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<mods:title id="6F051653441FC54C3C6DE23B45ACE096">Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C2269AB0B0AE6D4BFF6662260B960C1F">Pan, Xuming</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="305A6D986D659703B43FD3107309EDA3">Liu, Weiwei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BCD1FCBA081DAB6FDF61BB4113AAEE01">Yi, Zhenzhen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E090D97F3F9F66EBF3EA1C00E2E25E2F">Fan, Xinpeng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3C12CC9F89988846CECD9780CD224EF1">Lin, Xiaofeng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="99EE129995004D8B57DF9FA4A7AD925F">Acta Protozoologica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2A23E81FA8E8623607ABA009A54342BE">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="7F0653C90C57BE13D8E90F2CD7E507A1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="80298786FFC17D153963FEC7A227D676" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:80298786FFC17D153963FEC7A227D676" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/80298786FFC17D153963FEC7A227D676" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="409A651BFFC17D173963FEC7A297D28E" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="083F3690FFC17D173963FEC7A385D1AD" blockId="5.[121,767,383,444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="537781FCFFC17D173963FEC7A385D1AD" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC17D173963FEC7A152D188" ID-CoL="6JP9X" authority="Bullington, 1939" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[121,575,383,409]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ocularis">
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<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173963FEC7A20FD188" bold="true" box="[121,354,383,409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Frontonia ocularis</emphasis>
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC17D173877FEC7A152D188" author="Bullington W. E." box="[365,575,383,409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington, 1939</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC17D173B4BFEC7A1CFD188" box="[593,674,383,409]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC17D173BA9FEC7A1A9D188" box="[691,708,383,409]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="4502032BFFC17D173BCCFEC7A3ACD1AD" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[121,177,226,247]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric data of Frontonia guangdongensis spec. nov. (upper row, bold font), F. ocularis Bullington, 1939 (middle row) and F. schaefferi Bullington, 1939 (lower row). Data according to protargol-impregnated specimens. All measurements in µm. Abbreviations: CV – coefficient of variation in %, n – number of specimens measured, SD – standard deviation." pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="4502032BFFC17D1739D5FE1AA3B2D1AD" box="[207,223,418,444]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[129,185,226,247]" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of marine or brackish Frontonia species isolated in China." pageId="5" pageNumber="40">2</tableCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC17D173985FE6CA297D28E" blockId="5.[121,768,468,778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
The original definition of this organism was based only on live specimens and no information about its infraciliature was previously available (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC17D173B34FDA3A19ED224" author="Bullington W. E." box="[558,755,539,565]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington 1939</bibRefCitation>
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||||
). Based on data from both the present and previous studies, an improved diagnosis is presented here, including a description of its infraciliature.
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||||
</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="409A651BFFC17D173985FD11A0D6D226" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
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||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC17D173985FD11A0D6D226" blockId="5.[121,768,468,778]" lastBlockId="5.[805,1452,226,778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173985FD11A2C9D2D2" bold="true" box="[159,420,681,707]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Improved diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Marine or brackish
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<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC17D173BBCFD11A3F3D2F7" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173BBCFD11A3F3D2F7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Frontonia</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, about 115–140 × 50–75 μm
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<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D1738E4FD74A123D2F7" box="[510,590,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">in vivo</emphasis>
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||||
, reniform with anterior end broad and posterior end slightly narrowed, right margin depressed in anterior 1/3 of body; length to width ratio about 2:1; small buccal field about 15 to 20% of body length; a prominent pigment on right side of anterior extremity; about 93–107 somatic kineties; three vestibular and three or four postoral kineties; peniculi 1 and 2 each with four rows, peniculus 3 with two rows; macronucleus ellipsoidal, located in central region of body; two contractile vacuoles located right-ventral, one in anterior half and the other in posterior half of body.
