From c9bc6a2d9991e3504ac5d63db4e68f52f12a426b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Mon, 6 Jan 2025 17:16:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-01-06 17:09:25 --- .../87/03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08.xml | 216 +- .../87/03A487AEFF882C14FC5089B5FEEF6E66.xml | 168 +- .../87/03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89.xml | 138 +- .../87/03A487AEFF8C2C0AFEE98ACAFD0D6DF3.xml | 404 +- .../87/03A487AEFF902C05FC778D85FD416989.xml | 4457 +++++++++-------- .../87/03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959.xml | 505 +- .../87/620587906368FFF80885F7DB77F19468.xml | 80 +- .../87/620587906369FFFA09B1FDF1749693AB.xml | 74 +- .../87/62058790636BFFF808DCFC5D75329F55.xml | 84 +- 9 files changed, 3066 insertions(+), 3060 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08.xml b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08.xml index 93640dc1747..17c6651221a 100644 --- a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08.xml +++ b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08.xml @@ -1,74 +1,74 @@ - - - -A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species + + + +A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Galea, Horia R. -Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France -horia.galea@gmail.com +Galea, Horia R. +Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France +horia.galea@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina -Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy +Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina +Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Maggioni, Davide -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Maggioni, Davide +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Montano, Simone -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Montano, Simone +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Schuchert, Peter -Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland +Schuchert, Peter +Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland -text - - -Revue suisse de Zoologie +text + + +Revue suisse de Zoologie - -2018 - -2018-03-31 + +2018 + +2018-03-31 - -125 + +125 - -1 + +1 - -21 -59 + +21 +59 -journal article -3943 -10.5281/zenodo.1196007 -9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 -0035-418 -1196007 +journal article +3943 +10.5281/zenodo.1196007 +9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 +0035-418 +1196007 - + @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ non - + Halopteris polymorpha – (?) @@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ Di Camillo non - + Halopteris polymorpha – @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ non non - + Halopteris buskii – @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ Bouillon non - + Halopteris buski – @@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ of Diagnosis: - + Halopteris with cormoids reaching heights of up to @@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ of microbasic mastigophores: large, elongated-ovoid [(21.9-22.6) × (8.2-8.5) μ Fig. 1. Living colonies of - + Halopteris spp. @@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ showing their natural coloration. (A) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) - + H. sibogae ( Billard, 1913 @@ -734,21 +734,21 @@ from Bunaken, from Bali, in situ . (D) - + H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) - + H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ . (F) - + H. millardae sp. nov. @@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ from the Maldives, Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of - + Halopteris spp. @@ -772,29 +772,29 @@ showing differences in their appearance. (A): ) , MHNG-INVE-97937. (B): - + H. sibogae ( Billard, 1913 ) , MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): - + H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG-INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): - + H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG-INVE-82742). (G): - + H. millardae sp. nov. , MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): - + H. brasiliensis sp. nov. @@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ The ordinary cauline internodes bear usually 2-3 nematothecae above their corres Fig. 3. (A-K) - + Halopteris polymorpha ( Billard, 1913 @@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ Fig. 3. (A-K) (L-O) - + Halopteris sp. @@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ and . - + Halopteris nuttingi ( Billard, 1911 @@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ was synonymized with by Schuchert (1997) , an opinion not shared here. However, we agree with him that its inclusion in the synonymy of - + H. buskii ( Bale, 1884 @@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ by , is not justified as they have morphologically different gonothecae. According to Billard (1913) , - + H. nuttingi [as @@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ likely includes a complex of species ( ), and it has been demonstrated, for instance, that at least one “morphotype” represents a distinct, well-characterized species ( Galea & Ferry, 2015: 237 ). Moreover, besides the distinctive shape of the lateral nematothecae, the number and position of their counterparts confined to the cauline internodes distal to hydrotheca is different in - + H. nuttingi (see @@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ likely includes a complex of species ( Additionally, it should be stressed that - + H. nuttingi was created based on a @@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ contains a mix of species, as Billard mentions (p. 22) ahydrothecate cladial int ( sic !) for - + H. nuttingi has been designated (Coel. 5241) by @@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ has been designated (Coel. 5241) by , 1913 ) record of - + H. nuttingi , at least two others seem to occur in the literature, @@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ Literature records of H. polymorpha are a matter of debate, due to several main factors: 1) the lack of formal descriptions, or descriptions too succinct, sometimes not accompanied by illustrations, a situation mainly occurring in older literature; 2) only sterile material was available, thus generating confusion with - + H. buskii ( Bale, 1884 @@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ high) cormoids. Specimens with tall stems were described, for instance, in mater ( Rees & Vervoort, 1987 ; as - + H. buskii ), and the @@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ high) cormoids. Specimens with tall stems were described, for instance, in mater material is, obviously, a mix of species: one with very deep, almost tubular hydrothecae (her fig. 112K), while the other (her fig. 112L) corresponds morphologically to the redescription of the lectotype of - + H. buskii provided by @@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ provided by and the Seychelles (part of the latter reexamined herein) belong to an as yet undescribed species, - + Halopteris millardae (see below). @@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ and the On the other hand, among the materials with smallsized cormoids, several morphological groups could be distinguished. First, there are specimens whose hydrothecae distinctly display sinuated margins ( Vervoort & Vasseur, 1977 ), and these belong to the new species, - + Halopteris australis , described below. Second, there are materials whose hydrothecae possess an even rim, but further divide into a subgroup with homomerouslysegmented cladia ( @@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@ On the other hand, among the materials with smallsized cormoids, several morphol ); Ryland & Gibbons (1991) , as - + H. buskii ; @@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ On the other hand, among the materials with smallsized cormoids, several morphol , 2012 )]. Some specimens, among the materials with heteromerous cladia, are thought to belong to - + H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 @@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@ Leclère .The voucher specimen used in that work (MHNG-INVE-30117, data in Appendix 2 ) was re-examined for the purpose this study. The single cormoid is sterile and thus not reliably identifiable. It resembles - + H. vervoorti , notably in having pairs of axillar nemathothecae associated to the cauline hydrothecae. More and especially fertile material is needed for a correct identification, as it likely belongs to an as yet undescribed species, according to the 16S data ( @@ -1271,7 +1271,7 @@ Leclère ). - + Halopteris polymorpha , as presently understood, can be separated from its congeners [see list in @@ -1282,14 +1282,14 @@ from the comparison, on the account of a series of diagnostic traits which separ 1) the fascicled habit of their stems [occasional in - + H. campanula ( Busk, 1852 ) , common in - + H. valdiviae ( Stechow, 1923 @@ -1299,52 +1299,52 @@ from the comparison, on the account of a series of diagnostic traits which separ 2) their cladia arranged in opposite pairs [ - + H. catharina ( Johnston, 1833 ) , - + H. clarkei ( Nutting, 1900 ) , - + H. enersis Galea, 2006 , - + H. gemellipara Millard, 1962 , - + H. geminata ( Allman, 1877 ) , - + H. opposita ( Mulder & Trebilcock, 1911 ) , - + H. plagiocampa ( Pictet, 1893 ) , - + H. prominens Vervoort & Watson, 2003 @@ -1352,21 +1352,21 @@ from the comparison, on the account of a series of diagnostic traits which separ 3) their gutter-shaped hydrothecae [ - + H. everta ( Mulder & Trebilcock, 1909 ) ], or 4) their hydrothecae divided by internal septa [ - + H. diaphragmata ( Billard, 1911 ) , - + H. jedani ( Billard, 1913 @@ -1376,7 +1376,7 @@ from the comparison, on the account of a series of diagnostic traits which separ 5) provided with either an abaxial cusp ( - + H. rostrata Millard, 1975 @@ -1384,7 +1384,7 @@ from the comparison, on the account of a series of diagnostic traits which separ 6) a longitudinal carina ( - + H. carinata Allman, 1877 @@ -1392,7 +1392,7 @@ from the comparison, on the account of a series of diagnostic traits which separ 7) the presence of two pairs of lateral nematothecae ( - + H. infundibulum Vervoort, 1966 @@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@ from the comparison, on the account of a series of diagnostic traits which separ As to the remaining species, their differences to - + H. polymorpha are summarized in Appendix 1. @@ -1409,27 +1409,27 @@ are summarized in Appendix 1. Among them, according to the phylogenetic tree shown in Fig. 9 , - + H. polymorpha comes close to - + H. platygonotheca Schuchert, 1997 . Besides notable differences in their respective female gonothecae (pear-shaped in the former, and conspicuously laterally-flattened in the latter), their trophosomes display several common characters: 1) their stem internodes are long and provided with several nematothecae distal to the hydrothecae [commonly 2-3 (but up to 5 possible) in - + H. polymorpha , and from 1 (sample MHNG-INVE-97943) to 1-3 (sample HRG- 1288) in - + H. platygonotheca ]; 2) the occurrence (regular in the former and occasional in the latter) of an axillar nematotheca behind the cauline hydrothecae; 3) their cladial ahydrothecate internodes are long; 4) the apophyses supporting their lateral nematothecae are inconspicuous, and the thecae themselves do not reach the hydrothecal rim. Taken together, the previous supposed morphological variability of, and the implicit difficulty in establishing a specific limitation in - + H. polymorpha , are now solved through the discovery of additional records in perfect agreement with the diff --git a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF882C14FC5089B5FEEF6E66.xml b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF882C14FC5089B5FEEF6E66.xml index b47ca9df4d9..54d11788c3c 100644 --- a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF882C14FC5089B5FEEF6E66.xml +++ b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF882C14FC5089B5FEEF6E66.xml @@ -1,78 +1,78 @@ - - - -A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species + + + +A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Galea, Horia R. -Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France -horia.galea@gmail.com +Galea, Horia R. +Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France +horia.galea@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina -Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy +Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina +Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Maggioni, Davide -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Maggioni, Davide +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Montano, Simone -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Montano, Simone +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Schuchert, Peter -Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland +Schuchert, Peter +Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland -text - - -Revue suisse de Zoologie +text + + +Revue suisse de Zoologie - -2018 - -2018-03-31 + +2018 + +2018-03-31 - -125 + +125 - -1 + +1 - -21 -59 + +21 +59 -journal article -3943 -10.5281/zenodo.1196007 -9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 -0035-418 -1196007 +journal article +3943 +10.5281/zenodo.1196007 +9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 +0035-418 +1196007 - + - + Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 @@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ C-E, 5; - - + + Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008: 42 @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ C-E, 5; - + Halopteris polymorpha – @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Ansín Agís - + Halopteris buskii – (?) @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ Ansín Agís - + Halopteris buski – (?) @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ non Material examined: - + MHNG-INVE-98635; Republic of Maldives , Faafu Atoll, Magoodhoo Island, 3.07606° 72.96159°, @@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ high, some of them bearing female gonothecae; 16S sequence MF773743 . – - + MHNG-INVE-98636; Republic of Maldives , @@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ high, of