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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1161.93754" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1161-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="97BBCF0865EA537F8147171EA5BBA1B5" ID-ZooBank="4CE0D6C5C3044F748387FCC71F8F8AC0" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1161-1" checkinTime="1683904571549" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Diaz, Maria Cristina, Nuttall, Marissa, Pomponi, Shirley A., Ruetzler, Klaus, Klontz, Sarah, Adams, Christi, Hickerson, Emma L. &amp; Schmahl, G. P." docDate="2023" docId="DD7F025A9B595C0AB32F80C8D01A735E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1161: 1-68" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1161" docPubDate="2023-05-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1161.93754" docTitle="Batzella rubra" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="97BBCF0865EA537F8147171EA5BBA1B5" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="97BBCF0865EA537F8147171EA5BBA1B5" masterDocTitle="An annotated and illustrated identification guide to common mesophotic reef sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha) inhabiting Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary and vicinities" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1683904571549" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="14C5CCAA2DDED29777FBA8C49874F11F">An annotated and illustrated identification guide to common mesophotic reef sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha) inhabiting Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary and vicinities</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CB46DE3B302398C639125ACE141F75EB">Diaz, Maria Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="06585CAA0624FE6C704C8A3A61AC7D42">Nuttall, Marissa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B03FCDCA5D1B41AAAEDB6E4274411507">Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Galveston, TX, USA &amp; CPC Inc, Galveston, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2010BD729E920DCFFEF30808A4B11E3B">Pomponi, Shirley A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5781B88B94D570FBAA52D6FA42D23F46">Ruetzler, Klaus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E66E0E47981D5052C214D0B70D18E19D">Klontz, Sarah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="53EB2E6EC0BEA3FAF313DF774C36BDA1">Adams, Christi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2ED0FD0C6A454CA206F5883BA1AA75E3">Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Galveston, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FDCBF9E1A52EFAF2B614732EFFAAAC10">Hickerson, Emma L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="37118D599CE517B139C96C506A7D81C0" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2595-8878</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="BC3BDD1B5591DC7F481FEAE841E353A6">Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Galveston, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1152DECB7D6669B3B00A0E494282BCE1">Schmahl, G. P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2CA9769582D56FC0725030B0FE9CA4E3" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-5204</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="E3318CBEDB87DD1F8D377384CA2FC119">Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Galveston, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="908E4B5A75F4E8DCFB1F1EDFFAC4585F">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="02F744721D06E8067A2CF520F2A6667D">1161</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="A9E1D2BCCDC0831266F288DA52399461">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="50CB797B3FA5C0210F45B3A0338F3313" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1161.93754</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="89688229D81E72B9ED26C923CFB8FA7D" type="ZooBank">4CE0D6C5C3044F748387FCC71F8F8AC0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="DD7F025A9B595C0AB32F80C8D01A735E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD7F025A9B595C0AB32F80C8D01A735E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD7F025A9B595C0AB32F80C8D01A735E" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="7EF34AD03E77341D00C0ACDBAD3D7785" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5BF0136308E5719F6828C70E007D6BE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="29E9B55073A60D42656E99357937CF9B" ID-CoL="L3NQ" LSID="DD7F025A-9B59-5C0A-B32F-80C8D01A735E" authority="(Alcolado, 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Alcolado" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batzella rubra" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rubra">Batzella rubra (Alcolado, 1984)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="DE188770777D5F853798B80F511502D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="9371D04E3CEC4E2F03B5A769D36AB7FD" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Batzella rubra, 90 m deep. Specimen observed on the photo of sample DFH 9 - 13 A." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1161.93754.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/848704" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="54DB1F7CE624648A5D4FE3173BCD4F6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnostic features">
<paragraph id="E348BD0DF7DF7087FBA24D4330C5CACD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnostic features.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF1E2C9A1B647A4C94090C50FFAF9DB4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thinly encrusting sponge, growing over dead coral or other sponges. Deep orange to bright red color in live. The surface is smooth and ornamented by paler colored dermal canals that branch away from the oscula, wide close to the oscula and thinner away from it. The consistency is compressible where the sponge is thicker.</paragraph>
<caption id="3751866E43CE217878CF9FF18CC1ECD7" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1161.93754.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/848704" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 30" startId="F30">
<paragraph id="070381F33C6043B3F9AA6012900755A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="7F800A29E3535C59AE852EEF52946614" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="9F123F058500F72A5EC4B4500BC1F97E" baseAuthorityName="Alcolado" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batzella rubra" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="96B68E5901309DCAA7EA0A3BE278855D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batzella rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 90 m deep. Specimen observed on the photo of sample DFH9-13A.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="68E71EA8784D7FA6D020A03A7D06D8BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="similar species">