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||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="409A651BFFC17D153A51FDF8A227D676" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC17D153A51FDF8A2B2D175" blockId="5.[805,1452,226,778]" lastBlockId="7.[121,768,226,1639]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173A51FDF8A79AD24B" bold="true" box="[843,1271,576,602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Description of Zhuhai population:</emphasis>
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Body 115–120 × 50–60 µm
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<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173AD9FDDBA779D26C" box="[963,1044,611,637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">in vivo</emphasis>
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||||
, reniform with anterior end broad and posterior end slightly narrowed, right margin depressed in anterior 1/3 of body (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC17D173DAEFD12A62DD2D5" box="[1204,1344,682,708]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Figs 2A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC17D173C4BFD12A6F3D2D5" box="[1361,1438,682,708]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Ratio of length to width between 2:1 and 3:1 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC17D173C5FFD75A6CAD2F6" box="[1349,1447,717,743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
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<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC17D173A3FFD48A020D31B" box="[805,845,752,778]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="5" pageNumber="40">3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Dorsoventrally flattened about 3:2. Buccal cavity about 20 × 10 µm, occupying 15 to 20% of body length (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D1439C7F908A20DD6DB" box="[221,352,1712,1738]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Cytoplasm slightly grayish, often with many large (8–10 µm across), black granules at posterior end of body (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D143896F94DA286D71E" box="[396,491,1781,1807]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Many dark-green food vacuoles and small, blue crystal granules (1–2 µm) distributed randomly in cytoplasm (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D1438E7F883A136D744" box="[509,603,1851,1877]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Brown-black pigment spot usually present on extreme right border near anterior end of body (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D1438D8F838A14BD78B" box="[450,550,1920,1946]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D143B2EF838A1CBD78B" box="[564,678,1920,1946]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">3A, B, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Extrusomes spindle-shaped, about 4 µm long but, when extruded, about 15 µm long and rod-shaped with one end curved (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D143A97F96BA09DD6FC" box="[909,1008,1747,1773]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Figs 2D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D143AE7F96BA749D6FC" box="[1021,1060,1747,1773]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">3K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Macronucleus ellipsoidal, about 25 × 15 μm and located in mid-region of body (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D143C9EF94DA038D723" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). No micronucleus observed. Two contractile vacuoles 7–10 µm in diameter, located right-ventrally, one each in anterior and posterior 1/3 of body respectively (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D143A2FF838A0F8D78B" box="[821,917,1920,1946]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D143ABBF838A0ABD78B" box="[929,966,1920,1946]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">3B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Somatic cilia about 6 µm long (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC27D143C51F838A6C8D78B" box="[1355,1445,1920,1946]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||||
); cilia in caudal end longer than others, about 8 µm long. Locomotion by revolving moderately rapidly on substrate or by swimming in water while rotating clockwise about the long body axis.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="5CFF6618FFC17D173963F8ABA21FD789" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" startId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" targetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC17D173963F8ABA21FD789" blockId="5.[121,1453,1811,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173963F8ABA3D4D739" bold="true" box="[121,185,1811,1832]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D1739A4F8ABA2D4D739" box="[190,441,1811,1832]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC17D1739A4F8ABA21ED739" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[190,371,1811,1832]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ocularis">Frontonia ocularis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in vivo
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G).
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173A92F8ABA0F4D739" bold="true" box="[904,921,1811,1832]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
|
||||
– ventral view of a typical individual;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173C17F8ABA670D739" bold="true" box="[1293,1309,1811,1832]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">B</emphasis>
|
||||
– ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173B15F897A14DD755" bold="true" box="[527,544,1839,1860]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C</emphasis>
|
||||
– different body shapes;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173A03F897A047D755" bold="true" box="[793,810,1839,1860]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">D</emphasis>
|
||||
– extruded extrusomes;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173D01F897A746D755" bold="true" box="[1051,1067,1839,1860]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173D22F897A72AD755" bold="true" box="[1080,1095,1839,1860]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">F</emphasis>
|
||||
– infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC17D173B79F8F3A11BD771" bold="true" box="[611,630,1867,1888]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">G</emphasis>
|
||||
– infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="5CFF6618FFC27D14399BFAFAA029D5EE" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" startId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" targetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC27D14399BFAFAA029D5EE" blockId="6.[129,1460,1346,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D14399BFAFAA3ADD546" bold="true" box="[129,192,1346,1367]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D1439DFFAFAA2ADD546" box="[197,448,1346,1367]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC27D1439DFFAFAA217D546" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[197,378,1346,1367]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ocularis">Frontonia ocularis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in vivo
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O).
