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<taxonomicName authority="Kilburn 1985" authorityYear="1985" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Limiscala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limiscala maraisi" pageId="0" pageNumber="5653" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="maraisi">Limiscala maraisi (Kilburn 1985)</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5653">Description</paragraph>
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Shell white, with 14-16 incurved low costae, which are blade-like under the suture (Fig. 3b). Has fine, closed spiral threads between costae. Umbilicus open but narrow. Shell height about 10mm. Similar to
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Surrepifungium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Surrepifungium patamakanthini" pageId="0" pageNumber="5653" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="patamakanthini">Surrepifungium patamakanthini</taxonomicName>
A. Gittenberger &amp; E. Gittenberger, 2005. However, the present species has thicker shell, is smaller in size, and the costae do not form a coronation.
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5653">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="5653">This species was original found in Transkei, South Africa. In Taiwan, it was collected on the beach of the Lu-tao Island. This species is a new record from the Indo-Pacific region.</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Epitonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epitonium (Limiscala) maraisi" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="5653" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="maraisi" subGenus="Limiscala">Epitonium (Limiscala) maraisi</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Kilburn, R. N." journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Natal Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="5653" pagination="239 - 337" title="The family Epitoniidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in southern Africa and Mozambique" volume="27" year="1985">Kilburn 1985</bibRefCitation>
: fig 124;
<bibRefCitation author="Weil, A." journalOrPublisher="Evolver srl, Rome" pageId="0" pageNumber="5653" title="The wentletrap book － Guide to the recent Epitoniidae of the world" year="1999">Weil et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 155.
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1. Hedyotis foliis lanceolatis petiolatis, corymbis terminalibus involucratis.
<emphasis id="92C418CBF768AB428FB2261A1AC11096" italics="true">Fl. zeyl. 63.</emphasis>
*
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Valerianella foliis nervosis acutis, flosculis in caulium summo quasi involucratis.
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<emphasis id="C24BE9BED9BF3562DEE837E38E90BA6E" italics="true">Habitat in</emphasis>
Zeylona
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<taxonomicName LSID="DD1530AA-2F28-5E80-A03C-26970BC42666" authority="Ashmead, 1896" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceroptres frondosae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="68558" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frondosae">Ceroptres frondosae Ashmead, 1896</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="68558">Feeds on</paragraph>
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Inquiline of
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="68558">Andricus quercusfrondosus</emphasis>
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(Bassett, 1865) [as
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Willd.
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="68558">United States: Missouri</paragraph>
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<mods:identifier id="C6A896D3204B3EA969D059B788D395DE" type="Zenodo-Dep">126863</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="DD1530AF6AEE5E86A70291C29BDCD8DF" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182233400" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD1530AF6AEE5E86A70291C29BDCD8DF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD1530AF6AEE5E86A70291C29BDCD8DF" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<subSubSection id="2984304232CD49291559657D9EECF599" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C119A333FC81E23103A4F0A6F8D07FDC" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
†
<taxonomicName id="58F2DD63B4433FDDC7CA17E9F46B2D79" ID-CoL="7TXNJ" LSID="DD1530AF-6AEE-5E86-A702-91C29BDCD8DF" authority="Olujic, 1999" authorityName="Olujić" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Melanopsidae" genus="Melanoptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanoptychia lyrata subsp. semicostata" order="Sorbeoconcha" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="lyrata" subSpecies="semicostata">
Melanoptychia lyrata semicostata
<normalizedToken id="76E639AFA74CD185779010C12785A319" originalValue="Olujić">Olujic</normalizedToken>
, 1999
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A0D791CB95BE09678C8F177E3D45AF14" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="original source">
<paragraph id="02F5977BDD19EF5277EACD6627C843E6" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Original source.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F2C42D04BE7238B22D87F79DAFD24A3" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<bibRefCitation id="509475D2193A135DFA3D7DFFCD3ABECF" author="Olujic, J" journalOrPublisher="Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Zagreb" pageId="322" pageNumber="323" pagination="7 - 32" refId="B360" refString="Olujic, J, 1999. O razvojnim nizovima nekoliko melanopsida i prozostenida iz sarmatskih naslaga okolice Sinja (Dalmacija, Hrvatska). Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Zagreb: 7 - 32" title="O razvojnim nizovima nekoliko melanopsida i prozostenida iz sarmatskih naslaga okolice Sinja (Dalmacija, Hrvatska)" year="1999">
<normalizedToken id="4922B8D4398070674921FD83B7380A78" originalValue="Olujić">Olujic</normalizedToken>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
: 20, 48, pl. 1, figs 2-4.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="03AD487AC44107728A53966360AA9B67" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="type horizon">
<paragraph id="215D68414BE1ABC0AE0E96E90DAB7672" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Type horizon.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F036459EFD9B8C3262745AB70C055D81" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Langhian, middle Miocene.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1160ACFCEB6D8799486D0A5584DC1637" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="BAE6CFFF8EC113D5DFEDD80CF1863B68" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1559D3131CA2EF3B4F7442E0EDA11483" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">It is unclear from the original work in which of the studied localities/sections along the valleys of the Sutina, Batarelov and Vojskava rivers (4 km W of Sinj) the taxon occurred and in which not, Croatia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EF0AA9A95B6849A1B51D5F26D0B283E" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="4AA6723BAAD2D87E88236D91F8A1F0C1" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EDFA7026250C4F868475464C4EE7E4C7" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<bibRefCitation id="F448A5499EADFEDDDD887DC687F53E79" author="Neubauer, TA" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Molluskenkunde" pageId="321" pageNumber="322" pagination="201 - 237" publicationUrl="10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/140/201-237" refId="B340" refString="Neubauer, TA, Mandic, O, Harzhauser, M, 2011. Middle Miocene Freshwater Mollusks from Lake Sinj (Dinaride Lake System, SE Croatia; Langhian). Archiv fuer Molluskenkunde 140 (2): 201 - 237, DOI: 10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/140/201-237" title="Middle Miocene Freshwater Mollusks from Lake Sinj (Dinaride Lake System, SE Croatia; Langhian)." url="10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/140/201-237" volume="140" year="2011">Neubauer et al. (2011</bibRefCitation>
: 207) considered the taxon as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="EDDC5C6364B47C5F9A26501F50A5EA80" authorityName="Neumayr" authorityYear="1869" class="Gastropoda" family="Melanopsidae" genus="Melanopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanopsis lyrata" order="Pteropoda" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lyrata">
<emphasis id="9AF822CE0069814C3395381CA65385E9" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Melanopsis lyrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Neumayr, 1869.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F48CCD3F7FE68FE65" blockId="3.[139,620,1007,1066]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
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<taxonomicName id="92BC4D12C31A960F48CCD3F7FEB4FE45" authorityName="de Christol" authorityYear="1840" box="[139,306,1007,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Dugongidae" genus="Metaxytherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sirenia" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31A960F48CCD3F7FEB4FE45" bold="true" box="[139,306,1007,1034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">Metaxytherium</emphasis>
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cf.
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31A960F491DD3F7FE4FFE45" bold="true" box="[346,457,1007,1034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">krahuletzi</emphasis>
Depéret, 1895 (
<figureCitation id="CD872A14C31A960F4957D417FEEDFE65" box="[272,363,1039,1066]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStartId-0="3.[114,125,860,877]" captionStartId-1="4.[113,124,1439,1456]" captionStartId-2="8.[677,688,865,882]" captionStartId-3="8.[677,688,1612,1629]" captionTargetBox-0="[124,633,216,809]" captionTargetBox-1="[113,1199,220,1401]" captionTargetBox-2="[694,1198,223,791]" captionTargetBox-3="[695,1191,993,1556]" captionTargetId-0="figure-16@3.[114,643,199,817]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-19@4.[212,1183,224,1334]" captionTargetId-2="figure-21@8.[677,1206,216,806]" captionTargetId-3="graphics-59@8.[695,1191,993,1557]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIG. 2.— Skull of Meta­xytherium cf.kra­huletzi Depéret,1895 (MP- NRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence,France):A, left lateral view; B, posterior view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 3. — Line drawings of the skull of Meta­xytherium cf. kra­huletzi Depéret, 1895 (MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France): A, left lateral view; B, posterior view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 4. — Ribs and thoracic vertebrae of Meta­xytherium cf. kra­huletzi Depéret, 1895 (MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France) in dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 5. — Line drawings of the ribs and the thoracic vertebrae of Meta­xytherium cf. kra­huletzi Depéret, 1895 (MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviations: R, ribs; T, thoracic vertebrae. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5376717" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5376719" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5376723" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5376725" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5376717/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5376719/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5376723/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5376725/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">Figs 2-5</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="183E032AC31A960F4931D417FE63FE65" box="[374,485,1039,1066]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStart-2="TABLE" captionStart-3="TABLE" captionStartId-0="5.[113,122,219,236]" captionStartId-1="6.[115,124,219,236]" captionStartId-2="6.[113,122,817,834]" captionStartId-3="6.[114,123,1101,1118]" captionText-0="TABLE 1. — Measurements (in mm) of the cranium of Meta­xytherium cf. kra­huletzi Depéret, 1895 (MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviation: e, estimated." captionText-1="TABLE 2. — Measurements (in mm) of the mandible of Meta­xytherium cf. kra­huletzi Depéret,1895 (MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviation: e, estimated." captionText-2="TABLE 3. — Measurements (in mm) of the thoracic vertebrae of Meta­xytherium cf. kra­huletzi Depéret, 1895 (MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviations: e, estimated; T, thoracic vertebrae." captionText-3="TABLE 4. — Measurements (in mm) of the ribs of Meta­xytherium cf. kra­huletzi Depéret, 1895 (MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviation: R, ribs." pageId="3" pageNumber="436">Tables 1-4</tableCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4836D452FDEAFE2E" blockId="3.[113,620,1096,1122]" box="[113,620,1096,1122]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
SYNONYMY. — See
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B60C31A960F4968D450FDEEFE2E" author="DOMNING D. P. &amp; PERVESLER P." box="[303,616,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref7068" refString="DOMNING D. P. &amp; PERVESLER P. 2001. - The osteology and relationships of Meta-xytherium kra-huletzi Deperet, 1895 (Mammalia: Sirenia). Abha-ndlungen der Senckenbergischen Na-turforschenden Gesellscha-ft 553: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2001">Domning &amp; Pervesler 2001: 17</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA6651AC31A96044836D461FDC2F9C3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" type="description">
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4836D461FF41FE8A" blockId="3.[113,647,1144,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">REFERRED NEW SPECIMEN. — One additional specimen: MPNRL-MAN2000 skull, thoracic vertebrae and ribs.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4836D4C5FF44FF40" blockId="3.[113,646,1245,1295]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
LOCALITY. — La Rochette, Manosque (Provence,
<collectingCountry id="2DAB7601C31A960F4836D4EFFF31FF40" box="[113,183,1271,1295]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">France</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4836D530FE19FF3B" blockId="3.[113,647,1319,1396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">AGE AND STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Early Miocene, late Burdigalian, 16.5-17.5 Ma. “Molasse calcaire et sablo-marneuse” Formation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4836D594FE84FFEB" blockId="3.[113,647,1420,1700]" box="[113,258,1420,1446]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4836D5B4FEA5FF8A" blockId="3.[113,647,1420,1700]" box="[113,291,1452,1477]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31A960F4836D5B4FEA5FF8A" box="[113,291,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">Preserva­tion sta­te</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4836D5D3FD92FCEB" blockId="3.[113,647,1420,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">The cranium and the mandible are in anatomic connection, so the ventral side of the cranium and the dorsal side of the mandible are not visible. They are deformed, mediolaterally flattened with the right side still partially embedded in the molasse, and the posterior portion incomplete (lacking the right exoccipital and the basioccipital).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4AFCD0C0FBB3FB3F" blockId="3.[677,1210,216,749]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">The rib cage is also embedded in the hard sandstone matrix; the left ribs are more or less in anatomic position, the right ones are posteriorly inclined, the vertebrae are crushed, lying on the right side, but more or less in anatomic connection.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4AFCD16EFC18FBA0" blockId="3.[677,1210,216,749]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
The exoccipital-supraoccipital and the interpremaxillary sutures completely fused, and the M
<subScript id="C93834D4C31A960F4AF9D1DBFD4EFB9B" attach="left" box="[702,712,451,468]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">3</subScript>
is completely erupted, which indicates that the specimen was an adult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4AFCD1EDFC15F8A2" blockId="3.[677,1210,216,749]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
The state of preservation and the incomplete preparation do not permit scoring of all the morphological characters used by
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B60C31A960F4B90D22CFB0BF801" author="DOMNING D. P." box="[983,1165,564,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" pagination="177 - 189" refId="ref6894" refString="DOMNING D. P. 1994. - A phylogenetic analysis of the Sirenia, in BERTA A. &amp; DEMERE T. A. (eds), Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the Sa-n Diego Society of Na-tura-l History 29: 177 - 189." type="journal article" year="1994">Domning (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B60C31A960F4AE2D24CFC4FF821" author="BAJPAI S. &amp; DOMNING D. P." box="[677,969,596,622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" pagination="219 - 228" refId="ref6483" refString="BAJPAI S. &amp; DOMNING D. P. 1997. - A new dugongine sirenian from the early Miocene of India. Journa-l of Vertebra-te Pa-leontology 17 (1): 219 - 228." type="journal article" year="1997">Bajpai &amp; Domning (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. However, the features visible include those most critical for taxonomic determination in this case; the difficulty in making a specific identification does not result from incomplete preparation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4AE2D30AFC93F963" blockId="3.[677,1210,786,1699]" box="[677,789,786,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31A960F4AE2D30AFC93F963" box="[677,789,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">Prema­xilla­</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4AE2D32AFBD2FEE6" blockId="3.[677,1210,786,1699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">The rostrum is incomplete and compressed, but long enough to be supposed enlarged relative to the cranium [c. 3(1?)]. Only the dorsal portion is preserved, but the dorsal keel is damaged so that the dorsal surface of the premaxillary symphysis appears to be concave. The posterior end of the rostrum seems to be upraised to form a slight boss in lateral view [c. 10(1?)]. The lateral edges are thin, not flaring. The tusks and the alveoli are not preserved, but, judging from the development of the rostrum, they were probably small, extending less than half the length of the symphysis [c. 140(0)].</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4AFCD4B6FB0AFFE9" blockId="3.[677,1210,786,1699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
The nasal process is long [c. 7(0)] and thin at its posterior end [c. 6(0)]. It contacts the frontal [c. 9(1)], the lacrimal, and abuts against the nasal, but the sutures with these bones are unclear. The premaxillarymaxillary suture is partially visible and its anterior end is estimated to be about
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posterior to the dorsal tip of the symphysis. The contact with frontal and lacrimal appears to be about
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long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31A960F4AFCD5B3FC00FCEC" blockId="3.[677,1210,786,1699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
The mesorostral fossa is long and narrow and the external nares appear to be retracted and enlarged beyond the level of the anterior margin of the orbit [c. 8(1)], but these characters could be accentuated by compression and deformation. A nasal incisure at posterior end of mesorostral fossa is absent [c. 37(0)]. The rostral deflection is uncertain; probably
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31A960F4B04D692FCD2FCEC" box="[835,852,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">c.</emphasis>
60°.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="55033691C31D96084836D587FC84FF88" blockId="4.[113,1210,1439,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">
FIG. 3. — Line drawings of the skull of
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31D960849F0D587FDB4FFFF" box="[439,562,1439,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">Meta­xytherium</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D12C31D96084A7FD587FC98FFFF" authority="Deperet, 1895" authorityName="Deperet" authorityYear="1895" box="[568,798,1439,1456]" class="Mammalia" family="Dugongidae" genus="Metaxytherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sirenia" pageId="4" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kra-huletzi">
cf.
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31D96084A14D587FD27FFFF" box="[595,673,1439,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">kra­huletzi</emphasis>
Depéret, 1895
</taxonomicName>
(MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France):
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31D960848FDD5AEFF41FF88" bold="true" box="[186,199,1462,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">A</emphasis>
, left lateral view;
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31D9608491FD5AEFEE3FF88" bold="true" box="[344,357,1462,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">B</emphasis>
, posterior view;
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31D960849A8D5AEFE7BFF88" bold="true" box="[495,509,1462,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">C</emphasis>
, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="55033691C31D96084836D612FF2AFC6B" blockId="4.[113,646,1546,1700]" box="[113,172,1546,1572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31D96084836D612FF2AFC6B" box="[113,172,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">Na­sa­l</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31D96084836D632FE71FCEC" blockId="4.[113,646,1546,1700]" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">The nasal region is abraded and incomplete, so the dorsal exposure of the nasal cannot be clearly delineated, but processes of the frontals seem to separate the nasals in the midline [c. 31(1?)].</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31D96084AE2D612FC85FC6B" blockId="4.[677,1210,1546,1700]" box="[677,771,1546,1572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31D96084AE2D612FC85FC6B" box="[677,771,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">La­crima­l</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31D96084AE2D632FB3CFCEC" blockId="4.[677,1210,1546,1700]" pageId="4" pageNumber="437">
The lacrimal is about
<quantity id="92449B74C31D96084B39D632FC36FC0A" box="[894,944,1578,1605]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="437" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
long and has a prominent ridge,
<quantity id="92449B74C31D96084AA2D652FC9FFC2B" box="[741,793,1610,1636]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="437" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
long, on its lower lateral surface. It abuts posterodorsally against the supraorbital process of the frontal and is anteromedially in contact with
</paragraph>
<caption id="01C36619C31C96094836D0C3FE7FFB4D" pageId="5" pageNumber="438" startId="5.[113,122,219,236]">
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D0C3FE7FFB4D" blockId="5.[113,1209,219,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">
TABLE 1. — Measurements (in mm) of the cranium of
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31C96094A63D0C3FD19FAA3" box="[548,671,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Meta­xytherium</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D12C31C96094AE3D0C3FC01FAA3" authority="Deperet, 1895" authorityName="Deperet" authorityYear="1895" box="[676,903,219,236]" class="Mammalia" family="Dugongidae" genus="Metaxytherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sirenia" pageId="5" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kra-huletzi">
cf.
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31C96094AF9D0C3FC8AFAA3" box="[702,780,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">kra­huletzi</emphasis>
Depéret, 1895
</taxonomicName>
(MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviation:
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31C960949CCD0E9FE10FB4D" bold="true" box="[395,406,241,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">e</emphasis>
, estimated.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D124FB06FBCE" blockId="5.[113,1159,316,818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Condylobasal length 460e Height of jugal below orbit 56 Length of premaxillary symphysis 165e</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D19DFBF3FBD6" blockId="5.[113,1159,316,818]" box="[113,1141,389,409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Rear of occipital condyles to anterior end of interfrontal suture 284</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D185FBF3F83E" blockId="5.[113,1159,316,818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Top of supraoccipital to ventral sides of occipital condyles 151 Length of frontals, level of tips of supraorbital processes to frontoparietal suture 187 Breadth across supraorbital processes 72 × 2e Breadth of cranium at frontoparietal suture 88 Length of mesorostral fossa 110e Maximum height of rostrum 58e Length of zygomatic process of squamosal 160 Anterior tip of zygomatic process to rear edge of squamosal below mastoid foramen 174 Length of parietals, frontoparietal suture to rear of external occipital protuberance 74</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D26EFBFBF97D" blockId="5.[113,1159,316,818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Height of posterior part of cranial portion of squamosal 118 Dorsoventral breadth of zygomatic process 59 Length of jugal 170e Length of frontals in midline 133e Height of supraoccipital 76e Width of supraoccipital 46 × 2e Deflection of masticating surface of rostrum from occlusal plane (degrees) 60° Parietal-supraoccipital angle (degrees) 125°</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D389FDA1F984" blockId="5.[113,647,913,971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">the jugal. The contact with the maxilla is unclear. A nasolacrimal canal is absent [c. 91(1)].</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D3E8FF3BFE45" blockId="5.[113,647,1008,1541]" box="[113,189,1008,1034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31C96094836D3E8FF3BFE45" box="[113,189,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Fronta­l</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D417FD9DFC4A" blockId="5.[113,647,1008,1541]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">
The supraorbital process is well developed, about
<quantity id="92449B74C31C96094836D437FF20FE05" box="[113,166,1071,1098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
thick dorsoventrally with a long, acute anterior point and a small posterolateral corner [c. 36(1)], flattened in the horizontal plane, with a dorsal surface inclined relatively gently ventrolaterad [c. 43(0)]; not divided by deep dorsoventral grooves indenting its lateral margin [c. 44(0)]. A large orbicular apophysis is present on each side. The lateral crests are not significantly overhanging. The medial wall of the temporal fossa is formed by a thin lamina orbitalis of the frontal [c. 38(0)] and the crista orbitotemporalis is present. The median portion of the frontal roof is convex [c. 42(0)] with a low longitudinal crest. The anterior portion is not well preserved and the contacts with nasal and premaxilla are not visible. The interfrontal sutural surface is fused.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D632FF44FC0B" blockId="5.[113,646,1578,1700]" box="[113,194,1578,1604]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31C96094836D632FF44FC0B" box="[113,194,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Pa­rieta­l</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094836D652FBA5FE87" blockId="5.[113,646,1578,1700]" lastBlockId="5.[677,1210,913,1224]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">
The parietal is
<quantity id="92449B74C31C9609495CD652FEEAFC2B" box="[283,364,1610,1636]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="74.0">74 mm</quantity>
long in the midline and
<quantity id="92449B74C31C96094836D672FF57FCCB" box="[113,209,1642,1668]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.19" pageId="5" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="119.0">119 mm</quantity>
long laterally. The interparietal suture is fused. The fronto-parietal suture is concave in shape. The frontal process of the parietal is about
<quantity id="92449B74C31C96094AE2D3A8FD75F984" box="[677,755,944,971]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
long. The posterolateral corners of the roof are indented by the squamosals. The roof is nearly rectangular, posteriorly flat and anteriorly slightly concave. The temporal crests are lyriform, low, broad, confined to the lateral edges; minimum external distance between crests
<quantity id="92449B74C31C96094BB4D457FBC2FE26" box="[1011,1092,1103,1129]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="74.0">74 mm</quantity>
, minimum internal distance
<quantity id="92449B74C31C96094B2CD477FC3AFEC6" box="[875,956,1135,1161]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="37.0">37 mm</quantity>
(
<typeStatus id="8A078833C31C96094B8AD477FB81FEC6" box="[973,1031,1135,1161]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Type</typeStatus>
B of
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B60C31C96094C0CD476FD67FEE7" author="DOMNING D. P." pageId="5" pageNumber="438" pagination="395 - 426" refId="ref6855" refString="DOMNING D. P. 1988. - Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. I - Meta-xytherium florida-num Hay, 1922. Journa-l of Vertebra-te Pa-leontology 8 (4): 395 - 426." type="journal article" year="1988">Domning 1988</bibRefCitation>
). A median bump is present just in front of the external occipital protuberance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094AE2D4F5FCB1FF48" blockId="5.[677,1210,1261,1700]" box="[677,823,1261,1287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31C96094AE2D4F5FCB1FF48" box="[677,823,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">Supra­occipita­l</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31C96094AE2D515FB3CFCEC" blockId="5.[677,1210,1261,1700]" pageId="5" pageNumber="438">The right ventral portion of the supraoccipital is lacking. The supraoccipital is hexagonal in outline with rounded dorsolateral corners; it forms an angle of 125° with the posterior part of the parietals. The parietal-supraoccipital suture is fused. The external occipital protuberance is very large and thick anteroposteriorly; it rises above the plane of the parietal roof, and the median ridge below it is present but short, the nuchal crest is distinct at its lateral ends near the squamosals, and the lateral border is thick, rounded and not overhanging. The areas of insertion for semispinalis capitis muscles are flattish, face posterodorsad, and extend about</paragraph>
<caption id="01C36619C31F960A4834D0C3FD86FB4D" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" startId="6.[115,124,219,236]">
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4834D0C3FD86FB4D" blockId="6.[115,1209,219,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
TABLE 2. — Measurements (in mm) of the mandible of
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A6ED0C3FD22FAA3" box="[553,676,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Meta­xytherium</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D12C31F960A4AEFD0C3FC0FFAA3" authority="Deperet, 1895" authorityName="Deperet" authorityYear="1895" box="[680,905,219,236]" class="Mammalia" family="Dugongidae" genus="Metaxytherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sirenia" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kra-huletzi">
cf.
