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<mods:title id="20953A71EBDBE54C4022363C0E6ABA5F">Expanded distribution and a new genus for rock-inhabiting sea pens (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Pennatuloidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2051008824052633A127E3CF5887927A">Ganguly, Upasana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5459C95B63A271B7CDC1ADBDECBD2ABC">France, Scott C.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="0301C442FFC9FF9BFF507CA1FDDDF838" blockId="7.[151,951,1933,1997]" box="[151,499,1933,1960]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
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<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC9FF9BFF507CA1FDDDF838" bold="true" box="[151,499,1933,1960]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC9FF9BFF297CA1FD53F838" authorityName="Ganguly &amp; France" authorityYear="2024" box="[238,381,1933,1960]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Lithoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC9FF9BFF297CA1FD53F838" bold="true" box="[238,381,1933,1960]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Lithoptilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2AF9A52BFFC9FF9BFE427CA2FDDDF838" box="[389,499,1934,1960]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<caption id="57C194CAFFC6FF94FF5F7EFFF850F9EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13747880" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13747880" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13747880/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" startId="8.[152,255,1491,1515]" targetBox="[162,1425,192,1457]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="0301C442FFC6FF94FF5F7EFFF850F9EC" blockId="8.[151,1436,1491,1660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FF5F7EFFFD36FA7C" bold="true" box="[152,280,1491,1516]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Annotated mitogenome of rock pen sample ANN1141 (GenBank accession number PP960129) collected on Annei Seamount on the Emperor Seamount Chain in 2019. This mitogenome shows the same gene arrangement as that of the octocoral mitochondrial gene order B (
<bibRefCitation id="672FB9B3FFC6FF94FE7B7D30FE50F9A4" author="Hogan, R. I. &amp; Hopkins, K. &amp; Wheeler, A. J. &amp; Allcock, A. L. &amp; Yesson, C." box="[444,638,1564,1588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref6963" refString="Hogan, R. I., Hopkins, K., Wheeler, A. J., Allcock, A. L. &amp; Yesson, C. (2019) Novel diversity in mitochondrial genomes of deep-sea Pennatulacea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia). Mitochondrial DNA, Part A, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 24701394.2019.1634699" type="book chapter" year="2019">
Hogan
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FDCF7D30FE15F9A4" box="[520,571,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). Protein-coding genes are shown in green boxes, rRNA genes in red and trnM in pink. The genes from
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FE567D6CFDEEF9C8" box="[401,448,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">cox1</emphasis>
to
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FE267D6CFE0CF9C8" box="[481,546,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">nad4L</emphasis>
are on the same strand and transcribed clockwise, while the remaining genes are on the opposite strand. The black lines between genes are proportional in length to the intergenic regions.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="0301C442FFC6FF94FF507DE2FD7CF978" blockId="8.[151,338,1742,1768]" box="[151,338,1742,1768]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<heading id="5849732EFFC6FF94FF507DE2FD7CF978" bold="true" box="[151,338,1742,1768]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" reason="1">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FF507DE2FD7CF978" bold="true" box="[151,338,1742,1768]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">3.3.1 Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0301C442FFC6FF94FF507C3AFF9AF80C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1814,1948]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
The peduncle is an enlarged distinct bulbous structure; in
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FCF77C3BFF56F8A0" box="[816,888,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">in-situ</emphasis>
colonies the peduncle is loosely attached to the surface of a hard substratum. In a collected specimen, the base of the peduncle is a widened and folded structure with a terminal knob. In phylogenetic trees of sea pens, members of this genus form a monophyletic clade sister to
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC6FF94FF507CAEFD77F80C" box="[151,345,1922,1948]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Anthoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FF507CAEFD0FF80C" box="[151,289,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Anthoptilum</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC6FF94FEA27CAEFEA5F80C" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[357,651,1922,1948]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Anthoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflorum">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FEA27CAEFEA5F80C" box="[357,651,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Anthoptilum grandiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC6FF94FD057CAEFF83F80C" authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1880" box="[706,941,1922,1948]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Anthoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="murrayi">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC6FF94FD057CAEFF83F80C" box="[706,941,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Anthoptilum murrayi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0301C442FFC7FF95FF5F7DA1FD2EF881" blockId="9.[151,1436,1677,1809]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC7FF95FF5F7DA1FD36F935" bold="true" box="[152,280,1677,1701]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
