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+
+
+
+Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) species complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae), with the description of two new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Das, Indraneil
+85A2D637-43A8-4422-B42E-A23B81592326
+Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shankar, P. Gowri
+FD48E857-17FC-4D01-B727-66BE3BBA76FB
+Maharaja Shrirama Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Takatpur, Odisha, India. & Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India. & Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. & Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Swamy, Priyanka
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Williams, Rhiannon C.
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Lalremsanga, Hmar Tlawmte
+Developmental Biology & Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796 004, Mizoram, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Prashanth, P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Sahoo, Gunanidhi
+Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Odisha, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Vijayakumar, S. P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Höglund, Jacob
+Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shanker, Kartik
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Dutta, Sushil K.
+Department of Zoology, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia 782 402, Assam, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ganesh, S. R.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wüster, Wolfgang
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+text
+
+
+European Journal of Taxonomy
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-16
+
+
+961
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+51
+
+
+
+
+https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2681/12413
+
+journal article
+10.5852/ejt.2024.961.2681
+2118-9773
+13944155
+8E064900-1289-4648-BE9A-F17461CCF25C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+(
+Cantor, 1836
+)
+
+s. str.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figs 2–5
+,
+7
+,
+9A–C
+,
+10A
+,
+11A
+,
+12A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+Cantor, 1836: 87
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Hamadryas ophiophagus
+Cantor, 1838: 187
+
+
+(replacement name for
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+Naia Vittata
+Elliot, 1840: 41
+
+
+(sic, for
+
+vittata
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+Dendraspis hannah sinensis
+Deraniyagala, 1960: 62
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dendraspis hannah nordicus
+Deraniyagala, 1961: 229
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dendraspis hannah brunnea
+Deraniyagala, 1961: 229
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Common name
+
+
+Northern king cobra.
+
+
+
+Diagnosis
+(redefined herein)
+
+
+A species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+inhabiting the Sub-Himalayas, eastern
+India
+,
+Myanmar
+, Indochina, southwards to the Isthmus of Kra, showing the following combination of characters: dark-edged yellow bands along body of adults (vs unbanded in adult
+
+O. salvatana
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
+
+sp. nov.
+; lacking dark edges to the pale bands in
+
+O. kaalinga
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
+
+sp. nov.
+and, if present, in
+
+O. bungarus
+
+). Further,
+
+O. hannah
+
+differs from all other congeners in having a high pterygoid tooth count of 18–21 (vs
+11 in
+
+O. bungarus
+
+and
+
+O. salvatana
+
+and
+12 in
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+). Finally, juveniles of
+
+O. hannah
+
+, with 27–48 body bands, differ from
+
+O. salvatana
+
+(85–86) and
+
+O. bungarus
+
+(57–87); relative tail length ranging 21.7–26.4% with a mean of 24.05% (vs 19.3–25.1% [22.2%] in
+
+O. bungarus
+
+; vs 18.0–19.9% [18.95%] in
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+; vs 18.7–23.0% [20.85%] in
+
+O. salvatana
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+Etymology
+
+
+
+The source of the epithet
+
+hannah
+
+was not mentioned by
+Cantor (1836
+,
+1838
+). More recently,
+Adler (2016)
+argued the same to be an eponym for
+Hannah Sarah Wallich
+(1820–1893), eldest daughter of Cantor’s host and uncle, the celebrated botanist (and physician), Nathaniel Wallich (1786–1854), during his time in Calcutta, and at the time of description of the species.
+
+
+
+
+
+Type material
+
+
+
+
+Neotype
+
+(designated herein)
+
+
+
+INDIA
+•
+♀
+;
+West Bengal State
+,
+Kolkata
+,
+Howrah
+,
+Acharya Jagadish Chandra Indian Botanical Gardens
+;
+22.55° N
+,
+88.29° E
+;
+John Anderson
+leg.;
+ZSI 8292
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+
+
+
+The type series comprising
+four syntypes
+, of
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+
+, reported from “Sunderbuns” and “jungle not far from Calcutta”, being lost or untraceable now (not mentioned in
+Boulenger 1896
+;
+
+Das
+et al
+. 1998
+
+), along with most of Cantor’s zoological specimens (see
+Adler 2016
+), is the cause of some confusion, both in the past and presumably in the future. Indeed, there is no mention of the location of the types in other works that enumerate repositories of Asian snake types (e.g.,
+Smith 1943
+;
+Golay 1985
+;
+Toriba 1993
+;
+David & Ineich 1999
+;
+
+McDiarmid
+et al.
+1999
+
+; Iskandar & Colijn 2000).
+
+
+Since it is evident that the type series of Cantor’s
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+
+is currently not extant (Article 75.3.4), we invoke Article 75 of the Code (
+ICZN 1999
+) to designate ZSI 8292, an adult collected by John Anderson, Superintendent of the Indian Museum from the Indian Botanical Gardens, Howrah, Kolkata,
+India
+, as the
+neotype
+of
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+
+, in the context of the revision of the genus, in order to clarify the taxonomic status of the species (Article 75.3.1) and describe the characters of the specimen (Article 75.3.2), the data and description of the same unequivocally diagnosing the taxon from its congeners (Article 75.3.3). The
+neotype
+matches the original description in all observed morphological characteristics (Article 75.3.5), and is drawn from the general geographical area of the type locality, in the north-western suburb of the township of Shibpur, ca
+10 km
+from Kolkata (Article 75.3.6) and preserved in a globally-recognised systematic collection that dates back to the late 1800s (Article 75.3.7).
+
+
+The members of the genus are widespread and appear morphologically conservative, with incorrect application of names for over a century and the possibility of parapatry or sympatry (such as in fragmented areas of central
+India
+, as well as in southern
+Thailand
+), and more intense sampling may reveal the existence of additional cryptic lineages within the complex. This is likely within the vast geographical range of
+
+O. hannah
+
+, as restricted here, as well as in the extreme eastern range of the group (Sulawesi) and the southern islands of the
+Philippines
+archipelago, as new material, including genetic samples, becomes available. Despite the long history of collections and research in the southern Bengal region (
+Das 2004
+), it is remarkable that no other topotypical specimen exists in a systematic institution, further necessitating the need to draw attention to this significant specimen (ZSI 8292).
+
+
+
+On the identity and provenance of
+
+Naia vittata
+
+
+
+
+Elliot (1840)
+erected the nomen
+
+Naia vittata
+
+based on a stuffed adult (see
+Günther 1858
+), a non-skeletal specimen sourced from southern
+India
+(
+Fig. 5
+). This nomen was however short-lived, as
+Cantor (1847)
+went on to synonymise Elliot’s nomen under his own
+
+Hamadryas ophiophagus
+Cantor, 1838
+
+: the synonymy has been accepted by subsequent authors.
+Elliot (1840)
+in his original description states that the type specimen was given to him by a fisherman who found the live snake contained inside a floating box carried by a catamaran in mid-sea, off the coast of “St. Thome” (currently, Santhome, within Chennai City,
+Tamil Nadu State
+, southern
+India
+:
+13.0303° N
+,
+80.2788° E
+,
+7 m
+a.s.l.). Thus, its true precise provenance remains unknown. The only other locality mentioned in the original description is Guindy (also in Chennai City:
+13.0105° N
+,
+80.2156° E
+;
+14 m
+a.s.l.). By all evidence, there has never been any wild population(s) of
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+in either of the two localities mentioned in Elliot’s description (
+Murthy 1978
+;
+Whitaker & Captain 2004
+). When
+Deraniyagala (1960)
+reinstated this nomen as a trinomial for a subspecies, he conferred it to the Western Ghats population. Our studies show that the description and figure of the
+holotype
+of
+
+Naia vittata
+
+are not in conformity with the Western Ghats population, in that the two-scale wide pale bands, distinct black borders of the pale bands and the progressive darkening of the dorsum posteriorly are unique to this nominal species. Thus, taking into account the morphology and the most plausible geographic scenario (see discussion), we treat
+
+Naia vittata
+Elliot, 1840
+
+as a junior subjective synonym of
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+
+BHUTAN
+•
+1 ♀
+;
+Ronglong
+,
+Manas Valley
+;
+26.79° N
+,
+90.94° E
+;
+ZSI 22483
+
+.
+
+
+
+CHINA
+(including Hong Kong) •
+1 spec.