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A86D0C3FC89FAA3" box="[705,783,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">kra­huletzi</emphasis>
Depéret,1895
</taxonomicName>
(MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviation:
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A49D5D0E9FE1BFB4D" bold="true" box="[402,413,241,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">e</emphasis>
, estimated.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4835D124FBF8F8A5" blockId="6.[114,1161,316,746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
Total length 302 Anterior tip to front of ascending ramus 207 Anterior tip to rear of mental foramen 83 Length of symphysis 106e Posterior extremity to front of ascending ramus 103 Distance between anterior and posterior ventral extremities 183 Height at condyle 226 Height at deflection point of horizontal ramus 133 Deflection point to rear of alveolar row 78e Minimum anteroposterior breadth of ascending ramus 95 Front of ascending ramus to rear of mental foramen 131 Top of ventral curvature of horizontal ramus to line connecting ventral extremities 48 Minimum dorsoventral breadth of horizontal ramus 82 Length of alveolar row 60e Deflection of symphyseal surface from occlusal plane (degrees) 64° M
<subScript id="C93834D4C31F960A48C2D2B7FF0BF8F2" attach="left" box="[133,141,687,701]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">3</subScript>
Crown height 15 Crown length 19
</paragraph>
<caption id="01C36619C31F960A4836D329FC9EF916" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" startId="6.[113,122,817,834]">
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4836D329FC9EF916" blockId="6.[113,1209,817,857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
TABLE 3. — Measurements (in mm) of the thoracic vertebrae of
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A39D329FD7FF90D" box="[638,761,817,834]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Meta­xytherium</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D12C31F960A4AB9D329FC65F90D" authority="Deperet, 1895" authorityName="Deperet" authorityYear="1895" box="[766,995,817,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Dugongidae" genus="Metaxytherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sirenia" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kra-huletzi">
cf.
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4B5FD329FCE0F90D" box="[792,870,817,834]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">kra­huletzi</emphasis>
Depéret, 1895
</taxonomicName>
(MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A49B5D350FE7BF916" bold="true" box="[498,509,840,857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">e</emphasis>
, estimated;
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A24D350FDE8F916" bold="true" box="[611,622,840,857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">T</emphasis>
, thoracic vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4A58D38BFBFAF9B4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<table id="27BCC431C31F69F34836D38BFB3EF9B4" box="[113,1208,915,1019]" gridcols="12" gridrows="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34836D38BFB3EF9E8" box="[113,1208,915,935]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A58D38BFD19F9E8" box="[543,671,915,935]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A58D38BFD19F9E8" bold="true" box="[543,671,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Ta Tb Tc</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AFDD38BFD52F9E8" box="[698,724,915,935]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4AFDD38BFD52F9E8" bold="true" box="[698,724,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Td</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AB6D38BFC8FF9E8" box="[753,777,915,935]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4AB5D38BFC8FF9E8" bold="true" box="[754,777,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Te</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B61D38BFCB8F9E8" box="[806,830,915,935]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4B6DD38BFCB8F9E8" bold="true" box="[810,830,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Tf</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B1ED38BFCF5F9E8" box="[857,883,915,935]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4B1ED38BFCF5F9E8" bold="true" box="[857,883,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Tg</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B38D38BFC25F9E8" box="[895,931,915,935]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4BC6D38BFC1DF9E8" bold="true" box="[897,923,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Th</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BFED38BFC5AF9E8" box="[953,988,915,935]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4BFDD38BFC4BF9E8" bold="true" box="[954,973,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Ti</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BA9D38BFB97F9E8" box="[1006,1041,915,935]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4BA8D38BFB84F9E8" bold="true" box="[1007,1026,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Tj</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C6AD38BFBC1F9E8" box="[1069,1095,915,935]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4C6AD38BFBC0F9E8" bold="true" box="[1069,1094,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Tk</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C23D38BFBFAF9E8" box="[1124,1148,915,935]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4C2ED38BFBFAF9E8" bold="true" box="[1129,1148,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Tl</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34CDFD38BFB3EF9E8" box="[1176,1208,915,935]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4CDFD38BFB3EF9E8" bold="true" box="[1176,1208,915,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Tm</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34836D3AAFB3EF984" box="[113,1208,946,971]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1">
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34836D3AAFE71F984" box="[113,503,946,971]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Height of neural spine</th>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A58D3AAFD19F984" box="[543,671,946,971]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">105e 100e</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AFDD3AAFD52F984" box="[698,724,946,971]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">95</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AB6D3AAFC8FF984" box="[753,777,946,971]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">90</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B61D3AAFCB8F984" box="[806,830,946,971]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">85</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B1ED3AAFCF5F984" box="[857,883,946,971]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">85</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B38D3AAFC25F984" box="[895,931,946,971]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">80e</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BFED3AAFC5AF984" box="[953,988,946,971]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">76e</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BA9D3AAFB97F984" box="[1006,1041,946,971]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">89e</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C6AD3AAFBC1F984" box="[1069,1095,946,971]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">84</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34836D3D7FB3EF9AC" box="[113,1208,975,995]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-11="1">
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34836D3D7FE71F9AC" box="[113,503,975,995]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Length of neural spine at apex</th>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A58D3D7FD19F9AC" box="[543,671,975,995]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">50e</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AFDD3D7FD52F9AC" box="[698,724,975,995]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">40</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AB6D3D7FC8FF9AC" box="[753,777,975,995]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">58</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B61D3D7FCB8F9AC" box="[806,830,975,995]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">52</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B1ED3D7FCF5F9AC" box="[857,883,975,995]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">63</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B38D3D7FC25F9AC" box="[895,931,975,995]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">55</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BFED3D7FC5AF9AC" box="[953,988,975,995]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">59</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BA9D3D7FB97F9AC" box="[1006,1041,975,995]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">61</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C6AD3D7FBC1F9AC" box="[1069,1095,975,995]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">60</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C23D3D7FBFAF9AC" box="[1124,1148,975,995]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">46</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34836D3FFFB3EF9B4" box="[113,1208,999,1019]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34836D3FFFE71F9B4" box="[113,503,999,1019]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Length of transverse process at the base</th>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A58D3FFFD19F9B4" box="[543,671,999,1019]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">40e</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B61D3FFFCB8F9B4" box="[806,830,999,1019]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">85</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B1ED3FFFCF5F9B4" box="[857,883,999,1019]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">86</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C23D3FFFBFAF9B4" box="[1124,1148,999,1019]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">79</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="01C36619C31F960A4835D455FE56FE3B" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" startId="6.[114,123,1101,1118]">
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4835D455FE56FE3B" blockId="6.[114,1210,1101,1140]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
TABLE 4. — Measurements (in mm) of the ribs of
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A50D455FD15FE11" box="[535,659,1101,1118]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Meta­xytherium</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D12C31F960A4ADED455FC05FE11" authority="Deperet, 1895" authorityName="Deperet" authorityYear="1895" box="[665,899,1101,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Dugongidae" genus="Metaxytherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sirenia" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kra-huletzi">
cf.
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4AF2D455FC82FE11" box="[693,772,1101,1118]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">kra­huletzi</emphasis>
Depéret, 1895
</taxonomicName>
(MPNRL-MAN2000) from Manosque (Provence, France). Abbreviation:
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A49D6D47BFE18FE3B" bold="true" box="[401,414,1123,1140]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">R</emphasis>
, ribs.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4A4BD4B7FB34FF64" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<table id="27BCC431C31F69F34835D4B7FB34FF60" box="[114,1202,1199,1327]" gridcols="13" gridrows="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34835D4B7FB34FE8C" box="[114,1202,1199,1219]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A43D4B7FDAEFE8C" box="[516,552,1199,1219]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A4BD4B7FDAEFE8C" bold="true" box="[524,552,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Ra</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A70D4B7FDDDFE8C" box="[567,603,1199,1219]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A79D4B7FDDCFE8C" bold="true" box="[574,602,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Rb</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A2DD4B7FD08FE8C" box="[618,654,1199,1219]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4A35D4B7FD08FE8C" bold="true" box="[626,654,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Rc</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AE2D4B7FD4FFE8C" box="[677,713,1199,1219]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4AEBD4B7FD4EFE8C" bold="true" box="[684,712,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Rd</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AA5D4B7FC80FE8C" box="[738,774,1199,1219]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4AADD4B7FC80FE8C" bold="true" box="[746,774,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Re</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B57D4B7FCC5FE8C" box="[784,835,1199,1219]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4B6BD4B7FCC5FE8C" bold="true" box="[812,835,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Rf</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B0AD4B7FC06FE8C" box="[845,896,1199,1219]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4B24D4B7FCF9FE8C" bold="true" box="[867,895,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Rg</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BCDD4B7FC3BFE8C" box="[906,957,1199,1219]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4BE6D4B7FC3BFE8C" bold="true" box="[929,957,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Rh</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B80D4B7FBBEFE8C" box="[967,1080,1199,1219]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4BA2D4B7FBB1FE8C" bold="true" box="[997,1079,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Ri R1j</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C05D4B7FBF3FE8C" box="[1090,1141,1199,1219]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4C1ED4B7FBF3FE8C" bold="true" box="[1113,1141,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Rk</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34CCCD4B7FB34FE8C" box="[1163,1202,1199,1219]" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4CDAD4B7FB34FE8C" bold="true" box="[1181,1202,1199,1219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Rl</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34835D4CAFB34FEA9" box="[114,1202,1234,1254]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1">
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34835D4CAFF48FEA9" box="[114,206,1234,1254]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Left side</th>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F3489AD4CAFE75FEA9" box="[221,499,1234,1254]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Length in straight line</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A43D4CAFDAEFEA9" box="[516,552,1234,1254]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">365</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A70D4CAFDDDFEA9" box="[567,603,1234,1254]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">420</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A2DD4CAFD08FEA9" box="[618,654,1234,1254]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">480</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AE2D4CAFD4FFEA9" box="[677,713,1234,1254]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">525</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AA5D4CAFC80FEA9" box="[738,774,1234,1254]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">580</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B57D4CAFCC5FEA9" box="[784,835,1234,1254]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">605</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B0AD4CAFC06FEA9" box="[845,896,1234,1254]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt;330</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BCDD4CAFC3BFEA9" box="[906,957,1234,1254]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt;245</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B80D4CAFBBEFEA9" box="[967,1080,1234,1254]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt; 180&gt; 175</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34835D4F2FB34FEB1" box="[114,1202,1258,1278]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1">
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F3489AD4F2FE75FEB1" box="[221,499,1258,1278]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Mid-shaft maximum diameter</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A43D4F2FDAEFEB1" box="[516,552,1258,1278]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">56</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A70D4F2FDDDFEB1" box="[567,603,1258,1278]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">58</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34A2DD4F2FD08FEB1" box="[618,654,1258,1278]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">60</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AE2D4F2FD4FFEB1" box="[677,713,1258,1278]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">58</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AA5D4F2FC80FEB1" box="[738,774,1258,1278]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">50</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B57D4F2FCC5FEB1" box="[784,835,1258,1278]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">52</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B0AD4F2FC06FEB1" box="[845,896,1258,1278]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">53</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34BCDD4F2FC3BFEB1" box="[906,957,1258,1278]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">52</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B80D4F2FBBEFEB1" box="[967,1080,1258,1278]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">52 53</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34835D51AFB34FF59" box="[114,1202,1282,1302]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34835D51AFF48FF59" box="[114,206,1282,1302]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Right side</th>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F3489AD51AFE75FF59" box="[221,499,1282,1302]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Length in straight line</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AE2D51AFC80FF59" box="[677,774,1282,1302]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt; 191</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B57D51AFCC5FF59" box="[784,835,1282,1302]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt;164</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B0AD51AFC06FF59" box="[845,896,1282,1302]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt;84</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B80D51AFBBEFF59" box="[967,1080,1282,1302]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt; 420&gt; 250</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C05D51AFBF3FF59" box="[1090,1141,1282,1302]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt;182</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34CCCD51AFB34FF59" box="[1163,1202,1282,1302]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">&gt;81</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EB8C34D3C31F69F34835D50FFB34FF60" box="[114,1202,1303,1327]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-9="1">
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F3489AD50FFE75FF60" box="[221,499,1303,1327]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Mid-shaft maximum diameter</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34AA5D50FFC80FF60" box="[738,774,1303,1327]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">51</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B57D50FFCC5FF60" box="[784,835,1303,1327]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">53</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B0AD50FFC06FF60" box="[845,896,1303,1327]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">52</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34B80D50FFBBEFF60" box="[967,1080,1303,1327]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">55 54</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34C05D50FFBF3FF60" box="[1090,1141,1303,1327]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">54</td>
<td id="A85D5DAFC31F69F34CCCD50FFB34FF60" box="[1163,1202,1303,1327]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">54</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4836D574FEC7FC4A" blockId="6.[113,647,1388,1541]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
halfway to the ventral end of the bone. The lower part of the supraoccipital is convex laterally below the semispinalis insertions. The sutural surfaces for the exoccipitals are not distinct. The ratio of width to height is
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A48B6D5F3FE84FC4B" box="[241,258,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">c.</emphasis>
1.21.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4836D632FF6FFC0B" blockId="6.[113,646,1578,1699]" box="[113,233,1578,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4836D632FF6FFC0B" box="[113,233,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Exoccipita­ls</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4836D652FB27FF89" blockId="6.[113,646,1578,1699]" lastBlockId="6.[677,1209,1387,1478]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Only the dorsal portion on the left side of exoccipital is preserved. The bone appears to be fused with the supraoccipital. The dorsolateral border is rounded, smooth and not flange-like [c. 70(0)]. The supracondylar fossa is deep and extends across the entire width of the occipital condyle [c. 67(2)].</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4AE2D5F3FD71FC4A" blockId="6.[677,1210,1515,1699]" box="[677,759,1515,1541]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31F960A4AE2D5F3FD71FC4A" box="[677,759,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Ma­xilla­</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31F960A4AE2D612FCDAFCEC" blockId="6.[677,1210,1515,1699]" pageId="6" pageNumber="439">Only a small dorsal portion of maxilla is visible laterally. The ventral side and the zygomatic-orbital bridge are concealed by matrix. The infraorbital foramen is not visible in anterior view because of the compression.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31E960B4836D0C0FF66FABD" blockId="7.[113,648,216,813]" box="[113,224,216,242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31E960B4836D0C0FF66FABD" box="[113,224,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">Squa­mosa­l</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31E960B4836D0EFFDAEF963" blockId="7.[113,648,216,813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">
The squamosal is dorsally in contact with the squared posterior part of the parietal roof [c. 76(1)]. The sigmoid ridge is prominent [c. 74(0)], dorsally slightly sharp and ventrally more rounded. The surface of the cranial portion dorsal to the zygomatic root is nearly flat. The postglenoid process and the postarticular fossa are distinct and well developed. The processus retroversus is present, moderately inflected [c. 77(1)], and does not project below the line of the suture with the jugal; its posterior end is incomplete, but distinct dorsal and ventral protuberances are present. The temporal condyle is not visible. The zygomatic process is
<quantity id="92449B74C31E960B48A3D26CFEC5F8C1" box="[228,323,628,654]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
long, narrow throughout its length [new character]. The posterodorsal edge of the process is almost straight (slightly concave) in outline and convex laterad. The external auditory meatus is partly obscured, but seems to be about as wide anteroposteriorly as high [c. 82(1?)].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31E960B4836D349FF23F924" blockId="7.[113,647,849,1319]" box="[113,165,849,875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31E960B4836D349FF23F924" box="[113,165,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">Juga­l</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31E960B4836D369FD93FF68" blockId="7.[113,647,849,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">
The preorbital process is relatively flat and thin [c. 88(0)], but with a protuberance on the posterior side. It presumably does not contact the premaxilla [c 87(0?)]. The ventralmost point of the jugal lies clearly under the orbit itself [c. 85(2)], as mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B60C31E960B48C8D417FE6EFE65" author="DOMNING D. P. &amp; PERVESLER P." box="[143,488,1039,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="440" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref7068" refString="DOMNING D. P. &amp; PERVESLER P. 2001. - The osteology and relationships of Meta-xytherium kra-huletzi Deperet, 1895 (Mammalia: Sirenia). Abha-ndlungen der Senckenbergischen Na-turforschenden Gesellscha-ft 553: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2001">Domning &amp; Pervesler (2001: 43)</bibRefCitation>
. The ventral tip is thick and rounded; the border behind is smooth. The ventral margin of the orbit is concave, smooth, large but not overhanging [c. 90(0)]. There is a raised postorbital process against which the squamosal abuts. The posterior process is incomplete, but seems to be as long as the diameter of the orbit [c. 89(0?)], tapering rapidly in outline with a longitudinal low sulcus on the lateral side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31E960B4836D554FF50FF29" blockId="7.[113,647,1356,1700]" box="[113,214,1356,1382]" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">
<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31E960B4836D554FF50FF29" box="[113,214,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">Ma­ndible</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31E960B4836D574FBBBF9C3" blockId="7.[113,647,1356,1700]" lastBlockId="7.[677,1210,215,908]" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">
Left and right dentaries are preserved, but they are mediolaterally flattened. The left is exposed, but the right is enclosed in the matrix. The mandible is in anatomic position and the dorsal extremity of the ascending ramus is therefore covered by the zygomatic arch. The condyle, partially exposed, is elliptic and laterally overhanging. The mandibular notch and coronoid process are not exposed. The base of the anterior border of the coronoid process is exposed and extends slightly anterior to the base of the process [c. 126(1)]. The posterior border is thick and rounded. It has no distinct processus angularis superior, but has a broadly convex outline beginning well below the condyle [c. 125(2)]. Lateral to M
<subScript id="C93834D4C31E960B4B60D17BFCB7FB3B" attach="left" box="[807,817,355,372]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">3</subScript>
there is a shelf that slopes steeply. The horizontal ramus is deep and short [c. 128(1)], with a strongly concave ventral border [c. 122(3)] that is not tangent to the mandibular angle [c. 129(1)]. The ventral border is thickened and rounded anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Only one large mental foramen is present [c. 123(1)], and it lies at the level of deflection of the dorsal edge of the ramus. The deflection of the masticating surface is abrupt, about 64° (60° according to
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B60C31E960B4B89D26CFC8DF8E2" author="DOMNING D. P. &amp; PERVESLER P." pageId="7" pageNumber="440" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref7068" refString="DOMNING D. P. &amp; PERVESLER P. 2001. - The osteology and relationships of Meta-xytherium kra-huletzi Deperet, 1895 (Mammalia: Sirenia). Abha-ndlungen der Senckenbergischen Na-turforschenden Gesellscha-ft 553: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2001">Domning &amp; Pervesler 2001: 44</bibRefCitation>
). The masticating surface is incomplete and mediolaterally compressed. The lateral edge is thin and overhanging. The posteroventral side of the symphysis is concave and the anteroventral side is convex transversely. The symphyseal suture is not well preserved, but appears to be fused. The labial side of M
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is visible. The distance between M
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and the coronoid process is about
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31E960B4AE2D3A8FC83F985" box="[677,773,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">Vertebra­e</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55033691C31E960B4AE2D3C8FBEAFF08" blockId="7.[677,1210,944,1700]" pageId="7" pageNumber="440">The cervical and the most anterior vertebrae are missing.Twelve thoracic vertebrae and a very small fragment representing a thirteenth thoracic vertebra are preserved in anatomic sequence (Ta-m). They are crushed, fragmented and lying on the right side. The centra seem to be collapsed and only the left sides of the neural spines and the left transverse processes are exposed. The neural spines are better preserved than the transverse processes. The first vertebrae are partially overlapping. The overlapping diminishes from the first to the seventh vertebra and the following vertebrae are in anatomic position.</paragraph>
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The neural spines are laterally flattened with a slight backward slope. Their full height is around
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. The posterior side of each spine has a rounded protuberance; posteriorly this protuberance gradually becomes confined to the lower part of each spine. The posterolateral edge of each spine is notched just above the postzygapophysis, the notch seems to become less developed from the eighth vertebra. The summit of each spine is expanded (mediolateral width about
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; anteroposterior width around
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), flattened, with anterior and posterior corners rounded. The transverse processes are massive and thick. Their mediolateral length is about
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, anteroposterior length about
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, and dorsoventral thickness about
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. They are deformed, but seem to be horizontal and anterior to their neural spines. The zygapophyseal articular planes are nearly horizontal on anterior vertebrae and seem to slope inward beginning with the seventh vertebra.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="67C8EA83C31196044836D20DFF1BF860" box="[113,157,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="441">Ribs</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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Ten ribs in anatomic sequence (Ra-j) and a small fragment (R?) are preserved on the left side; seven ribs posteriorly inclined are preserved on the right side (Re-j; Ri-l). Their contacts with the vertebrae are not visible. The ribs are massive and thick, smooth with a low ridge (iliocostalis tendon insertion) on the posterior edge; this ridge becomes longer on the posterior ribs. The shafts are elliptical in cross section and maintain their diameters for most of their length. The distal ends are flattened, swept back, and taper in the last
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.
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460
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<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF0FD105ABECFA8A" bold="true" box="[151,448,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Dipolydora quadrilobata</emphasis>
(
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)
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<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A75DF3CFF0FD1DAAAD9FA6B" box="[151,245,1409,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Figure 4</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF0FD192ABAEFA2D" box="[151,386,1481,1503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Polydora quadrilobata</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A75DF3CFE13D192A806FA2D" author="Jacobi" box="[395,554,1481,1503]" page="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" year="1883">
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: 3
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, 2 pls;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A75DF3CFDE3D192A90AFA2D" author="Mesnil" box="[635,806,1481,1503]" page="87" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" year="1897">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFDE3D192A8D3FA2D" author="Mesnil" box="[635,767,1481,1503]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Mesnil, F. (1897) Etudes de morphologie externe chez les Annelides. II. Remarques complementaires sur les Spionidiens, la famille nouvelle de disomidiens. La place des Aonides (sensu Tauber, Levinsen). Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 30, 83 - 100, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1897">Mesnil 1897</bibRefCitation>
: 87
</treatmentCitation>
–88, pl. 3, figs. 9–11;
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: 54
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, fig. 18l–r;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A75DF3CFAAFD192AB1FFA0F" author="Uschakov" page="272" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFAAFD192AAD1FA0C" author="Uschakov" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Uschakov, P. V. (1955) Polychaeta of the Far Eastern Seas of the U. S. S. R. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 445 pp." type="book" year="1955">Uschakov 1955</bibRefCitation>
: 272
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 94A–D;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A75DF3CFE5FD1B3A858FA0C" author="Blake" box="[455,628,1512,1534]" page="37" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFE5FD1B3A861FA0C" author="Blake" box="[455,589,1512,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Blake, J. A. (1969 a) Reproduction and larval development of Polydora from northern New England (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Ophelia, 7, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Blake 1969a</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</treatmentCitation>
–51, figs. 27–37 (larvae); 1971: 13–15, fig. 9 (synonymy);
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A75DF3CFB7FD1B2AAC7F9EE" author="Rasmussen" page="111" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFB7FD1B2AFB4FA0F" author="Rasmussen" box="[1255,1432,1512,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Rasmussen, E. (1973) Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia, 11, 1 - 507." type="journal article" year="1973">Rasmussen 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 111
</treatmentCitation>
–112; Radashevsky 1993: 18–21, fig. 9 (synonymy);
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A75DF3CFC9DD25DA9DFF9EE" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[773,1011,1542,1564]" page="445" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFC9DD25DA9EDF9EE" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[773,961,1542,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (2000) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Japan, with descriptions of morphology, ecology and burrow structure. 2. Non-boring species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 443 - 456." type="journal article" year="2000">Sato-Okoshi 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 445
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A75DF3CFF0FD27EA9C0F9C9" blockId="8.[151,1437,1481,1626]" box="[151,1004,1573,1595]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="75AC11F74A75DF3CFF0FD27EA9C0F9C9" box="[151,1004,1573,1595]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFF0FD27EABD9F9C9" ID-CoL="784FV" box="[151,501,1573,1595]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="quadrilobata" subGenus="Polydora">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF0FD27EABD9F9C9" box="[151,501,1573,1595]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Polydora (Polydora) quadrilobata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A75DF3CFD9AD27EA91BF9C9" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[514,823,1573,1595]" page="319" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFD9AD27EA92BF9C9" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[514,775,1573,1595]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1996) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 2. Neubearbeitete Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 58, 648 pp." type="book" year="1996">Hartmann-Schröder 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 319
</treatmentCitation>
–320, fig. 144a–f.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A75DF3CFF0FD21FA8F6F9AB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1481,1626]" box="[151,730,1603,1626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="75AC11F74A75DF3CFF0FD21FA8F6F9AB" box="[151,730,1603,1626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFF0FD21FABBAF9A8" ID-CoL="36PZC" box="[151,406,1604,1626]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="quadrilobata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF0FD21FABBAF9A8" box="[151,406,1604,1626]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Dipolydora quadrilobata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A75DF3CFE3BD218A860F9AB" author="Blake" box="[419,588,1603,1625]" page="198" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFE3BD218A836F9AB" author="Blake" box="[419,538,1603,1625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">Blake 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 198
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4.32I–N.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF0FD2DDABD6F96D" bold="true" box="[151,506,1670,1695]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
Material examined.