A comparison of the peduncle of two sea pens. A. an image from
<bibRefCitation id="672FB9B3FFC7FF95FC737DA1F814F935" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[948,1082,1677,1701]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="543 - 601" refId="ref7613" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1908) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 543 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1624.543" type="journal article" year="1908">Nutting,1908</bibRefCitation>
of the type specimen for the genus
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC7FF95FF507D9DFD0BF959" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,293,1713,1737]" class="Anthozoa" family="Scleroptilidae" genus="Calibelemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC7FF95FF507D9DFD0BF959" box="[151,293,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">Calibelemnon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC7FF95FEF67D9DFEF7F959" authority="Nutting, 1908" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1908" box="[305,729,1713,1737]" class="Anthozoa" family="Scleroptilidae" genus="Calibelemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symmetricum">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC7FF95FEF67D9DFE62F959" box="[305,588,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">Calibelemnon symmetricum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="672FB9B3FFC7FF95FD957D9DFEF7F959" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[594,729,1713,1737]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="543 - 601" refId="ref7613" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1908) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 543 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1624.543" type="journal article" year="1908">Nutting,1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
showing an elongated peduncle, typical of soft-sediment dwelling sea pens. B. the type specimen for
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC7FF95FE147DF9FE9EF97D" box="[467,688,1749,1773]" class="Anthozoa" family="Scleroptilidae" genus="Calibelemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="francei">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC7FF95FE147DF9FE9EF97D" box="[467,688,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">Calibelemnon francei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CAS179455) showing the bulbous and folded peduncle characteristic of rock pens.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<heading id="5849732EFFC7FF95FF507C4FFD56F8ED" bold="true" box="[151,376,1891,1918]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" reason="1">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC7FF95FF507C4FFD56F8ED" bold="true" box="[151,376,1891,1918]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
3.3.
<specimenCount id="15B80FCBFFC7FF95FF047C4FFD38F8EE" box="[195,278,1891,1918]" count="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" type="generic" typeStatus="Type">2 Type</specimenCount>
Species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0301C442FFC7FF95FF507C87F85AF855" blockId="9.[151,1140,1963,1990]" box="[151,1140,1963,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC7FF95FF507C87FED4F856" authority="Williams &amp; Alderslade, 2011" authorityName="Williams &amp; Alderslade" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,762,1963,1990]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Anthoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lithophilum">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC7FF95FF507C87FD84F855" box="[151,426,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">Anthoptilum lithophilum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="672FB9B3FFC7FF95FE767C87FED4F856" author="Williams, G. C. &amp; Alderslade, P." box="[433,762,1963,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref8121" refString="Williams, G. C. &amp; Alderslade, P. (2011) Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa, 3001 (1), 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3001.1.2" type="journal article" year="2011">Williams &amp; Alderslade, 2011</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is designated as the
<typeStatus id="DC057AE0FFC7FF95FC227C80F83BF856" box="[997,1045,1964,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">type</typeStatus>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BA497C9FFC4FF96FF507BBBFF74FEF6" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" type="description">
<paragraph id="0301C442FFC4FF96FF507BBBFD89FF21" blockId="10.[151,423,151,177]" box="[151,423,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">
<heading id="5849732EFFC4FF96FF507BBBFD89FF21" bold="true" box="[151,423,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" reason="1">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC4FF96FF507BBBFD89FF21" bold="true" box="[151,423,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">3.3.3 Nominal Species</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0301C442FFC4FF96FF507BF3FF74FEF6" blockId="10.[151,1437,223,358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">
There are currently 5 species
<superScript id="F4CB690AFFC4FF96FE1B7BF3FDCAFF7D" attach="left" box="[476,484,223,237]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">2</superScript>
that should be included in
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC4FF96FCD27BF3FFB6FF69" authorityName="Ganguly &amp; France" authorityYear="2024" box="[789,920,223,249]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Lithoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC4FF96FCD27BF3FFB6FF69" box="[789,920,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Lithoptilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2AF9A52BFFC4FF96FC587BCCF82AFF6A" box="[927,1028,224,250]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC4FF96FBE67BF3FD4EFE8D" authority="(Thomas &amp; Henderson, 1906)" authorityName="Ganguly &amp; France" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Henderson" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Lithoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="decipiens" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC4FF96FBE67BF3F93BFF69" box="[1057,1301,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Lithoptilum decipiens</emphasis>