+, holotype of
+
+Dendraspis hannah sinensis
+Deraniyagala, 1961
+
+;
+Fujian Province
+“
+Guling-Gu Shan
+”,
+near Fuzhou Shi
+;
+26.10° N
+,
+119.28° E
+;
+AMNH 29944
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+; New Territory,
+Hong Kong
+,
+Tai Po
+; 22.30° N, 113.95° E–
+22.45° N
+,
+114.17° E
+;
+BMNH 1983.273
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Guizhou Province
+Kowloon
+;
+22.32° N
+,
+114.18° E
+;
+BMNH 1955.1.4.69
+
+•
+
+2 specs;
+Xiuwen
+;
+26.83° N
+,
+106.59° E
+;
+CIB 21001
+,
+CIB 210002
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Guizhou Province
+Xingyi
+;
+25.09° N
+,
+104.89° E
+;
+CIB
+unregistered
+
+•
+
+3 specs
+;
+Hong Kong Lantau Island
+i.e.,
+Tai Yue Shan
+;
+22.25° N
+,
+113.93° E
+;
+MCZ 176539
+,
+MCZ 176540
+,
+MCZ 177105
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Hong Kong New Territories
+,
+W slope of Tai Mo Shan
+;
+22.42° N
+,
+114.12° E
+;
+MCZ 176365
+
+.
+
+
+
+Fig. 2.
+Plate X from
+Cantor (1836)
+, showing head with neck expanded in anterior and posterior views of a syntype of
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+Cantor, 1836
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+INDIA
+•
+1 ♀
+;
+Meghalaya State
+,
+Shillong’
+;
+25.58° N
+,
+91.89° E
+;
+BMNH 1907.12.16.21
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+; same data as for preceding;
+ZSI 21703
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+, holotype of
+
+Naia vittata
+Elliot, 1840
+
+;
+Tamil Nadu State
+, southeastern India in Mylapore,
+coastal Chennai
+“St. Thome”;
+13.03° N
+,
+80.28° E
+;
+BMNH 1996.451
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+; “
+Assam
+” [no further locality];
+BNHS 2274
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Assam State
+,
+Kokrajhar
+,
+Kachugaon
+;
+26.38° N
+,
+90.903° E
+;
+BNHS 2275
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+, paratype of
+
+Dendraspis hannah brunnea
+Deraniyagala, 1961
+
+;
+West Bengal State
+,
+Tindharia
+;
+26.85° N
+,
+88.33° E
+;
+BNHS 2276
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Sikkim State
+,
+Gangtok
+;
+27.33° N
+,
+88.612° E
+;
+BNHS 2270
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Uttarakhand State
+,
+Nainital
+,
+Patwadangar
+;
+29.38° N
+,
+79.50° E
+;
+BNHS 2278
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+West Bengal State
+,
+Duars
+, ca
+30 km
+area of floodplains in
+Himalayan foothills north of Brahmaputra
+;
+BNHS 2267
+
+•
+
+1 spec
+;
+South Andaman Island
+; ca
+11.61° N
+,
+92.61° E
+;
+CSPT/S-56
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Odisha State
+,
+Bhitarkanika National Park
+; ca
+20.75° N
+,
+87.00° E
+;
+MCBT 152886
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; same data as for preceding;
+NKBP
+unreg
+
+. •
+
+1 spec.
+;
+West Bengal State
+,
+Kalimpong
+,
+Tarkhola
+;
+27.07° N
+,
+88.48° E
+;
+MCZ 58258
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Arunachal Pradesh
+,
+Itanagar
+;
+27.07° N
+,
+93.59° E
+;
+SFRI
+A-4
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+South Andaman Island
+, Port Blair [currently,
+Sri Vijaya Puram
+];
+11.62° N
+,
+92.72° E
+;
+USNM 129748
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+South Andaman Island
+,
+Mathura
+;
+11.72° N
+,
+92.69° E
+;
+ZSIP 366
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Uttarakhand State
+,
+Mussoorie
+;
+30.45° N
+,
+78.08° E
+;
+ZSI 12556
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+, holotype of
+
+Dendraspis hannah brunnea
+Deraniyagala, 1961
+
+;
+West Bengal State
+,
+Darjeeling
+;
+27.05° N
+,
+88.3° E
+;
+ZSI 8294
+
+.
+
+
+
+MYANMAR
+•
+1 ♀
+;
+Bago Division
+, Bago or Pegu;
+17.33° N
+,
+96.48° E
+;
+BMNH 68.4.3.31
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Shan State
+,
+Shweli
+, in a river;
+23.67° N
+,
+96.42° E
+; collection locality presumably in basin;
+BMNH 1925.12.22.18
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+;
+Shan State
+,
+Mogok
+;
+23.00° N
+,
+96.42° E
+;
+BMNH 1900.9.20.19
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Kachin State
+,
+Sumprabum Triangle
+;
+26.55° N
+,
+97.57° E
+;
+BMNH 1940.6.5.63
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Magway Division
+,
+Thayet-myo
+;
+19.32° N
+,
+95.18° E
+;
+BNHS 2271
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+; Sinlum Kaba or
+Sinlumkaba
+; ca
+24° N
+,
+97° E
+;
+BNHS 2273
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Ayeyarwaddy Division
+,
+vicinity of Mwe Hauk village
+;
+16.28° N
+,
+94.77° E
+;
+CAS 206601
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Mandalay Division
+,
+Mount Popa
+;
+20.92° N
+,
+95.25° E
+;
+MCZ 44699
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+;
+Mandalay Division
+,
+Popa Mountain Park
+,
+Kyauk Pan Tawn
+;
+20.87° N
+,
+95.24° E
+;
+CAS 214017
+
+.
+
+
+
+NEPAL
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Bagmati Province
+,
+Kathmandu
+;
+27.72° N
+,
+85.32° E
+;
+BNHS 2268
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Bagmati Province
+,
+
+ca
+14.5 km
+W of Hetauda
+
+,
+Rapti Bridge
+; ca
+27.43° N
+,
+85.00° E
+;
+BNHS 2269
+
+.
+
+
+
+THAILAND
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Amphoe Pak Thong Chai
+,
+Nakhon Ratchasima Province
+[= Khorat Province],
+Sakaerat Environmental Research Station
+;
+14.51° N
+,
+101.93° E
+;
+FMNH 180215
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Prachuap Khiri Khan Province
+,
+Koh Lak
+;
+11.82° N
+,
+99.80° E
+;
+BMNH 1969.1927
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; same data as for preceding;
+NRM 2532
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Lampang Province
+, northern Thailand,
+Lakon
+, Lampang;
+18.25° N
+,
+99.50° E
+;
+BMNH 1921.4.1.44
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Pak Nam Pho
+;
+15.71° N
+,
+100.13° E
+;
+BMNH 1968.836
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; north-western Thailand,
+Mae Hong Son Province
+;
+19.25° N
+,
+98.00° E
+;
+BMNH 1987.1160
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Kanchanaburi Province
+,
+Sai Yok
+;
+14.12° N
+,
+99.14° E
+;
+BMNH 1987.1162
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; northern Thailand,
+Chiang Mai Province
+,
+Doi Suthep
+;
+18.82° N
+,
+98.89° E
+;
+FMNH 178405
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Bangkok Province
+,
+Near Bangkok
+; ca
+13.75° N
+,
+100.52° E
+;
+MCZ 20331
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Chiang Mai Province
+,
+Mount Angka
+, possibly Doi Angkei or Doi Angkhang;
+19.00° N
+,
+98.67° E
+;
+MCZ 20331
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Khon Kaen Province
+,
+Khon Kaen
+,
+near Pong Neep Dam
+;
+16.77° N
+,
+102.59° E
+;
+TNRC 1120
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Tak Province
+,
+Doi Hua Mod
+;
+15.97° N
+,
+98.85° E
+;
+USNM 101040
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Nakhon Ratchasima Province
+,
+Pak Chong
+or Pak Jong;
+14.75° N
+,
+101.42° E
+;
+USNM 72726
+
+.
+
+
+
+VIETNAM
+•
+1 ♀
+;
+Dac Lak Province
+,
+Buon Ma Thuot City
+or Lac Giao;
+12.67° N
+,
+108.05° E
+;
+FMNH 26475
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+; same data as for preceding;
+MCZ 43744
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Thuan Pho
+Ho Chi Minh Province
+,
+Ho Chi Minh City
+or Saigon;
+10.75° N
+,
+106.67° E
+;
+LSUMZ 34904
+;
+
+
+1 spec.
+; same data as for preceding; MNHN 1975.127
+
+•
+
+2 specs
+;
+Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province
+,
+Vung Tàu
+or Cap Saint-Jacque;
+10.35° N
+,
+107.07° E
+;
+MNHN 1911.66
+,
+MNHN 1920.213
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+;
+Lao Cai Province
+,
+Cha Pa
+or Chapa;
+22.33° N
+,
+103.83° E
+;
+MNHN 1935.108
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; “Cochinchine”, [
+currently interpreted as south of Gianh River (Sông Gianh)
+, southern
+Vietnam
+, no further data];
+MNHN 1912.75
+
+•
+
+3 ♂♂
+; same data as for preceding;
+MNHN 3189
+,
+MNHN 7671
+,
+MNHN 5205
+
+.