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFE11D2DDABDAF96D" box="[393,502,1670,1695]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
Sta. 190–4/VA2, Varna (43°08.17ʹN, 28°14.41ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFBA3D2DDAEA0F96C" box="[1083,1164,1670,1694]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.37" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="33.7">33.7 m</quantity>
, muddy seabed,
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFAD1D2DDAAFEF930" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="2008-03-23">23 Mar 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY044 (46);
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFD2BD2F1A905F931" bold="true" box="[691,809,1706,1731]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFD2BD2F1A908F931" box="[691,804,1706,1731]" name="Romania" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Romania</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
Sta. 89, Eforie Nord,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFBB5D2F1AE47F930" box="[1069,1131,1706,1730]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, medium-grained sand,
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFA18D2F1AB25F914" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="2003-08-20">20 Aug 2003</date>
, coll. V. Abaza (1); Sta. 91, Tuzla,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFD0CD295A8E3F914" box="[660,719,1742,1766]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, sand mixed with shell debris,
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFBB4D295AEEEF914" box="[1068,1218,1742,1767]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="2003-08-20">20 Aug 2003</date>
, coll. V. Abaza (6); Sta. BS07/MA07 (43°46.47ʹN, 28°31.05ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFD0CD2A9A8CBF8F8" box="[660,743,1778,1802]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="33.5">33.5 m</quantity>
, silty mud,
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFCE9D2A9AE2AF8F8" box="[881,1030,1778,1803]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="2007-04-20">20 Apr 2007</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY045 (2); Sta. BS05/66 (44°13.37ʹN, 29°38.03ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFD07D34DA8DEF8DC" box="[671,754,1814,1838]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.029999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="60.3">60.3 m</quantity>
, mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFCE2D34DAF1AF8DC" authority="Philippi, 1844" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1844" box="[890,1334,1814,1838]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phaseolina">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFCE2D34DAE58F8DC" box="[890,1140,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Modiolula phaseolina</emphasis>
(Philippi, 1844)
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFADDD34DAAFEF8A0" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="2007-08-10">10 Aug 2007</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY046 (2); Sta. BS05/01 (44°19.29ʹN, 29°30.27ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFBE2D361AE94F8A0" box="[1146,1208,1850,1874]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="56.0">56 m</quantity>
, greenish-grey mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFF57D305ABC4F884" box="[207,488,1886,1910]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF57D305ABC4F884" box="[207,488,1886,1910]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Mytilus galloprovincialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFD86D33BA892F884" box="[542,702,1886,1911]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phaseolina">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFD86D33BA892F884" box="[542,702,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">M. phaseolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells,
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFC8AD305A989F884" box="[786,933,1886,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="2007-08-11">11 Aug 2007</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY047 (99); Sta. BS05/03 (44°19ʹ27ʹ N, 29°33ʹ35ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFDD8D3D9A8BFF868" box="[576,659,1922,1946]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.45" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="54.5">54.5 m</quantity>
, mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFC82D3DFA991F869" box="[794,957,1923,1947]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phaseolina">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFC82D3DFA991F869" box="[794,957,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">M. phaseolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFC56D3D9AE44F868" box="[974,1128,1922,1947]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="2007-08-11">11 Aug 2007</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY048 (357); Sta. BS05/28 (44°11.29ʹN, 29°40.57ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFC81D3FDA946F84C" box="[793,874,1958,1982]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.06" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="60.6">60.6 m</quantity>
, mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFC76D3F3AEBCF84C" box="[1006,1168,1958,1983]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phaseolina">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFC76D3F3AEBCF84C" box="[1006,1168,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">M. phaseolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFB39D3FDAF15F84C" box="[1185,1337,1958,1983]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="2007-08-11">11 Aug 2007</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY049 (3); Sta. S–RO1–02 Portiţa (44°38.482ʹN, 29°39.845ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A75DF3CFBEAD391AEEBF810" box="[1138,1223,1994,2018]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.01" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="50.1">50.1 m</quantity>
, black muds with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFF0FD4C3AB71FF42" box="[151,349,152,176]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ampharetidae" genus="Melinna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="palmata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFF0FD4C3AB71FF42" box="[151,349,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Melinna palmata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFE07D4C2A813FF42" box="[415,575,153,176]" class="Bivalvia" family="Myidae" genus="Mya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arenaria">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFE07D4C2A813FF42" box="[415,575,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Mya arenaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A74DF3DFDCBD4C3A8CCFF5D" box="[595,736,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" value="2008-04-07">7 Apr 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY050 (114); Sta. BS08/91–1 (43°50ʹ29.43ʹ N, 29°15ʹ27.68ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFD8BD4E7A84EFF26" box="[531,610,188,212]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="62.5">62.5 m</quantity>
, mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFD45D4E6A951FF26" box="[733,893,188,212]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phaseolina">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFD45D4E6A951FF26" box="[733,893,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">M. phaseolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A74DF3DFC12D4E7AE39FF26" box="[906,1045,188,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" value="2008-06-21">21 Jun 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY051 (2); Sta. BS08/05 (43°59ʹ31.00ʹ N, 29°21ʹ31.18ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFD7FD484A908FF05" box="[743,804,223,247]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="56.0">56 m</quantity>
, greenish-grey mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFBD1D4BBAEB1FF0A" box="[1097,1181,224,248]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFBD1D4BBAEB1FF0A" box="[1097,1181,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Mytilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFB40D4BBAF61FF0A" box="[1240,1357,224,248]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFB40D4BBAF61FF0A" box="[1240,1357,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Modiolula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells,
<date id="210210194A74DF3DFF0FD55FAB0BFEEE" box="[151,295,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" value="2008-06-22">22 Jun 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY052 (92); Sta. BS08/45–1 (43°55ʹ29.71ʹ N, 29°21ʹ24.84ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFADDD55FAFBBFEEE" box="[1349,1431,260,284]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9799999999999995" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="59.8">59.8 m</quantity>
, greenish-grey mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFE29D573A829FEB2" box="[433,517,296,320]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFE29D573A829FEB2" box="[433,517,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Mytilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFDD8D573A898FEB2" box="[576,692,296,320]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFDD8D573A898FEB2" box="[576,692,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Modiolula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells,
<date id="210210194A74DF3DFC97D57CA98CFECD" box="[783,928,295,319]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" value="2008-06-22">22 Jun 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY053 (9); Sta. BS08/22 (43°57ʹ31ʹ N, 29°17ʹ81ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFDA3D517A8A1FE96" box="[571,653,332,356]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.529999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="55.3">55.3 m</quantity>
, greenish-grey mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFC28D517AE28FE96" box="[944,1028,332,356]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFC28D517AE28FE96" box="[944,1028,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Mytilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFBA5D517AE9EFE96" box="[1085,1202,332,356]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFBA5D517AE9EFE96" box="[1085,1202,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Modiolula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells,
<date id="210210194A74DF3DFA91D517AFB4FE96" box="[1289,1432,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" value="2008-06-23">23 Jun 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY054 (5);
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFDC8D534A890FE7A" bold="true" box="[592,700,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A74DF3DFDC8D534A89AFE7A" box="[592,694,367,392]" name="Ukraine" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
Sta. 140–3/Phy4a (45°39.11ʹN, 31°20.78ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFB26D534AF22FE75" box="[1214,1294,367,391]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.61" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="46.1">46.1 m</quantity>
, pelitic sand with shell rubble and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFE34D5CFA814FE5E" box="[428,568,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFE34D5CFA814FE5E" box="[428,568,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Phyllophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A74DF3DFDD7D5CFA8D8FE5E" box="[591,756,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" value="2008-03-15">15 Mar 2008</date>
, MNINGA PLY055 (3); Sta. 156–2/DN10 (45°26.95ʹN, 30°59.28ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFEB5D5ECAB52FE3D" box="[301,382,439,463]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="45.5">45.5 m</quantity>
, pelitic sand with shell rubble and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFC92D5E3A9BAFE22" box="[778,918,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFC92D5E3A9BAFE22" box="[778,918,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Phyllophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A74DF3DFC3DD5ECAE15FE3D" box="[933,1081,439,463]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" value="2008-03-17">17 Mar 2008</date>
, MNINGA PLY056 (287); Sta. 159–4/Phy7 (45°34.13ʹN, 30°17.38ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFDC8D587A88CFE06" box="[592,672,476,500]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.34" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="23.4">23.4 m</quantity>
, silty mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFCCBD587A98BFE06" box="[851,935,476,500]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFCCBD587A98BFE06" box="[851,935,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Mytilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells,
<date id="210210194A74DF3DFC63D587AEA1FE06" box="[1019,1165,476,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" value="2008-03-18">18 Mar 2008</date>
, MNINGA PLY057 (2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A74DF3DFF5FD5A4A9CDF94D" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD5A4A90EFDCE" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFF5FD5A4AB75FDEA" bold="true" box="[199,345,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Description.</emphasis>
Up to
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFE31D5A4ABD5FDE5" box="[425,505,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFDDBD5A4A884FDE5" box="[579,680,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
wide at chaetiger 5, with up to 90 chaetigers. Colour of preserved worms pale yellowish. Body without dorsal pigmentation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD61CA8C3FD1D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
Prostomium more or less distinctly incised anteriorly, forming two rounded lobes; caruncle indistinct, extending to posterior end of chaetiger 3 (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A74DF3DFD0AD637A8F6FD76" box="[658,730,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A). Occipital antenna absent. Eyes usually absent in adults; juveniles with four eyes arranged in nearly straight transverse row with the outer pair larger and irregular in shape. Nuchal organs as long, narrow ciliary bands on lateral sides of caruncle. Palps long, flexible, with prominent ciliated groove, extending posteriorly to chaetiger 15.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD6A7ABFFFBFD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
Chaetiger 1 biramous, with well-developed podial lobes, carrying both short notopodial capillaries and more numerous neuropodial capillaries (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A74DF3DFD87D744A84FFCC5" box="[543,611,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A). Chaetigers 2–4 and 6 with noto- and neuropodial fascicles of winged capillary chaetae (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A74DF3DFEFDD71FAB86FCAE" box="[357,426,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–B). Notochaetae arranged in two vertical rows of shorter and thicker capillaries plus a dorsal superior tuft of longer and thinner capillaries. Neurochaetae also as two vertical rows of thick capillaries and a ventral inferior tuft of thinner and shorter capillaries. Number of capillary notochaetae diminishing toward posterior end. In far posterior notopodia capillaries completely replaced by stout, sharply pointed spines arranged in semicircular row (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A74DF3DFE12D78FABE3FC1E" box="[394,463,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E–F); number of spines increasing from
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFC31D78FA9DFFC1E" box="[937,1011,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="in" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 in</quantity>
a tuft up to 16, providing a spinous appearance to posterior end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD047AE18FB36" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
Chaetiger 5 modified, larger than adjacent segments, without postchaetal lamellae and carrying a horizontal curved row of 4–6 large spines (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A74DF3DFE64D064A813FBA5" box="[508,575,1087,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–B). Modified spines of chaetiger 5 falcate, distally curved, with two nearly equal teeth and a tuft of fine bristles in concavity between teeth. Companion chaetae absent (see Remarks). Dorsal superior fascicle of chaetiger 5 with up to seven geniculate limbate chaetae arranged in a vertical or oblique row (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A74DF3DFF07D0F7AACFFB36" box="[159,227,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C–D); ventral inferior fascicle as compact tuft of up to 9 winged capillaries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD094AE2CFAA6" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Neuropodial bidentate hooded hooks, up to six in vertical row from chaetiger 7. Main fang of hook at obtuse angle to shaft and at reduced angle to distal smaller tooth. Shafts of hooks strongly curved, without constriction and manubrium. In anterior neuropodia up to four inferior capillaries present ventral to hooks. In posterior neuropodia inferior capillaries diminishing in number, becoming narrow and non-winged.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD104A870FA6E" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Branchiae from chaetiger 7, short at first, reaching full size by chaetiger 10–12, absent from posterior third of body, not connected to notopodial lobes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD1FCA8EDFA4D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" box="[199,705,1447,1471]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
Pygidium with four subequal lobes (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A74DF3DFDC6D1FCA88EFA4D" box="[606,674,1447,1471]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD190AEBAF9DD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFF5FD190ABECFA16" bold="true" box="[199,448,1483,1508]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Habitat and ecology.</emphasis>
On the Romanian coast
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFD45D196A9B8FA16" box="[733,916,1484,1508]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="quadrilobata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFD45D196A9B8FA16" box="[733,916,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">D. quadrilobata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in soft sediments (fine sand, muddy sand, sandy mud, silty mud, and mud) at
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFDF0D1B4A8F1F9F5" box="[616,733,1519,1543]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="55.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="10.0">
10–
<specimenCount id="43BAFD504A74DF3DFD0AD1B4A8F1F9F5" box="[658,733,1519,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" type="generic">100 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. However, the species is most common and abundant between
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in mud between beds of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFD8BD24CA926F9DD" box="[531,778,1559,1583]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Modiolula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phaseolina">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFD8BD24CA926F9DD" box="[531,778,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Modiolula phaseolina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with densities up to 2600 ind. m–2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD261AF42F968" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
The worm constructs permanent tubes that stand erect in the substrate, extending
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFBD7D261AEE7F9A0" box="[1103,1227,1594,1618]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 mm</quantity>
. Tubes straight, up to
<quantity id="92449B3C4A74DF3DFF2BD204AB2DF985" box="[179,257,1631,1655]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
long and
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wide, built of fine sand grains bound by silt and detrital particles. The upper part of tube is smooth and greyish-brown in colour, while the lower part, buried in sediment, is coarser and rusty-coloured.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD2FDA9CDF94D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" box="[199,993,1702,1727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFF5FD2FDA86AF94D" bold="true" box="[199,582,1702,1727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Reproduction and development.</emphasis>
Not known to date in the Black Sea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A74DF3DFF5FD291A9BDF880" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3DFF5FD291A9BDF880" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFF5FD291AB4CF911" bold="true" box="[199,352,1738,1763]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Distribution.</emphasis>
Arctic-boreal species, reported from the Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFC37D291AE1BF910" author="Blake" box="[943,1079,1738,1762]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">Blake 1996</bibRefCitation>
) and Atlantic coasts of North
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A74DF3DFF0FD2B4AADBF8F5" box="[151,247,1775,1799]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">America</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFE94D2B4ABBBF8F5" author="Blake" box="[268,407,1775,1799]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Blake, J. A. (1971) Revision of the Genus Polydora from the East Coast of North America (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 75, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1971">Blake 1971</bibRefCitation>
), Sea of
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A74DF3DFD92D2ABA866F8F5" box="[522,586,1776,1799]" name="Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
and Sea of Okhotsk (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFCC0D2B4AE03F8F5" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[856,1071,1775,1799]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (2000) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Japan, with descriptions of morphology, ecology and burrow structure. 2. Non-boring species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 443 - 456." type="journal article" year="2000">Sato-Okoshi 2000</bibRefCitation>
), Bering Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFB46D2B4AFBBF8F5" author="Uschakov" box="[1246,1431,1775,1799]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Uschakov, P. V. (1955) Polychaeta of the Far Eastern Seas of the U. S. S. R. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 445 pp." type="book" year="1955">Uschakov 1955</bibRefCitation>
; Radashevsky 1993), White Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFD89D349A8D5F8D8" author="Khaitov" box="[529,761,1810,1835]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Khaitov, V. M., Fokin, M. V. &amp; Nicolaeva, A. M. (1999) Structure of communities associated with dense assemblages of the tube-dwelling polychaete Polydora quadrilobata Jacobi (Spionidae) in the White Sea. Hydrobiologia, 393, 221 - 226." type="journal article" year="1999">
Khaitov
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFDEFD34FA880F8D9" box="[631,684,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">et al</emphasis>
. 1999
</bibRefCitation>
); North Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFC0FD349AE70F8D8" author="Rasmussen" box="[919,1116,1810,1834]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Rasmussen, E. (1973) Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia, 11, 1 - 507." type="journal article" year="1973">Rasmussen 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFBF3D349AFBCF8D8" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[1131,1424,1810,1834]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1996) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 2. Neubearbeitete Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 58, 648 pp." type="book" year="1996">Hartmann-Schröder 1996</bibRefCitation>
), British Channel, Kiel Bay, Baltic Sea, Atlantic coast of Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFCEED36CAE2BF8BD" author="Fauvel" box="[886,1031,1847,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Fauvel, P. (1927) Polychetes sedentaires. Addenda aux Errantes, Archiannelides, Myzostomaires. Faune de France 16, Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 494 pp." type="book" year="1927">Fauvel 1927</bibRefCitation>
), Adriatic Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFB22D36CAFBBF8BD" author="Castelli" box="[1210,1431,1847,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Castelli, A., Abbiati, M., Badalamenti, F., Bianchi, C. N., Cantone, G., Gambi, M. C., Giangrande, A., Gravina, M. F., Lanera, P., Lardicci, C., Somaschini, A. &amp; Sordino, P. (1995) Annelida Polychaeta, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. In: Minelli, A., Ruffo, S. &amp; La Posta, S. (Eds.), Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. Vol. 19. Annelida: Polychaeta, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, pp. 1 - 45." type="book" year="1995">
Castelli
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFA82D363AF61F8BD" box="[1306,1357,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFF0FD300AB5CF880" author="Pozar-Domac" box="[151,368,1882,1907]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Pozar-Domac, A. (1978) Catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the Adriatic Sea. 1. Northern and central Adriatic. Acta Adriatica, 19, 2 - 59." type="journal article" year="1978">Požar-Domac 1978</bibRefCitation>
) and Black Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A74DF3DFDB6D301A9A9F880" author="Todorova" box="[558,901,1882,1907]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Todorova, V. R. &amp; Panayotova, M. D. (2006) Alien aquatic fauna from the Bulgarian Black Sea and coastal lakes - an inventory of introductions and impacts. NEOBIOTA. From Ecology to Conservation. 4 th European Conference on Biological Invasions, Vienna (Austria), 27 - 29 September 2006. Book of Abstracts, pp. 251 - 252." type="journal article" year="2006">Todorova &amp; Panayotova 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A74DF3FFF5FD324AF46FDE5" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="550336D94A74DF3FFF5FD324A9F2FECD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1979]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,535]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFF5FD324AB11F865" bold="true" box="[199,317,1919,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Remarks.</emphasis>
There is little confusion regarding the taxonomic position of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFBA8D324AF79F865" box="[1072,1365,1919,1943]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="quadrilobata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFBA8D324AF79F865" box="[1072,1365,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Dipolydora quadrilobata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species is closely related to
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A74DF3DFE49D3FFA87AF849" box="[465,598,1955,1979]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="caulleryi">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A74DF3DFE49D3FFA87AF849" box="[465,598,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">D. caulleryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having heavy, protruding, awl-shaped notopodial spines in far posterior segments and a pygidium divided into four nearly equal lobes, both falling into the ʹ
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFBF0D4C3AF08FF42" box="[1128,1316,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">
armata/
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFB5CD4C3AF08FF42" box="[1220,1316,152,176]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="caulleryi">caulleryi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
ʹ subgroup (
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFF38D4E6AAF2FF26" box="[160,222,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFF75D4E7AB55FF26" author="Blake" box="[237,377,188,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">Blake 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFE0BD4E7A841FF26" author="Soderstrom" box="[403,621,188,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Soderstrom, A. (1920) Studien uber die Polychaetenfamilie Spionidae. Inaugural-Dissertation. Almquist &amp; Wicksells, Uppsala, 286 pp. [not seen]" type="book" year="1920">Söderström (1920)</bibRefCitation>
even considered
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFCDFD4E6AE2FFF26" box="[839,1027,188,212]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="quadrilobata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFCDFD4E6AE2FFF26" box="[839,1027,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">D. quadrilobata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a juvenile of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFA90D4E6AFB9FF26" box="[1288,1429,188,212]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="caulleryi">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFA90D4E6AFB9FF26" box="[1288,1429,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">D. caulleryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nevertheless,
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFEA1D4BBA87BFF0A" box="[313,599,224,248]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="quadrilobata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFEA1D4BBA87BFF0A" box="[313,599,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Dipolydora quadrilobata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among species of the
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFC42D4BBAE6EFF0A" box="[986,1090,224,248]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFC42D4BBAE6EFF0A" box="[986,1090,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex by having modified spines of chaetiger 5 expanded distally into two nearly equal teeth with a bushy tuft of fine bristles between them, and by four eyes arranged in a nearly straight transverse row (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFCD3D57CA9FDFECD" author="Blake" box="[843,977,295,319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">Blake 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="01C366514A77DF3EFF0FD359AFB1F81D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="550336D94A77DF3EFF0FD359AFB1F81D" blockId="10.[151,1437,1794,2032]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A77DF3EFF0FD359AB3BF8EA" bold="true" box="[151,279,1794,1817]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrographs of adult
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A77DF3EFD48D358AE58F8E8" authority="Jacobi, 1883" authorityName="Jacobi" authorityYear="1883" box="[720,1140,1795,1818]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="quadrilobata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A77DF3EFD48D358A9FEF8EB" box="[720,978,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Dipolydora quadrilobata</emphasis>
(Jacobi, 1883)
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, Sta. BS05/01 (44°19.29ˏN, 29°30.27ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="550336D94A76DF3FFF5FD517AF46FDE5" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">
The Black Sea specimens match the morphological descriptions of specimens from northern Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFF06D534ABE0FE75" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[158,460,367,391]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1996) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 2. Neubearbeitete Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 58, 648 pp." type="book" year="1996">Hartmann-Schröder 1996</bibRefCitation>
) or from northern Pacific (Radashevsky 1993). However, brown reticulated pigmentation on anterior end of body reported by many authors (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFC11D5CFAE30FE5E" author="Fauvel" box="[905,1052,404,428]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Fauvel, P. (1927) Polychetes sedentaires. Addenda aux Errantes, Archiannelides, Myzostomaires. Faune de France 16, Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 494 pp." type="book" year="1927">Fauvel 1927</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFBB3D5CFAE9DFE5E" author="Blake" box="[1067,1201,404,428]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Blake, J. A. (1971) Revision of the Genus Polydora from the East Coast of North America (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 75, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1971">Blake 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFB26D5CFAED5FE5E" author="Blake" box="[1214,1273,404,428]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
; Radashevsky 1993;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFF47D5ECABD3FE3D" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[223,511,439,463]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1996) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 2. Neubearbeitete Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 58, 648 pp." type="book" year="1996">Hartmann-Schröder 1996</bibRefCitation>
) was absent in the Black Sea specimens.
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A76DF3FFC43D5ECAE91FE3D" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[987,1213,439,463]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (2000) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Japan, with descriptions of morphology, ecology and burrow structure. 2. Non-boring species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 443 - 456." type="journal article" year="2000">Sato-Okoshi (2000)</bibRefCitation>
, however, indicates that in
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A76DF3FFF71D586AB05FE06" box="[233,297,477,500]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Japan</collectingCountry>
this pigmentation was present only in some specimens. Also, in one individual were observed two limbate capillaries near the bases of the major spines of chaetiger 5, like normal companion chaetae (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A76DF3FFA9AD5A4AF6BFDE5" box="[1282,1351,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D).
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Key to the genera and species of the
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<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFDC5D637A8E6FD74" bold="true" box="[605,714,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Polydora</emphasis>
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-complex from the Black Sea
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<paragraph id="550336D94A76DF3FFF0FD6E9AFB0FCED" blockId="11.[151,1437,690,1269]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">
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1 Chaetiger 5 slightly modified, with well-developed parapodia; major spines of chaetiger 5 of two
<typeStatus id="8A07887B4A76DF3FFB12D6E9AE93FD35" box="[1162,1215,690,711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">types</typeStatus>
, arranged in curved Ushaped, double row; outer spines spoon-shaped, with bristles within concavity and tapering point, inner spines longer, with an angled distal end and rounded point; hooded neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 8; hooded hooks with main fang at acute angle to shaft with secondary tooth closely applied to main fang...............................
