821D" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus mugo" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="species" species="mugo">
<emphasis id="A3197FA7F57836086AD5B20CEC84712D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">Pinus mugo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DF390143F64B2B843BABF009A7EE7C7B" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4333B0F9CCE8B63A6036B0920C877B3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">Alnus</emphasis>
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), disused quarries, dry meadows, margin of pastures with trees, subalpine grasslands, tumbled limestones, row of trees (
<taxonomicName id="A8AB96B79074BF47BE5C86770698AADC" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="45E35725EAC3033EB86E2EAB3E6847C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">Quercus</emphasis>
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), caves, meadows, hill bushes, historical gardens, vineyards, wetlands, lakeshore with
<taxonomicName id="6F663863D0F19BA288D8656F36D86F56" genus="Phragmitetum" lsidName="Phragmitetum" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDC0A06D16188F96D1E8818B1D2CE3D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">Phragmitetum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, floodplains, riverbanks, marshy areas (
<taxonomicName id="BA45FF37981AB8721A2C84E0FC870B08" genus="Phragmitetum" lsidName="Phragmitetum" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="012168115EDCFE904F44DA4F28E40F30" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">Phragmitetum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="10CF4A124F112AD236F6F46F0D404C40" class="Insecta" genus="Caricetum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caricetum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07992332082534CB9206FB7255D7D60A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889">Caricetum</emphasis>
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), damaged marshy areas, orchards, sandy small areas, vegetable crops, permanent meadows and wetlands near source (
<bibRefCitation id="77ACDC6E0899C07440FCBD0A8EA536C1" author="Zanetti, Adriano" journalOrPublisher="Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="57889" refId="B6008448" refString="Zanetti, Adriano, Sette, Alberto, Poggi, Roberto, Tagliapietra, Andrea, 2016. Biodiversity of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in the Province of Verona (Veneto, Northern Italy). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 93" title="Biodiversity of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in the Province of Verona (Veneto, Northern Italy)" volume="93" year="2016">Zanetti et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
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