+
+
+Skeletal material
+
+
+
+THAILAND
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Nakhon Ratchasima
+or Khorat Province,
+Pak Chong
+or Pak Jong;
+101.42° E
+,
+14.75° N
+;
+USNM 72726
+
+.
+
+
+
+VIETNAM
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Lam Dong Province
+,
+Bao Loc
+;
+11.42° N
+,
+107.67°E
+;
+USNM 95105
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Description of
+neotype
+
+(
+ZSI
+8292)
+
+
+Venter with an incision, appears to be the specimen mentioned in
+Anderson (1871)
+.
+
+
+MEASUREMENTS
+. SVL
+2085 mm
+, TL
+462 mm
+, total
+2547 mm
+.
+
+
+HABITUS
+. Body relatively robust (midbody width
+38.3 mm
+, 1.8% SVL), triangular in cross-section; transverse scales on body: DSR1 17; DSR2 15; DSR3 15; ventrals 240; subcaudals 91; cloacal 1; dorsal scales smooth, the vertebral and outer two rows enlarged; ventral scales smooth; first four subcaudal scutes entire; tail short (22.1% SVL), cylindrical, tapering posteriorly.
+
+
+
+Fig. 3.
+Plate XI from
+Cantor (1836)
+, showing cranium, mandible, dissected head and venom glands of a syntype of
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+Cantor, 1836
+
+.
+
+
+
+HEAD
+. Head relatively large, head length
+46.3 mm
+, head width
+29.4 mm
+; head depth
+25.8 mm
+; distinct from neck, flattened in the orbital region, rounded in the sagittal region, with a slight depression medially, snout projecting slightly beyond mandible; canthus rostralis sharply defined; eye diameter
+7.4 mm
+; interorbital distance
+19.3 mm
+; cephalic scales juxtaposed, smooth-edged, except parietals and occipitals, which are slightly imbricate; rostral trapezoid in shape, distinctly visible from above, over twice as long as wide, concave ventrally, rostral width
+5.2 mm
+; rostral length
+12.2 mm
+; eye to snout distance 15.0 mm; eye to nostril distance 7.0 mm; nostril diameter
+5.3 mm
+; internasals large, subtrapezoidal, wider than long; internasal suture width
+19.3 mm
+; preocular squarish, wider than high, separated from internasal by prefrontal; prefrontals trapezoid, wider than long; frontal trapezoidal, contacting prefrontals, supraoculars and parietals; frontal edge sinuous, short-sided posteriorly; supraocular subtrapezoidal, contacting prefrontal, frontal, parietal, orbit, preocular, upper postocular and two temporals; large paired occipitals, occipital length 13.0 mm; interoccipital scale present behind the suture between parietals; temporals 2/2 (L/R); in anterior pair, lower temporal larger than upper; in posterior pair, upper temporal longer than lower; first row of nuchals slightly enlarged compared to rest of dorsals; supralabials 7/7; III–IV (L/R) touching the eye; III (L/R) contacting preocular and I (L/R) contacting posterior nasal; supralabial I low; II high; III tallest; II and IV subequal; and VI and VII low, narrow and elongate; nostril lateral at posterior of a single concave nasal, horizontally elliptical, its greatest diameter along vertical axis; one preocular and three postoculars; eye large, contained in head length 0.16 times and head depth 0.29 times; pupil rounded; ocular ring (sensu
+
+Marx
+et al.
+1987
+
+) comprising seven scales: one preocular, three postoculars, one supraocular and two supralabials; suboculars absent; mental small, triangular, wider than deep (mental width
+7.8 mm
+; mental depth
+2.4 mm
+); infralabials 8/8 (L/R), first (L/R) contacting anterior genials; infralabial I contact anterior genial; infralabial IV (L/R) contact posterior genials; infralabial IV largest; cuneate scute on lower jaw absent; two elongate gular scales follow posterior mental; the anterior longer than posterior.
+
+
+
+Fig. 4.
+Plate XII from
+Cantor (1836)
+, showing head in dorsal and ventral views, scale closeups and the posterior venter and tail of a syntype of
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+Cantor, 1836
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Fig. 5.
+Holotype of
+
+Naia vittata
+Elliot, 1840
+
+.
+Top
+. Photograph of the preserved holotype specimen BMNH 1996.451.
+Bottom
+. Plate I from
+Elliot (1840)
+.
+
+
+
+DENTITION
+. Maxillary teeth recurved and stout, not compressed, gradually increasing in size posteriorly; fang length 4.0 mm; fang width at base 2.0 mm; tooth count obscured by gingivae.
+
+
+COLOURATION
+. After over a century in preservative,
+neotype
+dorsum mahogany brown, almost band-less anteriorly with traces of mottled reticulation of dark-edged pale bands that become more visible from midbody to near tip of tail; venter similarly coloured as of dorsal ground colour, except posterior edge of each scute edged with pale grey; scutes of head midbrown, those on forehead distinctly edged with dark grey.
+
+
+HEMIPENIS
+. Examined in
+SFRI
+A-4. Organ everted; distinctly bilobed, rather long and slender, its lengths (L/R) 97/
+85 mm
+and widths (L/R) 5.5/
+4.5 mm
+; extending up to 15/10 subcaudal scale; divided at level of first subcaudal scale; lobe head flat and rather circular near apex, with numerous, tiny spinules and flounces; asulcate side relatively less spinose compared to sulcate side; basal part of pedicel with dense congregation of large spines; bilobed tubular length of organ with series of circular whorls of spiny protuberances; sulcal lips not evident, sheath-like, completely surrounding apex base; sulcus spermaticus not evident.
+
+
+
+Morphological variation
+
+
+
+Six of
+43 specimens
+(14%) examined have an interoccipital scute. The occurrence of divided and undivided subcaudals in members of the complex has been reported in the literature (e.g.,
+Smith 1943: 436
+). All
+43 specimens
+examined for this character have some undivided subcaudals, typically, the first and in succeeding subcaudals up to subcaudal 26, in what appears to be an irregular pattern, including about a third undivided subcaudals from Subcaudal 18 to 32, again without an apparent pattern that cannot be linked to either sex or geographical distribution. The total pale body band count made on 41 individuals was 27–48 (mean 39.6). Dorsum of more recently collected material examined is a shade of midbrown, Fawn Colour #25, forehead paler, Drab #27, interscale areas darker along body; distinct pale bands, Buff #124, numbering 27–48, each 2–3 scales wide, edged with darker grey, Blackish Neutral Gray #82 areas, about a scale wide, bands separated from each other by five scales; on nape region, the first two pale bands form distinct chevrons, the rest of the body bands less angular in adults; bands sometimes broaden on lower flanks; the largest scales of forehead, frontal, parietals, occipitals, upper temporals and postoculars with a distinct dark edge. Tail and posterior fourth of body nearly black, with 1–2 ivory-coloured scales on tail, separated from each other by 5–6 scales. Some large individuals are grey-black, the interscale regions appearing paler. Mandible and genial region Cream Colour, #54; the gular region to until Ventral 13–27 bright yellow, Warm Buff, #118, sometimes reported as a shade of orange, with two dark areas peripherally, comprising somewhat indistinct bands meeting Ventrals 13–27; and noticeably in larger, hooding individuals. Abdominal region as in gular region, but progressively darkening. Subcaudal region with pale scales, obscurely darkened throughout and with dark edges. Pupil rounded, black, iris brownish-red, Kingfisher Rufous #240, darkening peripherally, with a narrow, yellow ring. Tongue is blackish-grey, the oral cavity pink. Juveniles have ivory white bands, Buff, #124, including four on the head region, the first one in rostral position, a broad one covering rostral, as well as part of Supralabial 1, nasals, and internasals; the second in preocular position, narrower, and covering part of the prefrontals, preoculars and Supralabial III; the third one in postocular position, narrowest of the four bands, and covering part of the frontal and parietals, and comprising large, elongated marks arranged in a transverse series; and the fourth one on cephalic position, broader than the previous one, and covering part of the parietals and occipitals, and comprising large oval spots arranged in a transverse series. Body bands are of the same colour, about two scales in width, and number 35–48 between head bands and the caudal region above vent, and have 4–5 scale wide interband areas. Bands on tail relatively thick, with darker edges, both dorsally and ventrally; and the posterior third of body appears darker than the rest of the body.