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFB15D751AFBCFCED" ID-CoL="4P8JV" box="[1165,1424,778,799]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFB15D751AFBCFCED" box="[1165,1424,778,799]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
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*
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– Chaetiger 5 greatly modified; major spines of chaetiger 5 of one
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, arranged in straight line or in slightly curved row; hooded neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 7; hooded hooks with prominent acute angle between teeth.................. 2
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2 Chaetiger 1 without notochaetae; hooded hooks with constriction and manubrium on shaft, with main fang at more or less right angle to shaft; hooks not accompanied by inferior capillaries..................................... Genus
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<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFAA8D7DBAFA5FC67" box="[1328,1417,896,917]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Polydora</emphasis>
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3
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– Chaetiger 1 with notochaetae; hooded hooks with smooth, curved shafts, without constriction or manubrium, with main fang directed more or less apically, forming wide angle with shaft; hooks accompanied by inferior capillaries in anterior neuropodia.................................................................................... Genus
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4
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3 Prostomium with occipital antenna; modified spines of chaetiger 5 with small distinct lateral tooth and with thin subdistal longitudinal flange; companion chaetae distally bifurcate and plumose; builds tubes on various
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of substrata..................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFB6AD06BAFB0FBB7" ID-CoL="4L63D" box="[1266,1436,1072,1093]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
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<keyLead id="EE4D95EC4A76DF3FFF0FD016AFB7FB8D" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">
– Prostomium without occipital antenna; modified spines of chaetiger 5 with lateral flange; companion chaetae lanceolate; bores in calcareous structures..................................................................
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFB73D031AFB7FB8D" ID-CoL="4L669" box="[1259,1435,1130,1151]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFB73D031AFB7FB8D" box="[1259,1435,1130,1151]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
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4 Eyes arranged in transverse row; major spines of chaetiger 5 bifid, with bushy tuft of fine bristles between teeth; companion chaetae absent.....................................................................
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFB32D0FEAFB7FB48" ID-CoL="36PZC" box="[1194,1435,1189,1210]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="quadrilobata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFB32D0FEAFB7FB48" box="[1194,1435,1189,1210]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Dipolydora quadrilobata</emphasis>
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– Eyes arranged in square; major spines of chaetiger 5 falcate, with large, flattened, beaklike curved end bearing large distinctive crest of bristles; companion chaetae present, reduced to thin, simple capillaries...................
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A76DF3FFB5ED0BBAFA3FB07" ID-CoL="36PYP" box="[1222,1423,1248,1269]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="caulleryi">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A76DF3FFB5ED0BBAFA3FB07" box="[1222,1423,1248,1269]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="56">Dipolydora caulleryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
*
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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521
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<heading id="0E4B81B54A78DF31FF0FD2B7A971F8F7" bold="true" box="[151,861,1771,1798]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FF0FD2B7ABC6F8F7" ID-CoL="4L669" authority="Hartman" authorityName="Hartman" box="[151,490,1771,1798]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FF0FD2B7AB42F8F4" bold="true" box="[151,366,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
Hartman
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE69D2B7A825F8F4" bold="true" box="[497,521,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD88D2B0A971F8F7" author="Loosanoff" box="[528,861,1771,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Loosanoff, V. L. &amp; Engle, J. B. (1943) Polydora in oysters suspended in the water. Biological Bulletin, 85, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1943">Loosanoff and Engle, 1943</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A78DF31FF0FD355AAD9F8D4" box="[151,245,1806,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Figure 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FF0FD30CAB98F89E" ID-CoL="4L669" authority="Hartman" authorityName="Hartman" box="[151,436,1879,1901]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FF0FD30CAB7FF89F" box="[151,339,1879,1901]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
Hartman
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE24D303ABFCF89F" box="[444,464,1880,1901]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">in</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FE4FD30DA924F89E" author="Loosanoff" box="[471,776,1878,1900]" page="70" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="1943">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FE4FD30DA8CFF89E" author="Loosanoff" box="[471,739,1878,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Loosanoff, V. L. &amp; Engle, J. B. (1943) Polydora in oysters suspended in the water. Biological Bulletin, 85, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1943">Loosanoff &amp; Engle, 1943</bibRefCitation>
: 70
</treatmentCitation>
–72, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FC1AD30CAE11F89E" author="Hartman" box="[898,1085,1878,1900]" page="81" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FC1AD30CAE35F89E" author="Hartman" box="[898,1049,1878,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Hartman, O. (1951) The Littoral Marine Annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science. The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, 2, 7 - 124." type="journal article" year="1951">Hartman 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 81
</treatmentCitation>
–82;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FBEBD30DAF03F89E" author="Haigler" box="[1139,1327,1878,1900]" page="821" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FBEBD30DAED2F89E" author="Haigler" box="[1139,1278,1878,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Haigler, S. A. (1969) Boring mechanism of Polydora websteri inhabiting Crassostrea virginica. American Zoologist, 9, 821 - 828." type="journal article" year="1969">Haigler 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 821
</treatmentCitation>
–828, figs. 1–3 (boring mechanism);
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FE57D32EA85BF879" author="Blake" box="[463,631,1909,1931]" page="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FE57D32EA87FF879" author="Blake" box="[463,595,1909,1931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. (1969 a) Reproduction and larval development of Polydora from northern New England (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Ophelia, 7, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Blake 1969a</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
–16, figs. 5–11 (larvae); 1969b: 814–815, fig. 2; 1971: 6–8, fig. 3 (synonymy); 1996: 176, Fig. 4.28M–P;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FE74D3C8A906F85B" author="Blake" box="[492,810,1939,1961]" page="258" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FE74D3C8A8D8F85B" author="Blake" box="[492,756,1939,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 258
</treatmentCitation>
–259, fig. 43k–n; Radashevsky 1999: 110–112, fig. 1A–F (
<typeStatus id="8A07887B4A78DF31FF56D3E9AB1DF83A" box="[206,305,1970,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
);
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FEDCD3E9A818F83A" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[324,564,1970,1992]" page="832" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FEDCD3E9A82DF83A" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[324,513,1970,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (1999) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Japan, with descriptions of morphology, ecology and burrow structure. 1. Boring species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79, 831 - 848." type="journal article" year="1999">Sato-Okoshi 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 832
</treatmentCitation>
–834, fig. 2B;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FD55D3E9A9A3F83A" author="Surugiu" box="[717,911,1970,1992]" page="67" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD55D3E9A944F83A" author="Surugiu" box="[717,872,1970,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Surugiu, V. (2005 a) Inventory of inshore polychaetes from the Romanian coast (Black Sea). Mediterranean Marine Science, 6, 51 - 73." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Surugiu 2005a</bibRefCitation>
: 67
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FC04D3E9AE04F83A" author="Read" box="[924,1064,1970,1992]" page="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FC04D3E9AE23F83A" author="Read" box="[924,1039,1970,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Read, G. B. (2010) Comparison and history of Polydora websteri and P. haswelli (Polychaeta: Spionidae) as mud-blister worms in New Zealand shellfish. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="2010">Read 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 9
</treatmentCitation>
–11, figs. 1H–J, 2B, 2D, 2F, 4D–G;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A78DF31FF5FD38AABE4F815" author="Lisitskaya" box="[199,456,2001,2023]" page="75" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FF5FD38AAB88F815" author="Lisitskaya" box="[199,420,2001,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Lisitskaya, E. V., Boltachova, N. A. &amp; Lebedovskaya, M. V. (2010) New Ukrainian fauna species Polydora websteri (Hartman, 1943) (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the coastal waters of Crimea (Black Sea). Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 9, 74 - 80. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2010">
Lisitskaya
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FEADD389AB4DF815" box="[309,353,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
: 75
</treatmentCitation>
–77, fig. 1–4.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF0FD4C3A893FF18" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,235]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="75AC11F74A7BDF32FF0FD4C3A893FF18" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
?
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FF31D4C3AB63FF5C" ID-CoL="4L635" box="[169,335,152,174]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FF31D4C3AB63FF5C" box="[169,335,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Polydora ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7BDF32FEC4D4C3A81FFF5C" author="Dumitrescu" box="[348,563,152,174]" page="66" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7BDF32FEC4D4C3A823FF5C" author="Dumitrescu" box="[348,527,152,174]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Dumitrescu, E. (1962) Nouvelle contribution a l´etude des Polychetes de la Mer Noire. Travaux du Museum d ʹ Histoire Naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 3, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="1962">Dumitrescu 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 66
</treatmentCitation>
[in part]; 1973: 43 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7BDF32FCC5D4C2AE77FF5F" author="Bacescu" box="[861,1115,152,174]" page="139" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7BDF32FCC5D4C2AE04FF5C" author="Bacescu" box="[861,1064,152,174]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Bacescu, M., Dumitrescu, E., Marcus, A., Palladian, G. &amp; Mayer, R. (1963) Donnees quantitatives sur la faune petricole de la Mer Noire a Agigea (secteur roumain) dans la conditions speciales de l´annee 1961. Travaux du Museum d ʹ Histoire Naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 4, 131 - 155." type="journal article" year="1963">
Bäcescu
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FC20D4C2A9C9FF5C" box="[952,997,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 1963
</bibRefCitation>
: 139
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7BDF32FA9CD4C3AAC1FF3E" author="Marinov" page="158" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7BDF32FA9CD4C3AFB5FF5F" author="Marinov" box="[1284,1433,152,174]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Marinov, T. (1977) Fauna na B u lgaria. Mnogochetinesti chervey (Polychaeta). Vol. 6, Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite, Sofia, 258 pp. [in Bulgarian]" type="book" year="1977">Marinov 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 158
</treatmentCitation>
–159, pl. XXI, fig. 2c–e [in part];
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7BDF32FDDFD4EDA963FF3E" author="Surugiu" box="[583,847,182,204]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Surugiu, V. &amp; Manoleli, D. (1998 - 1999). Nouvelle contribution a l´etude des annelides polychetes de la region d´Agigea (littoral roumain). Analele S tiin t ifice ale Universit at ii &quot; Al. I. Cuza &quot; Ia s i, seria Biologie animal a, 44 - 45, 21 - 25." type="book chapter" year="1998">
Surugiu &amp; Manoleli
<date id="210210194A7BDF32FC83D4ECA963FF3E" box="[795,847,183,204]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="1998" valueMax="1999">1998</date>
</bibRefCitation>
–1999: 24 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7BDF32FB83D4EDAEC7FF3E" author="Kisseleva" box="[1051,1259,182,204]" page="264" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7BDF32FB83D4EDAE97FF3E" author="Kisseleva" box="[1051,1211,182,204]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Kisseleva, M. I. (2004) Polychaetes (Polychaeta) of the Azov and Black Seas. Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Science Press, Apatity, 409 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2004">Kisseleva 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 264
</treatmentCitation>
–266, fig. 107a–c [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7BDF32FEBED48EABC8FF19" author="Surugiu" box="[294,484,213,235]" page="66" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7BDF32FEBED48EAB93FF19" author="Surugiu" box="[294,447,213,235]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Surugiu, V. (2005 a) Inventory of inshore polychaetes from the Romanian coast (Black Sea). Mediterranean Marine Science, 6, 51 - 73." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Surugiu 2005a</bibRefCitation>
: 66
</treatmentCitation>
.
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FE76D48DA834FF19" box="[494,536,214,235]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Non</emphasis>
Johnston, 1838.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A7BDF32FF0FD54CAF18FDBD" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF0FD54CAF18FDBD" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FF0FD54CA82BFEC2" bold="true" box="[151,519,279,304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Material examined. Black Sea:</emphasis>
“
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FD83D543AE86FEDD" authority="(Johnston, 1838) (M. Neagra) Polychaeta" authorityName="(Johnston, 1838) (M. Neagra) Polychaeta" box="[539,1194,279,304]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FD83D543A8FEFEC2" box="[539,722,280,304]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Polydora ciliata</emphasis>
(Johnston, 1838) (M. Neagrä) Polychaeta
</taxonomicName>
3” MNINGA 30.294 (12);
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FF4DD560AB60FEA6" bold="true" box="[213,332,315,340]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A7BDF32FF4DD560AB6AFEA6" box="[213,326,315,340]" name="Romania" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Romania</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
Sta. AG13, Agigea,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FDA1D567A859FEA6" box="[569,629,316,340]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, scrapings from
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FCAAD567AE60FEA6" box="[818,1100,316,340]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FCAAD567AE60FEA6" box="[818,1100,316,340]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Mytilus galloprovincialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bank,
<date id="210210194A7BDF32FB02D567AF30FEA6" box="[1178,1308,316,340]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="2004-09-01">1 Sep 2004</date>
, MNINGA PLY039 (1); Sta. AG34, Agigea,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FD96D504A810FE85" box="[526,572,351,375]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
, scrapings from
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FD6FD53AA9F7FE8A" box="[759,987,352,376]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FD6FD53AA9F7FE8A" box="[759,987,352,376]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bank,
<date id="210210194A7BDF32FBB0D504AE96FE85" box="[1064,1210,351,376]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="2005-04-16">16 Apr 2005</date>
, MNINGA PLY040 (2); Sta. 99, Eforie Sud (44°01ʹ15.7ʹ N, 28°38ʹ36.9ʹ E), limestone plate covered with mud near sewage outflow,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FAE1D5DFAA83FE4D" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
,
<date id="210210194A7BDF32FF58D5FCAB7CFE4D" box="[192,336,423,448]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="2005-08-05">5 Aug 2005</date>
(100+); Sta. AG47, Agigea,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FD2AD5FCA8DFFE4D" box="[690,755,423,447]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
, scrapings from
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FC26D5F2AE84FE32" box="[958,1192,424,448]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FC26D5F2AE84FE32" box="[958,1192,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bank,
<date id="210210194A7BDF32FB67D5FCAFB4FE4D" box="[1279,1432,423,447]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="2005-10-23">23 Oct 2005</date>
, MNINGA PLY041 (6); Sta. AG48, Agigea,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FD34D597A8C2FE16" box="[684,750,460,484]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</quantity>
, scrapings from
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FC23D596AE89FE16" box="[955,1189,460,484]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FC23D596AE89FE16" box="[955,1189,460,484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bank,
<date id="210210194A7BDF32FB65D597AFB4FE16" box="[1277,1432,460,484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="2005-10-23">23 Oct 2005</date>
, MNINGA PLY042 (1); Sta. AG52, Agigea,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FD2AD5B4A8CAFDF5" box="[690,742,495,519]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
, scrapings from
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FC2ED5AAAE8EFDFA" box="[950,1186,496,520]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FC2ED5AAAE8EFDFA" box="[950,1186,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">M. galloprovincialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bank,
<date id="210210194A7BDF32FB64D5B4AFB4FDF5" box="[1276,1432,495,519]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="2005-10-23">23 Oct 2005</date>
, MNINGA PLY043 (2);
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FE3AD648A821FDDE" bold="true" box="[418,525,531,556]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A7BDF32FE3AD648A824FDDE" box="[418,520,531,556]" name="Ukraine" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
southern Crimea, Katsiveli (44°23ʹN, 33°58ʹ E), on long-line farmed
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FA8DD64EABB3FDBD" authority="Thunberg, 1793" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1793" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FA8DD64EAAF8FDA2" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Crassostrea gigas</emphasis>
(Thunberg, 1793)
</taxonomicName>
shells,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FE6CD66CA84BFDBD" box="[500,615,567,591]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.5 m</quantity>
, salinity 17.9–18.6‰,
<date id="210210194A7BDF32FCFFD66CA9DEFDBD" box="[871,1010,567,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="2011-06-29">29 Jun 2011</date>
, coll./det. E. Lisitskaya (31).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A7BDF3CFF5FD600AB5BFEEE" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF5FD600A80BFCF6" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FF5FD600AB75FD86" bold="true" box="[199,345,603,628]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Description.</emphasis>
Adult worms up to
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FDD3D607A8B2FD86" box="[587,670,604,628]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FD73D607A969FD86" box="[747,837,604,628]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
wide at chaetiger 5 and with up to 116 chaetigers. Colour in life light tan with red branchiae, palps and blood vessels. Preserved specimens pale yellowish. Dorsal black pigmentation absent in adults. Distal 3/4–2/3 of palps with a dark brown, almost black sinuous line along edges of ciliated food groove, persisting in preserved specimens. Pygidium white in colour due to presence of numerous glandular epithelial cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF5FD754AE57FC66" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
Prostomium with anterior margin slightly incised, caruncle extending back to posterior end of chaetiger 2 (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A7BDF32FAF7D754AA89FCBE" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Occipital antenna absent. Eyes usually absent in adults; juveniles with 1–4 small rounded eyes in trapezoidal arrangement, with anterior pair slightly larger and further apart. Lateral sides of caruncle with narrow ciliated grooves. Two long, easily detachable palps present, capable of extending to chaetiger 15.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF5FD7C4ABF9FBD6" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
Chaetiger 1 only with well-developed neuropodial postchaetal lamellae and a fascicle of capillary neurochaetae; notopodium represented by small notopodial lamellae, notochaetae entirely absent (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A7BDF32FAB7D79FAF55FC2E" box="[1327,1401,964,988]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B). Chaetigers 2–4 and 6 with well-developed and flattened noto- and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae, with bundles of limbate capillary chaetae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF5FD074AF37FB0E" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
Modified chaetiger 5 broader and longer than adjacent ones (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A7BDF32FC3AD074A9C5FBB5" box="[930,1001,1071,1095]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–B), partially covering chaetiger 6, without postchaetal lamellae and bearing an oblique or almost horizontal row of 5–6 thick, falcate spines alternating with companion chaetae. Major spines of chaetiger 5 falcate, distally curved and with broad, subterminal flange on concave side (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A7BDF32FDD8D0C7A8A9FB46" box="[576,645,1180,1204]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C). Companion chaetae slender, pennoned, slightly more ventral and closely adjoining falcate spines (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A7BDF32FD93D0E4A862FB25" box="[523,590,1215,1239]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C–D). Chaetiger 5 with up to six superior dorsal limbate capillary chaetae arranged in vertical row (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A7BDF32FE2AD0BFABDFFB0E" box="[434,499,1252,1276]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C–D) and compact bundle of inferior ventral shorter limbate capillaries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF5FD15CA90EFA5D" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
Neuropodial bidentate hooded hooks from chaetiger 7, up to
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FC30D15CA9CAFAED" box="[936,998,1287,1311]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
a vertical row in middle chaetigers, decreasing to 2–3 posteriorly, without alternating or inferior capillaries on anterior and posterior chaetigers. Hooded hooks with main tooth at right/acute angle to shaft and with wide acute angle (~40°) to smaller apical tooth; with a prominent constriction and distinct manubrium on shaft. Posterior notopodia with slender winged and non-winged capillaries, without special notopodial spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF5FD1E7AED9F9EE" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
Branchiae digitiform, elongated, overlapping middorsally (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A7BDF32FCFBD1E7A98AFA26" box="[867,934,1468,1492]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E), from chaetiger 7, small at first, reaching maximum length by chaetiger 9–10, and continuing to near the posterior end, absent from last 10–16 chaetigers, decreasing gradually in size in posterior half of the body, free from notopodial postchaetal lamellae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF5FD27CAF62F9CD" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" box="[199,1358,1575,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
Pygidium thin, cup-shaped with weakly glandular surface and with anus at base of dorsal gap (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A7BDF32FB73D27CAF02F9CD" box="[1259,1326,1575,1599]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF32FF5FD210AB17F890" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FF5FD210AB93F996" bold="true" box="[199,447,1611,1636]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Habitat and ecology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7BDF32FE50D217A8B4F996" box="[456,664,1612,1636]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FE50D217A8B4F996" box="[456,664,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common borer in limestone from the splash zone to the lowest limit of the rocky seabed (~
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FE4CD234A838F975" box="[468,532,1647,1671]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
). The burrows of
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FD7BD22AA977F97A" box="[739,859,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">P. w e b s t e r i</emphasis>
are pear-shaped or sacciform, non-branching, and large enough for the worm to turn and reverse direction. The gallery is lined by a membranous sheath that extends outside the burrow by about
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FE68D2ECA879F922" box="[496,597,1719,1744]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
. In areas influenced by sewage discharge, the intense sedimentation of suspended matter covers the substrate in which the worms bore. Under such circumstances the worms will extend their external sheaths well above the substrate, forming dense tube mats that are
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FB86D2A4AE5DF8EA" box="[1054,1137,1791,1816]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
thick. Maximum recorded density of this species was 132,500 ind. m–2 at a depth of
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7BDF32FC8BD37CA97AF8CD" box="[787,854,1831,1855]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
. The salinity range for this worm in the Black Sea is 9.2–17.8 PSU.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7BDF3CFF5FD335AB5BFEEE" blockId="6.[151,1437,279,2035]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1255]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FF5FD335A863F875" bold="true" box="[199,591,1902,1927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Reproduction and development.</emphasis>
According to
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7BDF32FD6ED334AE2EF875" box="[758,1026,1903,1927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" refString="Lisitskaya, E. V., Boltachova, N. A. &amp; Lebedovskaya, M. V. (2010) New Ukrainian fauna species Polydora websteri (Hartman, 1943) (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the coastal waters of Crimea (Black Sea). Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 9, 74 - 80. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article">
Lisitskaya
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7BDF32FCECD32BA98BF875" box="[884,935,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
eggs, each measuring 130–150 µm in diameter, were deposited in transparent, elastic, oval-shaped egg capsules 900 µm long and 850 µm wide starting from February. Egg capsules contained 50–
<specimenCount id="43BAFD504A7BDF32FD44D3ECA8DBF83D" box="[732,759,1975,1999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" type="egg">75</specimenCount>
eggs and were attached, side-by-side, to the interior wall of the burrow by a thin, 250-µm long stalk. Only 10–15% of the eggs in the capsule were fertilized, the remainder representing nurse eggs. Adelphophagic larvae reared in the laboratory from May to June left the capsules at the
<date id="210210194A75DF3CFF0FD4E7AB01FF26" box="[151,301,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" value="1913-06-05" valueMax="1913-12-05" valueMin="1913-06-05">5–6 to 12–13</date>
chaetigers stage and started to swim in the water column. The larvae settled at the 17–18 chaetiger stage. In coastal waters of Crimea planktic larvae of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFD46D4BAA974FF0A" box="[734,856,224,248]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFD46D4BAA974FF0A" box="[734,856,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. websteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were present from May to November (E. Lisitskaya 2012, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="01C366514A7ADF33FF0FD2B1AB60F807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="550336D94A7ADF33FF0FD2B1AB60F807" blockId="7.[151,1436,1770,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7ADF33FF0FD2B1AB39F8F2" bold="true" box="[151,277,1770,1793]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrographs of adult
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7ADF33FD58D2B1A9F2F8F2" authority="Hartman" authorityName="Hartman" box="[704,990,1770,1792]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7ADF33FD58D2B1A951F8F2" box="[704,893,1770,1792]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
Hartman
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7ADF33FC7ED2B0A9D6F8F2" box="[998,1018,1771,1792]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">in</emphasis>
Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44°01ˏ15.7ˏˏN, 28°38ˏ36.9ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A75DF3CFF5FD57CAACCFDE5" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="550336D94A75DF3CFF5FD57CAACCFDE5" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1255]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF5FD57CAB4CFEB2" bold="true" box="[199,352,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFEF6D573A868FEB2" box="[366,580,296,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFEF6D573A868FEB2" box="[366,580,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present in areas where there are cultured edible oysters, especially
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFF0FD516AB49FE96" box="[151,357,333,356]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF0FD516AB49FE96" box="[151,357,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Crassostrea gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFEEED517ABD4FE96" author="Read" box="[374,504,332,356]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Read, G. B. (2010) Comparison and history of Polydora websteri and P. haswelli (Polychaeta: Spionidae) as mud-blister worms in New Zealand shellfish. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="2010">Read 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFD9ED517A924FE96" author="Lisitskaya" box="[518,776,332,356]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Lisitskaya, E. V., Boltachova, N. A. &amp; Lebedovskaya, M. V. (2010) New Ukrainian fauna species Polydora websteri (Hartman, 1943) (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the coastal waters of Crimea (Black Sea). Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 9, 74 - 80. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2010">
Lisitskaya
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFD1CD516A894FE96" box="[644,696,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). The worldwide distribution of this species includes the Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFF67D534ABAEFE75" author="Blake" box="[255,386,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Blake, J. A. (1971) Revision of the Genus Polydora from the East Coast of North America (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 75, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1971">Blake 1971</bibRefCitation>
) and Pacific coasts of North
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFD5ED534A90AFE75" box="[710,806,367,391]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">America</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFCACD534A9F6FE75" author="Hartman" box="[820,986,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Hartman, O. (1961) Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 25: 1 - 226, pl. 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1961">Hartman 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFC7ED534AE46FE75" author="Blake" box="[998,1130,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">Blake 1996</bibRefCitation>
), Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFB4DD534AF06FE75" box="[1237,1322,367,391]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFAA0D534AAFEFE5E" author="Hartman" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Hartman, O. (1951) The Littoral Marine Annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science. The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, 2, 7 - 124." type="journal article" year="1951">Hartman 1951</bibRefCitation>
), Caribbean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFE03D5CFA809FE5E" author="Foster" box="[411,549,404,428]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Foster, N. M. (1971) Spionidae (Polychaeta) of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 129, 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="1971">Foster 1971</bibRefCitation>
), Hawaii, Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFC9DD5CFA984FE5E" author="Pagliosa" box="[773,936,404,428]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Pagliosa, P. R. (2005) Another diet of worms: the applicability of polychaete feeding guilds as a useful conceptual framework and biological variable. Marine Ecology, 26, 246 - 254." type="journal article" year="2005">Pagliosa 2005</bibRefCitation>
) and Pacific coast of South
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFB71D5CFAF65FE5E" box="[1257,1353,404,428]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">America</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFAC1D5CFAAFFFE3D" author="Blake" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Blake, J. A. (1983) Polychaetes of the family Spionidae from South America, Antarctica, and adjacent seas and islands. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIV. Antarctic Research Series Washington, 39, 205 - 288." type="journal article" year="1983">Blake 1983</bibRefCitation>
);
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFF7ED5E3AB0AFE3D" box="[230,294,440,463]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFEACD5ECA828FE3D" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[308,516,439,463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (1999) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Japan, with descriptions of morphology, ecology and burrow structure. 1. Boring species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79, 831 - 848." type="journal article" year="1999">Sato-Okoshi 1999</bibRefCitation>
), southeastern
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFD32D5ECA93DFE3D" box="[682,785,439,463]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFC86D5ECAE00FE3D" author="Blake" box="[798,1068,439,463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov 1978</bibRefCitation>
), and
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFBF7D5E3AF28FE3D" box="[1135,1284,439,463]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFA8AD5ECAFBDFE3D" author="Read" box="[1298,1425,439,463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Read, G. B. (2010) Comparison and history of Polydora websteri and P. haswelli (Polychaeta: Spionidae) as mud-blister worms in New Zealand shellfish. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="2010">Read 2010</bibRefCitation>
). In the Black Sea known records are for coasts of
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFD5BD587A904FE06" box="[707,808,476,500]" name="Romania" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Romania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFCAFD587A9F2FE06" author="Surugiu" box="[823,990,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Surugiu, V. (2005 a) Inventory of inshore polychaetes from the Romanian coast (Black Sea). Mediterranean Marine Science, 6, 51 - 73." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Surugiu 2005a</bibRefCitation>
) and southern Crimea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFB7FD587AAF8FDE5" author="Lisitskaya" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Lisitskaya, E. V., Boltachova, N. A. &amp; Lebedovskaya, M. V. (2010) New Ukrainian fauna species Polydora websteri (Hartman, 1943) (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the coastal waters of Crimea (Black Sea). Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 9, 74 - 80. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2010">
Lisitskaya
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFAFBD586AFB9FE06" box="[1379,1429,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A75DF3CFF5FD67FAF47FC56" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="550336D94A75DF3CFF5FD67FAF47FC56" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1255]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF5FD67FAB17FDCE" bold="true" box="[199,315,548,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</emphasis>
The Black Sea specimens are in good agreement with the description of the
<typeStatus id="8A07887B4A75DF3CFA99D67EAF1DFDCF" box="[1281,1329,549,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
material (Radashevsky 1999).