which one bears two young female gonothecae; 16S sequence MF773742 . – - + MHNG-INVE-97952; Indonesia , @@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ MHNG-INVE-97952; 1.2 cm high. – - + MHNG-INVE-98633; Madagascar , @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ reef, -23.48234° 43.73285°, high . – - + HRG-0337; France , @@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ HRG-0337; high, some bearing male gonothecae . – - + HRG-0897; France , @@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ HRG-0897; high . – - + HRG-1339; France , @@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ high, many bearing male gonothecae, and one their female counterpart; 16S sequen MF773741 . – - + DM &SM- CU005; Dutch Caribbean @@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ high; 16S sequence Fig. 5. - + Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 @@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ from the Indian Ocean (A-K) and the Caribbean (M-R). Portions of stems with clad Diagnosis: Small-sized (up to 2.0 cm high) - + Halopteris with homomerously-divided stems; internodes rather short, comprising a hydrotheca in their lower 2/3rd part, a well-developed lateral apophysis, and up to 7 nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, 2 axillar, and 1-2 superior ones in a median row). Cladia alternate, divided heteromerously; hydrothecate internodes comparatively longer than their ahydrothecate counterparts, bearing a centrally-placed hydrotheca and up to 5 nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals and generally 1, exceptionally 2, axillar nematothecae); ahydrothecate internodes very short, carrying single nematotheca in their lower halves. Hydrotheca deep, tubular, slightly flaring below aperture, rim circular, slightly scooped in lateral view. Lateral nematothecae barely surpassing hydrothecal rim, borne on well-developed apophyses; conical, walls of lower chamber gradually thickening distally, apical chamber shallow, rim from lowered to sinuated adaxially. @@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ in their Fijian specimens assigned to H. buskii , is nothing else than the couple of cauline axillar nematothecae. Similarly so, besides the commonly seen single cladial axillar nematothecae, “two mediosuperior nematothecae are often present behind the free adcauline wall of the hydrotheca”. These, combined to the heteromerous segmentation of cladia, the shape and size of both hydro-and lateral nematothecae, and the morphology of the female gonotheca, suggest that their specimens are, most probably, conspecific with - + H. vervoorti . @@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ The Japanese materials assigned to both Heterotheca and - + Halopteris buski ( @@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ and The presence of - + H. vervoorti , originally described from the Caribbean ( @@ -618,56 +618,56 @@ The presence of ). Whether these species primarily occurred in one geographical area and spread afterwards elsewhere, could not be established at this stage, but it is obvious that only the frequency of the collecting efforts first revealed their presence in one area but not in the other. - + Halopteris vervoorti comes close to a number of nominal species through the occurrence of paired axillar nematothecae behind the cauline hydrothecae and the heteromerous segmentation of its cladia, viz . - + H. australis sp. nov. (see below), - + H. brasiliensis (see below), - + H. liechtensternii ( Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 ) , and - + H. sibogae ( Billard, 1913 ) . However, unlike - + H. australis , it does not possess hydrothecae with distinctly sinuated margins or exceedingly-long lateral nematothecae, respectively. On the other hand, - + H. brasiliensis is a species forming taller cormoids, with thicker stems and cladia, broader hydrothecae, and cauline superior nematothecae distinctly arranged into two longitudinal rows; unlike in - + H. vervoorti , its cauline hydrothecae occupy nearly the whole length of the internode. - + Halopteris liechtensternii is a species with comparatively longer stem internodes (and, implicitly, more widely-spaced cladia), provided regularly with 2-3 superior nematothecae arranged in two distinct rows, its female gonothecae are much longer and almost cylindrical, while its males appear dwarfed compared to those of the present species. - + Halopteris sibogae , besides many common features shared with - + H. vervoorti (see under the former), is immediately distinguishable through its exceedingly long lateral nematothecae. Additional differences to other congeners are summarized in Appendix 1. @@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ Ansín Agís !); Hirohito (1995) , as - + Halopteris buski ( @@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ Ansín Agís ( Ryland & Gibbons, 1991 , as - + Halopteris buskii ). diff --git a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89.xml b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89.xml index e6ca18efd78..f7290659059 100644 --- a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89.xml +++ b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89.xml @@ -1,78 +1,78 @@ - - - -A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species + + + +A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Galea, Horia R. -Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France -horia.galea@gmail.com +Galea, Horia R. +Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France +horia.galea@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina -Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy +Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina +Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Maggioni, Davide -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Maggioni, Davide +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Montano, Simone -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Montano, Simone +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Schuchert, Peter -Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland +Schuchert, Peter +Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland -text - - -Revue suisse de Zoologie +text + + +Revue suisse de Zoologie - -2018 - -2018-03-31 + +2018 + +2018-03-31 - -125 + +125 - -1 + +1 - -21 -59 + +21 +59 -journal article -3943 -10.5281/zenodo.1196007 -9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 -0035-418 -1196007 +journal article +3943 +10.5281/zenodo.1196007 +9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 +0035-418 +1196007 - + - + Halopteris sibogae ( Billard, 1913 @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ var. - + Halopteris polymorpha var. sibogae @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ var. - + Halopteris polymorpha – @@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ var. ( pro parte ): 66, 69, fig. 22E [non - + Halopteris polymorpha ( Billard, 1913 @@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ high Diagnosis: - + Halopteris with cormoids reaching heights of up to @@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ of microbasic mastigophores: large, elongated-ovoid [(18.1-19.8) × (6.6-7.3) μ Fig. 4. - + Halopteris sibogae ( Billard, 1913 @@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ and the by Millard & Bouillon (1973) (both as - + Halopteris polymorpha var. sibogae @@ -370,11 +370,11 @@ Similarly to the present observations, Millard & Bouillon indicate that “I As noted above, the most prominent morphological difference between - + H. polymorpha and its so-called - + variety sibogae @@ -399,12 +399,12 @@ and ), especially when both species occur in sympatry. Other morphological and morphometrical differences observed in the material studied herein are listed in Table 1 . In light of these differences, we advocate here that the so-called - + variety sibogae must be recognized as a full species, different from - + H. polymorpha . The 16S data clearly corroborated this ( @@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ to full species is not threatened by Billard, 1911 , because the former is to be correctly placed in the genus - + Halopteris Allman, 1877 @@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ to full species is not threatened by . - + Halopteris sibogae differs from its congeners through a series of characters. A number of species with “peculiarities” (see under @@ -455,20 +455,20 @@ differs from its congeners through a series of characters. A number of species w Among them, and in accordance with the phylogenetic tree, - + H. sibogae comes close to - + H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 (see below an account on the latter). Besides its exceedingly long, and thus very distinctive, lateral nematothecae, - + H. sibogae shares the following features with - + H. vervoorti : 1) their cauline internodes are rather short and bear 1-2 nematothecae distal to each hydrotheca; 2) there are 1-2 axillar nematothecae associated to both cauline and cladial hydrothecae; 3) their cladia are heteromerously-segmented, their ahydrothecate internodes are short compared to their hydrothecate counterparts, and bear single nematothecae; 4) their female gonothecae are indistinguishable morphologically (compare diff --git a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF8C2C0AFEE98ACAFD0D6DF3.xml b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF8C2C0AFEE98ACAFD0D6DF3.xml index 9251920604e..6a51a44ce15 100644 --- a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF8C2C0AFEE98ACAFD0D6DF3.xml +++ b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF8C2C0AFEE98ACAFD0D6DF3.xml @@ -1,374 +1,372 @@ - - - -A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species + + + +A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Galea, Horia R. -Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France -horia.galea@gmail.com +Galea, Horia R. +Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France +horia.galea@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina -Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy +Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina +Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Maggioni, Davide -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Maggioni, Davide +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Montano, Simone -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Montano, Simone +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Schuchert, Peter -Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland +Schuchert, Peter +Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland -text - - -Revue suisse de Zoologie +text + + +Revue suisse de Zoologie - -2018 - -2018-03-31 + +2018 + +2018-03-31 - -125 + +125 - -1 + +1 - -21 -59 + +21 +59 -journal article -10.5281/zenodo.1196007 -9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 -0035-418 -1196007 +journal article +3943 +10.5281/zenodo.1196007 +9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 +0035-418 +1196007 - - - - - - -Halopteris australis + + + + + + +Halopteris australis Galea , -sp. nov. +sp. nov. - - -Figs 1E + + +Figs 1E , -2F +2F , -6 +6 ; -Table 5 +Table 5 ; Appendix 1 - - - - -Halopteris buskii + + + + +Halopteris buskii – - -Vervoort & Vasseur, 1977: 72 + +Vervoort & Vasseur, 1977: 72 , fig. 31 [non - -Halopteris buskii + +Halopteris buskii ( -Bale, 1884 +Bale, 1884 ) ]. - - -Halopteris polymorpha + + +Halopteris polymorpha – -Schuchert, 1997 +Schuchert, 1997 ( -pro parte +pro parte ): 64, fig. 23 [non - -Halopteris polymorpha + +Halopteris polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) ]. - - - - -Type -material: - + + + +Type material: MHNG-INVE-82742; -France +France , -New Caledonia +New Caledonia , -Nouméa +Nouméa , south of -N’Géa +N’Géa islet, -22.296° 166.489°, - -9 m + +9 m , coll. -E. Tardy +E. Tardy ; - -06.10.2012 + +06.10.2012 ; fertile (female) colony in alcohol and two microslides (H20/37-38), with stems up to -1.8 cm +1.8 cm high, growing on algae . - - -Diagnosis: + + +Diagnosis: Small-sized - -Halopteris + +Halopteris , with cormoids not exceeding -2.5 cm +2.5 cm high. Stems monosiphonic, homomerously-segmented, internodes rather long, bearing a hydrotheca in their proximal half, a lateral apophysis, and up to 8 nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a pair of axillar, as well as up to 3 superiors in two parallel rows). Cladia alternate, heteromerouslysegmented; 1st ahydrothecate internode with 1, exceptionally 2, nematothecae in a row; ordinary ahydrothecate internodes with 1 nematotheca; hydrothecate internodes with a hydrotheca and its up to 5 associated nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and 1, or rarely 2, axillar); hydrotheca cup-shaped, deep, adnate for 2/3rd its adaxial wall, swollen basally, rim distinctly sinuated in lateral view, aperture circular, lateral nematothecae long, borne on well-developed apophyses, surpassing hydrothecal rim. Female gonothecae given off from caulus; piriform, borne on quadrangular pedicel, 2 basal nematothecae, aperture large, circular, perpendicular to long axis of theca, rim thickened, a watch-glass-shaped operculum. - - -Etymology: + + +Etymology: From the Latin - -austrālis + +austrālis , meaning “of the south” with reference to its occurrence in the South Pacific. - - -Description: + + +Description: Colonies composed of a varied number of upright cormoids, up to -2 cm +2 cm high in present material, arising from creeping, branching, anastomosing hydrorhiza. Stems erect, simple, monosiphonic ( -Figs 1E +Figs 1E , -2F +2F ), composed of a basal, ahydrothecate part, irregularly divided into a few segments (up to 5) by means of transverse constrictions of the perisarc, and carrying a varied number of nematothecae arranged in two parallel rows; above, remainder of stem comprising a much longer, hydrothecate part, homomerouslysegmented into regular internodes by means of oblique nodes ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ), slightly marked proximally to more conspicuous distally; occasionally, transverse nodes can be inserted towards the distal end of cauli, creating a heteromerous segmentation; a hinge joint between the two parts of the stem. Up to 26 relatively long cauline internodes, almost collinear proximally, gradually becoming