+
+Sample size and condition do not permit analysis of ontogenetic change of body bands, although the adult bands do appear to show reduced contrast on the dorsum, compared to hatchlings, and pale markings are absent on the forehead of adults. Individuals (n = 12) that permitted counts of tooth sockets have dentition thus: 15–16 dentaries; 18–21 pterygoids and 3 palatines.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution
+
+
+
+The geographical distribution of the nominate species, as restricted here, extends from extreme eastern
+Pakistan
+, across the sub-Himalayan region of Kashmir, northern
+India
+,
+Nepal
+,
+Bhutan
+, Tibet, and south to the Godavari-Mahanadi-Ganges deltas of the Circar Coast in eastern
+India
+, east to the eastern coast of
+China
+, including
+Hong Kong
+, the range extending south to Indo-China, including
+Myanmar
+,
+Laos
+,
+Vietnam
+,
+Cambodia
+and parts of
+Thailand
+, presumably north of the Isthmus of Kra (
+Pope 1935
+;
+Das 1999
+;
+
+Leviton
+et al.
+2003
+
+;
+Whitaker & Captain 2004
+[in part];
+
+Ahmed
+et al.
+2009
+
+;
+
+Nguyen
+et al.
+2009
+
+;
+
+Sharma
+et al.
+2013
+
+;
+
+Chandra
+et al
+. 2014
+
+;
+
+Ahsan
+et al.
+2015
+
+;
+
+Faiz
+et al
+. 2017
+
+;
+Dolia 2018
+;
+Tshewang & Letro 2018
+;
+Francis 2021
+;
+
+Koirala
+et al.
+2021
+
+). The records from the extreme west of the distributional range (including Lahore and Palanpur, in
+Pakistan
+) were considered by
+Wall (1928)
+to be introductions by snake charmers or the result of transport along rivers. However, old records of the occurrence of the snake in the extreme eastern part of
+Pakistan
+, discussed in this paper, appear to be reliable, although it is unknown if populations persist at present.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C6DFF951C7EFB98FDFBFB77.xml b/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C6DFF951C7EFB98FDFBFB77.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..38759a17a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C6DFF951C7EFB98FDFBFB77.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,857 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) species complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae), with the description of two new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Das, Indraneil
+85A2D637-43A8-4422-B42E-A23B81592326
+Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shankar, P. Gowri
+FD48E857-17FC-4D01-B727-66BE3BBA76FB
+Maharaja Shrirama Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Takatpur, Odisha, India. & Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India. & Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. & Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Swamy, Priyanka
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Williams, Rhiannon C.
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Lalremsanga, Hmar Tlawmte
+Developmental Biology & Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796 004, Mizoram, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Prashanth, P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Sahoo, Gunanidhi
+Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Odisha, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Vijayakumar, S. P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Höglund, Jacob
+Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shanker, Kartik
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Dutta, Sushil K.
+Department of Zoology, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia 782 402, Assam, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ganesh, S. R.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wüster, Wolfgang
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+text
+
+
+European Journal of Taxonomy
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-16
+
+
+961
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+51
+
+
+
+
+https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2681/12413
+
+journal article
+10.5852/ejt.2024.961.2681
+2118-9773
+13944155
+8E064900-1289-4648-BE9A-F17461CCF25C
+
+
+
+
+
+Genus
+
+Ophiophagus
+Günther, 1864
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Hoplocephalus
+Wagler, 1830: 342
+
+
+(in prevailing usage for Australian Broad-headed snakes).
+
+
+
+
+Hamadryas
+Cantor, 1836: 187
+
+
+(preoccupied; by
+
+Hamadryas
+Hübner, 1818
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+Dendraspis
+Fitzinger, 1843: 28
+
+
+(suppressed; for
+
+Dendroaspis
+Schlegel, 1848
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+Ophiophagus
+Günther, 1864: 340
+
+
+. Official Generic Name No. 1599 Opinion 709 (
+ICZN 1964
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type species
+
+
+
+
+
+Hamadryas elaps
+Günther, 1858
+
+fide Opinion 709 of
+
+ICZN (1964: 210)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Etymology
+
+
+
+Greek, alluding to the snake-eating habits of member(s) of the genus, from the respective roots, ‘
+ophis
+’ for ‘snake’ and ‘
+phagos
+’ for ‘eater’.
+
+
+
+
+
+Nomenclatural remarks
+
+
+
+The nomenclature of the generic name of the king cobra has been subject to considerable confusion. The original generic nomen,
+
+Hamadryas
+Cantor, 1836
+
+was identified as preoccupied by
+
+Hamadryas
+Hübner, 1818
+
+(
+Insecta
+:
+Lepidoptera
+) (see
+Bogert 1945
+;
+ICZN 1964
+;
+Smith & Chiszar 1989
+).
+Zhao & Adler (1993: 271)
+mentioned that
+Hübner (1806)
+, usually cited as the source of the generic name, only used the plural form
+
+Hamadryades
+.
+
+The next oldest generic name,
+
+Dendraspis
+Fitzinger, 1843
+
+, was suppressed (
+ICZN 1964
+), due the likelihood of confusion with the genus
+
+Dendroaspis
+Schlegel, 1848
+
+.
+
+
+Günther (1864: 340)
+established the genus
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+, with
+
+Hamadryas elaps
+Günther, 1858
+
+as the sole included species, and hence the
+type
+species by monotypy. The specific epithet
+
+elaps
+
+has a confused history.
+Günther (1858
+,
+1864
+) had erroneously attributed the name
+
+elaps
+
+to Lesson, 1829, as well as to
+Schlegel, 1837
+. In fact, Lesson did not use the specific epithet
+
+elaps
+
+, but instead described
+
+Coluber ikaheca
+Lesson, 1830
+
+(now
+
+Micropechis ikaheca
+
+). The name
+
+Naja elaps
+
+was thus newly established by
+Schlegel (1837)
+. The clear description and illustration in
+Schlegel (1844)
+leave no doubt that
+
+Naja elaps
+
+is a junior synonym of Lesson’s
+
+Coluber ikaheca
+
+(see
+Mertens 1962
+). However, despite attributing the name
+
+elaps
+
+to Schlegel, in listing
+
+Hamadryas elaps
+,
+Günther (1858)
+
+provided an unmistakable description of the king cobra: the ventral and subcaudal scale counts lie outside the ranges for
+
+Micropechis
+Boulenger, 1896
+
+, the mixed single and divided subcaudals, a clear description of what are now called the occipital scales (the term ‘occipital scales’ was used by Günther and his contemporaries for what are now termed the parietal scales) and the size of the species are unambiguously characteristic of the king cobra. Günther’s synonymy and chresonymy make clear that
+
+O. elaps
+
+is a chresonym of
+
+Hamadryas elaps
+Günther, 1858
+
+. The inclusion of
+
+Naja elaps
+
+Schlegel,
+1837
+
+
+in the synonymy of
+
+O. elaps
+
+is most probably a mistake of Günther, either a lapsus or a confusion with
+
+Naja bungarus
+
+, a taxon that is indeed a king cobra.
+
+
+Mertens (1962)
+asked the ICZN to designate “
+
+Hamadryas elaps
+Günther, 1858
+
+[equivalent to
+
+hannah
+Cantor, 1836
+
+]” as the
+type
+species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+. This was enacted by Opinion 709 of
+ICZN (1964: 210)
+, fixing
+
+Hamadryas elaps
+Günther, 1858
+
+as the
+type
+species of the genus
+
+Ophiophagus
+Günther, 1864
+
+.
+
+
+While the nomenclature of the genus has been stable in the literature since ICZN Opinion 709 (
+ICZN 1964
+), several problematic issues have remained overlooked.
+Boie (1828a
+,
+1828b
+) used the nomen
+
+Naja bungaroides
+
+for a juvenile (RMNH 1334; see below) from
+Java
+. We treat it as a nomen nudum, as the description, “due to the makeup of the scuta subcaudalia”, does not constitute a “description or definition”, as required by Article 12.1 of the Code (
+ICZN 1999
+) and defined in the Glossary therein (
+Mees 1957
+;
+David & Ineich 1999
+).