<paragraph id="4D32C7FF8C29BF893BBED0B1F77A7574" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Similar species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C13BD472949E19C8CDF2761A46E1EE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The sponge can be confused with other red encrusting species, but the particular
<normalizedToken id="163F8FAEB2D5A5E31EADE1D6C406A31C" originalValue="‘dripping’">'dripping'</normalizedToken>
morphology of the dermal canals makes them easy to distinguish.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4E7D115953A5641B16CBC30E790DA2AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9205A138E1A294DC2776298FA2BA2A87" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and abundance.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE0D93ACC9475B659741247EF829E04D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">This species is reported from shallow reefs in Cuba and Bahamas. This is the first report for the species at mesophotic reefs. At FGBNMS the specimen on the photograph was found at east Flower Garden Bank and the species has rare to moderate abundance at ten other sites.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A465B9A8F4786603ADEEF874C84B993C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="43827A693701514110FB35633D11EBCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E71B749C978246F11B8F3A9943BCBB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Coralline algae reefs, algal nodules, lower mesophotic reefs.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8520BCC03C69691E5BCA4EF9C48C268C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="identification">
<paragraph id="75A9E7182F3536C2B6E75534C23802E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Identification.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55B11AB23699C6DA49076CC4796152C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">MCD.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E11A90FE46D3895388526B24C1E1021C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference">
<paragraph id="5182C476A5D43C08D683319603D9C83A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Reference.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F056773DE1ED3B8F9194AB3F00A6EB97" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="FB86E93889F21EB53FDA75243840759F" author="Alcolado, PM" journalOrPublisher="Poeyana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 22" refId="B2" refString="Alcolado, PM, 1984. Nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en Cuba. Poeyana 271: 1 - 22" title="Nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en Cuba." volume="271" year="1984">Alcolado 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="830353BA6BC1B1595FF54DC1AF2D4BF7" author="Zea, S" journalOrPublisher="Rotterdam, Balkema" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="www.spongeguide.org" refId="B74" refString="Zea, S, Henkel, TP, Pawlik, JR, 2014. The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges (3rd Edn.). www.spongeguide.org" title="The Sponge Guide: a picture guide to Caribbean sponges (3 rd Edn.)." url="www.spongeguide.org" year="2014">Zea et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph pageNumber="736">
<bibCitation author="Linnaeus" pagination="21" title="Pharus resupinatus" volumeTitle="Flora Jamaicensis" year="1759">
<treatmentCitation author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="21" year="1759">
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1759" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pharus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="resupinatus">
<emphasis bold="true" pageNumber="736">Pharus resupinatus</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
,
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<volumeTitle>Flora Jamaicensis</volumeTitle>
</emphasis>
: 21. 1759
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</bibCitation>
.
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<paragraph pageNumber="736">&quot;Habitat [in Jamaica.]&quot;</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageNumber="736">Type not designated.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageNumber="736" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageNumber="736">Original material: [icon] in Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica: 344, t. 38, f. 3. 1756.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageNumber="736">
Current name:
<taxonomicName authority="L." authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1759" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pharus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolius">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageNumber="736">Pharus latifolius</emphasis>
L.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
).
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<paragraph pageNumber="736">
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="736">
Note:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1759" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pharus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolius">Pharus latifolius</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
was published in
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1759 and therefore pre-dates
<taxonomicName authority="L. (Dec 1759)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1759" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pharus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="resupinatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="736">P. resupinatus</emphasis>
L. (Dec 1759)
</taxonomicName>
. The latter appears to have been coined in error, for although Linnaeus included it in the reprint of
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="736">Fl. Jamaicensis</emphasis>
(in
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="736">Amoen. Acad.</emphasis>
5: 382. 1759), he subsequently omitted it from
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="736">Sp. Pl.</emphasis>
, ed. 2, 2: 1408 (1763), referring only to
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="736">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1759" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pharus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolius">P. latifolius</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
However, as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1759" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pharus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="resupinatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="736">P resupinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not based on exactly the same elements as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1759" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pharus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="736">P. latifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is a heterotypic synonym of the earlier name, rather than illegitimate and homotypic with it.