geniculate towards distal end; each provided with a hydrotheca in its proximal half, a well-developed, lateral apophysis, as well as up to 8 nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a pair of axillar (only one of these subsisting distally on stem) ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ), as well as 1-3 superior ones in two parallel, closely-set rows (when only two of these are present, they may occur at the same level, or one above the other; they are confined to a separate ahydrothecate segment when transverse nodes intervene towards distal end of caulus). Cladia up to -2.5 mm +2.5 mm long, alternate, except in the proximal most cauline internodes, where they are opposite; composed of a short, quadrangular segment proximally, followed by a heteromerous division into alternating ahydrothecate and hydrothecate internodes; the former with proximal node transverse and distal node oblique; the reverse in hydrothecate internodes ( -Fig. 6D +Fig. 6D ); 1st ahydrothecate internode comparatively longer than subsequent ones, and carrying single nematotheca (exceptionally 2); ordinary ahydrothecate internodes short, and provided with one nematotheca; hydrothecate internodes up to 5 per cladium, comparatively longer than their ahydrothecate counterparts, and carrying a centrally-placed hydrotheca and its up to 5 associated nematothecae: a mesial, a pair of laterals, and generally one axillar, although a pair could be occasionally noted ( -Fig. 6C +Fig. 6C ). Hydrothecae cup-shaped, rather deep, about 1/3rd adnate; abaxial wall slightly sigmoid, rounded proximally and slightly flaring below the rim; aperture circular in apical view, but distinctly sigmoid when seen laterally, due to broad (though shallow) abaxial emargination, giving the impression that an abaxial cusps occurs ( -Fig. 6A, D +Fig. 6A, D ). All nematothecae, including the axillar ones, bithalamic and movable; mesial nematothecae triangular in frontal view, with deep adaxial emargination ( -Fig. 6E - -3 +Fig. 6E + +3 ); laterals relatively long, surpassing the hydrothecal rim ( -Fig. 6D +Fig. 6D ), and borne on well-developed apophyses; basal chamber high and narrow, upper chamber shallow, with sigmoid adaxial wall ( - + Fig. 6E -4-7 +4-7 ); axillar nematothecae ( - + Fig. 6 - + E -6 +6 , -7 +7 ) small, with wall of upper chamber lowered on side facing adaxial wall of hydrotheca; both cladial ( -Fig. 6E - -2 +Fig. 6E + +2 ) and cauline ( -Fig. 6E - -1 +Fig. 6E + +1 ) nematothecae characteristically turned posteriad, tall, conical, with rim of apical chamber lowered adaxially. Female gonothecae borne on cauli by means of short, lateral apophyses given off from below the hydrothecae, followed by a pedicel composed of a quadrangular segment; large, piriform, with 2 basal nematothecae, and a large, apical aperture with thickened rim, perpendicular to long axis of the theca, and closed by a watch-glass-shaped operculum ( -Fig. 6F +Fig. 6F ). -Male +Male gonothecae elongated-ovoid, curved proximally and provided there with single nematotheca; aperture distal, small, circular. Hydranths badly preserved, tentacle number could not be ascertained. Cnidome ( -Fig. 6G +Fig. 6G ): only large capsules ( -ca +ca . 17.5 × 6.3 μm), likely pseudostenoteles, observed in the material in hand. Color in life: milky white ( -Fig. 1E +Fig. 1E ). - - + + Fig. 6. - -Halopteris australis + +Halopteris australis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. Portion of stem and basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem internode with hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia enlarged in frontal (C) and lateral (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E -1 +1 ) and cladia (E -2 +2 ), mesial from cladial hydrotheca (E -3 +3 ), lateral from cauline (E -4 +4 ) and cladial (E -5 +5 ) hydrothecae, single (E -6 +6 ) and paired (E -7 +7 ) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-82742. Scale bars: 10 μm (G), 100 μM (B-E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A). - - -Dimensions: + + +Dimensions: See -Table 5 +Table 5 . - -Remarks: + +Remarks: There is little doubt that the present material from -New Caledonia +New Caledonia is conspecific with the specimens with distinctly sinuated hydrothecal margins from -French Polynesia +French Polynesia examined by -Vervoort & Vasseur (1977 +Vervoort & Vasseur (1977 , as - -H. buskii + +H. buskii ) and, subsequently, by -Schuchert (1997 +Schuchert (1997 , provisionally assigned to - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha ). Their main morphological and morphometrical features are compared in -Table 5 +Table 5 . Unfortunately, it was not possible to obtain the material of Vervoort & Vassueur for a re-examination, due to ongoing renovation of NBC. - + The cauline internodes bear commonly 1 (52%) or 2 (44%) superior nematothecae, although up to 3 may occasionally (4%, n = 75 internodes belonging to 5 different stems) be present in the material in hand. -Schuchert (1997) +Schuchert (1997) , however, reports up to 5 of these. The number of axillar nematothecae was apparently overlooked by -Vervoort & Vasseur (1977) +Vervoort & Vasseur (1977) : - + 1) -Schuchert (1997) +Schuchert (1997) stated that, occasionally, these may occur in pairs behind the hydrocladial hydrothecae, a conclusion confirmed by our observations; -2) it was noted that, on cauli, one nematotheca of a pair, namely that bent towards the cladium, is hidden by the apophysis supporting its lateral counterpart, and requires a careful examination to be noticed; alternatively, it should be stated that only one nematotheca of a pair subsists on the distalmost cauline internodes. - +2) it was noted that, on cauli, one nematotheca of a pair, namely that bent towards the cladium, is hidden by the apophysis supporting its lateral counterpart, and requires a careful examination to be noticed; alternatively, it should be stated that only one nematotheca of a pair subsists on the distalmost cauline internodes. + Only female gonothecae occur in the present material ( -Fig. 6F +Fig. 6F ), although those of both sexes were illustrated by -Schuchert (1997 +Schuchert (1997 , fig. 23B, right). - - -Halopteris australis + + +Halopteris australis , through the presence of pairs of axillar nematothecae especially on the stem, and the heteromerous segmentation of its cladia, resembles - -H. brasiliensis + +H. brasiliensis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. , - -H. liechtensternii + +H. liechtensternii , and - -H. vervoorti + +H. vervoorti . However, any of these is provided with the distinctively sinuated hydrothecal margin displayed by it. - + In addition, - -H. brasiliensis + +H. brasiliensis has thicker stems and cladia, its lateral nematothecae are relatively short and conical, and do not surpass the hydrothecal rim. - -Halopteris liechtensternii + +Halopteris liechtensternii is readily distinguished through the shape and size of its gonothecae, the females being long and almost tubular, while the males are dwarfed. - -Halopteris vervoorti + +Halopteris vervoorti forms comparatively shorter cormoids, with shorter stem internodes (and, consequently, more approximated cladia) provided with 1-2 superior nematothecae characteristically arranged in a row, and its hydrothecae are slightly shorter and narrower. Additional differences to other congeners are summarized in Appendix 1. - -Distribution: -New Caledonia + +Distribution: +New Caledonia (present study), -French Polynesia +French Polynesia ( -Vervoort & Vasseur, 1977 +Vervoort & Vasseur, 1977 ; as - -H. buskii + +H. buskii ). diff --git a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF902C05FC778D85FD416989.xml b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF902C05FC778D85FD416989.xml index 56a140a4e88..db4a61e2fe4 100644 --- a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF902C05FC778D85FD416989.xml +++ b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF902C05FC778D85FD416989.xml @@ -1,3340 +1,3343 @@ - - - -A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species + + + +A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Galea, Horia R. -Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France -horia.galea@gmail.com +Galea, Horia R. +Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France +horia.galea@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina -Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy +Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina +Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Maggioni, Davide -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Maggioni, Davide +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Montano, Simone -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Montano, Simone +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Schuchert, Peter -Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland +Schuchert, Peter +Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland -text - - -Revue suisse de Zoologie +text + + +Revue suisse de Zoologie - -2018 - -2018-03-31 + +2018 + +2018-03-31 - -125 + +125 - -1 + +1 - -21 -59 + +21 +59 -journal article -10.5281/zenodo.1196007 -9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 -0035-418 -1196007 +journal article +3943 +10.5281/zenodo.1196007 +9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 +0035-418 +1196007 - - - - - - -Halopteris brasiliensis + + + + + + +Halopteris brasiliensis Galea , -sp. nov. +sp. nov. - - -Figs 2H + + +Figs 2H , -8 +8 ; -Table 5 +Table 5 ; Appendix 1 - - - - -Halopteris buskii + + + + +Halopteris buskii . – - -Migotto, 1996: 48 + +Migotto, 1996: 48 , fig. 9F-H [non - -Halopteris buskii + +Halopteris buskii ( -Bale, 1884 +Bale, 1884 ) ]. - - -Halopteris polymorpha + + +Halopteris polymorpha . – -Schuchert, 1997 +Schuchert, 1997 ( -pro parte +pro parte ): 72, fig. 22F-H [non - -Halopteris polymorpha + +Halopteris polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) ]. - - - - -Holotype + + + + +Holotype material: MHNG-INVE-37495; -Brazil +Brazil , -São Sebastião Channel +São Sebastião Channel , - -6-8 m + +6-8 m , coll. -A.E. Migotto +A.E. Migotto ; - -06.10.1987 + +06.10.1987 ; two slides, H12/36 & 37, each containing a -ca +ca . -1.6 cm +1.6 cm high cormoid provided with a female gonotheca. - - -Diagnosis: - -Halopteris + + +Diagnosis: + +Halopteris with medium-sized plumes, reaching -3 cm +3 cm high; stems simple, monosiphonic, homomerously-segmented; internodes rather short, with a lateral apophysis, a hydrotheca, and its up to 7 associated nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a pair of axillar, and generally 2 superiors, the latter either opposite or subopposite). Hydrocladia alternate, heteromerously-segmented; ahydrothecate internodes very short, with 1 nematotheca; hydrothecate internodes comparatively longer, with one hydrotheca and up to 5 nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and commonly 1, rarely 2, axillar). Female gonothecae borne on stems; large, piriform, with 2-3 long, basal nematothecae, aperture distal, wide, circular, perpendicular to long axis of theca, closed by glass-watchshaped operculum. - - - -Etymology: + + + +Etymology: Named after the country of occurrence. - -Description: + +Description: Colonies composed of reportedly up to -3 cm +3 cm high cormoids arising from creeping, branching hydrorhiza. Stems erect, simple, monosiphonic ( -Fig. 2H +Fig. 2H ), composed of a basal, ahydrothecate portion, and a much longer, distal part bearing both hydrothecae and hydrocladia. The former of varied length, irregularly divided into a number of segments by means of transverse nodes, bearing nematothecae arranged in two longitudinal rows; last node deeplycut and oblique. Remainder of caulus homomerouslysegmented into rather short internodes by means of oblique nodes ( -Fig. 8A +Fig. 8A ); each internode with a hydrotheca in its proximal half, a cladial apophysis lateral to it (two opposite in proximal most internode), and up to 7 nematothecae, of which 5 are associated to the hydrotheca (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and a pair of axillar) ( -Fig. 8B +Fig. 8B ), and 2 (slightly displaced laterally and, thus, forming an opposite or a subopposite pair) occur distally on the internode (occasionally, only one of these is present; however, in the basalmost internodes bearing pairs of cladia, 2-3 of these occur). Hydrocladia alternate, borne on corresponding cauline apophyses; composed of a short, athecate, quadrangular segment, followed by an alternation of ahydrothecate and hydrothecate internodes resulting from a heteromerous segmentation ( -Fig. 8C +Fig. 8C ); ahydrothecate internodes with proximal node transverse and distal node oblique; the reverse in hydrothecate internodes; first ahydrothecate internode comparatively longer than subsequent ones, and carrying a single nematotheca; ordinary ahydrothecate internodes very short and provided with single nematotheca; hydrothecate internodes, reportedly up to 7 per hydrocladium, accommodating a hydrotheca and its up to 5 associated nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and commonly one – rarely a pair – of axillar nematothecae) ( -Fig. 8D +Fig. 8D ). Hydrothecae cup-shaped, rather deep, adnate for about half their height, walls slightly divergent, abaxial one imperceptibly sigmoid (concave proximally, convex below aperture), free part of adaxial one straight; aperture wide, circular, rim even ( -Fig. 8C +Fig. 8C ). Hydranths with conical hypostome and 16-17 filiform tentacles. All nematothecae, including the axillar ones, bithalamic and movable; mesial ones short, with lower and upper chambers of nearly same depth ( -Fig. 8E - -4 +Fig. 8E + +4 ), and rim of upper chamber lowered on adaxial side; lateral nematothecae borne on welldeveloped apophyses, with tall basal chamber and shallow upper chamber with sigmoid rim on adaxial side ( -Fig. 8E - -5 +Fig. 8E + +5 ); whole nematotheca barely reaching hydrothecal rim ( -Fig. 8C +Fig. 8C ); cauline ( -Fig. 8E - -1 +Fig. 8E + +1 ) and cladial ( - + Fig. 8 -E +E - -2 + +2 , -3 +3 ) nematothecae similar in shape to the laterals, but with lowered rim on the adaxial side of upper chamber; cauline axillar nematothecae displaced laterally and facing outwards in opposite directions ( -Fig. 8E - -7 +Fig. 8E + +7 ); cladial axillar nematothecae commonly occurring singly ( - + Fig. 8E -8 +8 ), reportedly in pairs in rare instances. Gonothecae (only female known) borne on both cauli and cladia, given off laterally from below the hydrothecal bases; large, piriform, with 2-3 long, basal nematothecae, and a broad, circular aperture with thickened rim, perpendicular to long axis of the theca ( -Fig. 8F +Fig. 8F ), and closed by glass-watch-shaped operculum. In life, coenosarc yellowish, hydranths white. Cnidome: at least pseudostenoteles [(18.0-21.5) × (7.5-9.0) μm] and microbasic mastigophores [(6.0-7.0) × -ca +ca . 