+Wagler (1830: 342)
+cited Boie’s
+
+Naja bungaroidea
+
+(incorrect subsequent spelling of
+
+Naja bungaroides
+
+) and provided a diagnosis sufficient to make the name available. In the same publication, Wagler also proposed a new genus,
+
+Hoplocephalus
+
+, for
+
+Naja bungaroides
+
+. The consequence of this, overlooked ever since, is that the
+type
+species of the genus
+
+Hoplocephalus
+
+is
+
+Naja bungaroides
+Wagler, 1830
+
+, a king cobra, not the Australian broad-headed snake which
+Schlegel (1837)
+named
+
+Naja bungaroides
+
+(while also creating the name
+
+Naja bungarus
+
+for Boie’s species). Schlegel’s name
+
+bungaroides
+
+has been consistently applied to the Australian species since, while it is Schlegel’s
+
+Naja bungarus
+
+that has long been associated with
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+. A strict interpretation of the Code would make
+
+Hoplocephalus
+
+the oldest available genus-group name for the king cobra, and
+
+bungaroides
+
+the oldest species-group name for any king cobra species. This would upend the nomenclature of two culturally iconic, medically important and IUCN Red-Listed genera of elapid snakes, each with a large associated body of literature.
+
+
+A Case to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature is in preparation to preserve the prevailing usage of the genus-group names
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+and
+
+Hoplocephalus
+
+and of the binomen
+
+Hoplocephalus bungaroides
+
+. This will require setting aside the type of Wagler’s
+
+Naja bungaroides
+
+and the designation of a
+neotype
+belonging to the Australian broad-headed snake. The action will make Wagler’s name unavailable for any king cobra. In anticipation of a Commission Opinion in favour of this case, we have therefore refrained from using Wagler’s name
+
+bungaroides
+
+for any king cobra species, and have used the next-oldest available name in all cases. In the interest of nomenclatural stability, all affected nomina should continue to be used in the prevailing manner pending resolution of the case by the Commission.
+
+
+
+Nomenclatural histories of species-series nomina
+
+
+
+The type species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+,
+Cantor’s (1836)
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+
+, was from “Sunderbuns”, equivalent to the Sunderbans of Bengal, a large deltaic region of mangrove forests at the confluence of the rivers Ganga, Brahmaputra and Padma, covering an area of ca 10 000 sq km in modern day
+India
+and
+Bangladesh
+, and “jungle not far from Calcutta” (since 2001, Kolkata, the administrative capital of
+West Bengal State
+, eastern
+India
+), located ca
+56 km
+NW of the Sunderbans. It is unclear where the
+four syntypes
+were deposited and these are considered not extant at present (
+Toriba 1993
+). Several other snake types of Cantor are unlocated, and a few are preserved either as specimens in the BMNH or depicted in numbered, coloured plates in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University, Oxford,
+United Kingdom
+. The original description, published in
+Asiatick Researches
+(later modified to ‘
+Asiatic Researches
+’, its full form, ‘
+Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal for Inquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature of Asia
+’), which was a short-lived (1798–1836) journal published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal from Calcutta. The original description contained a nine-line Latin diagnosis of the purported new genus
+
+Hamadryas
+Cantor, 1836
+
+, and a two-line diagnosis of the species, followed by five pages of description and reports on its behaviour, as reported by local inhabitants of the region. Three plates accompany the description, the first showing the head with neck expanded in anterior and posterior views (
+Cantor 1836
+: fig. 1), the second showing the cranium and mandible as well as dissected head showing cranial muscles as well as the venom glands (
+Cantor 1836
+: fig. 2), and finally, the head in dorsal and ventral views, showing close-ups of some scales and the posterior venter and tail, showing ventral and subcaudal scales (
+Cantor 1836
+: fig. 3).
+
+
+About two years later,
+Cantor’s (1838)
+redescription of the same species, as
+
+Hamadryas ophiophagus
+
+, was read out at the
+12 June 1838
+meeting of the Zoological Society of London, a somewhat rare case of synonymy involving the same author. The rationale for the action remains unknown, because
+Cantor (1838)
+alludes to his 1836 paper, and may either be on account of Cantor’s desire to disseminate the information regarding his remarkable new species to a scholarly audience at home, and his realization of the transient nature of the
+Asiatic Researches
+.
+
+
+Several names have been applied to members of the genus. The taxonomic and nomenclatural history is elaborated below. The nomina currently recognised as synonyms include
+
+Naja bungarus
+Schlegel, 1837
+
+;
+
+Hamadryas ophiophagus
+Cantor, 1838
+
+;
+
+Naia vittata
+Elliot, 1840
+
+;
+Dimeresurus
+
+boiei
+Bleeker, 1858
+
+(a nomen nudum, carrying no description; the name [in the combination
+
+Trimeresurus boiei
+
+] was synonymised with
+
+Naia bungarus
+Schlegel, 1837
+
+by
+Boulenger 1896: 396
+); and
+
+Naja ingens
+A.W.M. van Hasselt, 1858
+
+(although
+Smith 1943
+and
+Toriba 1993
+, incorrectly attributed this name to
+van Hasselt 1882
+).
+
+
+In his review of the king cobra species complex (which he assigned to the genus
+
+Dendraspis
+Fitzinger, 1843
+
+),
+Deraniyagala (1960)
+established two new taxa,
+
+D. hannah sinensis
+
+(for the Chinese population) and
+D. h. borneensis
+(for the Bornean population), while also reviving the following names as subspecies:
+
+vittata
+(
+Elliot, 1840
+)
+
+for the south-western Indian population, and
+
+bungarus
+Schlegel, 1837
+
+, for the Sumatran population. In a subsequent paper,
+Deraniyagala (1961)
+described two further subspecies,
+
+D. hannah nordicus
+
+(from Mamgain, Dunda Lakhond, Dehra Dun,
+India
+and apparently also eastern
+Pakistan
+) and
+
+D. hannah brunnea
+
+(from the vicinity of Darjeeling,
+India
+).
+
+
+The
+holotype
+of
+Cantor’s (1836)
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+
+is erroneously mentioned as BMNH 1996.461 (ex RSL) by
+
+Wallach
+et al.
+(2014)
+
+and
+
+Leviton
+et al.
+(2018)
+
+; this is instead the
+holotype
+of
+Elliot’s (1840)
+
+Naia vittata
+
+, a subjective junior synonym of
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+
+, a stuffed specimen, presumably once a ‘gallery’ specimen, which was rediscovered uncatalogued in the basement of the London collection during the course of this research in 1996. BMNH 1996.461 (ex RSL) appears to have been examined by
+Günther (1858)
+and
+Boulenger (1896)
+, who list it in their respective catalogues.
+
+
+The first use of the current combination for the nominate species,
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+
+, is by
+Bogert (1945)
+. A near complete synonymy for the Sunda region has been provided by
+David & Vogel (1996)
+, and synonyms for populations from the Asian mainland have been listed in
+Smith (1943)
+,
+Taylor (1965)
+and
+Zhao & Adler (1993)
+.
+Leviton (1968)
+provided the most exhaustive chresonymy for
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+
+.
+
+
+Of the nine nomenclaturally valid nomina (
+Cantor 1836
+;
+Schlegel 1837
+;
+Cantor 1838
+;
+Elliot 1840
+; van Hasselt 1858;
+Deraniyagala 1960
+,
+1961
+) that are currently allocated to
+Opiophagus
+sensu
+Günther, 1864
+, two (
+
+Hamadryas hannah
+
+;
+
+Naja bungarus
+
+) are shown in this paper to represent taxonomically valid species. An additional two populations, from the Western Ghats (
+India
+) and the island of Luzon (the
+Philippines
+) are described as new to science (see also
+
+Gowri Shankar
+et al.
+2021
+
+).
+
+
+
+Content
+
+
+
+Four species, corresponding to the four Confirmed Candidate Species, CCS (sensu
+
+Padial
+et al.
+2010
+
+) of
+
+Gowri Shankar
+et al.
+(2021)
+
+:
+
+
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+
+s. str.
+: a widespread Asian mainland lineage, distributed from eastern
+Pakistan
+, northern and eastern
+India
+east to
+China
+and south to
+Myanmar
+, northern and central
+Thailand
+,
+Cambodia
+,
+Laos
+,
+Vietnam
+, as well as on the Andaman Islands. CCS2 of
+
+Gowri Shankar
+et al.
+(2021)
+
+.
+
+
+A Sundaland species from the Malay Peninsula, and islands of the Greater Sundas, including Sumatra, Borneo and Java, in addition to Mindoro (in the
+Philippines
+). CCS3 of
+
+Gowri Shankar
+et al.
+(2021)
+
+. The nomen
+
+Naja bungarus
+
+originating from West Java, is the oldest available one for this form (read below).
+
+
+A geographically isolated, unnamed species from the Western Ghats of south-western
+India
+. CCS1 of
+
+Gowri Shankar
+et al.
+(2021)
+
+.
+
+
+A second unnamed species, representing an isolated lineage from the island of Luzon (in the
+Philippines
+). CCS4 of
+
+Gowri Shankar
+et al.