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<paragraph id="0613AA74EDB892B4BE183FADDBD46E94" pageId="224" pageNumber="225">Original source.</paragraph>
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<bibRefCitation id="D162E741AAA425D804A7A3462E384E6B" author="Gozhik, PF" journalOrPublisher="Privately published, Kiev" pageId="312" pageNumber="313" refId="B198" refString="Gozhik, PF, 2002. Pontychni prisnovodni molyusky pivdnya Ukrayiny i Moldovy. Privately published, Kiev" title="Pontychni prisnovodni molyusky pivdnya Ukrayiny i Moldovy." year="2002">Gozhik 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 54, pl. 3, figs 15, 17.
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<paragraph id="A74BC8E67EBB2E5F55CD007D91A9EE3D" pageId="224" pageNumber="225">Type horizon.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C2975C722CEF188198C2A5D8C3B1AC23" pageId="224" pageNumber="225">Middle Pontian (Dacian Basin), late Miocene.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E9FB403F73E0016418749FFAF8176160" pageId="224" pageNumber="225">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<normalizedToken id="4DA0CA693BAD6B4193EAEF83E1BDEB5E" originalValue="“Виноградівка”">&quot;Vinogradіvka&quot;</normalizedToken>
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<paragraph id="2AF28BD7084EE97DE16EF9D79A7BCBE1" pageId="224" pageNumber="225">Types.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF670E08D749105BF457D9DB3F0F2FC6" pageId="224" pageNumber="225">Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, coll. no. 3186.</paragraph>
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,
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Trumler 1961
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;
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<emphasis id="5F1E354DFA0389798604CDF3A606D28C" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Asinus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="8BC6C74855821A3F503D74D426587D01" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Asinus</emphasis>
Gray 1824
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</taxonomicName>
;
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<emphasis id="AEE0546C88FD889A4201DA8CCB7B9EE1" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Dolichohippus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7E054232B227568E17E339FD212E88B3" author="Heller, E." refId="ref146421" refString="Heller, E. 1912. New rodents from British East Africa. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 59: 1 - 20." year="1912">Heller 1912</bibRefCitation>
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Hilzheimer 1912
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="52F12B268F8F17ACAF653E166DFFEC43" authority="F. Cuvier 1823" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemionus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FECD812A59509CCC94DC1F4B28E5CAF6" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Hemionus</emphasis>
F. Cuvier 1823
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="713A610A9B7D2F55856B01C729A4ED8D" authority="Stehlin and Graziosi 1935" authorityName="Stehlin and Graziosi" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemionus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="15B811A738BCF61B7F6C299A8CEFDA0B" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Hemionus</emphasis>
Stehlin and Graziosi 1935
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="11C59C4D31467701DCDB587D4D8C9324" authority="Dietrich 1959" authorityName="Dietrich" authorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4C901FC7EEA831565A9AFFC4816F3972" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Hemippus</emphasis>
Dietrich 1959
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="704A34BCE51FB38F808ADB15CFB8B432" authority="C. H. Smith 1841" authorityName="C. H. Smith" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotigris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="25327283DAB3BFF219569F2285681EE5" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Hippotigris</emphasis>
C. H. Smith 1841
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="2FD222CEEA463E9C29D3296A4D53C896" authority="Griffin 1913" authorityName="Griffin" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Ludolphozecora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE97F69F0E3BB0B0C9F65990FCB92BFE" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Ludolphozecora</emphasis>
Griffin 1913
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="F4152E880A4709E3FF603DE26B056255" authority="Hilzheimer 1912" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Megacephalon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9491BE7C397EB4C14D0F80DD70814C02" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Megacephalon</emphasis>
Hilzheimer 1912
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="6947AC49A68D0E6E16E86FCA327BD619" authority="Strand 1943" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Megacephalonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E348D4536C26FE81A84617F9F529F093" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Megacephalonella</emphasis>
Strand 1943
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="0A720B314FA18C58F91BB8D90C9EC91A" authority="Matschie 1924" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Microhippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="277E63F34A3386CCFE315ECC67130A26" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Microhippus</emphasis>
Matschie 1924