2.0 μm] reported to date. - - + + Fig. 8. - -Halopteris brasiliensis + +Halopteris brasiliensis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia in lateral (C) and frontal (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E -1 +1 ) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E -2, 3 +2, 3 ), mesial from cauline hydrotheca (E -4 +4 ), lateral from cladial hydrotheca (E -5 +5 ), from female gonotheca (E -6 +6 ), pair of axillar from cauline hydrotheca (E -7 +7 ) and single axillar from cladial hydrotheca (E -8 +8 ). All from sample MHNG-INVE-37495. Scale bars: 100 μm (B- E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A). - - - -Dimensions: + + + +Dimensions: See -Table 5 +Table 5 . - -Remarks: + +Remarks: The description given above is based on the -holotype +holotype , although some additional data, such as the cnidome composition, are taken from -Migotto (1996 +Migotto (1996 , as - -H. buskii + +H. buskii ). - + Through the presence of pairs of cauline axillar nematothecae and the heteromerous segmentation of its cladia, - -H. brasiliensis + +H. brasiliensis comes close to a number of congeners, -viz +viz . - -H. australis + +H. australis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. , - -H. liechtensternii + +H. liechtensternii , - -H. sibogae + +H. sibogae , and - -H. vervoorti + +H. vervoorti . - -Halopteris australis + +Halopteris australis is immediately distinguished through it distinctly sinuated hydrothecal margin. - -Halopteris liechtensternii + +Halopteris liechtensternii , when fertile, has comparatively longer and more tubular female gonothecae. - -Halopteris sibogae + +Halopteris sibogae has distinctive, exceedingly long nematothecae ( -Fig. 2C +Fig. 2C ). - -Halopteris vervoorti + +Halopteris vervoorti forms comparatively shorter stems (compare -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 C-E and 2H), their cauli and cladia are thinner (compare -Fig. 5A, B, M +Fig. 5A, B, M and -8A +8A ), and their cauline hydrothecae are placed in the lower halves of the corresponding internodes, leaving enough place for 1-2 superior nematothecae, arranged in one row, to be confined to their distal halves ( -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ). Additional differences to other congeners are summarized in Appendix 1. - - + + Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) (present study and syntype materials from - -Siboga + +Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and - -H. sibogae + +H. sibogae ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous). - - - -
- - -Halopteris polymorpha + + + + + - - - - - + + - - - - + + - - - - + + + - - - + + - - + - - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + +
+ + +Halopteris polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) - -Halopteris sp. + + +Halopteris sp. - -Halopteris sibogae + + +Halopteris sibogae ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 )
Present study, MHNG- -Billard (1913) +
Present study, MHNG- +Billard (1913) , - -Siboga + +Siboga -Schuchert (1997) + +Schuchert (1997) , Present study,Present study, MHNG- -Billard (1913) +Present study,Present study, MHNG- +Billard (1913) ,
INVE-97937Stn. 80 - -Siboga +
INVE-97937Stn. 80 + +Siboga Stn. 80 MNHN H.L. 1309,INVE-97926 +MNHN H.L. 1309,INVE-97926 as - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha
- -Siboga +
+ +Siboga Stn. 299 -var. sibogae + +var. sibogae
-Caulus +
+Caulus (seen frontally)
- segmentationHo-HoHo (distally He)Ho-
- segmentationHo-HoHo (distally He)Ho-
- superior nematothecae / internode with opposite cladia4-5---3-4-
- superior nematothecae / internode with opposite cladia4-5---3-4-
- nematothecae above hydrotheca in ordinary Commonly 2-3 (range 1-5) internodes-2 (rarely 1 or 3)22-3-
- nematothecae above hydrotheca in ordinary Commonly 2-3 (range 1-5) internodes-2 (rarely 1 or 3)22-3-
- number of axillar nematothecae11121-2-
- number of axillar nematothecae11121-2-
- internode length695-955--515-570450-605-
- internode length695-955--515-570450-605-
- diameter at node145-230--115-13090-125-
- diameter at node145-230--115-13090-125-
- length of apophysis70-80---70-80-
- length of apophysis70-80---70-80-
- length of nematothecae80-100--65-70100-125-
- length of nematothecae80-100--65-70100-125-
- diameter of nematothecae at rim55-65--35-4545-50-
- diameter of nematothecae at rim55-65--35-4545-50-
-Cladia +
+Cladia (seen laterally)
- segmentationHeHeHeHeHeHe
- segmentationHeHeHeHeHeHe
- nematothecae on 1st ahydrothecate internode 2222 (occ. 3)2
- nematothecae on 1st ahydrothecate internode 2222 (occ. 3)2
- nematothecae on ordinary ahydrothecate internodes1-2Commonly 221-21-21
- nematothecae on ordinary ahydrothecate internodes1-2Commonly 221-21-21
- number of axillar nematothecae0-11111-2-
- number of axillar nematothecae0-11111-2-
- length of quadrangular segment65-80--45-6040-45-
- length of quadrangular segment65-80--45-6040-45-
- length of 1st ahydrothecate internode475-730580-700-220-310270-365200-240
- length of 1st ahydrothecate internode475-730580-700-220-310270-365200-240
- length of ordinary ahydrothecate internodes315-460380-470340-400160-300180-270135-190
- length of ordinary ahydrothecate internodes315-460380-470340-400160-300180-270135-190
- length of hydrothecate internodes350-395340-380320255-330285-350270-380
- length of hydrothecate internodes350-395340-380320255-330285-350270-380
- diameter at transverse node65-80--35-4540-5055-60
- diameter at transverse node65-80--35-4540-5055-60
- length of nematothecae55-80--40-6055-110-
- length of nematothecae55-80--40-6055-110-
- diameter at rim of nematotheca35-50--35-4035-50-
- diameter at rim of nematotheca35-50--35-4035-50-
-Hydrotheca +
+Hydrotheca (cladial)
- length abaxial wall145-165135-160150-160200-235200-215190-215
- length abaxial wall145-165135-160150-160200-235200-215190-215
- length free adaxial wall90-110-80-90110-125100-110-
- length free adaxial wall90-110-80-90110-125100-110-
- diameter at rim220-245200-215200-210160-200160-180 -190-200 -
- diameter at rim220-245200-215200-210160-200160-180190-200
- - - - - -
- - -Halopteris polymorpha + + + + - - - - - + + + - - - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - + + - - - + + - - + + - - + - - - + + - - - - + + + - + - - - - - + + + + - - - + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
+ + +Halopteris polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) - -Halopteris sp. + + +Halopteris sp. - -Halopteris sibogae + + +Halopteris sibogae ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 )
Present study, MHNG- INVE-97937 -Billard (1913) +
Present study, MHNG-INVE-97937 +Billard (1913) , - -Siboga +Siboga +Stn. 80 + +Schuchert (1997) +, + +Siboga Stn. 80 -Schuchert (1997) -, - -Siboga -Stn. - -80 - + Present study, MNHN H.L. 1309, - -Siboga + +Siboga Stn. 299 Present study, MHNG- INVE-97926 -Billard (1913) -, as - -H. polymorpha +Present study, MHNG-INVE-97926 + +Billard (1913) +, + +as + +H. polymorpha var. -sibogae +sibogae
- length apophyses of lateral nematothecae40-55--50-6095-105-
- length apophyses of lateral nematothecae40-55--50-6095-105-
- length lateral nematotheca70-80--80-90125-145-
- length lateral nematotheca70-80--80-90125-145-
- diameter of lateral nematotheca at rim65-80--50-6055-65-
- diameter of lateral nematotheca at rim65-80--50-6055-65-
- length of mesial nematotheca60-65--45-5555-60-
- length of mesial nematotheca60-65--45-5555-60-
- diameter at rim of mesial nematotheca45-50--40-4545-50-
- diameter at rim of mesial nematotheca45-50--40-4545-50-
- length of axillar nematotheca -ca +
- length of axillar nematotheca +ca . 40 --30-3540-55---30-3540-55-
- diameter of axillar nematotheca at rim -ca +
- diameter of axillar nematotheca at rim +ca . 35 -- -ca +-- +ca . 20 30-40-30-40-
-Gonotheca +
+Gonotheca
- length of pedicel +
- length of pedicel 70-80 (♂); -ca +ca . 80 (♀) -; --; --; - +-; --; --; - 30-45 (♂); -ca +ca . 45 (♀) -; --; -
- length (excluding pedicel)490-560 (♂); 1015-1040 (♀)-; - +
- length (excluding pedicel)490-560 (♂); 1015-1040 (♀)-; - - (♂); -ca +ca . 650 (♀) -; -330-440 (♂); 620-685 (♀)-; --; -330-440 (♂); 620-685 (♀)-; -
- maximum width210-240 (♂); 480-510 (♀)-; --; --; -165-220 (♂); 310-365 (♀)-; -
- maximum width210-240 (♂); 480-510 (♀)-; --; --; -165-220 (♂); 310-365 (♀)-; -
- diameter at aperture (♀)330-350---180-215-
- diameter at aperture (♀)330-350---180-215-
- number of basal nematothecae2 (♂); 2-3 (♀)-(♂); 3 (♀)-(♂); 2-3 (♀)-; -2 (♂); 3 (♀)-; -
- number of basal nematothecae2 (♂); 2-3 (♀)-(♂); 3 (♀)-(♂); 2-3 (♀)-; -2 (♂); 3 (♀)-; -
-
 - + + Table 2. Literature records included earlier in the synonymy of - -Halopteris polymorpha + +Halopteris polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) , but deviating from the present concept of this species ( -H +H . stands for - -Halopteris + +Halopteris ). N.B.: Italics are used to emphasize the distinguishing characters.
- - - - -
Original assignationReferenceGeographical origin + + + + + + + - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - + + - - + - - - + - + - - + - - - + + - - + - - - + +
Original assignationReferenceGeographical origin Morphological features not agreeing with -H. polymorpha +H. polymorpha - -Possible + + +Possible correct taxonomical status
-Plumularia nuttingi - -Billard, 1911 +
+Plumularia nuttingi + +Billard, 1911 - -Billard (1911) + + +Billard (1911) -Indonesia + +Indonesia + Cauline internodes with -1 axillar +1 axillar and -1-2 pairs of superior nematothecae +1-2 pairs of superior nematothecae ; cladia homo- to heteromerously-segmented; hydrothecate internodes with 1 axillar nematotheca; ahydrothecate internodes with 1-2 nematothecae; upper chamber of lateral nematothecae -globular, with distinctly emarginated ad- and abaxial walls +globular, with distinctly emarginated ad- and abaxial walls - -H. nuttingi + + +H. nuttingi ( -Billard, 1911 +Billard, 1911 )
- -Plumularia buskii +
+ +Plumularia buskii Bale, - -Thornely (1904) + + +Thornely (1904) -Sri Lanka + +Sri Lanka Neither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiableNeither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiable
-1884 +
+1884 -Ritchie (1910) + +Ritchie (1910) Christmas I. +Christmas I. Description incomplete, partly illustrated subsequently by -Vervoort & Vasseur (1977 +Vervoort & Vasseur (1977 , fig. 30C) UnidentifiableUnidentifiable
-Thornely (1916) +
+Thornely (1916) -India + +India Neither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiableNeither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiable
-Nutting (1927) +
+Nutting (1927) -Philippines + +Philippines No formal description, no illustrationUnidentifiableNo formal description, no illustrationUnidentifiable
- - - - - - -
Original assignationReferenceGeographical origin + + + + + + + - - - + - - - - + + - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - + + - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - + + - - + - - - - + - - + - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - + + - - + - - - + - - + - - - + + - - + - - - + +
Original assignationReferenceGeographical origin Morphological features not agreeing with -H. polymorpha +H. polymorpha - -Possible + + +Possible correct taxonomical status
- -Plumularia buski +
+ +Plumularia buski (sic!) -Hartlaub (1901) + +Hartlaub (1901) -Hawai’i + +Hawai’i No formal description, illustrations insufficientUnidentifiableNo formal description, illustrations insufficientUnidentifiable
- -Bale, 1884 +
+ +Bale, 1884 -Billard (1913) + +Billard (1913) -Indonesia + +Indonesia + Cauline internodes with -1 axillar +1 axillar and -1-3 pairs of superior nematothecae +1-3 pairs of superior nematothecae ; cladia homo- to heteromerously-segmented; hydrothecate internodes with 1 axillar nematotheca; ahydrothecate internodes with 1-2 nematothecae; upper chamber of lateral nematothecae -globular, with distinctly emarginated ad- and abaxial walls +globular, with distinctly emarginated ad- and abaxial walls - -H. nuttingi + + +H. nuttingi ( -Billard, 1911 +Billard, 1911 )
-Redier (1966) +
+Redier (1966) -New Caledonia + +New Caledonia + No formal description, but -homomerous +homomerous segmentation of the cladia, and lateral nematothecae with -globular upper chamber +globular upper chamber - -H. nuttingi + + +H. nuttingi ( -Billard, 1911 +Billard, 1911 )
- - -Halopteris buskii +
+ + +Halopteris buskii (Bale, -Vervoort & Vasseur (1977) + +Vervoort & Vasseur (1977) Fr. Polynesia +Fr. Polynesia Hydrotheca with distinctly -sinuated margin +sinuated margin , tall lateral nematothecae - -H. australis + + +H. australis -sp. nov. +sp. nov.
-1884) +
+1884) -Rees & Vervoort (1987) + +Rees & Vervoort (1987) -Zanzibar + +Zanzibar + Relatively tall stems; cauline internodes with -unpaired axillar -nematotheca and 2 laterally- -displaced +unpaired axillar +nematotheca and 2 +laterally-displaced nematothecae above hydrotheca - -H. millardae + + +H. millardae -sp. nov. +sp. nov.
-Ryland & Gibbons (1991) +
+Ryland & Gibbons (1991) -Fiji + +Fiji + Cauline internodes with -2 axillar +2 axillar nematothecae and -1-3 superiors +1-3 superiors ; cladia -heteromerously +heteromerously - segmented, ahydrothecate internodes -shorter +shorter than hydrothecate counterparts and with -1 -nematotheca +1 +nematotheca , hydrothecate internodes with -1-2 axillar +1-2 axillar nematothecae + Presumably - -H. vervoorti -Galea + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008 -, 2008
-Migotto (1996) +
+Migotto (1996) -Brazil + +Brazil + Cauline internodes with -2 axillar +2 axillar nematothecae and -1-2 superiors displaced laterally +1-2 superiors displaced laterally ; cladia heteromerously-segmented, ahydrothecate internodes with 1 nematotheca, hydrothecate internodes with 1-2 axillar nematothecae - -H. brasiliensis + + +H. brasiliensis -sp. nov. +sp. nov.