+(2021)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C77FFBE1F9AFD67FDE9FC1F.xml b/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C77FFBE1F9AFD67FDE9FC1F.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..365384cdc71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C77FFBE1F9AFD67FDE9FC1F.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,967 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) species complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae), with the description of two new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Das, Indraneil
+85A2D637-43A8-4422-B42E-A23B81592326
+Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shankar, P. Gowri
+FD48E857-17FC-4D01-B727-66BE3BBA76FB
+Maharaja Shrirama Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Takatpur, Odisha, India. & Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India. & Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. & Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Swamy, Priyanka
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Williams, Rhiannon C.
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Lalremsanga, Hmar Tlawmte
+Developmental Biology & Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796 004, Mizoram, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Prashanth, P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Sahoo, Gunanidhi
+Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Odisha, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Vijayakumar, S. P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Höglund, Jacob
+Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shanker, Kartik
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Dutta, Sushil K.
+Department of Zoology, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia 782 402, Assam, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ganesh, S. R.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wüster, Wolfgang
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+text
+
+
+European Journal of Taxonomy
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-16
+
+
+961
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+51
+
+
+
+
+https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2681/12413
+
+journal article
+10.5852/ejt.2024.961.2681
+2118-9773
+13944155
+8E064900-1289-4648-BE9A-F17461CCF25C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ophiophagus salvatana
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+1D2264EB-DFE1-4A71-AAA3-0EC155480486
+
+
+
+Figs 9J–L
+,
+10D
+,
+11D
+,
+15
+
+
+
+
+
+Common name
+
+
+Luzon king cobra.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis
+
+
+
+A species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+inhabiting Luzon Island in the northern
+Philippines
+and exhibiting the following combination of characters: lacking pale bands along body of adults (vs with dark-edged, pale bands in
+
+O. hannah
+
+; lacking dark edges to the pale bands, if present, in
+
+O. bungarus
+
+, or with a pale band in
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+sp. nov.
+). Further, it differs from
+
+O. hannah
+
+in having fewer pterygoid teeth (11 vs 18– 21). Finally, juveniles of
+
+O. salvatana
+
+sp. nov.
+have extremely angular pale body bands, with the dark intervening areas covering 2–3 scales (vs more rounded pale body bands, the intervening areas covering 4–9 scales in congeners). The new species, with 85–86 pale body bands, can be easily separated from
+
+O
+.
+hannah
+
+(27–48) and
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+(28–48); relative tail length ranging 18.7–23.0% with a mean of 20.85% (vs 21.7–26.4% [24.05%] in
+
+O. hannah
+
+; vs 19.3–25.1% [22.2%] in
+
+O. bungarus
+
+; vs 18.0–19.9% [18.95%] in
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+Etymology
+
+
+
+The specific epithet
+
+salvatana
+
+is the Tagalog (a vernacular language spoken in Luzon and adjacent regions of the
+Philippines
+, of Austronesian origin) name for the king cobra in the Luzon region (northern
+Philippines
+), here coined as a noun in apposition and hence invariable.
+
+
+
+
+
+Type material
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+
+
+
+
+PHILIPPINES
+•
+♂
+;
+Luzon
+,
+Benguet Province
+,
+Baguio
+;
+16.40° N
+,
+120.60° E
+;
+Edward H. Taylor
+leg.;
+CAS 61329
+.
+
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+
+
+
+
+PHILIPPINES
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Luzon
+,
+Isabella
+;
+17.00° N
+,
+122.00° E
+;
+BMNH 94.10.24.15
+
+•
+
+1 ♀
+;
+Luzon
+,
+Camarines Sur Province
+,
+Gota Beach Caramoan
+;
+13.88° N
+,
+123.70° E
+;
+UF 50927
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Luzon
+,
+Camarines Sur Province
+,
+Caramoan Municipality
+,
+Tarago Base Camp
+; ca
+13.82° N
+,
+123.80° E
+;
+UF 55008
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Luzon
+,
+Pampanga Province
+,
+Sapang Tagalog
+,
+Tarlac
+;
+15.42° N
+,
+120.59° E
+;
+UPM 1692
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Luzon
+,
+Camarines Sur Province
+,
+San Pedro
+,
+Iriga
+;
+13.49° N
+,
+123.47° E
+;
+FMNH 53553
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Description of
+holotype
+
+(
+CAS
+61329)
+
+
+MEASUREMENTS
+. SVL
+2060 mm
+, TL 517+ mm, total 2577+ mm.
+
+
+HABITUS
+. Body relatively robust (midbody width 30.0 mm, 1.5% SVL), triangular in cross-section; Transverse body rows: DSR1 19; DSR2 15; DSR3 15; ventrals 252; subcaudals 95+; supralabials 7; infralabials 8; anterior temporals 2; posterior temporals 2; cloacal plate 1; dorsal and ventral scales smooth; subcaudals 1–26 and 31–37 undivided, the rest divided; tail short, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, tail tip missing.
+
+
+HEAD
+. Head relatively large, head length
+52.2 mm
+; head width
+31.7 mm
+; head depth
+21.1 mm
+; distinct from neck, flattened in the orbital region, rounded in the sagittal region, with a depression medially, snout projecting slightly beyond mandible; canthus rostralis sharply defined; eye width
+7.5 mm
+; interorbital distance
+22.4 mm
+; cephalic scales juxtaposed, smooth-edged, except parietals and occipitals, which are slightly imbricate; rostral trapezoid in shape, distinctly visible from above, slightly under twice as high as wide, concave ventrally, rostral width
+12.6 mm
+; rostral length
+6.7 mm
+; eye to snout distance
+19.7 mm
+; eye to nostril distance
+9.4 mm
+; nostril diameter
+5.4 mm
+; internasals large, subtrapezoidal, wider than long; internasal suture length
+4.6 mm
+; internasal width
+6.9 mm
+; prefrontals trapezoid, wider than long; prefrontal length
+7.7 mm
+; prefrontal width
+9.3 mm
+; prefrontal suture
+5.8 mm
+; frontal lanceolate, contacting prefrontals, supraoculars and parietals, rectangular in shape, short-sided anteriorly; supraocular subtrapezoidal, contacting prefrontal, frontal, parietal, orbit, preocular and upper postocular; large paired occipitals; occipital length
+12.4 mm
+; interoccipital scute absent; nuchals undifferentiated; supralabials 7/7; III–IV (L/R) touching the eye; II (L/R) contacting nasal and I, II and III (L/R) contacting posterior nasal; Supralabial I low; II high; III tallest; IV and V subequal; and VI and VII low, narrow and elongate; Supralabial IV does not contact preoculars; nostril lateral at posterior of a single concave nasal, oval in shape, its greatest diameter at a vertical plane; nasal irregularly triangular, one preocular and three postoculars; eye large, contained in head length 0.14 times and head depth 0.36 times; pupil rounded; ocular ring comprises seven scales – one preocular, three postoculars, one supraocular and two supralabials; suboculars absent; temporals 2/2 (L/R) + 3/3 (L/R); anterior upper temporal longer than lower temporal; mental small, triangular, wide than deep (mental width =
+6.98 mm
+; mental depth =
+3.64 mm
+); infralabials 8/8 (L/R); infralabial I–IV contact anterior genial; infralabial IV–V (L/R) contact posterior genials; infralabial IV largest; two pairs of genials, with the anterior larger than posterior; cuneate scute on lower jaw absent; three elongated gular scales follow posterior mental; the anterior longer than posterior.
+
+
+DENTITION
+. Maxillary teeth recurved and stout, not compressed, gradually increasing in size posteriorly; fang length
+6.4 mm
+; fang width at base
+1.8 mm
+; teeth count obscured by gingivae.
+
+
+COLOURATION
+. Dorsum of
+holotype
+is yellowish-grey, each scale on forehead and body edged with pale grey, lacking distinct pale bands; the venter is paler, scales similarly dark-edged, edges progressively darker posteriorly.