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFE08D613A84DFD92" box="[400,609,584,608]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFE08D613A84DFD92" box="[400,609,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very close in morphology to
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFC41D612AE78FD92" box="[985,1108,584,608]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFC41D612AE78FD92" box="[985,1108,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFB09D612AB5BFD76" authority="Williams &amp; Radashevsky, 1999" authorityName="Williams &amp; Radashevsky" authorityYear="1999" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaea">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFB09D612AF20FD92" box="[1169,1292,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. neocaea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFA8ED61CAB5BFD76" author="Williams" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Williams, J. D. &amp; Radashevsky, V. I. (1999) Morphology, ecology, and reproduction of a new Polydora species from the east coast of North America. Ophelia, 51, 115 - 127." type="book chapter" year="1999">Williams &amp; Radashevsky, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by having a flange on the major spines of chaetiger 5. However,
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFB22D636AF15FD76" box="[1210,1337,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. w e bs t e r i</emphasis>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFEEAD6CAABC0FD5A" box="[370,492,656,680]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFEEAD6CAABC0FD5A" box="[370,492,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFDBCD6CAA8B1FD5A" box="[548,669,657,680]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaea">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFDBCD6CAA8B1FD5A" box="[548,669,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. neocaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by pigmentation pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFC5AD6D4AE6EFD55" author="Read" box="[962,1090,655,679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Read, G. B. (2010) Comparison and history of Polydora websteri and P. haswelli (Polychaeta: Spionidae) as mud-blister worms in New Zealand shellfish. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="2010">Read 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Thus palps of
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFB6FD6CAAF42FD5A" box="[1271,1390,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. w e b s t e r i</emphasis>
are characterized by continuous black lines along the margins of the ciliated groove, whereas in
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFB57D6EEAF6BFD3E" box="[1231,1351,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. h a s w e l l i</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFA1FD6EEAAD8FD02" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaea">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFA1FD6EEAAD8FD02" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. neocaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the palps have distinct bands of black pigment. Additionally, dorsal pigmentation is absent in
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFA82D682AFBDFD02" box="[1306,1425,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. w e b s t e r i</emphasis>
, whereas in
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFEB9D6A6ABB7FCE6" box="[289,411,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. h a s w e l l i</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFE79D6A6A873FCE6" box="[481,607,765,788]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaea">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFE79D6A6A873FCE6" box="[481,607,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. neocaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a conspicuous black pigmentation on the lateral sides of the prostomium and first anterior segments. Slight differences exist also with regard to the shape of the flange on major spines, which is broader, shorter, and almost terminal in
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFCDDD71EA9EEFCAE" box="[837,962,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. w e b s t e r i</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A75DF3CFC43D71FAE0EFCAE" box="[987,1058,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C) and is narrower, longer, and subterminal in
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFEDED732ABEEFC72" box="[326,450,873,896]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaea">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFEDED732ABEEFC72" box="[326,450,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. neocaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFD99D732A851FC72" box="[513,637,872,896]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFD99D732A851FC72" box="[513,637,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFD17D73CA9D1FC8D" author="Williams" box="[655,1021,871,895]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Williams, J. D. &amp; Radashevsky, V. I. (1999) Morphology, ecology, and reproduction of a new Polydora species from the east coast of North America. Ophelia, 51, 115 - 127." type="book chapter" year="1999">Williams &amp; Radashevsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A75DF3CFB93D73CAE7CFC8D" box="[1035,1104,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1770,1793]" captionTargetBox="[270,1305,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[270,1306,193,1760]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943, Eforie Sud (44 ° 01 ˏ 15.7 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.9 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2005: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3 and 4; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines and companion chaetae arranged in oblique curved row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, left side laterodorsal view, showing major falcate spines, pennoned companion chaeta and dorsal superior capillary chaetae; (E) Branchiae from median body region, dorsal view; (F) Posterior end, dorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B and E, 500 μm; C, 20 μm; D, 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208949/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFBEFD73CAED4FC8D" author="Read" box="[1143,1272,871,895]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Read, G. B. (2010) Comparison and history of Polydora websteri and P. haswelli (Polychaeta: Spionidae) as mud-blister worms in New Zealand shellfish. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="2010">Read 2010</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A75DF3CFA9ED73CAF60FC8D" box="[1286,1356,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C,
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A75DF3CFAE8D73CAA8AFC56" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,185,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[268,1319,185,1774]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883), Sta. BS 05 / 01 (44 ° 19.29 ˏN, 29 ° 30.27 ˏE), 11 Aug 2007: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars and ciliary bands of nuchal organs; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with heavy modified spines arranged in horizontal curved row, dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (D) Chaetiger 5, right side lateral view, showing heavy modified spines and bundles of dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillary chaetae; (E) Posterior segments, left lateral view, showing specialized notopodial capillaries and awl-shaped spines and neuropodial rows of hooded hooks; (F) Posterior end with pygidium, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: A, E and F, 200 μm; B, 500 μm; C, 30 μm; D, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208950/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–C).
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A75DF3CFF69D7D7AB3CFC56" box="[241,272,908,932]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">As</collectingCountry>
noted by Radashevsky
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFD82D7D6A867FC56" box="[538,587,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
. (2006) and
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFD42D7D7A944FC56" author="Read" box="[730,872,908,932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Read, G. B. (2010) Comparison and history of Polydora websteri and P. haswelli (Polychaeta: Spionidae) as mud-blister worms in New Zealand shellfish. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="2010">Read (2010)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFCEBD7D6A9C0FC56" box="[883,1004,909,932]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neocaea">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFCEBD7D6A9C0FC56" box="[883,1004,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. neocaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFB73D7D6AF48FC56" box="[1259,1380,908,932]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFB73D7D6AF48FC56" box="[1259,1380,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A75DF3CFF5FD7EBAE5BFB15" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="550336D94A75DF3CFF5FD7EBAE5BFB15" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1255]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFF5FD7EBABB9FC3A" ID-CoL="4L669" box="[199,405,944,968]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="websteri">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF5FD7EBABB9FC3A" box="[199,405,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Polydora websteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broadly similar in morphology to
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFCA9D7EBA9CBFC3A" ID-CoL="4L635" box="[817,999,944,968]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFCA9D7EBA9CBFC3A" box="[817,999,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Polydora ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFC6ED7EAAE42FC3A" box="[1014,1134,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. c a l c a re a</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFB28D7EAAF0BFC3A" ID-CoL="6W4G7" box="[1200,1319,944,968]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="limicola">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFB28D7EAAF0BFC3A" box="[1200,1319,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. limicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However the latter differ from
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFE0DD78EA83DFC1E" box="[405,529,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. w e b s t e r i</emphasis>
in having a distinct lateral triangular tooth on the major modified spines of chaetiger 5 instead of a lateral flange. In some instances
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFCA9D7A2A987FBE2" box="[817,939,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. w e b s t e r i</emphasis>
may be also confused with frequently cooccurring
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFE91D047ABFCFBC6" ID-CoL="4L63D" box="[265,464,1052,1076]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFE91D047ABFCFBC6" box="[265,464,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because on worn spines the flange may have the appearance of a flange and accessory tooth that are not connected, closely resembling the major spines of
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFC03D01AAE26FBAA" box="[923,1034,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. c o r n u t a</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFB85D064AE84FBA5" author="Foster" box="[1053,1192,1087,1111]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Foster, N. M. (1971) Spionidae (Polychaeta) of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 129, 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="1971">Foster 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFB2CD064AF73FBA5" author="Kudenov" box="[1204,1375,1087,1111]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Kudenov, J. D. (1982) Redescription of the major spines of Polydora ligni Webster (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 95, 571 - 574." type="journal article" year="1982">Kudenov 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 573;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFF0FD03FAB70FB8E" author="Cinar" box="[151,348,1124,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Cinar, M. E., Ergen, Z., Dagli, E. &amp; Petersen, M. E. (2005) Alien species of spionid polychaetes (Streblospio gynobranchiata and Polydora cornuta) in Izmir Bay, eastern Mediterranean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 821 - 827." type="journal article" year="2005">
Çinar
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFF46D03EAB3EFB8E" box="[222,274,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFEF2D03FA86EFB8E" author="Radashevsky" box="[362,578,1124,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
; present study). Confusion could be avoided if deeper, unworn chaetae are examined and if the occipital tentacle and the feather-like companion chaetae on chaetiger 5 are observed in
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A75DF3CFA1FD0D2AAC2FB36" ID-CoL="4L63D" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A75DF3CFA1FD0D2AAC2FB36" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">P. cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additional characters that can be used to distinguish between these two species are the palp pigmentation (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A75DF3CFF06D094AB18FB15" author="Haigler" box="[158,308,1231,1255]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" refString="Haigler, S. A. (1969) Boring mechanism of Polydora websteri inhabiting Crassostrea virginica. American Zoologist, 9, 821 - 828." type="journal article" year="1969">Haigler 1969</bibRefCitation>
) and the angle between the apical tooth and the main fang (present study).
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<paragraph id="550336D94A7FDF36FF0FD6F4ABD9FD3B" blockId="2.[151,957,618,746]" box="[151,501,687,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF0FD6F4AB45FD3B" bold="true" box="[151,361,687,713]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FEE9D6F4ABD9FD3B" author="Bosc" box="[369,501,687,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Bosc, L. A. G. (1802) Histoire naturelle des vers, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs, avec figures dessinees d ʹ apres nature. Vol. 1 - 3, Paris, Deterville, 324 pp." type="book chapter" year="1802">Bosc, 1802</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF0FD74FAB7FFCD8" box="[151,339,788,810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FEF9D74EA835FCDB" author="Bosc" box="[353,537,787,810]" page="150" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1802">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FEF9D74EABF3FCDB" author="Bosc" box="[353,479,788,810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Bosc, L. A. G. (1802) Histoire naturelle des vers, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs, avec figures dessinees d ʹ apres nature. Vol. 1 - 3, Paris, Deterville, 324 pp." type="book chapter" year="1802">Bosc, 1802</bibRefCitation>
: 150
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–153, pl. 12, figs. 7–8;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FCB6D748AE3FFCDB" author="Claparede" box="[814,1043,787,809]" page="542" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1861">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FCB6D748A9F5FCDB" author="Claparede" box="[814,985,787,809]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Claparede, E. (1861) Uber Polydora cornuta Bosc. Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie, 3, 542 - 544." type="journal article" year="1861">Claparède 1861</bibRefCitation>
: 542
</treatmentCitation>
–544, pl. 13, figs. 12–17 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FF5FD769ABFEFCBA" author="Perejaslavzeva" box="[199,466,818,840]" page="262" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1891">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FF5FD769ABB1FCBA" author="Perejaslavzeva" box="[199,413,818,840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Perejaslavzeva, S. M. (1891) Additions to the fauna of the Black Sea. Trudy obshchestva ispytatelei prirody pri Kharkovskom Universitete, 25, 235 - 274. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1891">Perejaslavzeva 1891</bibRefCitation>
: 262
</treatmentCitation>
–263;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FD8CD769A917FCBA" author="Blake" box="[532,827,818,840]" page="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FD8CD769A939FCBA" author="Blake" box="[532,789,818,840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Maciolek, N. J. (1987) A redescription of Polydora cornuta Bosc (Polychaeta: Spionidae) and designation of a neotype. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="1987">Blake &amp; Maciolek 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 12
</treatmentCitation>
–14, fig. 1a–f (
<typeStatus id="8A07887B4A7FDF36FC43D768AE01FCBA" box="[987,1069,819,840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
and synonymy);
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FB70D768AACDFC95" author="Tena" page="32" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FB70D768AFB4FCBA" author="Tena" box="[1256,1432,818,840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Tena, J., Capaccioni-Azzati, R., Porras, R. &amp; Torre-Gavila, F. J. (1991) Cuatro especies de Poliquetos nuevas para las costas Mediterraneas espanolas en los sedimentos del antepuerto de Valencia. Miscellania Zoologica, 15, 29 - 41." type="journal article" year="1991">
Tena
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FABBD768AF7EFCBA" box="[1315,1362,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 1991
</bibRefCitation>
: 32
</treatmentCitation>
–35, fig. 3;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FECED70AA82CFC95" author="Blake" box="[342,512,849,871]" page="171" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FECED70AABE3FC95" author="Blake" box="[342,463,849,871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">Blake 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 171
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4.28H;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FD19D70AA975FC95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3507494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3507494" author="Radashevsky" box="[641,857,849,871]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA375AFFF8FFB1FECEFB96FD65F9FD" page="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FD19D70AA968FC95" author="Radashevsky" box="[641,836,849,871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 3
</treatmentCitation>
–15, figs. 1–4 (synonymy);
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FBECD70AAF1DFC95" author="Surugiu" box="[1140,1329,849,871]" page="66" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FBECD70AAF21FC95" author="Surugiu" box="[1140,1293,849,871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Surugiu, V. (2005 a) Inventory of inshore polychaetes from the Romanian coast (Black Sea). Mediterranean Marine Science, 6, 51 - 73." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Surugiu 2005a</bibRefCitation>
: 66
</treatmentCitation>
–67;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FAFBD70AAB44FC74" author="Cinar" page="824" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FAFBD70AAB1BFC74" author="Cinar" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Cinar, M. E., Ergen, Z., Dagli, E. &amp; Petersen, M. E. (2005) Alien species of spionid polychaetes (Streblospio gynobranchiata and Polydora cornuta) in Izmir Bay, eastern Mediterranean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 821 - 827." type="journal article" year="2005">
Çinar
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF5FD72AAAD8FC74" box="[199,244,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 824
</treatmentCitation>
–826, fig. 3–4;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FD9CD72AA8CBFC74" author="Ergen" box="[516,743,880,902]" page="200" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FD9CD72AA894FC74" author="Ergen" box="[516,696,880,902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Ergen, Z., Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. &amp; Kurt, G. (2006) Seasonal dynamics of soft-bottom polychaetes in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean). Scientia Marina, 70 S 3, 197 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">
Ergen
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FDDFD72AA858FC74" box="[583,628,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 200
</treatmentCitation>
–205 (ecology);
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FC17D72BAEC1FC74" author="Boltachova" box="[911,1261,880,902]" page="33" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FC17D72BAEE5FC77" author="Boltachova" box="[911,1225,880,902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Boltachova, N. A. &amp; Lisitskaya, E. V. (2007) About species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Balaklava bay (the Black Sea). Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 6, 33 - 35. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2007">Boltachova &amp; Lisitskaya 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 33
</treatmentCitation>
–35, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FAFCD72BABA3FC56" author="Dagli" page="231" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FAFCD72BAB71FC56" author="Dagli" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Dagli, E. &amp; Ergen, Z. (2008) First record of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey basin. Aquatc invasions, 3, 231 - 233." type="journal article" year="2008">Daġli &amp; Ergen 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 231
</treatmentCitation>
–233, fig. 3;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FD8ED7D5A8D8FC56" author="Karhan" box="[534,756,910,933]" page="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FD8ED7D5A8F1FC56" author="Karhan" box="[534,733,910,933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Karhan, S. U., Kalkan, E., Simboura, N., Mutlu, E. &amp; Bekbolet, M. (2008) On the Occurrence and Established Populations of the Alien Polychaete Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus Strait (Turkey). Mediterranean Marine Science, 9, 5 - 19." type="journal article" year="2008">
Karhan
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FDF1D7CBA8BBFC57" box="[617,663,911,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
: 5
</treatmentCitation>
–19 (ecology); Simboura
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FC65D7CBAE00FC57" box="[1021,1068,911,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2008: 123–124, fig. 2;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FAB2D7D5AB39FC31" author="Zhou" page="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FAB2D7D5AAD1FC30" author="Zhou" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Zhou, J., Ji, W. W. &amp; Li, X. Z. (2010) Records of Polydora complex spionids (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from China's coastal waters, with emphasis on parasitic species and the description of a new species. Marine Fisheries, 32, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2010">
Zhou
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FAFFD7CBAFBAFC57" box="[1383,1430,911,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
: 5
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1R–X;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FE0AD7F6A841FC30" author="Selifonova" box="[402,621,941,963]" page="48" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FE0AD7F6A864FC30" author="Selifonova" box="[402,584,941,963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Selifonova, J. (2011) Record of Polydora cornuta (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Tuapse port (the Black Sea). Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 10, 48. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="a">Selifonova 2011a</bibRefCitation>
: 48
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FD22D7F6A9B8FC31" author="Losovskaya" box="[698,916,941,963]" page="53" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FD22D7F6A942FC30" author="Losovskaya" box="[698,878,941,963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Losovskaya, G. V. (2011) On using some polychaete taxocene parameters for monitoring environmental quality in the northwestern Black Sea. Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 10, 50 - 55. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2011">Losovskaya 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 53
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FC07D7F6AE50FC30" author="Bondarenko" box="[927,1148,941,963]" page="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FC07D7F6AE7BFC30" author="Bondarenko" box="[927,1111,941,963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Bondarenko, O. S. (2011) Polychaete taxocene in the seaside estuary of Danube River. Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 10, 11 - 16. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2011">Bondarenko 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 12
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7FDF36FF0FD797A82AFBF2" blockId="2.[151,1437,787,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="75AC11F74A7FDF36FF0FD797A82AFBF2" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FF0FD797A824FC13" ID-CoL="4L649" authority="Webster, 1880: 119" authorityName="Webster" authorityPageNumber="119" authorityYear="1880" box="[151,520,971,994]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ligni">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF0FD797AB02FC10" box="[151,302,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora ligni</emphasis>
Webster, 1880: 119
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FD8FD790A8FAFC13" author="Mesnil" box="[535,726,971,993]" page="236" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FD8FD790A8B2FC13" author="Mesnil" box="[535,670,971,993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Mesnil, F. (1896) Etudes de morphologie externe chez les Annelides. I. Les Spionidiens des cotes de la Manche. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 29, 110 - 287, pl. 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="1896">Mesnil 1896</bibRefCitation>
: 236
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FD7CD796A984FC13" author="Hartman" box="[740,936,971,994]" page="82" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FD7CD796A952FC13" author="Hartman" box="[740,894,971,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Hartman, O. (1951) The Littoral Marine Annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science. The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, 2, 7 - 124." type="journal article" year="1951">Hartman 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 82
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FC2FD796AEB2FC13" author="Rasmussen" box="[951,1182,972,994]" page="104" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FC2FD796AE46FC13" author="Rasmussen" box="[951,1130,972,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Rasmussen, E. (1973) Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia, 11, 1 - 507." type="journal article" year="1973">Rasmussen 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 104
</treatmentCitation>
–111 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FADAD790ABBEFBF2" author="Blake" page="258" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FADAD790AB4CFBF2" author="Blake" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 258
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 43h–j.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7FDF36FF0FD051ABDCFB89" blockId="2.[151,1437,787,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="75AC11F74A7FDF36FF0FD051ABDCFB89" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
?