-Preker (2001 +
+Preker (2001 , 2005) -Australia + +Australia Neither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiableNeither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiable
- - -Halopteris buski - +
+ + +Halopteris buski (Bale, - -1884) ( -sic! +1884) + + +( +sic! ) -Hirohito (1974) -Hirohito (1995) + +Hirohito (1974) +Hirohito (1995) -Japan -Japan + +Japan +Japan + Neither described, nor illustrated Cauline internodes with -2 axillar +2 axillar and -1-2 superior nematothecae +1-2 superior nematothecae ; cladia -heteromerously +heteromerously - segmented, ahydrothecate internodes -shorter +shorter that hydrothecate counterparts and with -1 -nematotheca +1 +nematotheca , hydrothecate internodes with -1-2 axillar nematothecae +1-2 axillar nematothecae + Unidentifiable Presumably - -H. vervoorti -Galea + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008 -, 2008
- - -Heterotheca buski - +
+ + +Heterotheca buski (Bale, -1884 - -) ( -sic! +1884 +) + + +( +sic! ) -Hirohito (1974) + +Hirohito (1974) -Japan + +Japan + Cauline internodes with -2 axillar +2 axillar nematothecae and -1, exceptionally 2, superiors +1, exceptionally 2, superiors ; cladia -heteromerously +heteromerously -segmented; ahydrothecate internodes -shorter +shorter than hydrothecate counterparts and with -1 nematotheca +1 nematotheca ; hydrothecate internodes with -1, exceptionally 2, -axillar +1, exceptionally 2, +axillar nematothecae + Presumably - -H. vervoorti -Galea, + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008 -2008
-Antennella polymorpha - +
+Antennella polymorpha + ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) - -Vervoort (1941) + + +Vervoort (1941) -Philippines + +Philippines No formal description, no illustration, possibly a mix of speciesUnidentifiable in the absence of a reexaminationNo formal description, no illustration, possibly a mix of speciesUnidentifiable in the absence of a reexamination
-Halopteris polymorpha - +
+Halopteris polymorpha + ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) - -Pennycuik (1959) + + +Pennycuik (1959) -Australia + +Australia Material reportedly agreeing “closely with Billard’s figure XIVA”, though neither described, nor illustrated +Material reportedly agreeing “closely with Billard’s figure XIVA”, though neither described, nor illustrated Questionably - -H. polymorpha - + +H. polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) +
-Vervoort (1966) +
+Vervoort (1966) -South Africa + +South Africa + Stems internodes with single axillar nematotheca and 1 median superior nematotheca, cladia -homomerously +homomerously -segmented, internodes with single axillar and median superior nematotheca + Related to - -H. vervoorti -Galea + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008 -, 2008, but of larger proportions; unidentifiable +, but of larger proportions; unidentifiable
-Millard & Bouillon (1973) +
+Millard & Bouillon (1973) -Seychelles + +Seychelles + Mix of species ( -Schuchert, 1997 +Schuchert, 1997 ) - -H. millardae + + +H. millardae -sp. nov. +sp. nov. + - -H. + +H. -platygonotheca -Schuchert, 1997 +platygonotheca +Schuchert, 1997
-Millard & Bouillon (1974) +
+Millard & Bouillon (1974) -Mozambique + +Mozambique Small-sized cormoids, neither described, nor illustratedUncertain in the absence of a reexaminationSmall-sized cormoids, neither described, nor illustratedUncertain in the absence of a reexamination
-Millard (1975) +
+Millard (1975) -South Africa + +South Africa Likely a mix of species: one with deep, cylindrical hydrothecae (fig. 112K), the other with shallow and conical hydrothecae (fig. 112L) +Likely a mix of species: one with deep, cylindrical hydrothecae (fig. 112K), the other with shallow and conical hydrothecae (fig. 112L) Unidentifiable species + (?) -H. - -buskii +H. + +buskii ( -Bale, 1884 +Bale, 1884 ) , respectively
-Millard (1977) +
+Millard (1977) -South Africa + +South Africa Neither described, nor illustratedUncertain in the absence of a reexaminationNeither described, nor illustratedUncertain in the absence of a reexamination
-Millard (1980) +
+Millard (1980) -South Africa + +South Africa Neither described, nor illustratedUncertain in the absence of a reexaminationNeither described, nor illustratedUncertain in the absence of a reexamination
- - - - - -
-Original assignation + + + + - - - - - - + - - + - + - - + - - + - - - + - - - + + - - + - - - + + - - + - - + - - - + - - + - - - + - - - + + + - - + - - + - + - - + - - - + + + - - + - - - + + + - - + - - + - - - + - - + - + - - + - - - - + + - - + - - - + -
+Original assignation -Reference + +Reference -Geographical origin + +Geographical origin - + + Morphological features not agreeing with -H. polymorpha +H. polymorpha -Possible correct taxonomical status + +Possible correct taxonomical status
-Hirohito (1983) +
+Hirohito (1983) Japan +Japan Stem internodes with 2 axillar and -1-2 laterally-displaced +1-2 laterally-displaced superior nematothecae; cladia -homomerously +homomerously -segmented, internodes with 1-2 axillar and 1 median superior nematothecae; hydrothecae -large +large UnidentifiableUnidentifiable
-Ryland & Gibbons (1991) +
+Ryland & Gibbons (1991) Fiji -Long +Fiji +Long cauline and cladial hydrothecate internodes, -shallow +shallow hydrothecae, -short +short apophyses supporting the lateral nematothecae, single axillar nematothecae - -H. polymorpha + + +H. polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 )
- +
+ Bouillon -et al +et al . (1995) SeychellesNo description or illustrations available +SeychellesNo description or illustrations available Presumably - -H. millardae + +H. millardae -sp. nov. +sp. nov.
-Schuchert (1997) +
+Schuchert (1997) Various localitiesMix of species -H. +Various localitiesMix of species +H. sp. (fig 20B), - -H. nuttingi + +H. nuttingi ( -Billard, 1911 +Billard, 1911 ) (fig. 21), - -H. millardae + +H. millardae -sp. nov. +sp. nov. (fig. 22A-D), - -H. sibogae + +H. sibogae ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) (fig. 22E), - -H. brasiliensis + +H. brasiliensis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. (fig. 22F-H), - -H. australis + +H. australis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. (fig. 23).
-Watson (2000) +
+Watson (2000) Australia +Australia Likely 2 species involved, one with comparatively deeper hydrothecae and flared lateral nematothecae (35D), the other shallow hydrothecae and lateral nematothecae with globular upper chamber (fig. 35C); description incomplete, some illustrations either misleading ( -e.g. +e.g. fig. 35B, number of axillar and superior nematothecae unclear) or providing insufficient details ( -e.g. +e.g. fig. 35A, number of cauline nematothecae impossible to ascertain) + Possibly - -H. vervoorti -Galea, 2008 + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008 + unidentifiable species, respectively
- +
+ Ansín Agís -et al +et al . (2001) Cape Verde +Cape Verde See -Galea (2008) +Galea (2008) + Presumably - -H. vervoorti -Galea, 2008 + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008
-Preker (2001 +
+Preker (2001 , 2005) AustraliaNeither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiableAustraliaNeither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiable
-Kirkendale & Calder (2003) +
+Kirkendale & Calder (2003) Guam +Guam Neither described, nor illustrated, but cormoids reportedly said “translucent-white”, thus different from the distinctive yellow ones of - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha UnidentifiableUnidentifiable
-Preker & Lawn (2005) +
+Preker & Lawn (2005) AustraliaNeither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiableAustraliaNeither described, nor illustratedUnidentifiable
- +
+ Ansín Agís -et al +et al . (2009) Coral SeaNeither formally described, nor illustratedUnidentifiableCoral SeaNeither formally described, nor illustratedUnidentifiable
-Preker & Lawn (2010) +
+Preker & Lawn (2010) Australia +Australia Stem internodes with 1 axillar nematotheca and -2 superiors -; cladia heteromerously- segmented, ahydrothecate internodes -shorter +2 superiors +; cladia heteromerously-segmented, ahydrothecate internodes +shorter that hydrothecate counterparts, and bearing 1 (rarely 2) nematothecae; hydrothecate internodes with -1 axillar +1 axillar nematotheca + Presumably - -H. vervoorti -Galea, 2008 + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008 .
-Preker & Lawn (2012) +
+Preker & Lawn (2012) Australia +Australia Single cauline axillar nematothecae, and 1-2 superiors; cladia heteromerously-segmented, ahydrothecate internodes -longer +longer than hydrothecate counterparts and bearing -1-2 nematothecae +1-2 nematothecae , hydrothecate internodes with single axillar nematotheca UnidentifiableUnidentifiable
- -Plumularia polymorpha -Billard, 1913 +
+ +Plumularia polymorpha +Billard, 1913 -Billard (1913) + +Billard (1913) IndonesiaAccording to the description, illustrations, and measurements, likely three species are involved - -H. polymorpha +IndonesiaAccording to the description, illustrations, and measurements, likely three species are involved + +H. polymorpha ( -Siboga Stn. +Siboga Stn. 80), -H +H sp. (Stn. 77), and -H. +H. sp. (Stn. 299)
- -Antennella secundaria +
+ +Antennella secundaria ( -Gmelin, 1791 +Gmelin, 1791 ) -Vervoort (1967) + +Vervoort (1967) Red Sea +Red Sea Stem internodes with 1 axillar nematotheca and -“(usually) a distal +“(usually) a distal ” nematotheca. Cladia heteromerously-segmented, ahydrothecate internodes comparatively -shorter +shorter than hydrothecate counterparts and with -1 nematotheca +1 nematotheca , hydrothecate internodes with -single axillar +single axillar nematotheca + Presumably - -H. vervoorti -Galea, 2008 + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008
-
 - + + Table 3. Comparative measurements (in μm) and main morphological features of - -H. vervoorti -Galea, 2008 + +H. vervoorti +Galea, 2008 from various localities. Ho stands for homomerous and He for heteromerous.
- -
-Geographical origin + + + + - - - - + + + - - + - - - - + + + - - + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + +
+Geographical origin BaliMadagascarMaldives -Guadeloupe +BaliMadagascarMaldives +Guadeloupe , -Martinique +Martinique (*)
-Reference(s) +
+Reference(s) Present studyPresent studyPresent study -Galea (2008) +Present studyPresent studyPresent study +Galea (2008) ; present study (*)
-Caulus +
+Caulus (seen frontally)
- maximum height (cm)1.20.81.32
- maximum height (cm)1.20.81.32
- segmentationHo (dist. He)Ho (dist. He)Ho (dist. He)Ho (dist. He)
- segmentationHo (dist. He)Ho (dist. He)Ho (dist. He)Ho (dist. He)
- superior nematothecae / internode with opposite cladia21-21-21-2 (*)
- superior nematothecae / internode with opposite cladia21-21-21-2 (*)
- nematothecae above hydrotheca in ordinary internodes1-2, in a median row1-2, in a median row1-2, in a median row1-2, in a median row
- nematothecae above hydrotheca in ordinary internodes1-2, in a median row1-2, in a median row1-2, in a median row1-2, in a median row
- number of axillar nematothecae2 (distally 1)2 (distally 1)2 (distally 1)2 (distally 1) (*)
- number of axillar nematothecae2 (distally 1)2 (distally 1)2 (distally 1)2 (distally 1) (*)
- internode length380-445410-490360-500330-465
- internode length380-445410-490360-500330-465
- diameter at node55-11045-10560-115-
- diameter at node55-11045-10560-115-
- length of apophysis65-8085-9560-7560-70
- length of apophysis65-8085-9560-7560-70
- length of nematothecae55-7565-7065-80-
- length of nematothecae55-7565-7065-80-
- diameter of nematothecae at rim45-5035-4540-45-
- diameter of nematothecae at rim45-5035-4540-45-
-Cladia +
+Cladia (seen laterally)
- segmentationHeHeHe (occ. Ho)He
- segmentationHeHeHe (occ. Ho)He
- number of nematothecae on 1st ahydrothecate internode111 (occ. 2)1 (occ. 2) (*)
- number of nematothecae on 1st ahydrothecate internode111 (occ. 2)1 (occ. 2) (*)
- nematothecae on ordinary ahydrothecate internodes1111
- nematothecae on ordinary ahydrothecate internodes1111
- number of axillar nematothecae1 (rarely 2)1 (rarely 2)1 (rarely 2)1 (rarely 2)
- number of axillar nematothecae1 (rarely 2)1 (rarely 2)1 (rarely 2)1 (rarely 2)
- length of quadrangular segment45-5050-6040-5570-90
- length of quadrangular segment45-5050-6040-5570-90
- length of 1st ahydrothecate internode190-270160-240175-255155-215
- length of 1st ahydrothecate internode190-270160-240175-255155-215
- length of ordinary ahydrothecate internodes125-160160-205140-190115-170
- length of ordinary ahydrothecate internodes125-160160-205140-190115-170
- length of hydrothecate internodes245-330255-315270-315251-300
- length of hydrothecate internodes245-330255-315270-315251-300
- diameter at transverse node35-4040-4540-45-
- diameter at transverse node35-4040-4540-45-
- length of nematothecae50-7055-6555-70-
- length of nematothecae50-7055-6555-70-
- diameter at rim of nematotheca35-4035-4030-45-
- diameter at rim of nematotheca35-4035-4030-45-
-Hydrotheca +
+Hydrotheca (cladial)
- shape of the rim (lateral view)EvenEvenEvenEven
- shape of the rim (lateral view)EvenEvenEvenEven
- length abaxial wall180-215180-205180-215220-245
- length abaxial wall180-215180-205180-215220-245
- length free adaxial wall110-115110-120110-120115-135
- length free adaxial wall110-115110-120110-120115-135
- diameter at rim155-175180-190165-175170-195
- diameter at rim155-175180-190165-175170-195
- length apophyses of lateral nematothecae55-5070-8050-6074-86
- length apophyses of lateral nematothecae55-5070-8050-6074-86
- length lateral nematothecae75-8580-9575-9574-88
- length lateral nematothecae75-8580-9575-9574-88
- diameter of apical chamber of lateral nematotheca at rim65-7060-7060-7063-72
- diameter of apical chamber of lateral nematotheca at rim65-7060-7060-7063-72
- - - - - -
-Geographical origin + + + + - - - - + + + + - - + - - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - + + + - - + + - - + - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + +
+Geographical origin BaliMadagascarMaldivesGuadeloupe, Martinique (*)BaliMadagascarMaldivesGuadeloupe, Martinique (*)
-Reference(s) +
+Reference(s) Present studyPresent studyPresent study -Galea (2008) +Present studyPresent studyPresent study +Galea (2008) ; present study (*)
- length of mesial nematotheca50-5550-6060-65-
- length of mesial nematotheca50-5550-6060-65-
- diameter at rim of mesial nematotheca45-5045-5550-55-
- diameter at rim of mesial nematotheca45-5045-5550-55-
- length of axillar nematotheca40-5535-4035-40-
- length of axillar nematotheca40-5535-4035-40-
- diameter of axillar nematotheca at rim30-40 -ca +
- diameter of axillar nematotheca at rim30-40 +ca . 30 30-35-30-35-
-Gonotheca +
+Gonotheca
- length of pedicel- (♂); - (♀)45-60 (♂); 45-50 (♀)-(♂); 50-60 (♀) -ca +
- length of pedicel- (♂); - (♀)45-60 (♂); 45-50 (♀)-(♂); 50-60 (♀) +ca . 45 (♂); -ca +ca . 50 (♀) (*)
- length (excluding pedicel)- (♂); - (♀)430-625 (♂); 660-705 (♀)-(♂); 585-670 (♀)500-630 (♂); 695-730 (♀) (*)
- length (excluding pedicel)- (♂); - (♀)430-625 (♂); 660-705 (♀)-(♂); 585-670 (♀)500-630 (♂); 695-730 (♀) (*)
- maximum width- (♂); - (♀)180-260 (♂); 390-425 (♀)-(♂); 315-350 (♀) +
- maximum width- (♂); - (♀)180-260 (♂); 390-425 (♀)-(♂); 315-350 (♀) 195-275 (♂); -ca +ca . 330 (♀) (*)
- diameter at aperture- (♂); - (♀)55-70 (♂); 245-290 (♀)-(♂); 205-240 (♀) -ca +
- diameter at aperture- (♂); - (♀)55-70 (♂); 245-290 (♀)-(♂); 205-240 (♀) +ca . 30 (♂) (*); -ca +ca . 225 (♀) (*)
- number of basal nematothecae- (♂); - (♀)2(♂); 2 (♀)-(♂); 2 (♀)2(♂); 2-3 (♀) (*)
- number of basal nematothecae- (♂); - (♀)2(♂); 2 (♀)-(♂); 2 (♀)2(♂); 2-3 (♀) (*)
-
 - + + Table 4. Various records approaching the phenotype of - -Halopteris vervoorti -Galea, 2008 + +Halopteris vervoorti +Galea, 2008 , and their possible taxonomic status (L stands for length, Φ for diameter, Ho and He for homo- and heteromerous, respectively, and -Ha +Ha ., -He +He . and -A +A . for - -Halopteris + +Halopteris , - -Heterotheca + +Heterotheca and - -Antennella + +Antennella , respectively).