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143C0EFAFAA648D546" bold="true" box="[1300,1317,1346,1367]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">A</emphasis>
|
||||
– ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143A12FAE6A075D562" bold="true" box="[776,792,1374,1395]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">B</emphasis>
|
||||
– ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143B03FAC2A147D59E" bold="true" box="[537,554,1402,1423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">C</emphasis>
|
||||
– different body shapes;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143A01FAC2A041D59E" bold="true" box="[795,812,1402,1423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">D</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143A2DFAC2A02BD59E" bold="true" box="[823,838,1402,1423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">F</emphasis>
|
||||
– buccal area;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143ACFFAC2A088D59E" bold="true" box="[981,997,1402,1423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">E</emphasis>
|
||||
– posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D1439ADFA2EA3A7D5BA" bold="true" box="[183,202,1430,1451]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">G</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D1439CDFA2EA387D5BA" bold="true" box="[215,234,1430,1451]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">H</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D1439ECFA2EA26AD5BA" bold="true" box="[246,263,1430,1451]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">N</emphasis>
|
||||
– detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143C4BFA2EA637D5BA" bold="true" box="[1361,1370,1430,1451]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">I</emphasis>
|
||||
– part of argyrome;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D1439F0FA0AA39BD5D6" bold="true" box="[234,246,1458,1479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">J</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143819FA0AA27BD5D6" bold="true" box="[259,278,1458,1479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">O</emphasis>
|
||||
– anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O);
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143AE8FA0AA768D5D6" bold="true" box="[1010,1029,1458,1479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">K</emphasis>
|
||||
– extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143BD2FA76A1B5D5F2" bold="true" box="[712,728,1486,1507]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||||
– extruded extrusomes;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC27D143ADFFA76A0B1D5F2" bold="true" box="[965,988,1486,1507]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">M</emphasis>
|
||||
– ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153985FED4A178D3E6" blockId="7.[121,768,226,1639]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
Somatic ciliature as shown in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153B13FED4A1C1D197" box="[521,684,364,390]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Figs 2E, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153BA0FED4A3B0D1B8" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">3G, I, J, M, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
. About 93 to 107 somatic kineties shortened progressively both anteriorly and posteriorly from lateral side to oral area, forming conspicuous anterior and posterior sutures that extend from anterior end of buccal cavity over apical end of cell and onto dorsal side. Buccal structure as shown in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D1538AAFD84A17ED247" box="[432,531,572,598]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Figs 2G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153B38FD84A102D247" box="[546,623,572,598]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">3H, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
. Three conspicuous peniculi located on left wall of buccal cavity: peniculi 1 and 2 about equal in length, positioned close to each other parallel to edge of left vestibular wall, slightly curved to right at anterior ends and each composed of four rows of kinetosomes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D1538C4FD52A12FD315" box="[478,578,746,772]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Figs 2G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153B4AFD52A115D315" box="[592,632,746,772]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">3H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Peniculus 3 composed of two kinety rows which are about equal in length. Paroral membrane double-rowed, located on right side of buccal cavity (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D1538A8FCEAA17FD37D" box="[434,530,850,876]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Figs 2G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153B04FCEAA128D37D" box="[542,581,850,876]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">3H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Three vestibular kineties extending along the paroral membrane, each composed of densely arranged dikinetids. Three or four postoral kineties (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153854FC02A2C3D3C5" box="[334,430,954,980]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[121,156,1811,1832]" captionTargetBox="[124,1440,885,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–G). A – ventral view of a typical individual; B – ventral view showing position of contractile vacuoles; C – different body shapes; D – extruded extrusomes; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area. CV – contractile vacuole, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, Ma – macronucleus, P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 60 μm, E, F = 40 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Several argentophilic lines left of paroral membrane (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D1538B0FC65A16AD3E6" box="[426,519,989,1015]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[129,164,1346,1367]" captionTargetBox="[127,1465,225,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Frontonia ocularis in vivo (A–F, K, L) and after silver carbonate (I, N) and protargol impregnation (G, H, J, M, O). A – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the black brown pigment spot; B – ventral view, to show two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads), arrow shows the prominent brown pigment spot; C – different body shapes; D, F – buccal area; E – posterior part of cell, arrowheads mark caudal cilia; G, H, N – detailed structure of buccal area, arrowhead (G) marks paroral membrane, arrow (N) shows argentophilic line; I – part of argyrome; J, O – anterior suture (arrowheads in J) and postoral suture (arrowheads in O); K – extrusomes (arrowheads) forming distinct seam underneath cortex, arrow shows the black brown spot; L – extruded extrusomes; M – ventral view to show closely arranged somatic kineties. P1–P3 – peniculus 1, 2, 3. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C = 80 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 3N</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153985FC47A1DFD5A8" blockId="7.[121,768,226,1639]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153985FC47A287D408" bold="true" box="[159,490,1023,1049]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Comparison and remarks:</emphasis>