+
+
+
+Morphological variation
+
+
+
+None of the
+six specimens
+examined have an interoccipital scute. All subcaudals were divided in the
+holotype
+, while other specimens examined have some undivided subcaudals, typically, the first, and some succeeding subcaudals, up to Subcaudal 26, in what appears to be an irregular pattern that cannot be linked to either sex, ontogeny or geographical distribution. Variations observed include undivided subcaudals 1–17, 20–25, 28, 30–35, 46 (
+UPMNH
+1692); 1, 4–6, 25 (
+UF
+50927); 1–18 (
+UF
+55008); and 1–26, 31–37 (
+CAS
+61329). In life, dorsal surface of body is Dark Neutral Gray #83, forehead and posterior fourth of body darker, especially on scale periphery, making the posterior of body darker than the rest; interscale areas dark along body; the largest scales of forehead, frontal, parietal and occipitals and upper temporals with a distinct dark edge; ventral scales, from Ventral I suffused with yellow, gradually turning entirely yellow with irregular patterned grey posterior edges; oval scales of the 2–3 lower-most row of dorsal scale rows meeting ventrals yellow; posterior third of body dorsum darkening due to increasing intensity and extent of dark edges of scales; tail dorsum nearly black, individual scales with yellow centres. Mandible and genial region Buff Yellow, #53; the gular region brighter, Orange Yellow, #18, with darker areas peripherally. Abdominal region as in gular region, but progressively darkening, initially from the peripheral region of the scales. Subcaudal region with pale scales, obscurely darkened throughout and with dark edges. Pupil rounded, black, with pale yellow narrow ring; iris brownish-grey with a yellowish-brown ring. Tongue blackish-grey, oral cavity pink. Images of two hatchlings were examined for colour and pattern. The forehead of hatchlings is Light Neutral Gray (#85), including the posterior cephalic scales (including upper temporal, parietals and occipital), dark edged, Jet Black (#89), the dark areas of the latter pair extensive, separating the pale areas of the centre as eye-like spots; dorsum of body is Jet Black (#89), 2–3 scales across, with 101, extremely angular, Pale Neutral Gray (#86) bands, a single scale across; the pattern on back is undifferentiated posteriorly. Apart from two hatchlings, on which we counted 85–86 narrow pale bands on the body, the distinct pale bands seen in other species of the genus are absent in
+
+O. salvatana
+
+sp. nov.
+In preservative, forehead and dorsum of body are greyish-brown, with darker edges of scutes; no other patterns are discernable; venter is similarly coloured but slightly paler. Three individuals that permitted count of tooth and / or sockets have dentition thus: 15 dentaries; 11 pterygoids and 3 palatines.
+
+
+
+
+Table 1.
+Summary of morphological characters associated with species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+Günther, 1864
+
+recognised in this study. See ‘Terminology for character analysis’ for details. Note: pale dorsal bands are sometimes absent in adult
+
+O. bungarus
+(
+Schlegel, 1837
+)
+
+comb. nov.
+(in images of live specimens examined), and consistently absent in adult
+
+O. salvatana
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
+
+sp. nov.
+Further, juveniles of the latter show pale bands (in images of three live specimens examined; no voucher specimens of juvenile
+
+O. salvatana
+
+were available for study).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Characters
+
+
+Statistics
+
+
+
+O. hannah
+
+s. str.
+
+
+
+O. bungarus
+
+comb. nov.
+
+
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+O. salvatana
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
Anterior dorsal scale rows (DSR1)
+
Mean
+
18.0
+
18.9
+
19.5
+
18.6
+
+
+
Range
+
17–19
+
17–21
+
19–21
+
17–19
+
+
+
(n)
+
15
+
46
+
4
+
5
+
+
+
Median dorsal scale rows (DSR2)
+
Mean
+
15.0
+
15.0
+
15.0
+
15.0
+
+
+
Range
+
15–15
+
15–15
+
15–15
+
15–15
+
+
+
(n)
+
15
+
12
+
4
+
4
+
+
+
Posterior dorsal scale rows (DSR3)
+
Mean
+
13.8
+
14.0
+
15.0
+
15.0
+
+
+
Range
+
11–15
+
13–15
+
15–15
+
15–15
+
+
+
(n)
+
13
+
12
+
4
+
4
+
+
+
Ventrals
+
Mean
+
244.0
+
250.12
+
247.8
+
251.0
+
+
+
Range
+
226–267
+
253–268
+
241–251
+
247–256
+
+
+
(n)
+
49
+
58
+
4
+
4
+
+
+
Subcaudals
+
Mean
+
89.0
+
106.8
+
88.0
+
93
+
+
+
Range
+
80–112
+
71–125
+
86–90
+
74–112
+
+
+
(n)
+
49
+
57
+
4
+
4
+
+
+
Precloacal
+
Mean
+
1.0
+
1.0
+
1.0
+
1.0
+
+
+
Range
+
1–1
+
1–1
+
1–1
+
1–1
+
+
+
(n)
+
49
+
63
+
4
+
4
+
+
+
Supralabials
+
Mean
+
6.9
+
7.0
+
7.4
+
7.0
+
+
+
Range
+
6–7
+
7–7
+
7–8
+
7–7
+
+
+
(n)
+
15
+
68
+
5
+
5
+
+
+
Infralabials
+
Mean
+
8.0
+
8.0
+
8.0
+
8.0
+
+
+
Range
+
7–9
+
8–8
+
8–8
+
8–8
+
+
+
(n)
+
15
+
68
+
5
+
5
+
+
+
Pale body bands
+
Mean
+
39.6
+
72.0
+
35.0
+
0
+
+
+
Range
+
27–48
+
57–87
+
28–48
+
0
+
+
+
(n)
+
41
+
51
+
3
+
5
+
+
+
Pterygoid teeth
+
Mean
+
19.3
+
11
+
12
+
11
+
+
+
Range
+
18–21
+
11–11
+
12–12
+
11–11
+
+
+
(n)
+
12
+
9
+
4
+
6
+
+
+
+
+
+Table 2.
+Summary of measurements (range [n], in mm) of species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+Günther, 1864
+
+recognised in this study. See ‘Terminology for character analysis’ for details. Abbreviations: BW = Midbody diameter; ED = Eye width; EYEN = Eye to nostril distance; EYES = Eye to snout distance; FL = Fang length from base; FW = Maximum fang width; HD = Head depth; HL = Head length; HW = Head width; IORB = Interorbital width; NOD = Nostril diameter; OCCL = Occipital length; ROSL = Rostral length; ROSW = Rostral width; SVL = Snout-vent length; TL = Tail length (if entire).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Characters
+
+
+
+O. hannah
+
+s. str.
+
+
+
+O. bungarus
+
+comb. nov.
+
+
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+O. salvatana
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
SVL
+
233.0–3276.0 (37)
+
330.0–3790.0 (65)
+
496.0–2660.0 (4)
+
1490.0–2565.0 (4)
+
+
+
TL
+
84.0–875 (37)
+
111.0–845.0 (61)
+
109.0–542.0 (3)
+
343.0–770.0 (4)
+
+
+
RTL range (mean)
+
21.7–26.4% (24.05%)
+
19.3–25.1% (22.20%)
+
18.0–19.9% (18.95%)
+
18.7–23.0% (20.85%)
+
+
+
BW
+
6.7–45.9 (55)
+
12.5–64.5 (36)
+
11.7–60.0 (4)
+
28.1–45.9 (3)
+
+
+
HL
+
13.3–79.2 (61)
+
16.0–76.6 (68)
+
50.9–74.6 (4)
+
36.2–70.8 (5)
+
+
+
HW
+
10.9–53.5 (59)
+
7.1–60.4 (70)
+
10.5–54.7 (5)
+
22.9–57.2 (5)
+
+
+
HD
+
6.6–48.4 (54)
+
6.7–76.0 (70)
+
22.8–37.2 (4)
+
14.8–36.7 (5)
+
+
+
ED
+
3.7–10.5 (57)
+
4.1–9.8 (73)
+
4.2–9.7 (5)
+
6.3–11.1 (5)
+
+
+
EYES
+
4.4–27.6 (62)
+
5.2–26.3 (71)
+
18.5–25.2 (4)
+
12.1–21.6 (5)
+
+
+
EYEN
+
1.9–14.3 (62)
+
2.1–13.5 (71)
+
2.8–11.5 (5)
+
5.2–9.9 (5)
+
+
+
NOD
+
1.2–7.3 (61)
+
1.0–6.9 (71)
+
5.8–9.5 (4)
+
3.1–6.4 (5)
+
+
+
ROSL
+
3.1–19.9 (61)
+
3.2–18.7 (71)
+
12.0–16.6 (4)
+
8.6–15.6 (5)
+
+
+
ROSW
+
1.7–9.7 (60)
+
2.0–8.8 (71)
+
6.1–8.0 (4)
+
4.8–7.6 (5)
+
+
+
IORB
+
5.9–34.2 (61)
+
7.5–12.3 (71)
+
23.4–31.8 (4)
+
14.8–25.9 (5)
+
+
+
OCCL
+
2.7–24.0 (61)
+
3.4–19.9 (71)
+
3.8–18.3 (5)
+
9.6–21.3 (5)
+
+
+
FL
+
0.10–10.10 (48)
+
0.13–13.60 (50)
+
7.10–8.50 (4)
+
4.50–12.00 (4)
+
+
+
FW
+
0.04–4.80 (45)
+
0.01–4.50 (50)
+
1.90–2.40 (4)
+
1.10–3.30 (4)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Distribution
+
+
+
+The range of the species is restricted to the Luzon islands in the northern
+Philippines
+(
+
+Diesmos
+et al.