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FF34D052AB79FBED" ID-CoL="4L635" box="[172,341,1033,1055]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF34D052AB79FBED" box="[172,341,1033,1055]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FEFDD052A8E3FBED" author="Codreanu" box="[357,719,1033,1055]" page="489" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FEFDD052A8B6FBED" author="Codreanu" box="[357,666,1033,1055]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Codreanu, R. &amp; Mack-Fira, V. (1961) Sur un Copepode, Sunaristes paguri Hesse 1867 et un Polychete, Polydora ciliata (Johnston) 1838, associes au pagure Diogenes pugilator (Roux) dans la Mer Noire et la Mediterannee. La notion de cryptotropisme. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions - Commision Internationale pour l ʹ Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediteranee, 16, 471 - 494." type="journal article" year="1961">Codreanu &amp; Mack-Firä 1961</bibRefCitation>
: 489
</treatmentCitation>
–490, figs. 9–11;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FC12D052AE4BFBED" author="Dumitrescu" box="[906,1127,1033,1055]" page="66" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FC12D052AE6CFBED" author="Dumitrescu" box="[906,1088,1033,1055]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Dumitrescu, E. (1962) Nouvelle contribution a l´etude des Polychetes de la Mer Noire. Travaux du Museum d ʹ Histoire Naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 3, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="1962">Dumitrescu 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 66
</treatmentCitation>
[in part]; 1973: 43 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FF5FD072ABEFFBCF" author="Bacescu" box="[199,451,1064,1086]" page="139" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FF5FD072ABBDFBCC" author="Bacescu" box="[199,401,1064,1086]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Bacescu, M., Dumitrescu, E., Marcus, A., Palladian, G. &amp; Mayer, R. (1963) Donnees quantitatives sur la faune petricole de la Mer Noire a Agigea (secteur roumain) dans la conditions speciales de l´annee 1961. Travaux du Museum d ʹ Histoire Naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 4, 131 - 155." type="journal article" year="1963">
Bäcescu
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FEB9D072AB62FBCC" box="[289,334,1064,1086]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 1963
</bibRefCitation>
: 139
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FDF1D073A988FBCC" author="Manoleli" box="[617,932,1064,1086]" page="524" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FDF1D073A95DFBCC" author="Manoleli" box="[617,881,1064,1086]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Manoleli, D. &amp; Nalbant, T. (1975) Betrachtungen uber den Einfluss des Donau-Astuars auf die Verteilung und die Biomasse der Bodenfauna im St. Georg-Arm. Vorgelegt zur 18 Jahres-Arbeitstagung der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung, pp. 521 - 527." type="journal article" year="1975">Manoleli &amp; Nalbant 1975</bibRefCitation>
: 524
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FC36D073AE5DFBCC" author="Marinov" box="[942,1137,1064,1086]" page="158" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FC36D073AE6EFBCF" author="Marinov" box="[942,1090,1064,1086]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Marinov, T. (1977) Fauna na B u lgaria. Mnogochetinesti chervey (Polychaeta). Vol. 6, Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite, Sofia, 258 pp. [in Bulgarian]" type="book" year="1977">Marinov 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 158
</treatmentCitation>
–159 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FA92D07CAAC3FBAE" author="Tiganus" page="110" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FA92D07CAFB4FBCF" author="Tiganus" box="[1290,1432,1063,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Tiganus, V. (1982) Donnees preliminaires sur le zoobenthos du substrat meuble de la zone portuaire Constanta. Cercet a ri marine, 15, 107 - 114." type="journal article" year="1982">Ţigänuş 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 110
</treatmentCitation>
; 1986: 20;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FEC7D01DA80AFBAE" author="Manoleli" box="[351,550,1094,1116]" page="113" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FEC7D01DABDBFBAE" author="Manoleli" box="[351,503,1094,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Manoleli, D. (1980) Les populations de Polychetes des eaux saumatres oligohalines de la Roumanie. Quelques observations et problemes. Travaux du Museum d ʹ Histoire Naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 21, 111 - 129." type="journal article" year="1980">Manoleli 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 113
</treatmentCitation>
–115;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FDFCD01DA946FBAE" author="Surugiu" box="[612,874,1094,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Surugiu, V. &amp; Manoleli, D. (1998 - 1999). Nouvelle contribution a l´etude des annelides polychetes de la region d´Agigea (littoral roumain). Analele S tiin t ifice ale Universit at ii &quot; Al. I. Cuza &quot; Ia s i, seria Biologie animal a, 44 - 45, 21 - 25." type="book chapter" year="1998">
Surugiu &amp; Manoleli
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FCAED01CA946FBAE" box="[822,874,1095,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="1998" valueMax="1999">1998</date>
</bibRefCitation>
–1999: 24 [in part];
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FBABD01DAF2FFBAE" author="Kisseleva" box="[1075,1283,1094,1116]" page="264" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FBABD01DAEFEFBAE" author="Kisseleva" box="[1075,1234,1094,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Kisseleva, M. I. (2004) Polychaetes (Polychaeta) of the Azov and Black Seas. Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Science Press, Apatity, 409 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2004">Kisseleva 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 264
</treatmentCitation>
–266, fig. 107d [in part].
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FEBED03DAB7CFB89" box="[294,336,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Non</emphasis>
Johnston 1838.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7FDF36FF0FD0DFA8EAFB4A" blockId="2.[151,1437,787,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="75AC11F74A7FDF36FF0FD0DFA8EAFB4A" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
?
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FF34D0DFAB9DFB68" ID-CoL="6W4G7" box="[172,433,1156,1178]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="ciliata" subSpecies="limicola">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF34D0DFAB9DFB68" box="[172,433,1156,1178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora ciliata limicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FE59D0D8A96BFB6B" author="Losovskaya" box="[449,839,1155,1178]" page="1559" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FE59D0D8A924FB6B" author="Losovskaya" box="[449,776,1155,1178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Losovskaya, G. V. &amp; Nesterova, D. A. (1964) On Mass Development of a form of Polychaeta, Polydora ciliata ssp. limicola Annenkova, New for the Black Sea, in Sukhoi Liman Lagoon (Northwestern Black Sea). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 43, 1559 - 1560. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1964">Losovskaya &amp; Nesterova 1964</bibRefCitation>
:
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FC8CD0D8A96BFB6B" box="[788,839,1155,1177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="1559" valueMax="1560">1559</date>
</treatmentCitation>
–1560;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FC0FD0D8AE4EFB6B" author="Kisseleva" box="[919,1122,1155,1177]" page="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FC0FD0D8AE15FB6B" author="Kisseleva" box="[919,1081,1155,1177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Kisseleva, M. I. (1987) Changes in the Composition and Distribution of Polychaete Worms in the Azov Sea. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal, 23, 40 - 45. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1987">Kisseleva 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FBE8D0D8AF06FB6B" author="Tiganus" box="[1136,1322,1155,1177]" page="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FBE8D0D8AF2EFB6B" author="Tiganus" box="[1136,1282,1155,1177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Tiganus, V. (1988) Distribution des peuplements des Polychetes les plus frequentes du secteur marin devant les embouchures du Danube. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions - Commision Internationale pour l ʹ Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediteranee, 31, 23." type="journal article" year="1988">Ţigänuş 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 23
</treatmentCitation>
; 1990: 22;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FF5FD0F9ABFDFB4A" author="Vorobyova" box="[199,465,1186,1208]" page="47" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FF5FD0F9AB87FB4A" author="Vorobyova" box="[199,427,1186,1208]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Vorobyova, L. V., Bondarenko, O. S. &amp; Izaak, O. (2008) Meiobenthiс polychaetes in the northwestern Black Sea. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 37, 43 - 55." type="journal article" year="2008">
Vorobyova
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FEA4D0F8AB44FB4A" box="[316,360,1186,1208]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
: 47
</treatmentCitation>
.
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FE43D0F8A829FB4A" box="[475,517,1187,1208]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Non</emphasis>
Annenkova, 1934.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A7FDF36FF0FD099AFA8FB07" blockId="2.[151,1437,787,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="75AC11F74A7FDF36FF0FD099AFA8FB07" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
?
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FF32D09AAB48FB25" ID-CoL="6W4G7" box="[170,356,1217,1239]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="limicola">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF32D09AAB48FB25" box="[170,356,1217,1239]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora limicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FEEBD09AA871FB25" author="Losovskaya" box="[371,605,1217,1239]" page="102" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FEEBD09AA806FB25" author="Losovskaya" box="[371,554,1217,1239]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Losovskaya, G. V. (1976) On the Expansion of Geographical Range of Polydora limicola Annenkova - a Polychaete Species New for the Black Sea. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal, 12, 102 - 103. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1976">Losovskaya 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 102
</treatmentCitation>
–105; 1977: 66–67; 1978: 30; 2008: 357–360;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FBDBD09AAED6FB25" author="Tiganus" box="[1091,1274,1217,1239]" page="54" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FBDBD09AAEFEFB25" author="Tiganus" box="[1091,1234,1217,1239]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Tiganus, V. (1992) Evolution des populations de certaines especes de masse de Polychetes de la zone marine roumaine. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions - Commision Internationale pour l ʹ Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediteranee, 33, 54." type="journal article" year="1992">Ţigänuş 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 54
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FA9FD09AABBAFB07" author="Losovskaya" page="248" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FA9FD09AAB4AFB07" author="Losovskaya" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Losovskaya, G. V. &amp; Zolotarev, V. N. (2003) The Polychaete Polydora limicola in Benthic Communities of the Black Sea. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 29, 248 - 250." type="journal article" year="2003">Losovskaya &amp; Zolotarev 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 248
</treatmentCitation>
–249;
<treatmentCitation id="D41D10C84A7FDF36FE4DD0BBA967FB07" author="Vorobyova" box="[469,843,1248,1270]" page="113" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A7FDF36FE4DD0BBA930FB07" author="Vorobyova" box="[469,796,1248,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Vorobyova, L. V. &amp; Bondarenko, O. S. (2009) Meiobenthic bristle worms (Polychaeta) of the western Black Sea shelf. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 15, 109 - 121." type="journal article" year="2009">Vorobyova &amp; Bondarenko 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 113
</treatmentCitation>
–119; Bondarenko 2009: 23–24.
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FB00D0BAAEEFFB04" box="[1176,1219,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Non</emphasis>
Annenkova, 1934.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A7FDF36FF0FD179AAE1F8C0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="550336D94A7FDF36FF0FD179AAE1F8C0" blockId="2.[151,1436,1314,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF0FD179A83FFAC9" bold="true" box="[151,531,1314,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Material examined. Black Sea:</emphasis>
original label ʹ
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FD57D178AF5AFAC8" authority="(Johnston, 1838) (M. Neagra) Polychaeta" authorityName="(Johnston, 1838) (M. Neagra) Polychaeta" box="[719,1398,1314,1339]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FD57D178A9A6FAC9" box="[719,906,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora ciliata</emphasis>
(Johnston, 1838) (M. Neagrä) Polychaeta
</taxonomicName>
3ʹ MNINGA 30.294 (44);
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FE31D11DA837FAAD" bold="true" box="[425,539,1350,1375]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A7FDF36FE31D11DA839FAAD" box="[425,533,1350,1375]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
Sta. 190–4/VA1, Varna (43°08.08ʹN, 28°02.89ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FBFDD11DAE94FAAC" box="[1125,1208,1350,1374]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.18" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="21.8">21.8 m</quantity>
, in muddy sand,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FA18D11DAB24FA70" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2008-03-23">23 Mar 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY032 (10);
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FD45D131A978FA71" bold="true" box="[733,852,1386,1411]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A7FDF36FD45D131A962FA71" box="[733,846,1386,1411]" name="Romania" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Romania</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
Sta. 66, Danube – Black Sea Canal (44°05ʹ61.6ʹ N, 28°38ʹ0 9.1ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FEDDD1D5AB5EFA54" box="[325,370,1422,1446]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
, in mud covering artificial rocky substrate,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FCCED1D5A9F7FA54" box="[854,987,1422,1447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="1999-08-09">9 Aug 1999</date>
, MNINGA PLY033 (2); Sta. 78, Agigea (44°01ʹ45.6ʹ N, 28°39ʹ32.0ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FE60D1E9A80AFA38" box="[504,550,1458,1482]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
, in columella of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FD7BD1EFAEB4FA38" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[739,1176,1458,1483]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Nassarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FD7BD1EFA9FEFA39" box="[739,978,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Nassarius reticulatus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
inhabited by
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FAAAD1EFAB8DFA1C" authority="Roux, 1829" authorityName="Roux" authorityYear="1829" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Coccomyxaceae" genus="Diogenes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chlamydomonadales" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="pugilator">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FAAAD1EFAAD3FA1C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Diogenes pugilator</emphasis>
(Roux, 1829)
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FE36D18DA81AFA1C" box="[430,566,1494,1519]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2003-08-03">3 Aug 2003</date>
(1); Sta. 79, Agigea (44°04ʹ57.4ʹ N, 28°38ʹ36.3ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FB13D18DAE96FA1C" box="[1163,1210,1494,1518]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
, in clayrock,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FACDD18DAAE3F9E0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2003-08-05">5 Aug 2003</date>
(41); Sta. BS07/MA07 (43°46.47ʹN, 28°31.05ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FCB6D1A1A9A8F9E0" box="[814,900,1530,1554]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="33.5">33.5 m</quantity>
, in silty mud,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FBA6D1A1AEF7F9E0" box="[1086,1243,1530,1555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2007-04-20">20 Apr 2007</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY034 (2); Sta. 177–8/DP5 (44°35.76ʹN, 29°11.43ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FC34D245AE2DF9C4" box="[940,1025,1566,1590]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.62" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="26.2">26.2 m</quantity>
, black mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FB4ED245AB0FF9A8" authority="Grube, 1870" authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1870" class="Polychaeta" family="Ampharetidae" genus="Melinna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="palmata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FB4ED245AFB0F9C4" box="[1238,1436,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Melinna palmata</emphasis>
Grube, 1870
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FEC2D21FA887F9A8" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[346,683,1602,1627]" class="Bivalvia" family="Myidae" genus="Mya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myoida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arenaria">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FEC2D21FABD8F9A9" box="[346,500,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Mya arenaria</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FD2ED219A966F9A8" box="[694,842,1602,1626]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2008-03-21">21 Mar 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY035 (1); Sta. Ma08–1 Mangalia (43°49ʹ14.30ʹ N, 28°36ʹ56.53ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FD13D23DA8F0F98C" box="[651,732,1638,1662]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="14.2">14.2 m</quantity>
,
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FD72D23DAE96F98C" authority="Lamarck, 1819" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1819" box="[746,1210,1638,1662]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FD72D23DAE29F98C" box="[746,1029,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Mytilus galloprovincialis</emphasis>
Lamarck, 1819
</taxonomicName>
bank,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FA91D23DAFB4F98C" box="[1289,1432,1638,1662]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2008-06-11">11 Jun 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY036 (13); Sta. Ma08–2 Mangalia (43°49ʹ14.30ʹ N, 28°36ʹ56.53ʹ E),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FB72D2D1AF17F950" box="[1258,1339,1674,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="14.2">14.2 m</quantity>
,
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FAD0D2D0AB7AF934" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="galloprovincialis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FAD0D2D0AB7AF934" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Mytilus galloprovincialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bank,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FE3DD2F5A818F934" box="[421,564,1710,1734]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2008-06-11">11 Jun 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY037 (10);
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FB8BD2F5AE52F935" bold="true" box="[1043,1150,1710,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A7FDF36FB8BD2F5AE55F935" box="[1043,1145,1710,1735]" name="Ukraine" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
original label ʹ
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FAACD2F5AADFF919" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="limicola">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FAACD2F5AADFF919" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora limicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Odessa Bayʹ (176); original label ʹ
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FD32D288AE0DF918" authority="Grigorievsky" authorityName="Grigorievsky" box="[682,1057,1746,1771]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="limicola">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FD32D288A956F919" box="[682,890,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Polydora limicola</emphasis>
, Grigorievsky
</taxonomicName>
Limanʹ (103); Sta. 159–4/Phy7 (45°34.13ʹN, 30°17.38ʹE),
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FE5DD2ADA83AF8FC" box="[453,534,1782,1806]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.34" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="23.4">23.4 m</quantity>
, silty mud with
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7FDF36FD56D2ADA90EF8FC" box="[718,802,1782,1806]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FD56D2ADA90EF8FC" box="[718,802,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Mytilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells,
<date id="210210194A7FDF36FCE0D2ADAE21F8FC" box="[888,1037,1782,1806]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2008-03-18">18 Mar 2008</date>
, coll. A. Teacä, MNINGA PLY038 (21).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A7FDF30FF5FD365A93AF8A3" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph id="550336D94A7FDF36FF5FD365AB9DF814" blockId="2.[151,1436,1314,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7FDF36FF5FD365AB75F8A5" bold="true" box="[199,345,1854,1879]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Description.</emphasis>
Specimens up to
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FDBBD365A85FF8A4" box="[547,627,1854,1878]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A7FDF36FD24D365A90DF8A4" box="[700,801,1854,1878]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.25">1.25 mm</quantity>
wide at chaetiger 5, with up to 80 chaetigers. Colour in life light tan with red branchiae, palps, and dorsal blood vessels. Preserved specimens pale yellowish. Body not pigmented, but larval pigmentation may persist in recently settled juveniles. Distal part of palps with a diffuse brown pigmentation dispersed along margins of ciliated groove. Pygidium white due to presence of numerous glandular epithelial cells.
</paragraph>
<caption id="01C366514A7EDF37FF0FD2E4AF3EF81B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="550336D94A7EDF37FF0FD2E4AF3EF81B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1727,2025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7EDF37FF0FD2E4AB38F926" bold="true" box="[151,276,1727,1750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrographs of adult
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A7EDF37FD24D2E4A9C3F927" authority="Bosc, 1802" authorityName="Bosc" authorityYear="1802" box="[700,1007,1727,1749]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A7EDF37FD24D2E4A95DF927" box="[700,881,1727,1749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
Bosc, 1802
</taxonomicName>
, Agigea (44°04ˏ57.4ˏˏN, 28°38ˏ36.3ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C–E, 20 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD4CCA909FEB2" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
Prostomium anteriorly bifurcated, flaring laterally, posteriorly prolonged by low narrow caruncle, reaching posterior margin of chaetiger 3 (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FD8FD4E7A873FF26" box="[535,607,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). Cirriform, anteriorly oriented occipital antenna present on caruncle between notopodia of chaetiger 1. Four black, rounded eyes in trapezoidal arrangement; anterior pair slightly larger and further apart. Lateral sides of caruncle with large ciliary bands. Palps long, extending posteriorly to chaetiger 20, prehensile, with a distinct longitudinal ciliated groove.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD517AFA5FE5E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
Chaetiger 1 with long, relatively slender cirriform notopodial lamellae; notochaetae absent; neuropodial postchaetal lamellae shorter, conical, with short capillaries (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FCDED534A9A0FE75" box="[838,908,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Chaetigers 2–4 and 6 with well-developed parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae, with ventral and dorsal bundles of limbate capillary chaetae (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FABBD5CFAF44FE5E" box="[1315,1384,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD5ECAB45FD55" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
Chaetiger 5 larger than adjacent segments (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FD57D5ECA934FE3D" box="[719,792,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A), overlapping chaetiger 6 dorsally, with 5–10 major modified spines alternating with delicate companion chaetae, both arranged in a straight or slightly curved horizontal or oblique row (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FE54D5A4A83FFDE5" box="[460,531,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Major modified spines of chaetiger 5 falcate, with distinct lateral tooth and narrow slender subdistal longitudinal flange or keel situated laterally on main fang distal to lateral tooth (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FAAED67FAF56FDCE" box="[1334,1402,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C). Companion chaetae slender, feather-like, often distally bifurcated, depending on wear, closely adhering to convex side of major spines (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FE0FD637ABF3FD76" box="[407,479,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C). Postchaetal lamellae absent. Dorsal superior and ventral inferior capillaries on chaetiger 5 absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD6EFA951FCAF" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
Ventral bidentate hooded hooks (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FDA4D6EFA853FD3E" box="[572,639,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E) from chaetiger 7, without any accompanying capillaries. Main fang of hook at right or slightly acute angle to shaft, with narrow angle (~25°) between apical tooth and main fang. Shaft of hooks slightly curved, with prominent constriction and distinct manubrium. Chaetiger 7 with 5–8 hooks, following chaetigers with up to 12 hooks arranged in vertical series; number of hooks decreases to about three on last few chaetigers. No special notochaetae on posterior segments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD73CABB9FC35" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
Branchiae digitiform, long, thin, from chaetiger 7, continuing posteriorly to last few posterior segments, free from notopodial postchaetal lamellae (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FDCBD7D7A8B7FC56" box="[595,667,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Pairs of branchiae meeting middorsally, with lengths gradually decreasing posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD78FAFB8FC1E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" box="[199,1428,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
Pygidium large, disc-like, with weakly glandular surface; anus located below narrow middorsal gap (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A79DF30FAAAD78FAF59FC1E" box="[1330,1397,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD7ACAB80FAA5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FF5FD7ACAB97FBE2" bold="true" box="[199,443,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Habitat and ecology</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A79DF30FE54D7A3A8B8FBE2" box="[460,660,1016,1040]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FE54D7A3A8B8FBE2" box="[460,660,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs on various
<typeStatus id="8A07887B4A79DF30FCEBD7A3A982FBE2" box="[883,942,1016,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">types</typeStatus>
of substrata (rocks, stems of reeds, watersoaked branches of bushes, seagrasses, clayrock, soft mud, sandy mud or sand) on which it builds fragile tubes of silt particles and fine sand grains. Tubes are brownish-yellowish, made from fine sand grains and detritus, up to
<quantity id="92449B3C4A79DF30FA18D064AAEFFB8E" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long and quite large enough to permit the animal to turn around 180° and reverse direction. The species prefers stagnant near-shore, eutrophicated water, rich in detritus and biogenic elements,
<quantity id="92449B3C4A79DF30FBBED0DCAEBFFB6D" box="[1062,1171,1159,1183]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.675" metricValueMax="3.35" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="16.75" valueMax="33.5" valueMin="0.0">0–33.5 m</quantity>
. On hard substrates the species is frequently found on silted surfaces, in cracks of stones, between individual mussels or in empty tests of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A79DF30FF0FD08BA85DFB15" authority="Darwin, 1854" authorityName="Darwin" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,625,1231,1256]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Amphibalanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improvisus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FF0FD08BAB97FB1A" box="[151,443,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Amphibalanus improvisus</emphasis>
(Darwin, 1854)
</taxonomicName>
filled with silt. Worms removed from tubes crawl actively. In clayrock the worm digs U- or Y-shaped burrows, lined by a membranous sheath, with densities up to 110,000 ind. m–2. This species was also found in the apical part of the columella of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A79DF30FCC9D147AE6DFAC1" box="[849,1089,1307,1331]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Nassarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FCC9D147AE6DFAC1" box="[849,1089,1307,1331]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Nassarius reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells inhabited by the hermit crab
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A79DF30FF56D11BAB89FAA5" box="[206,421,1343,1367]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Coccomyxaceae" genus="Diogenes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chlamydomonadales" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="pugilator">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FF56D11BAB89FAA5" box="[206,421,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Diogenes pugilator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD138AEFDFA1B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A79DF30FF5FD138ABA2FA89" box="[199,398,1379,1403]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FF5FD138ABA2FA89" box="[199,398,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an opportunistic species. In areas subjected to severe disturbance and organic enrichment the species forms dense tube-mats that can reach densities up to 150,000 ind. m–2. This species is also a major component of the fouling of bottoms of ships and harbour installations. The species is also tolerant of reduced salinities; at the Romanian Black Sea coast it occurs at salinities ranging between 6.4–17.9 PSU.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF30FF5FD1AEA93AF8A3" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FF5FD1AEA87CF9FC" bold="true" box="[199,592,1525,1550]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Reproduction and development.</emphasis>