|
||||
The population studied here corresponds very well with the original description (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC37D15399BFBFDA22AD44E" author="Bullington W. E." box="[129,327,1093,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) in terms of body shape, the prominent pigment spot in the anterior border, the number and location of the contractile vacuoles, and the manner of spiralling when swimming forwards. Hence, the identification of this species is not in doubt. Compared with previous descriptions of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC37D153880FB4AA17AD51D" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[410,535,1266,1292]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153880FB4AA17AD51D" box="[410,535,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">F. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, our population has a smaller body size (about 120 × 55 µm vs. about 141 × 76 µm) and the prominent pigment spot is brown-black, whereas it is cited as being reddish-brown in earlier descriptions (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC37D153818FAC5A2A2D586" author="Bullington W. E." box="[258,463,1405,1431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, we consider these dissimilarities to be population-dependent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153985FA7AA227D676" blockId="7.[121,768,226,1639]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153985FA7AA29ED5CD" bold="true" box="[159,499,1474,1500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">SSU rRNA gene sequence:</emphasis>
|
||||
The SSU rRNA gene sequence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC37D15380FFA5DA1A0D5EE" authority="Bullington, 1939" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[277,717,1509,1535]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D15380FFA5DA29BD5EE" box="[277,502,1509,1535]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Frontonia ocularis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC37D153B18FA5DA1A0D5EE" author="Bullington W. E." box="[514,717,1509,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been deposited in the GenBank database with accession number, length, and G+C content as follows: FJ868198, 1746 bp, 44.73%.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
203
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203
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<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC37D153963F9C6A124D689" authority="Bullington, 1939" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[121,585,1662,1688]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="schaefferi">
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||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153963F9C6A219D689" bold="true" box="[121,372,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Frontonia schaefferi</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC37D153861F9C6A124D689" author="Bullington W. E." box="[379,585,1662,1688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington, 1939</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153B42F9C6A1CCD689" box="[600,673,1662,1688]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<tableCitation id="4502032BFFC37D153BB5F9C6A3E5D6AA" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[121,177,226,247]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric data of Frontonia guangdongensis spec. nov. (upper row, bold font), F. ocularis Bullington, 1939 (middle row) and F. schaefferi Bullington, 1939 (lower row). Data according to protargol-impregnated specimens. All measurements in µm. Abbreviations: CV – coefficient of variation in %, n – number of specimens measured, SD – standard deviation." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="4502032BFFC37D15398DF919A3CAD6AA" box="[151,167,1697,1723]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[129,185,226,247]" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of marine or brackish Frontonia species isolated in China." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">2</tableCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153985F96BA2FFD769" blockId="7.[121,768,1747,1912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
When this species was first described by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC37D153B98F96BA3A7D701" author="Bullington W. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, neither the details of its living morphology, nor a clearly-outlined diagnosis was given. Hence, an improved diagnosis based on both previous and present studies is supplied here.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="409A651BFFC37D153A51FF5AA01AD246" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153A51FF5AA01AD246" blockId="7.[806,1452,226,1916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153A51FF5AA724D0ED" bold="true" box="[843,1097,226,252]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Improved diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||||
Marine or brackish
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC37D153C35FF5AA6C8D0ED" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" box="[1327,1445,226,252]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153C35FF5AA6C8D0ED" box="[1327,1445,226,252]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Frontonia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, about 95–120 × 50–65 μm
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153D44FEBDA7C1D10E" box="[1118,1196,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||||
, elliptical or reniform with anterior end broad and posterior end slightly narrowed; small buccal field about 20% of body length; about 59–80 somatic kineties; three vestibular and five postoral kineties; peniculi 1 and 2 each with four rows, peniculus 3 with two rows; macronucleus ellipsoidal, located in central region of body; one contractile vacuole, positioned on right-dorsal side at about 3/5 distance down body length and with about eight, long collecting canals.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="409A651BFFC37D1B3A51FDE7A740D1B8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153A51FDE7A650D586" blockId="7.[806,1452,226,1916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153A51FDE7A675D268" bold="true" box="[843,1304,607,633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Description of Shenzhen population:</emphasis>