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="26B18403C7AD9D201B27515DA6410C07" authority="Brisson 1762" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Onager" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="749500EB965085DA74344DC76EEC5957" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Onager</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9019D563AF9C756A44F1A3BA422D5F11" author="Brisson, M. J." refId="ref42298" refString="Brisson, M. J. 1762. Le regnum animale in classes IX distributum, sive synopsis methodica sistens generalem animalium distributionem in classes IX, &amp; duarum primarum classium, quadrupedum scilicet &amp; cetaceorum, particularem dibvisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera &amp; species. T. Haak, Paris, 296 pp." year="1762">Brisson 1762</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="9DD26AB298321FC17D96DDEA4345C3CA" authority="Hoffstetter 1951" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1951" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Pseudoquagga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="99590E2932832CBD8F62562D7EA2F60C" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Pseudoquagga</emphasis>
Hoffstetter 1951
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="8D450005BD07F30824673877C272623F" authority="Shortridge 1934" authorityName="Shortridge" authorityYear="1934" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Quagga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4C8F8C0BF84CEC6DD16AFC0537FC2971" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Quagga</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7F8490FF49D4FCA5647F44614E8EDEF0" author="Shortridge, G. C." refId="ref326478" refString="Shortridge, G. C. 1934. The mammals of South West Africa. William Heinemann Ltd, London, 779 pp." year="1934">Shortridge 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="AE4F23F54917C7E7E89E5655DA935A41" authority="Willoughby 1974" authorityName="Willoughby" authorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Quaggoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DA4AD1EA091DD7619E7F1ECBEDDBF7C1" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Quaggoides</emphasis>
Willoughby 1974
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="76F0F4B3535F92B837BAEB77E784CB97" authority="J. A. Allen 1909" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Zebra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0AFBF814783CEACBB54905CF311CF6E9" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Zebra</emphasis>
J. A. Allen 1909
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="123F3AEAF168A8FCCA9AC287EDB6AD10" pageNumber="629" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="3D52F7386F0C4C5CC1D685469A1C4EFD" pageNumber="629">
<emphasis id="79226E3670C019966AC4BAE2242C7E7B" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="629">Species and subspecies:</emphasis>
8 species with 24 subspecies:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EBDAC2502CB1C99ED497D1183FE2017F" pageNumber="629">
Species
<taxonomicName id="26F83982ED36C7B7B1C032D4F4479CAF" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asinus">
<emphasis id="175DDFF3822125E7C655D2598DEED47E" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus asinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FCDB84947831B2F8FF53DD0FC04BD4C9" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0BD49F42A63D99F09F4A98E3D281F244" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="CB2873CD5CDB1C193AD4B2F78D53992D" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="asinus" subSpecies="asinus">
<emphasis id="F8D4E9BE813FCE4D510BE19040FA2FB5" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus asinus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="4F578B85A84B778CEEBA9F2CD890F063" italics="true" pageNumber="629">asinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C795397C8B69C5370B224EB436779FD2" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E4E7249BA6E1F11B72A32AB385C3804" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="E86C942059CA7A90018EED034CAF35B4" authority="Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866" authorityName="Heuglin and Fitzinger" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="asinus" subSpecies="africanus">
<emphasis id="EA7F915C67564B507E5CC00B18BF630D" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus asinus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="5F37378BB40357D9B3C89695566FC581" italics="true" pageNumber="629">africanus</emphasis>
Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED67CFE6AB36A716AD7F8F676B4D8FAD" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="F1839BF0926437232F7AA3ACFF858A86" authority="P. L. Sclater 1885" authorityName="P. L. Sclater" authorityYear="1885" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="asinus" subSpecies="somalicus">
<emphasis id="EC42C2FBE9124DE9EE0C180F087AEE47" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus asinus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="461A9D7FE1A6CF218576A36AE2B311C4" italics="true" pageNumber="629">somalicus</emphasis>
P. L. Sclater 1885
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="44437F83E0A43055140B85DC735FC3A4" pageNumber="629">
Species
<taxonomicName id="E1ABE86654D953A0757BCEFEBB45EFC5" authority="Gray 1824" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burchellii">
<emphasis id="35978AD43741E999CE8ED451FB30E128" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus burchellii</emphasis>
Gray 1824
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB4E4D632DDBAB340D260BC571B74384" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="57137D81CF6DD32269FA60F6368D6783" authority="Gray 1824" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="burchellii" subSpecies="burchellii">
<emphasis id="11BC46A3229B9C6E4992E56040EAA433" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus burchellii</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="77A04BAF832CC570CB0D83CC96E6E7B0" italics="true" pageNumber="629">burchellii</emphasis>
Gray 1824
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7267A56984F4B81770D0F952949343E1" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="503B6C4EFE86B056BB27B62B405FAAED" authority="C. H. Smith 1841" authorityName="C. H. Smith" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="burchellii" subSpecies="antiquorum">
<emphasis id="B4210138A5E6476A79E7A5BB2CC063E8" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus burchellii</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="99FDD04EA4B764878357D7C9E2E56032" italics="true" pageNumber="629">antiquorum</emphasis>