Brooding females with large, slightly oval oocytes (80–100 μm), were observed in the coelomic cavity from April to August. Oocytes are deposited inside the maternal tube in special egg capsules and attached side-by-side in a loose beadlike string. The capsules are thin-walled, translucent, and attached to the inside wall of the tube by two thin extensions. Each capsule contains between 37 and
<specimenCount id="43BAFD504A79DF30FA9DD23AAF73F988" box="[1285,1375,1633,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="egg">57 eggs</specimenCount>
, with up to 30 capsules per string. The larvae hatch at the 3-chaetiger stage and immediately start to swim in the water column. Late nectochaetes have two large ramified melanophores situated between median and lateral eyes. Dorsal pairs of transverse bands of pigment are present on chaetigers 3–7; from chaetiger 8 onwards they became ramified and stellate-shaped. Juveniles with 12–17 chaetigers, less than
<quantity id="92449B3C4A79DF30FCC6D2AAA9B3F8FB" box="[862,927,1777,1801]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long were observed in benthic samples from June to October. These early juveniles still possessed five pairs of band-shaped chromatophores, followed by pairs of large branching chromatophores on the dorsal surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A79DF31FF5FD306A8D5FE3D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="550336D94A79DF31FF5FD306A8D5FE3D" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1687]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FF5FD306AB4CF884" bold="true" box="[199,352,1885,1910]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A79DF30FEF2D306A81FF884" box="[362,563,1885,1910]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FEF2D306A81FF884" box="[362,563,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(often reported as
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FC8CD304A94EF884" box="[788,866,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">P. l i g n i</emphasis>
) has a worldwide distribution from temperate to tropical regions. The species has been reported from the Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FCE0D3DAA9D1F86B" author="Blake" box="[888,1021,1921,1945]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Blake, J. A. (1975) Phylum Annelida: Class Polychaeta. In: Smith, R. I. &amp; Carlton, J. A. (Eds.), Light's Manual, Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. 3 rd Edition, University of California Press, California, pp. 151 - 243." type="book chapter" year="1975">Blake 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FB92D3DAAE98F86B" author="Kudenov" box="[1034,1204,1921,1945]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Kudenov, J. D. (1982) Redescription of the major spines of Polydora ligni Webster (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 95, 571 - 574." type="journal article" year="1982">Kudenov 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FB58D3DAAFBBF86B" author="Radashevsky" box="[1216,1431,1921,1945]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FF0FD3FEAB5DF84F" author="Blake" box="[151,369,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Ruff, R. E. (2007) Polychaeta. In: Carlton, J. A. (Ed.), Light and Smith Manual Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon. 4 th Edition, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 309 - 410." type="book chapter" year="2007">Blake &amp; Ruff 2007</bibRefCitation>
) and Atlantic coasts of North
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A79DF30FD5ED3FEA90AF84F" box="[710,806,1957,1981]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">America</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FCAED3FEA997F84F" author="Blake" box="[822,955,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Blake, J. A. (1971) Revision of the Genus Polydora from the East Coast of North America (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 75, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1971">Blake 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FC50D3FEAE5DF84F" author="Kudenov" box="[968,1137,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Kudenov, J. D. (1982) Redescription of the major spines of Polydora ligni Webster (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 95, 571 - 574." type="journal article" year="1982">Kudenov 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FBE5D3FEAF79F84F" author="Radashevsky" box="[1149,1365,1957,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
), Gulf of
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(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FEB8D392A821F813" author="Rice" box="[288,525,1993,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Rice, S. A. &amp; Simon, J. L. (1980) Intraspecific variation in the pollution indicator polychaete Polydora ligni (Spionidae). Ophelia, 19, 79 - 115." type="journal article" year="1980">Rice &amp; Simon 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FD84D392A8DAF813" author="Radashevsky" box="[540,758,1993,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FC9CD392A9EFF813" author="Rice" box="[772,963,1993,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Rice, S. A., Karl, S. &amp; Rice, K. A. (2008) The Polydora cornuta complex (Annelida: Polychaeta) contains populations that are reproductively isolated and genetically distinct. Invertebrate Biology, 127, 45 - 64." type="journal article" year="2008">
Rice
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A79DF30FCDAD390A95AF810" box="[834,886,1994,2018]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
), Caribbean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A79DF30FB09D392AF32F813" author="Foster" box="[1169,1310,1993,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Foster, N. M. (1971) Spionidae (Polychaeta) of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 129, 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="1971">Foster 1971</bibRefCitation>
), coasts of
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FF0FD4CCAAF7FF5D" box="[151,219,151,175]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FE8DD4CCABA9FF5D" box="[277,389,151,175]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FE0DD4CCA85CFF5D" author="Radashevsky" box="[405,624,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
), southeastern
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FC82D4CCA9ADFF5D" box="[794,897,151,175]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FC0AD4CCAE8BFF5D" author="Blake" box="[914,1191,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov 1978</bibRefCitation>
), Sea of
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FA97D4C3AF63FF5D" box="[1295,1359,152,175]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Japan</collectingCountry>
(Sato-
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FF0FD4E7AB01FF26" author="Okoshi" box="[151,301,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (2000) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Japan, with descriptions of morphology, ecology and burrow structure. 2. Non-boring species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 443 - 456." type="journal article" year="2000">Okoshi 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FEA5D4E7A83BFF26" author="Radashevsky" box="[317,535,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
), Yellow Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD5AD4E7A9B3FF26" author="Radashevsky" box="[706,927,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FC2DD4E7AE2BFF26" box="[949,1031,188,212]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FBDDD4E7AEA4FF26" box="[1093,1160,188,212]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FB02D4E7AAFFFF05" author="Radashevsky" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Hsieh, H. - L. (2000) Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) species from Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 39, 203 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2000">Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FF46D484ABB0FF05" author="Zhou" box="[222,412,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Zhou, J., Ji, W. W. &amp; Li, X. Z. (2010) Records of Polydora complex spionids (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from China's coastal waters, with emphasis on parasitic species and the description of a new species. Marine Fisheries, 32, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2010">
Zhou
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FEB8D4BAAB7EFF0A" box="[288,338,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
), Baltic Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FDA8D484A978FF05" author="Ramberg" box="[560,852,223,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Ramberg, J. P. &amp; Schram, T. (1983) A systematic review of the Oslofjord species of Polydora Bosc and Pseudopolydora Czerniavsky with some new biological and ecological data (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Sarsia, 68, 233 - 247." type="journal article" year="1983">Ramberg &amp; Schram 1983</bibRefCitation>
), Kattegat and Öresund (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FBF4D484AFA3FF05" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[1132,1423,223,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1996) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 2. Neubearbeitete Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 58, 648 pp." type="book" year="1996">Hartmann-Schröder 1996</bibRefCitation>
), North Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FE8DD55FABCCFEEE" author="Boggemann" box="[277,480,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Boggemann, M. (1997) Polychaeten aus der Deutschen Bucht. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 202, 1 - 315." type="journal article" year="1997">Böggemann 1997</bibRefCitation>
), western Mediterranean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FCA9D55FA9C4FEEE" author="Tena" box="[817,1000,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Tena, J., Capaccioni-Azzati, R., Porras, R. &amp; Torre-Gavila, F. J. (1991) Cuatro especies de Poliquetos nuevas para las costas Mediterraneas espanolas en los sedimentos del antepuerto de Valencia. Miscellania Zoologica, 15, 29 - 41." type="journal article" year="1991">
Tena
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FCF7D55EA98CFEEE" box="[879,928,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 1991
</bibRefCitation>
), Aegean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FB17D55FAF62FEEE" author="Cinar" box="[1167,1358,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Cinar, M. E., Ergen, Z., Dagli, E. &amp; Petersen, M. E. (2005) Alien species of spionid polychaetes (Streblospio gynobranchiata and Polydora cornuta) in Izmir Bay, eastern Mediterranean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 821 - 827." type="journal article" year="2005">
Çinar
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FB4DD55EAF2AFEEE" box="[1237,1286,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FAC2D55EAB38FECD" author="Ergen" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Ergen, Z., Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. &amp; Kurt, G. (2006) Seasonal dynamics of soft-bottom polychaetes in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean). Scientia Marina, 70 S 3, 197 - 207." type="journal article" year="2006">
Ergen
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FF0FD572AAE5FEB2" box="[151,201,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
; Simboura
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE0ED572ABE4FEB2" box="[406,456,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 2008), Sea of Marmara (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD77D573A9F7FECD" author="Dagli" box="[751,987,295,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Dagli, E. &amp; Ergen, Z. (2008) First record of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey basin. Aquatc invasions, 3, 231 - 233." type="journal article" year="2008">Daġli &amp; Ergen 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FC70D57CAEECFECD" author="Karhan" box="[1000,1216,295,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Karhan, S. U., Kalkan, E., Simboura, N., Mutlu, E. &amp; Bekbolet, M. (2008) On the Occurrence and Established Populations of the Alien Polychaete Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus Strait (Turkey). Mediterranean Marine Science, 9, 5 - 19." type="journal article" year="2008">
Karhan
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FBDBD572AE59FEB2" box="[1091,1141,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FB54D57CAFBCFECD" author="Cinar" box="[1228,1424,295,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. &amp; Acik, S. (2011) Annelids (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta) from the Sea of Marmara, with description of five new species. Journal of Natural History, 45, 2105 - 2143." type="journal article" year="2011">
Çinar
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FA8BD572AF69FEB2" box="[1299,1349,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
), Bosphorus Strait (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FEF1D517A860FE96" author="Karhan" box="[361,588,332,356]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Karhan, S. U., Kalkan, E., Simboura, N., Mutlu, E. &amp; Bekbolet, M. (2008) On the Occurrence and Established Populations of the Alien Polychaete Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus Strait (Turkey). Mediterranean Marine Science, 9, 5 - 19." type="journal article" year="2008">
Karhan
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE50D516ABD1FE96" box="[456,509,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
), and?Sea of Azov (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FCD1D517A9D3FE96" author="Kisseleva" box="[841,1023,332,356]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Kisseleva, M. I. (1987) Changes in the Composition and Distribution of Polychaete Worms in the Azov Sea. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal, 23, 40 - 45. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1987">Kisseleva 1987</bibRefCitation>
). In the Black Sea the species was recorded from the coasts of
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FE4BD534A814FE75" box="[467,568,367,391]" name="Romania" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Romania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FDD0D534A8DEFE75" author="Surugiu" box="[584,754,367,391]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Surugiu, V. (2005 a) Inventory of inshore polychaetes from the Romanian coast (Black Sea). Mediterranean Marine Science, 6, 51 - 73." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Surugiu 2005a</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FC9ED534A94AFE75" box="[774,870,367,391]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FCEDD534AEE1FE75" author="Todorova" box="[885,1229,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Todorova, V. R. &amp; Panayotova, M. D. (2006) Alien aquatic fauna from the Bulgarian Black Sea and coastal lakes - an inventory of introductions and impacts. NEOBIOTA. From Ecology to Conservation. 4 th European Conference on Biological Invasions, Vienna (Austria), 27 - 29 September 2006. Book of Abstracts, pp. 251 - 252." type="journal article" year="2006">Todorova &amp; Panayotova 2006</bibRefCitation>
), southern Crimea (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FF06D5CFABD0FE5E" author="Boltachova" box="[158,508,404,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Boltachova, N. A. &amp; Lisitskaya, E. V. (2007) About species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Balaklava bay (the Black Sea). Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 6, 33 - 35. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2007">Boltachova &amp; Lisitskaya 2007</bibRefCitation>
), northern Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD68D5CFA996FE5E" author="Selifonova" box="[752,954,404,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Selifonova, J. (2011) Record of Polydora cornuta (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Tuapse port (the Black Sea). Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 10, 48. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="a">Selifonova 2011a</bibRefCitation>
), Odessa region (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FBE6D5CFAF6BFE5E" author="Losovskaya" box="[1150,1351,404,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Losovskaya, G. V. (2011) On using some polychaete taxocene parameters for monitoring environmental quality in the northwestern Black Sea. Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 10, 50 - 55. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2011">Losovskaya 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and in front of the Danube Delta (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FE5DD5ECA8BCFE3D" author="Bondarenko" box="[453,656,439,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Bondarenko, O. S. (2011) Polychaete taxocene in the seaside estuary of Danube River. Morskoi ekologichnii Zhurnal, 10, 11 - 16. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2011">Bondarenko 2011</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A78DF31FD3ED5ECA8CBFE3D" box="[678,743,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1000,1023]" captionTargetBox="[170,1412,444,976]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[155,1433,437,994]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing records of Polydora, Dipolydora, and Pseudopolydora in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean: Polydora cornuta (blue circles): (1) Tena et al. (1991); (2) Radashevsky (2005), Surugiu (2005 a); (3) Çinar et al. (2005), Ergen et al. (2006); (4) Todorova &amp; Panayotova (2006); (5) Boltachova &amp; Lisitskaya (2007); (6) Daġli &amp; Ergen (2008), Çinar et al. (2011); (7) Karhan et al. (2008); (8) Simboura et al. (2008); (9) Bondarenko (2011); (10) Losovskaya (2011); (11) Selifonova (2011). Polydora websteri (red triangles): (12) Surugiu (2005 a); (13) Lisitskaya et al. (2010). Dipolydora quadrilobata (yellow squares): (14) Požar-Domac (1978), Castelli et al. (1995); (15) Todorova &amp; Panayotova (2006); (16) present study. Dipolydora caulleryi (black diamonds): (17) Dumitrescu (1960); (18) Castelli et al. (1995); (19) Simboura &amp; Nicolaidou (2001). Pseudopolydora antennata (white stars): (20) Carrazzi (1895); (21) Dumitrescu (1960); (22) Simboura &amp; Nicolaidou (2001); (23) Çinar et al. (2011)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208947/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A78DF31FF5FD587A977FCE6" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="550336D94A78DF31FF5FD587A977FCE6" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FF5FD587AB17FE06" bold="true" box="[199,315,476,500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FEDED587A83EFE06" box="[326,530,476,500]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FEDED587A83EFE06" box="[326,530,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens from the Black Sea agree with recent morphological descriptions provided by
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FEBED5A4A870FDE5" author="Blake" box="[294,604,511,535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Maciolek, N. J. (1987) A redescription of Polydora cornuta Bosc (Polychaeta: Spionidae) and designation of a neotype. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="1987">Blake and Maciolek (1987)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD0CD5A4A951FDE5" author="Radashevsky" box="[660,893,511,535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky (2005)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FC11D5A4AE43FDE5" author="Radashevsky" box="[905,1135,511,535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky (2005)</bibRefCitation>
examined adult and larval morphology of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FED7D67EABEBFDCE" box="[335,455,549,572]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FED7D67EABEBFDCE" box="[335,455,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from different parts of the world and concluded that variability is not sufficiently consistent to separate different geographic populations into additional species and that
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FB09D612AF24FD92" box="[1169,1288,585,608]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FB09D612AF24FD92" box="[1169,1288,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a single species.
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FED2D637A833FD76" box="[330,543,620,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Rice, S. A., Karl, S. &amp; Rice, K. A. (2008) The Polydora cornuta complex (Annelida: Polychaeta) contains populations that are reproductively isolated and genetically distinct. Invertebrate Biology, 127, 45 - 64." type="journal article">
Rice
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE11D636ABEAFD76" box="[393,454,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
, however, using molecular, reproductive morphology, and cross fertilization experiments were able to demonstrate the existence of genetically distinct and reproductively isolated North American populations from California, Florida and Maine, and clearly demonstrated that at least three cryptic species exist. Earlier studies by
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD9DD68CA922FD1D" author="Rice" box="[517,782,727,751]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Rice, S. A. &amp; Simon, J. L. (1980) Intraspecific variation in the pollution indicator polychaete Polydora ligni (Spionidae). Ophelia, 19, 79 - 115." type="journal article" year="1980">Rice and Simon (1980)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FCD0D68CA9E2FD1D" author="Rice" box="[840,974,727,751]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Rice, S. A. (1991) Reproductive isolation in the Polydora ligni complex and the Streblospio benedicti complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 432 - 447." type="journal article" year="1991">Rice (1991)</bibRefCitation>
provide additional evidence of incipient sibling speciation in this widely distributed spionid polychaete.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA665524A78DF31FF5FD77BAEDDF965" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="550336D94A78DF31FF5FD77BAB35FC1E" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FF5FD77BABBBFCCA" ID-CoL="4L63D" box="[199,407,800,824]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FF5FD77BABBBFCCA" box="[199,407,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily distinguished from the closely related
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FBA4D77BAED2FCCA" ID-CoL="4L635" box="[1084,1278,800,824]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FBA4D77BAED2FCCA" box="[1084,1278,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FA8DD77AAFB4FCCA" box="[1301,1432,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c a l c a re a</emphasis>
(Templeton, 1836),
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FEECD71EABC7FCAE" box="[372,491,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. w e b s t e r i</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE64D71EA85DFCAE" box="[508,625,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. h a s w e l l i</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FDE4D71FA9A0FCAE" author="Blake" box="[636,908,836,860]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978</bibRefCitation>
and
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FC5AD71EAE19FCAE" box="[962,1077,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. l i m i c o l a</emphasis>
by the presence of the occipital antenna (Table 1). However, there may be some instances where the antenna may be absent and as such there is some degree of intraspecific variation (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FDC0D7D7A968FC56" author="Rice" box="[600,836,908,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Rice, S. A. &amp; Simon, J. L. (1980) Intraspecific variation in the pollution indicator polychaete Polydora ligni (Spionidae). Ophelia, 19, 79 - 115." type="journal article" year="1980">Rice &amp; Simon 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FCCAD7D7AE3AFC56" author="Mustaquim" box="[850,1046,908,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Mustaquim, J. (1986) Morphological variation in Polydora ciliata complex (Polychaeta: Annelida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="1986">Mustaquim 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FBBCD7D7AEB1FC56" author="Rice" box="[1060,1181,908,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Rice, S. A. (1991) Reproductive isolation in the Polydora ligni complex and the Streblospio benedicti complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 432 - 447." type="journal article" year="1991">Rice 1991</bibRefCitation>
). The most distinctive feature of
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE97D7EAABADFC3A" box="[271,385,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c o r nu ta</emphasis>
, however, is the feather-like companion chaetae that closely adhere to the major spines of chaetiger 5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A78DF31FF5FD7A3ABEAFB8E" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
Two other closely related species of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FDE6D7A3A8CAFBE2" ID-CoL="87JX8" box="[638,742,1016,1040]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FDE6D7A3A8CAFBE2" box="[638,742,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having occipital antennae are
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FBCDD7A2AEEDFBE2" box="[1109,1217,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c i r ro s a</emphasis>
Rioja, 1943 from Western
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FF61D047AB7DFBC6" box="[249,337,1052,1076]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, but ranging from southern California to
<collectingCountry id="2DAB76494A78DF31FCB9D047A952FBC6" box="[801,894,1052,1076]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FC2DD046AE00FBC6" box="[949,1068,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. n u c h a l i s</emphasis>
Woodwick, 1953 from southern California.
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FE81D064AB83FBA5" author="Blake" box="[281,431,1087,1111]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">Blake (1996)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FDA5D01AA882FBAA" box="[573,686,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c o r n u t a</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FD5CD01AA902FBAA" box="[708,814,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c i r ro s a</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FCEDD01AA9DFFBAA" ID-CoL="4L64S" box="[885,1011,1088,1112]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FCEDD01AA9DFFBAA" box="[885,1011,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to represent a distinct species-group within the genus
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FECFD03FAB93FB8E" ID-CoL="87JX8" box="[343,447,1124,1148]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FECFD03FAB93FB8E" box="[343,447,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A78DF31FF5FD0D3AB5CF9DE" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FF5FD0D3ABBCFB52" ID-CoL="4L63D" box="[199,400,1160,1184]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FF5FD0D3ABBCFB52" box="[199,400,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does exhibit variability in the presence of dorsal superior and ventral inferior fascicles of capillary chaetae on chaetiger 5, typically both these fascicles are absent (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FC6ED0F7AE52FB36" author="Blake" box="[1014,1150,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. (1971) Revision of the Genus Polydora from the East Coast of North America (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 75, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1971">Blake 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FB15D0F7AF15FB36" author="Kudenov" box="[1165,1337,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Kudenov, J. D. (1982) Redescription of the major spines of Polydora ligni Webster (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 95, 571 - 574." type="journal article" year="1982">Kudenov 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FAD0D0F7AB0FFB15" author="Rice" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Rice, S. A. &amp; Simon, J. L. (1980) Intraspecific variation in the pollution indicator polychaete Polydora ligni (Spionidae). Ophelia, 19, 79 - 115." type="journal article" year="1980">Rice &amp; Simon 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FEA8D094ABDFFB15" author="Mustaquim" box="[304,499,1231,1255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Mustaquim, J. (1986) Morphological variation in Polydora ciliata complex (Polychaeta: Annelida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="1986">Mustaquim 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD98D094A8E3FB15" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[512,719,1231,1255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (2000) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Japan, with descriptions of morphology, ecology and burrow structure. 2. Non-boring species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 443 - 456." type="journal article" year="2000">Sato-Okoshi 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FD44D094A999FB15" author="Radashevsky" box="[732,949,1231,1255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Thus
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FB91D08AAE51FB1A" ID-CoL="4L63D" box="[1033,1149,1233,1256]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FB91D08AAE51FB1A" box="[1033,1149,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FA1FD08AAAF3FAFE" ID-CoL="4L635" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FA1FD08AAAF3FAFE" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FF69D0AEAB5EFAFE" ID-CoL="4L62V" box="[241,370,1268,1292]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="calcarea">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FF69D0AEAB5EFAFE" box="[241,370,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. calcarea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE1CD0AEABD3FAFE" box="[388,511,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. w e b s t e r i</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FD8DD0AEA8BDFAFE" ID-CoL="4L63W" box="[533,657,1268,1292]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="haswelli">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FD8DD0AEA8BDFAFE" box="[533,657,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. haswelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FD3CD0AEA90CFAFE" ID-CoL="6W4G7" box="[676,800,1268,1292]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="limicola">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FD3CD0AEA90CFAFE" box="[676,800,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. limicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FCC7D0AEA9F2FAFE" ID-CoL="4L64S" box="[863,990,1268,1292]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FCC7D0AEA9F2FAFE" box="[863,990,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all of which have both these chaetal fascicles.