|
||||
Size
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153C46FDE7A6C1D268" box="[1372,1452,607,633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||||
about 95–100 × 50–55 μm. Elliptical or reniform in outline with anterior end broad and posterior end slightly narrowed (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153AB9FD7FA710D2F0" box="[931,1149,711,737]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A, B, H, I, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Dorsoventrally flattened about 3:2 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153ABDFD52A760D315" box="[935,1037,746,772]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Buccal cavity small and shallow, elliptical to triangular in outline, about 20 µm × 10 µm, which corresponds to about 20% of body length (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C66FC97A02ED37D" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Cytoplasm colourless to slightly grayish, often with many small black granules (3–4 µm across) at anterior end of body (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153AD0FC2FA701D3A0" box="[970,1132,919,945]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A few small blue crystal granules (1–3 μm in diameter) distributed randomly in cytoplasm (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153AA9FC65A731D3E6" box="[947,1116,989,1015]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Macronucleus ellipsoidal, about 25 × 15 μm, located in body centre (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C26FC47A6F2D408" box="[1340,1439,1023,1049]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). No micronucleus observed. One contractile vacuole, about 10 µm in diameter, positioned on right-dorsal side at about three-fifths distance down body length, with about eight long collecting canals (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C09FB32A6F3D4B5" box="[1299,1438,1162,1188]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
): one contractile vacuole pore located on right-ventral surface (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153A8BFB68A09FD4FB" box="[913,1010,1232,1258]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Extrusomes spindle-shaped, about 5 µm long, densely arranged beneath pellicle (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C59FB4AA6F3D51D" box="[1347,1438,1266,1292]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4L</figureCitation>
|
||||
), approximately 20 µm long when extruded (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C26FAADA6F2D53E" box="[1340,1439,1301,1327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Somatic cilia approximately 6 µm long. Locomotion by crawling slowly on substrate or by swimming in water with clockwise rotation about long body axis.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D1B3A51FA18A1E2D175" blockId="7.[806,1452,226,1916]" lastBlockId="9.[121,768,226,425]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
General infraciliature as shown in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153DF8FA18A6C5D5AB" box="[1250,1448,1440,1466]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4E–G, O–Q</figureCitation>
|
||||
. Anterior and postoral sutures conspicuous, both extending onto dorsal side (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153D41FA5DA7B6D5EE" box="[1115,1243,1509,1535]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). About 59 to 80 somatic kineties. Five postoral kineties with dikinetids, beginning below the oral and terminating on the postoral suture (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153AA6F9F5A75AD676" box="[956,1079,1613,1639]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Three vestibular kineties with densely arranged kinetosomes extending from anterior vertex of buccal cavity and terminating at postoral suture (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153A72F90DA09ED6DE" box="[872,1011,1717,1743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4G, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Three conspicuous peniculi, about half of the length of the buccal cavity: peniculi 1 and 2 about equal in length, each composed of four rows of kinetosomes, about half length of buccal cavity; peniculus 3 slightly curved to right at anterior end, composed of two shorter kineties which are about equal in length (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFCD7D1B3998FF5AA26AD0ED" box="[130,263,226,252]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 4G, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Single-rowed paroral membrane on right edge of buccal cavity running from anterior to posterior edge of buccal overture, with well-developed oral pharyngeal fibres in the buccal area (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFCD7D1B38E5FEF2A1EFD175" box="[511,642,330,356]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H – ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B – different body shapes; C – single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D – part of argyrome; E, F – infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G – infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K – ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J – buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L – extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M – lateral view; N – extruded extrusomes; O-Q – structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 4G, Q</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="5CFF6618FFCC7D1A399BF978A0C9D788" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" startId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" targetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFCC7D1A399BF978A0C9D788" blockId="8.[129,1460,1728,1945]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A399BF978A3ACD6C4" bold="true" box="[129,193,1728,1749]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A39D2F978A2B8D6C4" box="[200,469,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFCC7D1A39D2F978A2E3D6C4" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[200,398,1728,1749]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="schaefferi">Frontonia schaefferi</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in vivo
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(A–C, H–N) and after protargol (E–G, O–Q) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation.