C. H. Smith 1841
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0051E69F4B51DDBF173BEE97E597761D" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="3F825A14091707948B9DED2C3E5A412C" authority="Matschie 1892" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1892" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="burchellii" subSpecies="boehmi">
<emphasis id="CE49F079781D030716C1ED58067B28B3" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus burchellii</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="489859D57986337EE4D6EEEE36FB866D" italics="true" pageNumber="629">boehmi</emphasis>
Matschie 1892
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7161E698BEBFA2CD6D2AA93FDDD26BF3" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="808041A77E526AE7EC3F663E31117FE1" authority="De Winton 1896" authorityName="De Winton" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="burchellii" subSpecies="crawshaii">
<emphasis id="A2D526EC7F1C8CD2B525ED601A6C8EC1" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus burchellii</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="D27C2B337D1DDAF0E47FED42F3BA33A9" italics="true" pageNumber="629">crawshaii</emphasis>
De Winton 1896
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8068DE17B0DE94442B90F1619393CEF8" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="5AF5C340A1C323994A255C9ADBA0B649" authority="Zukowsky 1924" authorityName="Zukowsky" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="burchellii" subSpecies="kaokensis">
<emphasis id="B8CAD47B1B1F1A7771C1E9ED70BFFAA0" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus burchellii</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="D9A311911A0256F019C3613B83C2B3CD" italics="true" pageNumber="629">kaokensis</emphasis>
Zukowsky 1924
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DEC3D4B61A8212469EC3D5D0E1E9FEED" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="A767BA90B53659E8D3D9E16E52280D67" authority="Trouessart 1898" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="burchellii" subSpecies="zambeziensis">
<emphasis id="1C23F09C56A7C8FC689F1CDAD987821C" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus burchellii</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="53CB69B533E15383BA83F5C925F92F7B" italics="true" pageNumber="629">zambeziensis</emphasis>
Trouessart 1898
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD712995081101D06EAAD5607928E51E" pageNumber="629">
Species
<taxonomicName id="D9B65DEEFA02B8F34D4F802B60CCD8D5" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="4F664180AF5C30FEEDD2C58621B94A18" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus caballus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8ED47E28F81FC1335655E836FCE21A42" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C4922746AAD4E1B7802F15A00D42B2D" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="AE4BDCD5F5AA29FD86527AE3F3542D0D" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caballus" subSpecies="caballus">
<emphasis id="DDD0ADD881B3B99E281C23A09D5AEC5D" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus caballus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="6E30403AF7EC9FEB0730E5A5F131D966" italics="true" pageNumber="629">caballus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="796FCF9B3102B87835EF6A85F3926E81" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56D53C1396BEFC0FBCD501ECFE999B49" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="F69A4F135FE8AFA3AB51DCD4E39C9144" authority="Boddaert 1785" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caballus" subSpecies="ferus">
<emphasis id="FBBFD0716803B3183A2A3769802EC9DA" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus caballus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="00CD59E8D2F17636A6FC2B05D1B4E0A4" italics="true" pageNumber="629">ferus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B80D208A4C853159F382CED6F2392D62" author="Boddaert, P." refId="ref34353" refString="Boddaert, P. 1785. Elenchus animalium, volumen 1: Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, erorumque varietates. C. R. Hake, Rotterdam, 174 pp." year="1785">Boddaert 1785</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E36444B9FDFC7616CBD7D610F29A0D3F" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="0A23C95102893E9AF4BB98505B698C3C" authority="Poliakov 1881" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caballus" subSpecies="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="5D16F5E77436EB39E5A153A88F6AB162" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus caballus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="00C80DDD46D12A9A27A08657DEEFF713" italics="true" pageNumber="629">przewalskii</emphasis>
Poliakov 1881
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22F351D5C1F7A8C0401B02F8878165A3" pageNumber="629">
Species
<taxonomicName id="313296EABDC5AF11CD6884A844549C99" authority="Oustalet 1882" authorityName="Oustalet" authorityYear="1882" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grevyi">
<emphasis id="01796AE443D10F3CDAF87E30FC89DFF5" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus grevyi</emphasis>
Oustalet 1882
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8E7968D0EA9F724C8856EEFE9F7FCC76" pageNumber="629">
Species
<taxonomicName id="F6F4EC32D5DF86D664B957C816D3E69A" authority="Pallas 1775" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1775" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemionus">
<emphasis id="5CDC5464CDE54B6846971E1A60CB12DA" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
Pallas 1775
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0B05BDB1819E24CF0ABA4E8269BD63A" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="B0BDDF95A94869CDC55EA6A7B7A38255" authority="Pallas 1775" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1775" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemionus" subSpecies="hemionus">