- -
-Billard (1913) + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - + + - - - - - - - - - + - - - + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Billard (1913) , -Siboga +Siboga Stn. 77, as Ha. polymorpha + Vervoort -(1966) +(1966) , as -Ha. -polymorpha +Ha. +polymorpha + Vervoort (1967), as - -A. secundaria + +A. secundaria -Hirohito (1974) + +Hirohito (1974) , as - + He. -buski +buski ( -sic! +sic! ) + Hirohito (1983), as -Ha. - -polymorpha +Ha. + +polymorpha + Ryland & Gibbons (1991), as - -Ha. buskii + +Ha. buskii (BM1988.11.10.6- 7) + Ryland & Gibbons (1991), as - -Ha. buskii + +Ha. buskii -(QM GL10293) +(QM GL10293) + Hirohito (1995), as - -Ha. buski + +Ha. buski ( -sic! +sic! ) + Preker & Lawn -(2010) +(2010) , as -Ha. polymoprha +Ha. polymoprha -Preker & Lawn (2012), as - -Ha. polymoprha + +Preker & Lawn (2012), as + +Ha. polymoprha
-Possible taxo- -nomic status +
+ +Possible +taxonomic + +status UnsettledUnsettled +UnsettledUnsettled (?) -Ha. +Ha. vervoorti + (?) -Ha. vervoorti +Ha. vervoorti -Unsettled + +Unsettled + (?) - -Ha. vervoorti + +Ha. vervoorti + (?) -Ha. +Ha. vervoorti + (?) -Ha. - -vervoorti +Ha. + +vervoorti + (?) -Ha. vervoorti +Ha. vervoorti -Unsettled + +Unsettled
-Cormoids +
+Cormoids
- geographical distribution -Indonesia +
- geographical distribution +Indonesia S AfricaRed SeaJapanJapanFijiFiji -Japan +S AfricaRed SeaJapanJapanFijiFiji +Japan -Australia + +Australia -Australia + +Australia
- max. height (mm)8231510189910921
- max. height (mm)8231510189910921
-Caulus +
+Caulus
- segmentationHoHoHoHoHoHoHoHoHoHo
- segmentationHoHoHoHoHoHoHoHoHoHo
- axillar nemato- thecae1112222211
- axillar nematothecae1112222211
- nematothecae above hydroth.?1Usually 11-21-2<3<31-222
- nematothecae above hydroth.?1Usually 11-21-2<3<31-222
-Cladia +
+Cladia
- segmentationHe/HoHo/HeHeHeHoHeHeHeHeHe
- segmentationHe/HoHo/HeHeHeHoHeHeHeHeHe
- - - -
-Billard (1913) + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - -
+Billard (1913) , -Siboga +Siboga Stn. 77, as Ha. polymorpha + Vervoort -(1966) +(1966) , as -Ha. -polymorpha +Ha. +polymorpha + Vervoort (1967), as - -A. secundaria + +A. secundaria -Hirohito (1974) + +Hirohito (1974) , as - + He. -buski +buski ( -sic! +sic! ) + Hirohito (1983), as -Ha. - -polymorpha +Ha. + +polymorpha + Ryland & Gibbons (1991), as - -Ha. buskii + +Ha. buskii (BM1988.11.10.6- 7) + Ryland & Gibbons (1991), as - -Ha. buskii + +Ha. buskii -(QM GL10293) +(QM GL10293) + Hirohito (1995), as - -Ha. buski + +Ha. buski ( -sic! +sic! ) + Preker & Lawn -(2010) +(2010) , as -Ha. polymoprha +Ha. polymoprha -Preker & Lawn (2012), as - -Ha. polymoprha + +Preker & Lawn (2012), as + +Ha. polymoprha
- nematoth. on 1st ahydroth. internode11111-2111--
- nematoth. on 1st ahydroth. internode11111-2111--
- nematoth. on ordinary ahy- droth. internodes1 (occ. 2)1 (on fused part)111 (on fused part)1111 (rarely 2)1-2
- nematoth. on ordinary ahydroth. internodes1 (occ. 2)1 (on fused part)111 (on fused part)1111 (rarely 2)1-2
- axillar nematoth.1111 (exc. 2)1-21 (occ. 2)1 (occ. 2)111
- axillar nematoth.1111 (exc. 2)1-21 (occ. 2)1 (occ. 2)111
-Measurements -(μm) +
+Measurements +(μm)
Caulus, L inter- node--270-325--360-380265-325-320-420498-1494
Caulus, L internode--270-325--360-380265-325-320-420498-1494
Cladia, L 1st ahydroth. intern.245-270-------66-100
Cladia, L 1st ahydroth. intern.245-270-------66-100
Cladia, L ordi- nary ahydroth. intern.190-255Fused130-140-Fused130-140100-150-150-260282-415
Cladia, L ordinary ahydroth. intern.190-255Fused130-140-Fused130-140100-150-150-260282-415
Cladia, L hy- droth. intern.310-365675-1080 (fused)245-250--190-240175-230-260-340249-315
Cladia, L hydroth. intern.310-365675-1080 (fused)245-250--190-240175-230-260-340249-315
(fused)
(fused)
Hydrotheca, L abaxial wall or Depth215-230240-255190-215 -ca +
Hydrotheca, L abaxial wall or Depth215-230240-255190-215 +ca . 270 260-270175-210150-180180-220112-180183-249260-270175-210150-180180-220112-180183-249
Hydrotheca, L free adaxial wall-54-68130-135--100-130100-120-80-88100-116
Hydrotheca, L free adaxial wall-54-68130-135--100-130100-120-80-88100-116
Hydrotheca, Φ aperture175-190245-270150-165 -ca +
Hydrotheca, Φ aperture175-190245-270150-165 +ca . 160 260-270160-180160-185180-200152-160149-189260-270160-180160-185180-200152-160149-189
Lateral nemato., L-55-60------50-100
Lateral nemato., L-55-60------50-100
Lateral nemato., Φ rim-45-55------42-83
Lateral nemato., Φ rim-45-55------42-83
Gonothecae, L +
Gonothecae, L - ( -♂ +♂ ) + - ( -♂ +♂ ) + - ( -♂ +♂ ) + - ( -♂ +♂ ) + - ( -♂ +♂ ) + 450-612 ( -♂ +♂ ) + - ( -♂ +♂ ) + - - + ( -♂ +♂ ) + - ( -♂ +♂ ) + - ( -♂ +♂ )
+
- ( -♀ +♀ ) + - ( -♀ +♀ ) + 400-460 ( -♀ +♀ ) + - ( -♀ +♀ ) + - ( -♀ +♀ ) + - ( -♀ +♀ ) + 558-738 ( -♀ +♀ ) + - - + ( -♀ +♀ ) + - ( -♀ +♀ ) + 830-913 ( -♀ +♀ )
- - - - - -
- -Billard (1913) + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +Billard (1913) , - -Siboga + +Siboga Stn. 77, as -Ha. polymorpha +Ha. polymorpha - -Vervoort (1966) + + +Vervoort (1966) , as -Ha. polymorpha +Ha. polymorpha - -Vervoort (1967) + + +Vervoort (1967) , as -A. secundaria +A. secundaria - -Hirohito (1974) + + +Hirohito (1974) , as - + He. -buski +buski ( -sic! +sic! ) - -Hirohito (1983) + + +Hirohito (1983) , as -Ha. polymorpha +Ha. polymorpha - -Ryland & Gibbons (1991) + + +Ryland & Gibbons (1991) , as - -Ha. buskii + +Ha. buskii (BM1988.11.10.6- 7) - -Ryland & Gibbons (1991) + + +Ryland & Gibbons (1991) , as - -Ha. buskii + +Ha. buskii (QM GL10293) - -Hirohito (1995) + + +Hirohito (1995) , as - -Ha. buski + +Ha. buski ( -sic! +sic! ) - -Preker & Lawn (2010) + + +Preker & Lawn (2010) , as -Ha. polymoprha +Ha. polymoprha - -Preker & Lawn (2012) + + +Preker & Lawn (2012) , as -Ha. polymoprha +Ha. polymoprha
Gonothecae, max. width- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)216-234 (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)
Gonothecae, max. width- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)216-234 (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)
- (♀)- (♀)250-300 (♀)- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)252-360 (♀)- (♀)- (♀)265-598 (♀)
- (♀)- (♀)250-300 (♀)- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)252-360 (♀)- (♀)- (♀)265-598 (♀)
Gonothecae, Φ aperture- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)45-54 (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)
Gonothecae, Φ aperture- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)45-54 (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)
- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)162-234 (♀)- (♀)- (♀)249-282 (♀)
- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)- (♀)162-234 (♀)- (♀)- (♀)249-282 (♀)
Gonothecae, number of basal- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)1 (♂)- (♂)- (♂)
Gonothecae, number of basal- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)- (♂)1 (♂)- (♂)- (♂)
nematothecae- (♀)- (♀)2 (♀)2 (♀)- (♀)- (♀)2 (♀)2-3 (♀)- (♀)2 (♀)
nematothecae- (♀)- (♀)2 (♀)2 (♀)- (♀)- (♀)2 (♀)2-3 (♀)- (♀)2 (♀)
-
 - + + Table 5. Measurements (in μm) and main morphological features of - -Halopteris australis + +Halopteris australis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. , - -H. millardae + +H. millardae -sp. nov. +sp. nov. , and - -H. brasiliensis + +H. brasiliensis -sp. nov. +sp. nov.
- -
- -Halopteris australis + + + + - - - - + - - - + + - - + - - + - - + - - - - - + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + +
+ +Halopteris australis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. - -Halopteris millardae + + +Halopteris millardae -sp. nov. +sp. nov. - - -Halopteris brasiliensis + + + +Halopteris brasiliensis -sp. nov. +sp. nov.