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3DEBF978A66FD6C4" bold="true" box="[1265,1282,1728,1749]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">A</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3C15F978A64FD6C4" bold="true" box="[1295,1314,1728,1749]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">H</emphasis>
|
||||
– ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3DB6F964A7D1D6E0" bold="true" box="[1196,1212,1756,1777]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">B</emphasis>
|
||||
– different body shapes;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A399BF940A3FFD71C" bold="true" box="[129,146,1784,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">C</emphasis>
|
||||
– single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3A12F940A074D71C" bold="true" box="[776,793,1784,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">D</emphasis>
|
||||
– part of argyrome;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3AF8F940A09FD71C" bold="true" box="[994,1010,1784,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">E</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3AE4F940A760D71C" bold="true" box="[1022,1037,1784,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">F</emphasis>
|
||||
– infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3B2AF8ACA12ED738" bold="true" box="[560,579,1812,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">G</emphasis>
|
||||
– infraciliature of the buccal area;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3A8FF8ACA0F3D738" bold="true" box="[917,926,1812,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">I</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3AB1F8ACA0D3D738" bold="true" box="[939,958,1812,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">K</emphasis>
|
||||
– ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A39D7F888A3B4D754" bold="true" box="[205,217,1840,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">J</emphasis>
|
||||
– buccal area, arrows show anterior suture;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3B65F888A1E2D754" bold="true" box="[639,655,1840,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">L</emphasis>
|
||||
– extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3D09F888A747D754" bold="true" box="[1043,1066,1840,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">M</emphasis>
|
||||
– lateral view;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3DA7F888A7A3D754" bold="true" box="[1213,1230,1840,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">N</emphasis>
|
||||
– extruded extrusomes;
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A399BF8F4A3C2D770" bold="true" box="[129,175,1868,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">O -Q</emphasis>
|
||||
– structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF – cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP – contractile vacuole pore; Ma – macronucleus; P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM – paroral membrane; PK – postoral kineties; VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="083F3690FFCD7D1B3985FED4A740D1B8" blockId="9.[121,768,226,425]" lastBlockId="9.[805,1452,226,425]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCD7D1B3985FED4A164D197" bold="true" box="[159,521,364,390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Comparison and remarks:</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFCD7D1B3B05FED4A21AD1B8" authority="Bullington, 1939" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="schaefferi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCD7D1B3B05FED4A3CFD1B8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Frontonia schaefferi</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFCD7D1B39B7FE37A21AD1B8" author="Bullington W. E." box="[173,375,399,425]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was originally reported by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFCD7D1B3BD6FE37A0B9D0ED" author="Bullington W. E." box="[716,980,226,425]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
with only its infraciliature described. The Shenzhen population closely resembles that described by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFCD7D1B3AB5FE9FA7E8D150" author="Bullington W. E." box="[943,1157,295,321]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
except for a minor difference in the body size
|
||||
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCD7D1B3D56FEF2A7F0D175" box="[1100,1181,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||||
(120 × 65 µm vs. 100 × 55 µm in Shenzhen population) which we believe is population-dependent.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
1046
data/80/29/87/80298786FFC57D173A3FFAAFA2B7D177.xml
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1046
data/80/29/87/80298786FFC57D173A3FFAAFA2B7D177.xml
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