(Thomas &amp; Henderson, 1906)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2AF9A52BFFC4FF96FEAC7A2FFDCEFE8E" box="[363,480,259,286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" rank="species">comb. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC4FF96FE2D7A2FF8A4FE8D" authority="(Williams &amp; Alderslade, 2011)" authorityName="Ganguly &amp; France" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Williams &amp; Alderslade" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[490,1162,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Lithoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gowlettholmesae" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC4FF96FE2D7A2FFF00FE8D" box="[490,814,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Lithoptilum gowlettholmesae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="672FB9B3FFC4FF96FCFC7A2FF8ACFE8D" author="Williams, G. C. &amp; Alderslade, P." box="[827,1154,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref8121" refString="Williams, G. C. &amp; Alderslade, P. (2011) Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa, 3001 (1), 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3001.1.2" type="journal article" year="2011">Williams &amp;Alderslade, 2011</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2AF9A52BFFC4FF96FB547A2FF93EFE8E" box="[1171,1296,259,286]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC4FF96FADD7A2FFE52FED1" authority="(Williams &amp; Alderslade, 2011)" authorityName="Ganguly &amp; France" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Williams &amp; Alderslade" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Lithoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lithophilum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC4FF96FADD7A2FFD36FED1" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Lithoptilum lithophilum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="672FB9B3FFC4FF96FEE07A0BFE5AFED1" author="Williams, G. C. &amp; Alderslade, P." box="[295,628,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref8121" refString="Williams, G. C. &amp; Alderslade, P. (2011) Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa, 3001 (1), 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3001.1.2" type="journal article" year="2011">Williams &amp; Alderslade, 2011</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2AF9A52BFFC4FF96FD4F7A0BFF28FED2" box="[648,774,295,322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC4FF96FCD57A0BFFC9FED1" box="[786,999,295,321]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Lithoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gnome">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC4FF96FCD57A0BFFC9FED1" box="[786,999,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Lithoptilum gnome</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="672FB9B3FFC4FF96FC327A0BF8F8FED1" author="Kushida, Y. &amp; Kise, H. &amp; Iguchi, A. &amp; Fujiwara, Y. &amp; Tsuchida, S." box="[1013,1238,295,322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" refId="ref7342" refString="Kushida, Y., Kise, H., Iguchi, A., Fujiwara, Y. &amp; Tsuchida, S. (2024) Description of the fifth sea pen species that attaches to hard substrates by modifying its peduncle. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 203, 104212. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2023.104212" type="journal volume" year="2024">Kushida et al, 2024</bibRefCitation>
), comb. nov., and
<taxonomicName id="C4BEBFC1FFC4FF96FF507A67FEFCFEF5" authority="(Williams &amp; Alderslade, 2011)" authorityName="Ganguly &amp; France" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Williams &amp; Alderslade" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[151,722,331,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthoptilidae" genus="Lithoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="francei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC4FF96FF507A67FD5EFEF5" box="[151,368,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">Lithoptilum francei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="672FB9B3FFC4FF96FEB87A67FEE5FEF5" author="Williams, G. C. &amp; Alderslade, P." box="[383,715,331,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref8121" refString="Williams, G. C. &amp; Alderslade, P. (2011) Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa, 3001 (1), 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3001.1.2" type="journal article" year="2011">Williams &amp; Alderslade, 2011</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2AF9A52BFFC4FF96FD197A67FF74FEF6" box="[734,858,331,358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BA497C9FFC4FF96FF507A9BFD28FDF1" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="0301C442FFC4FF96FF507A9BFD64FE41" blockId="10.[151,330,439,465]" box="[151,330,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">
<heading id="5849732EFFC4FF96FF507A9BFD64FE41" bold="true" box="[151,330,439,465]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" reason="1">
<emphasis id="31CA1850FFC4FF96FF507A9BFD64FE41" bold="true" box="[151,330,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">3.4 Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0301C442FFC4FF96FF507AD3FD28FDF1" blockId="10.[151,1437,511,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">The name of the new genus is derived from a combination of the Greek words “litho” meaning stone and “ptil” meaning a feather. The name is a reflection of the habitat utilization by these sea pens. Gender of this taxon name is neutral.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>