<emphasis id="9830B711549A935E246FBC3887C7974B" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="E00CA0A2145BA18E95C046BF4709AA0D" italics="true" pageNumber="629">hemionus</emphasis>
Pallas 1775
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09FBF6F082B44A8145A8B44C2F06FB20" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="B0811B42F095735CF5FC8EC3F91DDEC0" authority="Pocock 1947" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1947" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemionus" subSpecies="blanfordi">
<emphasis id="6E727933ADF701FE5139406EDB65C250" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="DBD91918EC0D5EC85F8B38DA287C3723" italics="true" pageNumber="629">blanfordi</emphasis>
Pocock 1947
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B465CAE30B4B62D684C5BAFD174C9370" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="88DE843EB3F798E45D1DEA3CC4201F36" authority="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1855" authorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemionus" subSpecies="hemippus">
<emphasis id="F98471A5E4BF5A8F039EF438FBEC0675" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="BCC5A8E5F3D1E4FDC789D9BCE9DB805C" italics="true" pageNumber="629">hemippus</emphasis>
I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1855
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6015E2FA4E301226C9309A49E7CB8E6D" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="8147071834077A619E29D758E2AFB242" authority="Lesson 1827" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemionus" subSpecies="khur">
<emphasis id="FAE90E77A3E2B30851F2EF7D397F7E85" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="9D93F9A9528A1B73839C1B514EB114AC" italics="true" pageNumber="629">khur</emphasis>
Lesson 1827
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E89E1FEA13F8A726A3DFC3B45F7FA76D" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="D91AD5A01E1AB3C66942EB73E471A1CE" authority="Groves and Mazák 1967" authorityName="Groves and Mazák" authorityYear="1967" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemionus" subSpecies="kulan">
<emphasis id="F71B5E7DB3C841179F6CE602CE224A06" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="BA5B9E269D7F928F2E33E76AA3E1B113" italics="true" pageNumber="629">kulan</emphasis>
Groves and Mazák 1967
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="68564DC3E224F95AC2088384ACC15C6F" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="C0BCA4448677D6BB4455A0AD9B9D4615" authority="Matschie 1911" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemionus" subSpecies="luteus">
<emphasis id="B15E75BCF774AD9AC31A286F4AF95E5A" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="D499D9F397C60C8B9972780AD3285AFD" italics="true" pageNumber="629">luteus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4C6380D0D49C2206856692234A3BA2B6" author="Matschie, P." refId="ref230482" refString="Matschie, P. 1911. Uber einige Saugetiere aus Muansa am Victoria-Nyansa. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 8: 333 - 343." year="1911">Matschie 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4CA476D684C18F16B48C5849AF1039BD" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="0010E1104D04B1C427B36CE03F1515EB" authority="Boddaert 1785" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemionus" subSpecies="onager">
<emphasis id="F88F4ED0A2A3AD178FD0F25FCE89ECD4" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="084186214A9FEB32A36C9CAF5F9DAF92" italics="true" pageNumber="629">onager</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0E41315C9192EA86FAFA8A21802F6D8" author="Boddaert, P." refId="ref34353" refString="Boddaert, P. 1785. Elenchus animalium, volumen 1: Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, erorumque varietates. C. R. Hake, Rotterdam, 174 pp." year="1785">Boddaert 1785</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FB51F3A4110A4875586FD76941CCFA7B" pageNumber="629">
Species
<taxonomicName id="19CA7169C36D6F04E4FB779954AA483B" authority="Moorcroft 1841" authorityName="Moorcroft" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">
<emphasis id="44FBA95828F55D3A3D1B856583FFDDD5" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus kiang</emphasis>
Moorcroft 1841
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91CF92E6F6DC029A0B516C9ACB36E81A" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="5B823EF3A5BD621BB33C143C24D4DBD2" authority="Moorcroft 1841" authorityName="Moorcroft" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="kiang" subSpecies="kiang">
<emphasis id="F646228A215D3F1129490034D7771765" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus kiang</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="A72C655E6606E74B31349119EB6EE0E6" italics="true" pageNumber="629">kiang</emphasis>
Moorcroft 1841
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="055EA6485F3E50DCC79FE61BE5471350" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="B295BF52B8F311D4E77DFC799F6263CE" authority="Matschie 1911" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="kiang" subSpecies="holdereri">
<emphasis id="2C7D0533CC941E231EB51254A261E747" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus kiang</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="87BDDBC77E99E7ACABF168206B1191CE" italics="true" pageNumber="629">holdereri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E47DD1D28F92C8B6487B42E0AA992512" author="Matschie, P." refId="ref230482" refString="Matschie, P. 1911. Uber einige Saugetiere aus Muansa am Victoria-Nyansa. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 8: 333 - 343." year="1911">Matschie 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="76B357C5EBDB1ACF5D58FADA820603C0" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="4E18ADA6AD16279FD52DC6B846D0A852" authority="Hodgson 1847" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1847" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="kiang" subSpecies="polyodon">
<emphasis id="C82A4B5757F393F16283BCEEBB760291" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus kiang</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="B82CB3B5FAB21A50D2B88237A98E32B4" italics="true" pageNumber="629">polyodon</emphasis>