-Geographical origin +
+Geographical origin New CaledoniaFrench Polynesia -Seychelles +New CaledoniaFrench Polynesia +Seychelles (*); Maldives Zanzibar -Brazil +Zanzibar +Brazil
-Reference(s) +
+Reference(s) Present study -Vervoort & Vasseur (1977) +Present study +Vervoort & Vasseur (1977) , as - -H. buskii + +H. buskii -Millard & Bouillon (1973) + +Millard & Bouillon (1973) (*); Present study -Rees & Vervoort (1987) + +Rees & Vervoort (1987) , as - -H. buskii + +H. buskii (Stn. 112) -Migotto (1996) + +Migotto (1996) ; present study (*)
-Caulus +
+Caulus (seen frontally)
- maximum height (cm)1.82.57 (*); 3.94.03.0
- maximum height (cm)1.82.57 (*); 3.94.03.0
- segmentationHo (dist. He)HoHoHoHo
- segmentationHo (dist. He)HoHoHoHo
- superior nematothecae / internode with opposite cladia2-3-3-4-2-3 (*)
- superior nematothecae / internode with opposite cladia2-3-3-4-2-3 (*)
- nematothecae above hydrotheca in ordinary inter- nodes1-2 (exc. 3), in two parallel rows2, in two parallel rows2-3 (exc. 4), in two parallel rows2, in two rows2 (occ. 1), in two parallel rows (*)
- nematothecae above hydrotheca in ordinary internodes1-2 (exc. 3), in two parallel rows2, in two parallel rows2-3 (exc. 4), in two parallel rows2, in two rows2 (occ. 1), in two parallel rows (*)
- number of axillar nematothecae2 (rarely 1 distally)1112 (*)
- number of axillar nematothecae2 (rarely 1 distally)1112 (*)
- internode length465-680475-550490-845460-520325-600
- internode length465-680475-550490-845460-520325-600
- diameter at node45-105100-125110-220270-320110-180
- diameter at node45-105100-125110-220270-320110-180
- length of apophysis100-115-85-110-75-85 (*)
- length of apophysis100-115-85-110-75-85 (*)
- length of nematothecae90-100-100-170-65-95 (*)
- length of nematothecae90-100-100-170-65-95 (*)
- diameter of nematothecae at rim45-50-55-85-50-60 (*)
- diameter of nematothecae at rim45-50-55-85-50-60 (*)
- - - - - - -Dimensions: + + +Dimensions: See -Table 5 +Table 5 . - -Remarks: -Upon comparison of the newly-collected Maldivian specimens with the slide material MHNG- INVE-37494 (H12/32-35) prepared from the -holotype + +Remarks: +Upon comparison of the newly-collected Maldivian specimens with the slide material MHNG-INVE-37494 (H12/32-35) prepared from the +holotype designated herein [sample MACT2700 studied by -Millard & Bouillon (1973) +Millard & Bouillon (1973) , as - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) ], it appears that both are conspecific. - + The description of the gonothecae, often distorted in the slide material available (H12/32: -♂ +♂ ; H12/33: -♂ +♂ & -♀ +♀ ; H12/35: -♂ +♂ ), was taken after -Millard & Bouillon (1973: 84 +Millard & Bouillon (1973: 84 , fig. 10H & J) and -Schuchert (1997: 22 +Schuchert (1997: 22 , fig. 22D, as - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha ). - + The tallest cormoid examined here ( -3.9 cm +3.9 cm high) bears 54 cauline hydrothecate internodes. -Not +Not only the proximal most internode gives rise to a pair of cladia, but this situation is also repeated in several subsequent, consecutive, more distal internodes. In one cormoid, a secondary stem arises from one of the paired, basalmost hydrocladia. -The first cladial ahydrothecate internodes do not differ much in length compared to their subsequent counterparts; they generally bear 2 nematothecae, though exceptionally 3 were noted. The remaining internodes equally bear 2 nematothecae (although, exceptionally, two pairs could be found) when they are found in the proximal parts of the cladia, while only one nematotheca occurs in those internodes confined to the distalmost parts of the cladia. - -Rees & Vervoort’s (1987) +The first cladial ahydrothecate internodes do not differ much in length compared to their subsequent counterparts; they generally bear 2 nematothecae, though exceptionally 3 were noted. The remaining internodes equally bear 2 nematothecae (although, exceptionally, two pairs could be found) when they are found in the proximal parts of the cladia, while only one nematotheca occurs in those internodes confined to the distalmost parts of the cladia. + +Rees & Vervoort’s (1987) record from -Zanzibar +Zanzibar (Stn. 112) assigned to - -H. buskii + +H. buskii likely belongs to the present species. Indeed, the occurrence of pairs of suprahydrothecal nematothecae, and of a single axillar nematotheca on the cauline internodes, are distinctive. However, the authors mention only one nematotheca per ahydrothecate cladial internode; as stated above, this situation is, quite often, met with in the distalmost internodes of the material MHNG-INVE-37494. It should also be stressed that only one nematotheca of a couple is visible when the cladia are seen laterally, especially in material mounted between slide and coverslip. Strangely, Rees & Vervoort do not mention a sinuated hydrothecal rim, though it should be underlined that this peculiarity is only noticeable towards the adaxial thecal wall, where the presence of lateral nematothecae could make it less obvious upon a routine examination. - - -Halopteris millardae + + +Halopteris millardae comes close to a few congeners with homomerously-segmented cauli and a heteromerous division of their cladia, and whose both cauline and cladial hydrothecae are provided with an axillar nematotheca, namely - -H. nuttingi + +H. nuttingi ( -Billard, 1911 +Billard, 1911 ) and - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha . - -Halopteris nuttingi + +Halopteris nuttingi has proportionally shorter cauline internodes [compare fig. 21B in -Schuchert (1997) +Schuchert (1997) with -Fig. 7A +Fig. 7A herein], provided with up to three pairs of superior nematothecae in two parallel rows, and the upper chamber of its lateral nematothecae is globular, with the rim scooped on both ad- and abaxial walls [ -Billard (1913) +Billard (1913) , as - -H. buski + +H. buski ( -sic! +sic! ); -Schuchert (1997 +Schuchert (1997 , fig. 21C, H), as - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha ]. - -Halopteris polymorpha + +Halopteris polymorpha has comparatively longer stem and cladial ahydrothecate internodes ( -Fig. 3A, B +Fig. 3A, B ), its hydrothecae are shallower ( -Fig. 3D, F +Fig. 3D, F ) and are provided with an even rim. Additional differences to other congeners are summarized in Appendix 1. - -Distribution: -Seychelles + +Distribution: +Seychelles [ -Millard & Bouillon (1973) +Millard & Bouillon (1973) , as - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) ], -Maldives +Maldives (present study), -Zanzibar +Zanzibar [ -Rees & Vervoort (1987) +Rees & Vervoort (1987) , as - -H. buskii + +H. buskii ( -Bale, 1884 +Bale, 1884 ) ]. diff --git a/data/62/05/87/620587906368FFF80885F7DB77F19468.xml b/data/62/05/87/620587906368FFF80885F7DB77F19468.xml index db0030dfab2..05a2d664c0e 100644 --- a/data/62/05/87/620587906368FFF80885F7DB77F19468.xml +++ b/data/62/05/87/620587906368FFF80885F7DB77F19468.xml @@ -1,48 +1,48 @@ - - - -Prionodonotidae + + + +Prionodonotidae - - -Author + + +Author -Don E. Wilson +Don E. Wilson - - -Author + + +Author -Russell A. Mittermeier +Russell A. Mittermeier -text - - -2009 -2009-01-31 -Lynx Edicions - -Barcelona +text + + +2009 +2009-01-31 +Lynx Edicions + +Barcelona - -Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores + +Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores - - -170 -173 + + +170 +173 -book chapter -3404 -10.5281/zenodo.5714314 -c8c6f3b7-762c-4706-8300-b45fef772938 -978-84-96553-49-1 -5714314 +book chapter +3404 +10.5281/zenodo.5714314 +c8c6f3b7-762c-4706-8300-b45fef772938 +978-84-96553-49-1 +5714314 - + @@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ -Banded Linsang +Banded Linsang - + Prionodon linsang @@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ French: -Linsang rayé +Linsang rayé / German: -Banderlinsang +Banderlinsang / Spanish: -Linsang rayado +Linsang rayado @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ includes maculosus and gracilis includes hardwichaz, fredericae, and interliniur Subspecies and Distribution. -P. l. linsang Hardwicke, 1821 +P. l. linsang Hardwicke, 1821 — S Myanmar , Peninsular @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ includes maculosus and gracilis includes hardwichaz, fredericae, and interliniur . -P. l. gracilis Horsfield, 1822 +P. l. gracilis Horsfield, 1822 — Bangka I, Belitung I, Borneo, and Java . diff --git a/data/62/05/87/620587906369FFFA09B1FDF1749693AB.xml b/data/62/05/87/620587906369FFFA09B1FDF1749693AB.xml index d39d71ada90..e930d6db1de 100644 --- a/data/62/05/87/620587906369FFFA09B1FDF1749693AB.xml +++ b/data/62/05/87/620587906369FFFA09B1FDF1749693AB.xml @@ -1,56 +1,60 @@ - - - -Prionodonotidae + + + +Prionodonotidae - - -Author + + +Author -Don E. Wilson +Don E. Wilson - - -Author + + +Author -Russell A. Mittermeier +Russell A. Mittermeier -text - - -2009 -2009-01-31 -Lynx Edicions - -Barcelona +text + + +2009 +2009-01-31 +Lynx Edicions + +Barcelona - -Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores + +Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores - - -170 -173 + + +170 +173 -book chapter -3404 -10.5281/zenodo.5714314 -c8c6f3b7-762c-4706-8300-b45fef772938 -978-84-96553-49-1 -5714314 +book chapter +3404 +10.5281/zenodo.5714314 +c8c6f3b7-762c-4706-8300-b45fef772938 +978-84-96553-49-1 +5714314 - + Family -PRIONODONTIDAE +PRIONODONTIDAE -(LINSANGS) + +( +LINSANGS +) + • Small mammals with slender, genet-like aspect, pointed muzzle, elongated neck, and tail almost as long as the head and body; spotted coat pattern and a pair of large stripes on the nape. diff --git a/data/62/05/87/62058790636BFFF808DCFC5D75329F55.xml b/data/62/05/87/62058790636BFFF808DCFC5D75329F55.xml index 8392dd403dd..7ae55d7f537 100644 --- a/data/62/05/87/62058790636BFFF808DCFC5D75329F55.xml +++ b/data/62/05/87/62058790636BFFF808DCFC5D75329F55.xml @@ -1,48 +1,48 @@ - - - -Prionodonotidae + + + +Prionodonotidae - - -Author + + +Author -Don E. Wilson +Don E. Wilson - - -Author + + +Author -Russell A. Mittermeier +Russell A. Mittermeier -text - - -2009 -2009-01-31 -Lynx Edicions - -Barcelona +text + + +2009 +2009-01-31 +Lynx Edicions + +Barcelona - -Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores + +Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores - - -170 -173 + + +170 +173 -book chapter -3404 -10.5281/zenodo.5714314 -c8c6f3b7-762c-4706-8300-b45fef772938 -978-84-96553-49-1 -5714314 +book chapter +3404 +10.5281/zenodo.5714314 +c8c6f3b7-762c-4706-8300-b45fef772938 +978-84-96553-49-1 +5714314 - + @@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ -Spotted Linsang +Spotted Linsang - + Prionodon pardicolor @@ -70,20 +70,20 @@ French: -Linsang tacheté +Linsang tacheté / German: -Fleckenlinsang +Fleckenlinsang / Spanish: -Linsang manchado +Linsang manchado Taxonomy. -Prionodon pardicolor Hodgson, 1842 +Prionodon pardicolor Hodgson, 1842 , @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Two subspecies recognized, -pardicolor +pardicolor includes pardochrous, and perdicator. @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ includes pardochrous, and perdicator. Subspecies and Distribution. -P. p. pardicolor Hodgson, 1842 +P. p. pardicolor Hodgson, 1842 — Bhutan , NE @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ includes pardochrous, and perdicator. . -P. p. presina Thomas, 1925 +P. p. presina Thomas, 1925 — Cambodia , S
- - -Halopteris australis + + + + - - - - + - + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - + + - - - + + - + - - + - - - + + - - - - + + + + - - - + + - - - - + + + + - - - + + - - - - + + + + - - - + + - - - - + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + +
+ + +Halopteris australis -sp. nov. +sp. nov. - - -Halopteris millardae + + + +Halopteris millardae -sp. nov. +sp. nov. - - -Halopteris brasiliensis + + + +Halopteris brasiliensis -sp. nov. +sp. nov.