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE9DD142AB40FAC2" box="[261,364,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c i r ro s a</emphasis>
, however, lacks these fascicles. The absence of noto- and neuropodial capillaries on chaetiger
<quantity id="92449B3C4A78DF31FA16D14CAA81FAA6" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FF2DD166AB0AFAA6" box="[181,294,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c o r n u t a</emphasis>
is apomorphic because they are present in most other species of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FB81D167AF0EFAA6" ID-CoL="87JX8" authority="Blake 1996" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1996" box="[1049,1314,1340,1364]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FB81D167AEADFAA6" box="[1049,1153,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FB0AD167AF36FAA6" author="Blake" box="[1170,1306,1340,1364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. &amp; Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 81 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1996">Blake 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FF0FD104ABFDFA85" author="Blake" box="[151,465,1375,1399]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Maciolek, N. J. (1987) A redescription of Polydora cornuta Bosc (Polychaeta: Spionidae) and designation of a neotype. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="1987">Blake and Maciolek (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, based on material from the
<typeStatus id="8A07887B4A78DF31FC84D13AA960FA8B" box="[796,844,1377,1401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FC49D13AAE69FA8A" ID-CoL="4L63D" box="[977,1093,1377,1400]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FC49D13AAE69FA8A" box="[977,1093,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, indicated that
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FB60D13AAF44FA8A" box="[1272,1384,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c o r nu ta</emphasis>
can possess 3–4 notopodial capillaries on one or both sides. Additionally, neuropodial capillaries may be present on chaetiger
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juveniles of
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE54D1F2A811FA32" box="[460,573,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. c o r n u t a</emphasis>
having fewer than 22–24 chaetigers (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FC6CD1FCAE84FA4D" author="Michaelis" box="[1012,1192,1447,1471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Michaelis, H. (1978) Zur Morphologie und Okologie von Polydora ciliata und Polydora ligni (Polychaeta, Spionidae). Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 31, 102 - 116." type="journal article" year="1978">Michaelis 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FB2ED1FCAFBDFA4D" author="Radashevsky" box="[1206,1425,1447,1471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2005) On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 1064, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2005">Radashevsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FF0FD197AB32FA16" author="Rice" box="[151,286,1484,1508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Rice, S. A. (1991) Reproductive isolation in the Polydora ligni complex and the Streblospio benedicti complex (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 432 - 447." type="journal article" year="1991">Rice (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FEC1D197A832FA16" author="Rice" box="[345,542,1484,1508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Rice, S. A., Karl, S. &amp; Rice, K. A. (2008) The Polydora cornuta complex (Annelida: Polychaeta) contains populations that are reproductively isolated and genetically distinct. Invertebrate Biology, 127, 45 - 64." type="journal article" year="2008">
Rice
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FE0ED196ABFCFA16" box="[406,464,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
(2008
</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="CD872A5C4A78DF31FDB4D197A85CFA16" box="[556,624,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1727,1750]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,193,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1302,193,1719]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of adult Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, Agigea (44 ° 04 ˏ 57.4 ˏˏN, 28 ° 38 ˏ 36.3 ˏˏE), 5 Aug 2003: (A) Anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps, occipital antenna, ciliary bands of nuchal organs and nototrochs on chaetigers 3, 4 and 7; (B) Anterior end, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna on caruncle, enlarged chaetiger 5 with notochaetae arranged in a slightly curved horizontal row, branchiae from chaetiger 7, parapodial lobes and postchaetal lamellae; (C) Chaetiger 5, right side ventral view, showing heavy falcate spines with lateral tooth and subterminal flange (indicated by the arrow) and companion chaetae with disheveled, feather-like distal tip (right) and with compact, broomlike distal tip (left); (D) Chaetiger 5, left side dorsal view, showing different degrees of wear of major spines; (E) Neuropodial hooded hooks of chaetiger 8, left lateroventral view (dorsal side is to the left and the anterior end is down), showing external openings of secretory cells of glandular pouches; (F) Posterior end, right laterodorsal view, showing terminal anus and numerous glandular epithelial cells on disk-like pygidium. Scale bars: A and F, 200 μm; B, 300 μm; C – E, 20 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208948/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B) indicated that in Florida populations most (~75%) of the specimens possess both dorsal superior and ventral inferior fascicles, lending further support to the concept that sibling species are present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="550336D94A78DF31FF5FD263AEDDF965" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
In adult
<taxonomicName id="92BC4D5A4A78DF31FEB9D263ABCEF9A2" ID-CoL="4L63D" box="[289,482,1592,1616]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="67C8EACB4A78DF31FEB9D263ABCEF9A2" box="[289,482,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Polydora cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the body lacks dorsal black pigmentation (
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FC2CD26CAEFCF9BD" author="Ramberg" box="[948,1232,1591,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Ramberg, J. P. &amp; Schram, T. (1983) A systematic review of the Oslofjord species of Polydora Bosc and Pseudopolydora Czerniavsky with some new biological and ecological data (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Sarsia, 68, 233 - 247." type="journal article" year="1983">Ramberg &amp; Schram 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FB42D26CAFBBF9BD" author="Mustaquim" box="[1242,1431,1591,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Mustaquim, J. (1986) Morphological variation in Polydora ciliata complex (Polychaeta: Annelida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="1986">Mustaquim 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FF0FD207AB98F986" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[151,436,1628,1652]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1996) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 2. Neubearbeitete Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 58, 648 pp." type="book" year="1996">Hartmann-Schröder 1996</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<bibRefCitation id="312D4B284A78DF31FDA4D207A93BF986" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[572,791,1628,1652]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (2000) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Japan, with descriptions of morphology, ecology and burrow structure. 2. Non-boring species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 443 - 456." type="journal article" year="2000">Sato-Okoshi (2000)</bibRefCitation>
reported that some specimens had black pigmentation on the lateral side of anterior (1–10) chaetigers; this pigment is absent on individuals from the Black Sea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="5144F799AF16B3C27AF62A7B6ED7B4FD">Three new species of Cloacininae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) parasitic in Dorcopsis muelleri (Schlegel, 1866) from Papua and Salawati Island, Indonesia</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="92BC56AC9E70FFCDFF23FE5EFEC9FE05" authority="Dewi &amp; Purwaningsih, 2020" authorityName="Dewi &amp; Purwaningsih" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,376,477,504]" class="Secernentea" family="Chabertiidae" genus="Cloacina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="woworae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E70FFCDFF23FE5EFEC9FE05" bold="true" box="[151,376,477,504]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Cloacina woworae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="1DA67EA49E70FFCDFF23FDA6FDB7F969" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" type="materials_examined">
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<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E70FFCDFF23FDA6FF7EFDCD" box="[151,207,549,575]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Type</typeStatus>
host:
<taxonomicName id="92BC56AC9E70FFCDFEA7FDA5FD1BFDB2" authority="(Schlegel, 1866)" authorityName="Beveridge" authorityYear="2007" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[275,682,549,576]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Dorcopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muelleri">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E70FFCDFEA7FDA5FE58FDCD" box="[275,489,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Dorcopsis muelleri</emphasis>
(Schlegel, 1866)
</taxonomicName>
(Brown
<taxonomicName id="92BC56AC9E70FFCDFCB9FDA6FC31FDB2" authorityName="Schlegel &amp; Mueller" authorityYear="1845" box="[781,896,549,576]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Dorcopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dorcopsis</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FDCAFC7DFD91" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" box="[199,972,584,611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">
<materialsCitation id="E5D427729E70FFCDFF73FDCAFC7DFD91" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2573309249" box="[199,972,584,611]" country="Indonesia" latitude="-1.1" location="Salawati Island" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="130.85" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Papua Barat" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E70FFCDFF73FDCAFF4EFD91" box="[199,255,585,611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<location id="50637BF49E70FFCDFEDDFDCAFDA6FD91" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD159C399E70FFCDFF23FE5EFDB7F969:50637BF49E70FFCDFEDDFDCAFDA6FD91" box="[361,535,585,611]" country="Indonesia" latitude="-1.1" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="130.85" name="Salawati Island" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" stateProvince="Papua Barat">Salawati Island</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="9778E3CD9E70FFCDFD96FDCAFDD8FD91" box="[546,617,585,611]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Papua</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="2DAB6DBF9E70FFCDFDC1FDCAFD53FD91" box="[629,738,585,611]" name="Indonesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="30884BE89E70FFCDFD46FDCAFC8EFD91" box="[754,831,585,611]" degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="6" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" precision="925" value="-1.1">1º 6´S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="30884BE89E70FFCDFCF8FDCAFC72FD91" box="[844,963,584,611]" degrees="130" direction="east" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" precision="925" value="130.85">130º 51 E´</geoCoordinate>
)
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FDEEFE5DFD75" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" box="[199,492,621,647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Site of infection: Stomach</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FD12FD66FD59" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" box="[199,727,657,683]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Collector: Daisy Wowor and Nanang Supriatna</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FD36FDEAFD3D" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" box="[199,603,693,719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">
Date of collection:
<date id="21020BEF9E70FFCDFE2BFD36FDE9FD3D" box="[415,600,693,719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" value="2008-11">November 2008</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FD5AFA29FD06" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" box="[199,1432,728,756]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">
Type specimens:
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E70FFCDFE3DFD5AFE40FD01" box="[393,497,729,755]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male,
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E70FFCDFD89FD5AFD26FD01" box="[573,663,729,755]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
female (MZBNa 825);
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E70FFCDFC15FD5AFBBEFD01" box="[929,1039,729,755]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
, males and females (MZBNa 826).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FD7EFEA5FCC9" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">
Etymology: The new species is named after Dr. Daisy Wowor of (
<collectionCode id="33ADB5EA9E70FFCDFC11FD7EFC54FCE5" box="[933,997,765,791]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
) for her kind help in providing the host specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FCC6FB6AFBA9" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E70FFCDFF73FCC6FE92FCAD" box="[199,291,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">General</emphasis>
—Small nematodes. Buccal capsule shallow, symmetrical in dorsal and lateral views, circular in transverse section; anterior margin of buccal capsule sinuous. Leaf crown elements
<quantity id="924480CA9E70FFCDFBA7FCEAFB8EFC71" box="[1043,1087,873,899]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="1" pageNumber="536" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
number, recurved at tips. Submedian papillae prominent, elongated, 22.7 long, projecting anteriorly from perioral cuticle; distal segment ovoid, 7.1 long; proximal segment cylindrical 15.6 long. Amphids situated posteriorly, below anterior margin of buccal capsule. Esophagus robust, claviform, simple; wider anterior to nerve ring; posterior to nerve ring abruptly more slender gradually widening again towards posterior end of oesophagus. Posterior end of esophagus surrounded by extensions of intestine. Transverse cuticular annulations widely spaced 14.9 (14.6–15.7) apart. Nerve ring in mid–oesophageal region; deirid anterior to nerve ring. Excretory pore just posterior to nerve ring.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FBE6FAAFFB19" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E70FFCDFF73FBE6FEB0FB8D" box="[199,257,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Male</emphasis>
(n=10)—Body length (
<collectionCode id="33ADB5EA9E70FFCDFDB8FBE6FD83FB8D" box="[524,562,1125,1151]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">BL</collectionCode>
) 4.83 (4.56–5.25) mm, maximum width 365 (350–372). Buccal capsule 15.0 (13.0–19.1) long by 46.8 (41.2–50.0) wide; esophagus 676 (660–691) long. Deirid, nerve ring and excretory pore 179 (163–189), 387 (377–400) and 497 (470–522) from anterior end. Spicules elongate 2.34 (2.19–2.41) mm long, alate, tip obtuse. Gubernaculum subtriangular in dorsal view, wider than long, 23.26 wide by 20.1 long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FB76FBFCFA15" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Dorsal ray broad at origin; major bifurcation occurs at mid-length; angle of bifurcation obtuse; external branchlets arise after major bifurcation which occurs ¾ along length of dorsal ray; external branchlets shorter than internal ones, directed laterally, not reaching margin of bursa; internal branchlets directed postero-laterally, not reaching margin of bursa. Ventral lobes joined ventrally; lateral lobes and ventral lobes joined, dorsal lobe indistinct; ventroventral and ventro-lateral rays apposed, reaching margin of bursa. Externo-lateral ray divergent; postero-lateral and medio-lateral rays adjacent but not fused. Externo-dorsal ray arising close to lateral rays, not reaching margin of bursa. Genital cone simple with elongated ventral lobe and a pair dorsal appendages.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E70FFCDFF73FA72FDB7F969" blockId="1.[151,1437,549,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E70FFCDFF73FA72FEAAF9F9" box="[199,283,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="536">Female</emphasis>
(n=10)—Body length 5.88 (5.48–6.70) mm, maximum width 438 (401–458). Buccal capsule 15.9 (14.0–19.0) long by 49.2 (43.2–52.0) wide. Oesophagus 743 (698–799) long. Deirids, nerve ring and excretory pore 188 (170–202), 401 (370–409) and 477 (451–492) from anterior end. Vulva 657 (610–703) from posterior end. Vagina long, straight, 1.26 (1.19–1.37) mm long. Tail long, bent dorsally, 470 (450–553) long. Eggs ellipsoidal; 46.0 (43.2–51.8) by 23.2 (19.5–26.4).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E75FFC8FF23FF1AFE39FF46" bold="true" box="[151,392,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="539">Cloacina beveridgei</emphasis>
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host:
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locality:
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(
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<paragraph id="55032D2F9E75FFC8FF73FEAAFE45FEB1" blockId="4.[151,1437,225,1224]" box="[199,500,297,323]" pageId="4" pageNumber="539">Site of infection: Stomach.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E75FFC8FF73FECEFDB6FE95" blockId="4.[151,1437,225,1224]" box="[199,519,333,360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="539">Collector: Nanang Supriatna</paragraph>
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Type specimens:
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male,
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female (MZBNa 827);
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, males and females (MZBNa 828).
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Date of collection:
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.
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<paragraph id="55032D2F9E75FFC8FF73FE3AFCF2FE05" blockId="4.[151,1437,225,1224]" pageId="4" pageNumber="539">Etymology: The species epithet is dedicated to Prof. Em. Ian Beveridge, an outstanding parasitologist contributing to the taxonomy of Nematoda of macropodid marsupials.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E75FFC8FF73FD82FE8DFDE9" box="[199,316,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="539">General—</emphasis>
Small nematodes, cuticular surface with transverse striations. Leaf crown elements
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number, recurved at tips. Cephalic end with cephalic collar extended laterally, with 2 amphids and 4 submedian cephalic papillae, projecting anteriorly from perioral cuticle. Buccal capsule wider than deep. Papillae consisting of 2 segments, proximal segment rectangular, 4.6 long, distal segment ovoid, 7.2 long. Nerve ring anterior 1/3, deirid posterior to nerve ring, excretory pore at mid-length of esophagus. Esophagus unornamented, short, wider at posterior end.
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(n=14)—Body length 5.242 (
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), maximum width 265 (260–340). Buccal capsule 42 (30–50) wide, 24 (18–28) long. Nerve ring, deirid, and excretory pore from cephalic end 266 (200–320), 315 (301–388), 493 (433–670) respectively. Esophagus 578 (520–640). Bursa short, lobes indistinct. Ventro-ventral and latero-ventral rays apposed, long, slender, reaching bursal margin; externo-lateral ray stout, divergent, shorter than other lateral rays reaching bursal margin; medio-lateral and postero-lateral rays apposed, slender, reach bursal margin; externodorsal ray robust, arising adjacent to lateral trunk, not reaching bursal margin; dorsal ray broad at origin, becoming thinner after lateral branchlets arise at mid-length, and at the tip, not reaching bursal margin. Spicules slender, long, almost 1/3 of body length, transversely striated, length of spicules 2.17 (2.00–2.41) mm. Gubernaculum small, trapezoidal in shape, 30 (23–48).
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(n=20)—Body length 5.65 (4.96–6.58) mm, maximum width 321 (260–410). Buccal capsule 52 (43– 65) wide, 30 (23–38) long. Nerve ring, deirid, and excretory pore from cephalic end 277 (225–340), 320 (273–408), 498 (450–650), respectively. Esophagus 611 (410–750) long, 9.25 % of BL. Vulva close to anus, 242 (220–290) from tip of tail. Vagina vera 844 (722–930) long, recurrent, vagina uterina long and slender 238 (212–270), vestibule and sphincter almost the same length. Tail short, decreasing at mid length, ending in conical tip, 146 (115–210) long. Eggs thin shelled, elongated 72 (68–75) long, 43 (35–50) wide.
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<taxonomicName id="92BC56AC9E77FFCAFF23FCB3FE5DFCB9" authority="Dewi &amp; Purwaningsih, 2020" authorityName="Dewi &amp; Purwaningsih" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,492,816,843]" class="Secernentea" family="Chabertiidae" genus="Cervonemella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="kaimanaensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E77FFCAFF23FCB3FE5DFCB9" bold="true" box="[151,492,816,843]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Cervonemella kaimanaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CFB4C469E77FFCAFE40FCB2FDE3FCB9" box="[500,594,817,843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DA67EA49E77FFCAFF23FCFAFDF7F8C9" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF23FCFAFC2FFC66" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" box="[151,926,889,916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E77FFCAFF23FCFAFF7EFC61" box="[151,207,889,915]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Type</typeStatus>
host:
<taxonomicName id="92BC56AC9E77FFCAFEA7FCF9FDE2FC61" authority="(Lesson)" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[275,595,889,915]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Dorcopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muelleri">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E77FFCAFEA7FCF9FE58FC61" box="[275,489,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Dorcopsis muelleri</emphasis>
(Lesson)
</taxonomicName>
(Mammalia:
<taxonomicName id="92BC56AC9E77FFCAFD5FFCFAFC23FC66" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[747,914,889,916]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macropodidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF73FC1EFBB3FC45" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" box="[199,1026,924,951]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">
<materialsCitation id="E5D427729E77FFCAFF73FC1EFC4FFC45" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2573309250" box="[199,1022,924,951]" country="Indonesia" latitude="-1.1" location="District Kaimana" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="130.85" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Papua Barat" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E77FFCAFF73FC1EFF4EFC45" box="[199,255,925,951]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<location id="50637BF49E77FFCAFEDDFC1EFD9DFC45" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD159C399E77FFCAFF23FCB3FDF7F8C9:50637BF49E77FFCAFEDDFC1EFD9DFC45" box="[361,556,925,951]" country="Indonesia" latitude="-1.1" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="130.85" name="District Kaimana" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" stateProvince="Papua Barat">District Kaimana</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="9778E3CD9E77FFCAFD82FC1EFD0AFC45" box="[566,699,925,951]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">West Papua</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="2DAB6DBF9E77FFCAFD73FC1EFC85FC45" box="[711,820,925,951]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="30884BE89E77FFCAFCF0FC1EFCCDFC45" box="[836,892,925,951]" degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="6" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" precision="925" value="-1.1">1°6S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="30884BE89E77FFCAFC3DFC1FFC47FC45" box="[905,1014,924,951]" degrees="130" direction="east" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" precision="925" value="130.85">130°51 E</geoCoordinate>
)
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF73FC42FE45FC29" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" box="[199,500,961,987]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Site of infection: Stomach.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF73FC66FA29FC0D" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" box="[199,1432,997,1023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">
Type specimens:
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E77FFCAFE3DFC66FE40FC0D" box="[393,497,997,1023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male,
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E77FFCAFD89FC66FD26FC0D" box="[573,663,997,1023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
female (MZBNa 829);
<typeStatus id="8A07938D9E77FFCAFC15FC66FBBEFC0D" box="[929,1039,997,1023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
, males and females (MZBNa 830).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF73FB8AFDEAFBD1" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" box="[199,603,1033,1059]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">
Date of collection:
<date id="21020BEF9E77FFCAFE2BFB8AFDE9FBD1" box="[415,600,1033,1059]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541" value="2014-11">November 2014</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF73FBAEFBF8FBB5" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" box="[199,1097,1069,1095]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Etymology: This species is named after the district in which the host was found.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF73FBD2FB0FFAED" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E77FFCAFF73FBD2FE8DFB99" box="[199,316,1105,1131]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">General—</emphasis>
Small nematodes with transverse cuticular annulations, 10.6–10.8 apart. Cervical cuticle slightly inflated to beyond level of excretory pore. Cephalic collar present. Cephalic extremity with 2 lateral amphids and 4 prominent submedian papillae. Mouth opening surrounded by 8 leaf crown elements. Submedian cephalic papillae prominent, 4.6 long, projecting anteriorly then laterally from peri-oral cuticle; proximal segment 3.5 long, longer than ovoid distal segment, 1.1 long. Esophagus slender, elongate, and simple, posterior end forming elevated bulb and surrounded by intestinal diverticula. Deirids at the anterior of nerve ring, filiform, 85 long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF73FAAAFDB4F975" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E77FFCAFF73FAAAFEB0FAB1" box="[199,257,1321,1347]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Male</emphasis>
(n=10)—Total body length 6.60 (5.25–7.75) mm, maximum width in mid body 296 (230–350). Buccal capsule 18 (13–20) deep, 17 (11–18) wide. Esophagus length 729 (640–870) long. Deirids, nerve ring, and excretory pore from cephalic end 118 (85–145), 284 (213–350), and 372 (330–420) respectively. Bursa wider than long. Dorsal ray broad at origin, narrowing posteriorly; external branchlets arising at ½ length; immediately before major bifurcation; as long as internals, though more robust, not reaching margin of bursa. Externodorsal ray arising close to lateral rays, not reaching margin of bursa. Posterolateral and ventrolateral rays fused, reaching margin of bursa Anterolateral ray divergent, not reaching margin of bursa. Ventrolateral and ventroventral rays fused, reaching margin of bursa, longer than other rays. Spicule simple with blunt, slightly curved tips with prominently ribbed alae terminating anterior to tip, length 2.40 (2.10–2.86) mm. Gubernaculum heavily sclerotised, ovoid in shape 21 (20–23) long x 34 (30–38) wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55032D2F9E77FFCAFF73F912FDF7F8C9" blockId="6.[151,1440,889,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="67C8F13D9E77FFCAFF73F912FEAAF959" box="[199,283,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="541">Female</emphasis>
(n=34)—Total body length 7.37 (6.27–8.74) mm, maximum width in mid body 349 (220–410). Buccal capsule 17 (13–20) deep x 18 (15–20) wide. Esophagus 759 (650–900) long. Deirids, nerve ring, and excretory pore from cephalic end 126 (98–140), 275 (205–348), and 383 (325–480), respectively. Tail short, simple, conical 243 (220–282) long. Vulva 344 (320–390) from posterior end. Vagina vera length 1.16 (1.10–1.22) mm, vagina uterina 220, sphincter 292, infundibulum 152.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<taxonomicName id="71713463FFE893D035CFDE6CD9CAE816" LSID="DD15AF8E-3C49-5F07-AA0F-3B86343B9D77" authority="(Cleve) Hendey, 1937" authorityName="(Cleve) Hendey" authorityYear="1937" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Hemiaulaceae" genus="Cerataulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="Cerataulina bergonii" order="Hemiaulales" pageId="0" pageNumber="106947" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="bergonii">Cerataulina bergonii (Cleve) Hendey, 1937</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="A080D75CD4F8B0548473EAF775C83C1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="106947">
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<emphasis id="35837A5F45E1CAA6C2BE071C4707B511" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="106947">Type status:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="089F97695EE9409AEC90A256FDF70168" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Croatia" county="Long" elevation="13" latitude="45.079998" location="Occurrence" municipality="Adriatic Sea" specimenCount="57" typeStatus="Other material">
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<location id="CE81602CEC6225B305F79F30BC08C113" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15AF8E3C495F07AA0F3B86343B9D77:CE81602CEC6225B305F79F30BC08C113" country="Croatia" county="Long" latitude="45.079998" municipality="Adriatic Sea" name="Occurrence">Occurrence</location>
:
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; occurrenceID:
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<location id="64EA9783E6536CD26794A5726633CF07" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15AF8E3C495F07AA0F3B86343B9D77:64EA9783E6536CD26794A5726633CF07" country="Croatia" county="Long" latitude="45.079998" municipality="Adriatic Sea" name="Location">Location</location>
:
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waterBody:
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term observatory; verbatimLatitude:
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individualCount:
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:
</emphasis>
waterBody:
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; country:
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; locality:
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; verbatimDepth:
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term observatory; verbatimLatitude:
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; verbatimLongitude: 13d 32' 56.976'' E; verbatimSRS: WGS84; coordinatePrecision: 0.00001
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</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:namePart>Lantsov, Vladimir I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories of Russian Academy of Sciences, Nalchik, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Eiroa, Eulalia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Salmela, Jukka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Quindroit, Clovis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>d'Oliveira, Micha C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hancock, E. Geoffrey</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Boardman, Pete</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Viitanen, Esko</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Vanhan-Mankkaan tie 29, Espoo, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Watanabe, Kozo</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName LSID="DD15C42A-2A78-5E22-9A7A-265A44FB2AAD" authority="(Macquart, 1826)" baseAuthorityName="Macquart" baseAuthorityYear="1826" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Ormosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ormosia (Ormosia) nodulosa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodulosa" subGenus="Ormosia">Ormosia (Ormosia) nodulosa (Macquart, 1826)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67085" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-06-21" collectingMethod="sweep net" collectorName="E. Viitanen, Identification, Event, Record Level, PreservedSpecimen" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" determinerName="E. Viitanen" elevation="0" latitude="60.447075" location="Ormosia" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Uusimaa" typeStatus="Other material">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">Type status:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-06-21" collectingMethod="sweep net" collectorName="E. Viitanen, Identification, Event, Record Level, PreservedSpecimen" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" determinerName="E. Viitanen" elevation="0" latitude="60.447075" location="Ormosia" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Uusimaa" typeStatus="Other material">
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">Other material</typeStatus>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<collectingCounty>Occurrence</collectingCounty>
:
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occurrenceRemarks:
<specimenCount type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
; recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">E. Viitanen</collectorName>
; individualCount:
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; sex:
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; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: EU_LIM_862;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<collectingMunicipality>Taxon</collectingMunicipality>
:
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scientificName:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15C42A2A785E229A7A265A44FB2AAD:B0C8B3972A8B160827F5E03932943286" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" latitude="60.447075" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" name="Ormosia" stateProvince="Uusimaa">Ormosia</location>
(Ormosia) nodulosa (Macquart, 1826); family:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15C42A2A785E229A7A265A44FB2AAD:CDD3697E1AEFA9CD5A48F400191B53C9" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" latitude="60.447075" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" name="Limoniidae" stateProvince="Uusimaa">Limoniidae</location>
; genus:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15C42A2A785E229A7A265A44FB2AAD:70F75AB93E6E607B6AE2ED44C5444BCC" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" latitude="60.447075" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" name="Ormosia" stateProvince="Uusimaa">Ormosia</location>
; subgenus:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15C42A2A785E229A7A265A44FB2AAD:6D5CE684A0A4216F1E2AB229300BD4C1" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" latitude="60.447075" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" name="Ormosia" stateProvince="Uusimaa">Ormosia</location>
; specificEpithet: nodulosa; scientificNameAuthorship: (Macquart, 1826);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15C42A2A785E229A7A265A44FB2AAD:20ED301A08F74784BE653F741188C88A" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" latitude="60.447075" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" name="Location" stateProvince="Uusimaa">Location</location>
:
</emphasis>
country:
<collectingCountry name="Finland" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">Finland</collectingCountry>
; county:
<collectingRegion country="Finland" name="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</collectingRegion>
; municipality:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nurmijärvi">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15C42A2A785E229A7A265A44FB2AAD:D022DC92E98F53A9E48A454E07FD8190" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" latitude="60.447075" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" name="Nurmijaervi" stateProvince="Uusimaa">Nurmijaervi</location>
</normalizedToken>
; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15C42A2A785E229A7A265A44FB2AAD:B91A04F46CA035BA3F0EED36906B990D" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" latitude="60.447075" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" name="Kaanaan metsae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085" stateProvince="Uusimaa">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD15C42A2A785E229A7A265A44FB2AAD:B06172BAFD211C7B3C1BAB13B52A1012" country="Finland" county="Occurrence" latitude="60.447075" longitude="24.84774" municipality="Taxon" name="Kaanaan" stateProvince="Uusimaa">Kaanaan</location>
<normalizedToken originalValue="metsä">metsae</normalizedToken>
</location>
; verbatimElevation:
<elevation pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="m" value="60.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</elevation>
</quantity>
</elevation>
; minimumElevationInMeters: 60; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085" value="60.447074">60.447074</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
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;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<collectorName>Identification</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<collectorName>E. Viitanen</collectorName>
</determinerName>
;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<collectorName>Event</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
samplingProtocol:
<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">sweep net</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
<collectingDate value="2021-06-21">2021-06-21</collectingDate>
; verbatimEventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="67085" value="2021-06-21">21/Jun/2021</collectingDate>
;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
<collectorName>Record Level</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
institutionCode: LMM; basisOfRecord:
<collectorName>PreservedSpecimen</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67085" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67085">
The species was deleted from the Finnish species list by
<bibRefCitation author="Salmela, Jukka" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67085" pagination="219 - 242" refId="B5921032" refString="Salmela, Jukka, 2012. Annotated list of Finnish crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Cylindrotomidae). Entomologica Fennica 22 (4): 219 - 242" title="Annotated list of Finnish crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Cylindrotomidae)" volume="22" year="2012">Salmela (2012a)</bibRefCitation>
as no confirmed records were known. We here confirm the presence of the species in Finland and report the first valid records.
</paragraph>
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Dalman, 1820
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Haliday, 1837
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Mercet, 1921
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