Hodgson 1847
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12558900267BEDC4B83189241B0D731E" pageNumber="629">
Species
<taxonomicName id="0E875FF432BA74120E1F3B3AEE64C456" authority="Boddaert 1785" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quagga">
<emphasis id="39EAE4F9DB94A13F18256B2897044B5D" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus quagga</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BE28E02E45EE9B0B3EB13D9666E42FEC" author="Boddaert, P." refId="ref34353" refString="Boddaert, P. 1785. Elenchus animalium, volumen 1: Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, erorumque varietates. C. R. Hake, Rotterdam, 174 pp." year="1785">Boddaert 1785</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54ADB4F698BFCC339D6ECB3E31387B2F" pageNumber="629">
Species
<taxonomicName id="83EB7DE18E1B24EDBE02F9FBD538EAA8" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis id="66BAA4E0F6A36EC472AC1F55A1EE3F46" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus zebra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4688643AEF8E3682E326C8731DE45C1" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC941FA02AB8373D37EAFF1D2C5C5B58" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="C39A616A541E9E52A9965A9AEEC5657F" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="zebra">
<emphasis id="A3C042E1CEC79BAA05C57D6885548068" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus zebra</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="9D8255C7246B169BEB2724665784A7B5" italics="true" pageNumber="629">zebra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="950583CFBAA6F7604120EFE49BB4B939" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38CCB77CDEACE5C6D9B48BA28CD99B9A" pageNumber="629">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="AED6158867EF26396E048EDFF7A8B539" authority="Matschie 1898" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="629" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="hartmannae">
<emphasis id="FDF4B5753603911E792FF8C0E74939B6" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus zebra</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="C30D95B3F09A0891CB01102813C39EB0" italics="true" pageNumber="629">hartmannae</emphasis>
Matschie 1898
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5993C5967AA62E98C0A7BB1123E0517C" pageNumber="629" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8F7357696C9F3A07E5A1AC7E9E12991D" pageNumber="629">
<emphasis id="9470F7F6A6260B10EA7A85ED06F6626F" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="629">Discussion:</emphasis>
Species-groups with potential subgeneric names, based on
<bibRefCitation id="219817617DE237F6D9C36B08BBB0CA79" author="Groves, C. P. &amp; D. P. Willoughby" refId="ref133561" refString="Groves, C. P., and D. P. Willoughby. 1981. Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Equus. 1. Subgeneric classification of the recent species. Mammalia, 45: 321 - 354." year="1981">Groves and Willoughby (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, are as follows:
<taxonomicName id="0091BC84316F88AC13157ECCE1973AD2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asinus">
<emphasis id="37CD037CD0A0561F78486A134C73C40A" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. asinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="173B344057D1CB2C07473C3C709AEEB5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asinus">
<emphasis id="51DC0AF528ADFD8FA7DB63131FE22079" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Asinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group;
<taxonomicName id="0C8B8BA1F24057BB7177CFF99391E640" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="641875D4985DDB78FE49A104C53AC19F" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or nominate
<taxonomicName id="2FC2E0DCFAE1AA5B6E87F003DBDB806C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7A8687ACC6436A1094CCA4BEDB81895E" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Equus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (synonym:
<taxonomicName id="2E8993B5FF677B1971090C8E82F73A7C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="217BD45F5FCC4E4E1E2B22492912FCDB" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName id="7DBE9832E0C99B9D141892A5DDA11F37" authorityName="Oustalet" authorityYear="1882" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grevyi">
<emphasis id="D31C18CC8F77C5DDD010C56D845F8104" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. grevyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="A4CE6510A90F5C80B659ACEF353F5967" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Dolichohippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9822811641D55E82D30A0A3388561820" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Dolichohippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (synonyms:
<taxonomicName id="3C5ACC4F70FB6F1ABAB92EC007B8C97E" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Grevya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7B1A0FD966D2A81C02B0A5EE1845192" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Grevya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7C5434B04C0C1658E0CBF325B541E32C" authorityName="Griffin" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Ludolphozecora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3A68C5EC9BEFDAB3DF6D7827A7956621" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Ludolphozecora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="27B580E91CEA429DE3392CD70BEE3612" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Megacephalon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B4DED5A2414DC4474E5EFDC364E8AC61" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Megacephalon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="BF1793DF1DF519A0FD883A0F166DF662" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Megacephalonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="463B9FB037A5DD6CF2AEE0872432AA18" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Megacephalonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName id="C2E67C2A0E25291C4DA74ED27BCD74D4" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1775" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemionus">