-Cladia +
+Cladia (seen laterally) --
- segmentationHeHeHeHe/HoHe
- segmentationHeHeHeHe/HoHe
- number of nematothecae on 1st ahydrothecate internode1 (exc. 2)12 (exc. 3), in two parallel rows-1
- number of nematothecae on 1st ahydrothecate internode1 (exc. 2)12 (exc. 3), in two parallel rows-1
- nematothecae on ordinary ahydrothecate internodes112 (exc. 4), in two parallel rows; distally 111
- nematothecae on ordinary ahydrothecate internodes112 (exc. 4), in two parallel rows; distally 111
- number of axillar nematothecae1 (rarely 2)1111 (rarely 2) (*)
- number of axillar nematothecae1 (rarely 2)1111 (rarely 2) (*)
- length of quadrangular segment45-5045-5545-65-40-50 (*)
- length of quadrangular segment45-5045-5545-65-40-50 (*)
- length of 1st ahydrothecate internode210-280-170-245-137-320
- length of 1st ahydrothecate internode210-280-170-245-137-320
- length of ordinary ahydrothecate internodes150-195210-250180-230Fused 495-580150-200
- length of ordinary ahydrothecate internodes150-195210-250180-230Fused 495-580150-200
- length of hydrothecate internodes290-390320-335340-370240-440
- length of hydrothecate internodes290-390320-335340-370240-440
- diameter at transverse node35-40-60-65115-12050-70
- diameter at transverse node35-40-60-65115-12050-70
- length of nematothecae60-75-75-95-50-70 (*)
- length of nematothecae60-75-75-95-50-70 (*)
- diameter at rim of nematotheca30-40-35-50-40-50 (*)
- diameter at rim of nematotheca30-40-35-50-40-50 (*)
-Hydrotheca +
+Hydrotheca (cladial)
- shape of the rim (lateral view)Distinctly sinuatedDistinctly sinuatedSlightly sinuatedReportedly evenEven
- shape of the rim (lateral view)Distinctly sinuatedDistinctly sinuatedSlightly sinuatedReportedly evenEven
- length abaxial wall205-240200-220170-220175-200162-237
- length abaxial wall205-240200-220170-220175-200162-237
- length free adaxial wall105-11540-5575-80-120-135 (*)
- length free adaxial wall105-11540-5575-80-120-135 (*)
- diameter at rim175-190-210-220220-235180-205
- diameter at rim175-190-210-220220-235180-205
- length apophyses of lateral nematothecae65-80-30-35-50-65 (*)
- length apophyses of lateral nematothecae65-80-30-35-50-65 (*)
- length lateral nematothecae90-10085-9585-11095-14075-125
- length lateral nematothecae90-10085-9585-11095-14075-125
- diameter of apical chamber of lateral nematotheca at rim55-7045-5070-7565-8050-82
- diameter of apical chamber of lateral nematotheca at rim55-7045-5070-7565-8050-82
- length of mesial nematotheca55-60-45-50-50-87
- length of mesial nematotheca55-60-45-50-50-87
- diameter at rim of mesial nematotheca45-50-35-40-35-60
- diameter at rim of mesial nematotheca45-50-35-40-35-60
- length of axillar nematotheca45-50-20-30-40-50 (*)
- length of axillar nematotheca45-50-20-30-40-50 (*)
- diameter of axillar nematotheca at rim -ca +
- diameter of axillar nematotheca at rim +ca . 35 -20-25 -- +-20-25 +- 40-45 (*)40-45 (*)
-Gonotheca +
+Gonotheca
- length of pedicel +
- length of pedicel - (♂); -ca +ca . 70 (♀) - (♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)-(♂); 75-80 (♀) (*)- (♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)-(♂); 75-80 (♀) (*)
- length (excluding pedicel) +
- length (excluding pedicel) - (♂); -ca +ca . 730 (♀) - (♂); 400-420 (♀)<470 (♂) (*); <1150 (♀) (*)- (♂); - (♀)-(♂); 800-910 (♀)- (♂); 400-420 (♀)<470 (♂) (*); <1150 (♀) (*)- (♂); - (♀)-(♂); 800-910 (♀)
- maximum width +
- maximum width - (♂); -ca +ca . 340 (♀) - (♂); 230-250 (♀)<210 (♂) (*); <730 (♀) (*)- (♂); - (♀)-(♂); 310-450 (♀)- (♂); 230-250 (♀)<210 (♂) (*); <730 (♀) (*)- (♂); - (♀)-(♂); 310-450 (♀)
- diameter at aperture +
- diameter at aperture - (♂); -ca +ca . 225 (♀) - (♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)- (♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)-(♂); - (♀)
- number of basal nematothecae- (♂); 2 (♀)-(♂); 1 (♀)1(♂) (*); 2 (♀) (*)- (♂); - (♀)-(♂); 1-3 (♀)
- number of basal nematothecae- (♂); 2 (♀)-(♂); 1 (♀)1(♂) (*); 2 (♀) (*)- (♂); - (♀)-(♂); 1-3 (♀)
- - - -Distribution: + + + +Distribution: Only known from -Brazil +Brazil ( -Migotto, 1996 +Migotto, 1996 ). diff --git a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959.xml b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959.xml index 5ff8cab1819..325b6376743 100644 --- a/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959.xml +++ b/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959.xml @@ -1,475 +1,476 @@ - - - -A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species + + + +A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Galea, Horia R. -Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France -horia.galea@gmail.com +Galea, Horia R. +Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France +horia.galea@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina -Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy +Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina +Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Maggioni, Davide -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Maggioni, Davide +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Montano, Simone -Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives +Montano, Simone +Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives - - -Author + + +Author -Schuchert, Peter -Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland +Schuchert, Peter +Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland -text - - -Revue suisse de Zoologie +text + + +Revue suisse de Zoologie - -2018 - -2018-03-31 + +2018 + +2018-03-31 - -125 + +125 - -1 + +1 - -21 -59 + +21 +59 -journal article -10.5281/zenodo.1196007 -9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 -0035-418 -1196007 +journal article +3943 +10.5281/zenodo.1196007 +9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7 +0035-418 +1196007 - - - - - - -Halopteris millardae + + + + + + +Halopteris millardae Galea , -sp. nov. +sp. nov. - - -Figs 1F + + +Figs 1F , -2G +2G , -7 +7 ; -Table 5 +Table 5 ; Appendix 1 - - - -Halopteris polymorpha + + + +Halopteris polymorpha – -Millard & Bouillon, 1973 +Millard & Bouillon, 1973 ( -pro parte +pro parte ): 83, fig. 10F, G, H, J. – - + Bouillon -et al +et al ., 1995: 49 . – -Schuchert, 1997 +Schuchert, 1997 ( -pro parte +pro parte ): 66, 72, fig. 22A-D [non - -Halopteris polymorpha + +Halopteris polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) ]. - + non - -Halopteris polymorpha + +Halopteris polymorpha – -Millard & Bouillon, 1973 +Millard & Bouillon, 1973 ( -pro parte +pro parte ): 83 (= - -H. platygonotheca -Schuchert, 1997 + +H. platygonotheca +Schuchert, 1997 ). - - -Halopteris buskii + + +Halopteris buskii – -Rees & Vervoort, 1987 +Rees & Vervoort, 1987 ( -pro parte +pro parte ): 119, fig. 25A-B [non - -Halopteris buskii + +Halopteris buskii ( -Bale, 1884 +Bale, 1884 ) ]. - - - -Holotype + + + +Holotype material: -MACT +MACT 2700; -Seychelles +Seychelles , -Mahé +Mahé I., coll. J. Bouillon ( -MRAC +MRAC Expedition); 1966; numerous cormoids, -1.5-7 cm +1.5-7 cm high, with both female and male gonothecae [material studied by -Millard & Bouillon (1973) +Millard & Bouillon (1973) , as - -H. polymorpha + +H. polymorpha ( -Billard, 1913 +Billard, 1913 ) ; not studied here due to ongoing renovation of -MRAC +MRAC ; however, 4 microslides (MHNG-INVE-37494, H12/32-35) prepared from the -holotype +holotype , were examined for the purpose of the present study; according to -Schuchert (1997: 55) +Schuchert (1997: 55) , cormoids of - -H. platygonotheca -Schuchert, 1997 + +H. platygonotheca +Schuchert, 1997 co-occur in the original sample]. - - - -Paratype + + + +Paratype : MHNG-INVE-98634; -Republic of Maldives +Republic of Maldives , -Faafu Atoll +Faafu Atoll , 3.06497° 72.9212°, - -35 m + +35 m , coll. -D. Maggioni +D. Maggioni and -S. Montano +S. Montano ; - -14.04.2016 + +14.04.2016 ; colony composed of 6 sterile stems, -1.7-3.9 cm +1.7-3.9 cm high; 16S sequence -MF773747 +MF773747 . - - -Diagnosis: - -Halopteris + + +Diagnosis: + +Halopteris with tall cormoids, reportedly reaching -7 cm +7 cm high; stems homomerously-segmented, each internode moderately-long, carrying a hydrotheca, a lateral apophysis, and up to 7 nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a scale-shaped axillar one, as well as 2-3 superior ones arranged in two parallel rows; cladia alternate, heteromerously-segmented; ahydrothecate internodes with 2 laterally-displaced nematothecae (distally, only 1 of these subsists); hydrothecate internodes with a hydrotheca and its 4 associated nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and a small, scale-shaped axillar one. Colonies monoecious. Female gonotheca borne on stems, large, ovoid, laterally flattened, with 2 basal nematothecae, and a distal, transverse aperture closed by glass-watch-shaped operculum. -Male +Male gonothecae borne on both stems and cladia, small, fusiform, with narrow distal aperture, and one basal nematotheca. - - -Etymology: + + +Etymology: This species honors the late N.A.H. Millard (1914-1997) for her outstanding contribution to the hydrozoan research. - - -Description: + + +Description: Colonies composed of a varied number of tall stems (reportedly up to -7 cm +7 cm in height) arising from tortuous, creeping, branching, anastomosing hydrorhiza, devoid of nematothecae. Stems erect, simple, monosiphonic ( -Figs 1F +Figs 1F , -2G +2G ), composed of a basal, ahydrothecate part of varied length, and a much longer, distal part bearing hydrothecae and hydrocladia; basal part arising directly from hydrorhiza without constriction above origin, usually not segmented by transverse nodes, and carrying a varied number of nematothecae in two parallel rows; distalmost node deeply-cut and oblique; remainder of stem homomerously-segmented into regular internodes by means of oblique nodes; each internode moderately long, with a hydrotheca in its basal half, a short lateral apophysis supporting a cladium, and up to 8 nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a small, scaleshaped axillar one, as well as generally 2, occasionally 3, or exceptionally 4, superior nematothecae arranged in two parallel rows ( -Fig. 7A, B +Fig. 7A, B ); proximal most internode carries 2 opposite apophyses supporting a pair of cladia, and usually bears 3-4 superior nematothecae. Cladia borne on corresponding stem apophyses, alternate, composed of a proximal, short, quadrangular segment, followed by a succession of athecate and thecate internodes resulting from a heteromerous segmentation ( -Fig. 7A +Fig. 7A ); ahydrothecate internodes with straight node proximally and oblique node distally; the reverse in hydrothecate internodes; the latter, up to 5 per cladium in the material in hand, comprising a centrally-placed hydrotheca, and its 4 associated nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, as well as a minute, scale-shaped axillar one ( -Fig. 7C, D +Fig. 7C, D ); ahydrothecate internodes shorter than their hydrothecate counterparts, with generally 2 laterally-displaced nematothecae, either opposite or subopposite, more often found in proximal most internodes, whereas only one of these is retained by the distalmost internodes. Hydrothecae cup-shaped, moderately-deep, fused for about 1/3rd their adaxial length; abaxial wall straight for most of its length, slightly everted below aperture; the latter perfectly circular in apical view, slightly flaring and showing a sinuated rim in lateral view, though not producing an abaxial cusp ( -Fig. 7D +Fig. 7D ). All nematothecae, except the axillar ones, bithalamic and movable; mesial ones triangular in frontal view, with deeply-scooped rim on adaxial side ( - + Fig. 7 -E +E - -5 + +5 , -6 +6 ); laterals borne on rather short apophyses, conical, with thickened walls ( - + Fig. 7E -7 +7 ), not surpassing the hydrothecal rim ( -Fig. 7D +Fig. 7D ); cauline ( - + Fig. 7 -E +E - -1 + +1 , -2 +2 ) and cladial ( - + Fig. 7 -E +E - -3 + +3 , -4 +4 ) nematothecae characteristically turned posteriad ( -Fig. 7A, C +Fig. 7A, C ), long, conical, with tall basal chambers and comparatively shallow apical chambers, with adaxiallyscooped rims; axillar nematothecae associated to the hydrothecae of both caulus ( -Fig. 7E - -8 +Fig. 7E + +8 ) and cladia ( -Fig. 7E - -9 +Fig. 7E + +9 ), monothalamic. Stems monoecious. Female gonothecae borne below the stem hydrothecae through short lateral apophyses and a single-segmented, quadrangular pedicel; large, ovoid, laterally-flattened, with two nematothecae on base, and a distal, transverse, conspicuously thickened aperture closed by a glasswatch-shaped operculum. -Male +Male gonothecae borne on both stems and cladia, through short, lateral apophyses and a single-segmented, quadrangular pedicel; comparatively smaller than female, fusiform, with distal, narrow, circular aperture, and a basal nematotheca. Color in life: brownish ( -Fig. 1F +Fig. 1F ). Cnidome ( -Fig. 7F +Fig. 7F ) composed of -3 types +3 types of microbasic mastigophores: large, elongated-ovoid [(19.9-21.3) × (7.3-8.0) μm, in nematophores, as well as scattered in the coenosarc]; small, banana-shaped [(5.8-6.5) × (2.1- 2.3) μm, in tentacles]; small, ovoid capsules [(5.1-5.8) × (2.9-3.1) μm, scattered in the coenosarc]. -
 - + + Fig. 7. - -Halopteris millardae + +Halopteris millardae -sp. nov. +sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E -1, 2 +1, 2 ) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E -3, 4 +3, 4 ), mesial (E -5, 6 +5, 6 ) and lateral (E -7 +7 ) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E -8 +8 ) and cladial (E -9 +9 ) hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A).