<emphasis id="F7AE631B5B1A295620AD15A21A8708BD" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. hemionus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="B638FB10BA34C17567AB34DA6D22474A" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1775" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemionus">
<emphasis id="B1CE4CEC1AFCE16629D8EDCE4A2E9C58" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Hemionus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (synonyms:
<emphasis id="CD50DF7B43EAE65C9BE71C6CC91E7D82" italics="true" pageNumber="629">
<taxonomicName id="4146B4021DE3E81207A5B4638F50FEAD" authorityName="Trumler" authorityYear="1961" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Asinohippus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Asinohippus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3AFC7C6D45FAE0A3A6D9C4D75A7DDA97" authorityName="Dietrich" authorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hemippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemippus">Hemippus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AF57477F355D5A066C5BF3CD2E31E41E" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Microhippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Microhippus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="200615D9077313C7AB706C9D967639F7" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" genus="Onager" rank="species" species="onager">
<emphasis id="DC8385B180C0A9DED51B25E52C13F02E" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Onager</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), including also
<taxonomicName id="5360AD5121AD561D73947C6B4426F0F1" authorityName="Moorcroft" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">
<emphasis id="AB8510A9E184CDCAB6AF304FF5867287" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. kiang</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="FD2702DF01A2178AC13ECF07AEFFA0D5" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quagga">
<emphasis id="9D258153B9AE2BFFAAAEC8AACE07D815" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. quagga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="037AE16835E9E6A3CB2A0BFFCCF31FF4" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quagga">
<emphasis id="7ADB4B033161D6AFE68C6E32B9B9C6DF" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Quagga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (synonyms:
<emphasis id="865D2F25F78EE65FD04A9CA574FB454A" italics="true" pageNumber="629">
<taxonomicName id="F81255C25AC9958BC99C8DF023D6B60A" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1951" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Pseudoquagga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudoquagga</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D6D39DEDFB9E083C35DFB1DDC0F74B58" authorityName="Willoughby" authorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Quaggoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Quaggoides</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="D6E0C2BF59F075079923B90279D4CFFE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis id="1BA3ED679D0F981AB0009D6AA07448ED" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Zebra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), including also
<taxonomicName id="1F9A0A9336727D7C16FDC826784ED264" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burchellii">
<emphasis id="7A71471F43265390641A9EFE6B095F9E" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. burchellii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="E24E5F1685462A790789B66ABEFA3865" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis id="5EB33FBA71FDAE16A29B7123F6869D51" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. zebra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="E2199D2C8CDD55C099FA3FE6714F3147" authorityName="C. H. Smith" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotigris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E743177C1E1364C86E37CB9AC9ECF2B5" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Hippotigris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Earliest generic name for the
<taxonomicName id="4F91C4EC70B44818C269CFB01D1D21BE" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quagga">
<emphasis id="EAE738DE1DA6953FCA1A347B42B9F19C" italics="true" pageNumber="629">E. quagga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<taxonomicName id="94F14FFFC3B199B66BA8AB1BEED18A48" authority="J. A. Allen, 1909" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis id="4397344B918F319B63A572711C9FCD85" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Zebra</emphasis>
J. A. Allen, 1909
</taxonomicName>
) is preoccupied and next available name (†
<taxonomicName id="7E72931DD6A1DA664B232447EB086866" authority="van Hoepen, 1930" authorityName="van Hoepen" authorityYear="1930" class="Mammalia" genus="Kraterohippus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C868F11C0F23C9DEDD84F656D56A17EB" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Kraterohippus</emphasis>
van Hoepen, 1930
</taxonomicName>
) would have priority over
<taxonomicName id="C7F72E00541A354518346BD554679EF2" authority="Shortridge, 1934" authorityName="Shortridge" authorityYear="1934" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quagga">
<emphasis id="A69A6DF6AB0B49C6A3D4CF1BE9275132" italics="true" pageNumber="629">Quagga</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05AFF387480B244D8519429AEB443F2E" author="Shortridge, G. C." refId="ref326478" refString="Shortridge, G. C. 1934. The mammals of South West Africa. William Heinemann Ltd, London, 779 pp." year="1934">Shortridge, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
if these nominal genera were treated as valid taxa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>