+2005
+
+;
+
+McLeod
+et al.
+2011
+
+;
+
+Siler
+et al.
+2011
+
+;
+Devan-Song & Brown 2012
+;
+
+Brown
+et al.
+2013
+
+;
+Cruz & Afuang 2018
+;
+
+Cruz
+et al.
+2018
+
+). The affinities of king cobras from other islands of the Philippine Archipelago remain to be confirmed.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C78FF881FDBFB2DFBE8FA0D.xml b/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C78FF881FDBFB2DFBE8FA0D.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6b5b32e9e13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C78FF881FDBFB2DFBE8FA0D.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,1558 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) species complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae), with the description of two new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Das, Indraneil
+85A2D637-43A8-4422-B42E-A23B81592326
+Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shankar, P. Gowri
+FD48E857-17FC-4D01-B727-66BE3BBA76FB
+Maharaja Shrirama Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Takatpur, Odisha, India. & Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India. & Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. & Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Swamy, Priyanka
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Williams, Rhiannon C.
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Lalremsanga, Hmar Tlawmte
+Developmental Biology & Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796 004, Mizoram, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Prashanth, P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Sahoo, Gunanidhi
+Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Odisha, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Vijayakumar, S. P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Höglund, Jacob
+Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shanker, Kartik
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Dutta, Sushil K.
+Department of Zoology, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia 782 402, Assam, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ganesh, S. R.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wüster, Wolfgang
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+text
+
+
+European Journal of Taxonomy
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-16
+
+
+961
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+51
+
+
+
+
+https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2681/12413
+
+journal article
+10.5852/ejt.2024.961.2681
+2118-9773
+13944155
+8E064900-1289-4648-BE9A-F17461CCF25C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ophiophagus bungarus
+(
+Schlegel, 1837
+)
+
+comb. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figs 6
+,
+9D–F
+,
+11B
+,
+12B
+,
+13B
+,
+14
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Naja bungaroides
+Boie, 1828a: 250
+
+
+(nom. nud.).
+
+
+
+
+
+Naja bungaroidea
+
+[sic]
+
+Wagler, 1830: 342
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Hoplocephalus bungaroides
+Wagler, 1830: 342
+
+
+, by implication.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Naja bungarus
+Schlegel, 1837: 184
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Naja ingens
+van Hasselt, 1858: 141
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Dimeresurus
+boiei
+Bleeker, 1858: 263
+
+
+(nom. nud.).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dendraspis hannah borneensis
+Deraniyagala, 1960: 61
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Nomenclatural comment
+
+
+
+Due to the impending Case before the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature and to future-proof the binomen of this species, we have not used Wagler’s name for this species, but opted for the next-oldest available name,
+
+Naja bungarus
+Schlegel, 1837
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Common name
+
+
+Sunda king cobra.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis
+
+
+
+A species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+inhabiting
+Malesia
+, south of the Isthmus of Kra (southern
+Thailand
+, peninsular
+Malaysia
+, Sunda Archipelago, east to parts of southern and central
+Philippines
+) and showing the following combination of characters: mostly unbanded in large individuals, occasionally with narrow pale bands, lacking darker edges, along body of adults (vs unbanded in adult
+
+O. salvatana
+
+sp. nov.
+; dark-edged pale band in
+
+O. hannah
+
+). It differs from
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+sp. nov.
+in having a brownish-yellow to mahogany dorsum, with or without (in large adults) slightly paler, narrow bands (vs dorsum dark grey with yellow bands that expand on lower flanks); dorsum ground colour showing little to no contrast at the meeting point of ventral scales at gular region (vs with a clear line of separation from ventrals in gular region). The higher body band counts (57–87) of juvenile
+
+O. bungarus
+
+separate it from those of
+
+O. hannah
+
+(27–48), and
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+(28–48). The pale body bands of juvenile
+
+O. bungarus
+
+are more rounded, the dark interband areas covering 4–9 scales (
+Fig. 12B
+), whereas they are extremely angular in
+
+O. salvatana
+
+, with the dark interband areas covering 2–3 scales (
+Fig. 12D
+); relative tail length ranging vs 19.3–25.1% with a mean of 22.2% (vs 21.7–26.4% [24.05%] in
+
+O. hannah
+
+; vs 18.0–19.9% [18.95%] in
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+; vs 18.7–23.0% [20.85%] in
+
+O. salvatana
+
+). Finally,
+
+O. bungarus
+
+differs from
+
+O. hannah
+
+in having a lower pterygoid tooth count of 11 (vs 18–21).
+
+
+
+
+
+Etymology
+
+
+
+The specific epithet probably alludes to either morphological (partially undivided subcaudals) or behavioural (ophiophagous) characters of kraits (genus
+
+Bungarus
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+
+Lectotype
+
+
+
+
+INDONESIA
+•
+♂
+, hatchling; Java,
+Java Barat Province
+, Tjihao or
+Cihoe
+or Tji Hoe;
+6.43° S
+,
+107.13° E
+;
+
+Apr. 1827
+
+;
+Heinrich Boie
+(1784–1827) and
+Heinrich Christian Macklot
+(1799–1827) leg. [see
+Troelstra 2016
+];
+RMNH 1334
+.
+
+
+
+Schlegel (1837)
+mentioned
+two specimens
+in his description of
+
+Naja bungarus
+
+: Boie’s specimen (extant as
+RMNH
+1334), and a specimen from
+Sumatra
+of unconfirmed whereabouts, but possibly
+RMNH
+1338 (Wolfgang Denzer and Esther Dondorp in litt.; Wolfgang Wüster pers. obs.). Both of these are currently
+syntypes
+of the name. We hereby designate the extant specimen
+RMNH
+1334 as the
+lectotype
+of
+
+Naja bungarus
+Schlegel, 1837
+
+as per Art. 74 of the Code.
+
+
+Other material examined
+
+
+
+BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Dewan Museum
+,
+Kota Batu
+,
+Bandar Seri Begawan
+;
+4.89° N
+,
+114.97° E
+;
+BMNH 2.1979
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Bandar Seri Begawan
+,
+Kampung Pinto Halim
+;
+4.89° N
+,
+114.97° E
+;
+BMNH 224.1991
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Bandar Seri Begawan
+,
+Kampung Beribi
+,
+Gadong
+;
+4.89° N
+,
+114.89° E
+;
+BMNH 6.1998
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Bandar Seri Begawan
+,
+Jalan Muara
+, Forest Hill;
+4.90° N
+,
+115.00° E
+;
+LSUMZ 55839
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Bandar Seri Begawan
+,
+Kota Batu
+;
+4.88° N
+,
+114.97° E
+;
+BMNH 1984.80
+
+.
+
+
+
+INDONESIA
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Jawa Barat
+,
+Pasir Banggoer Krawang
+;
+6.42° S
+,
+107.67° E
+;
+MZB 376
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Jawa Barat
+, Batavia or
+Jakarta
+;
+6.17° S
+,
+106.78° E
+;
+MZB 368
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Jawa Barat
+,
+Muara Karang
+;
+6.12° S
+,
+106.78° E
+;
+MZB 2206
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Jawa Barat
+,
+Jakarta
+,
+Antjol
+or Ancol;
+6.13° S
+,
+106.83° E
+;
+MZB 402
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Jawa Barat
+,
+Indramayu
+or Indramaju;
+6.32° S
+,
+108.32° E
+;
+MZB 399
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Borneo
+,
+Kalimantan
+, Timur Province,
+Balikpapan
+;
+1.24° S
+,
+116.85° E
+;
+BMNH 1912.6.26.21
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Borneo
+,
+Berau
+,
+Kalimantan Timur Province
+, Sambulajan,
+Sungei Segah
+;
+2.17° N
+,
+117.50° E
+;
+MZB 1339
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Borneo
+,
+Central Kalimantan Province
+,
+Purukcahu
+or Puruktyau or Purukt Jahu;
+0.58° S
+,
+114.58° E
+;
+RMNH 7546
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Borneo
+,
+East Kalimantan Province
+,
+Sebulu
+;
+0.27° S
+,
+117.00° E
+;
+USNM 200500
+
+•
+
+2 ♂♂
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Bukit Tinggi
+or Fort de Kock;
+0.32° S
+,
+100.37° E
+;
+BMNH 1928.2.8.43
+,
+BMNH 1928.2.18.43
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Siulakderas
+,
+Kerinchi
+or Korinchi;
+1.92° S
+,
+101.30° E
+;
+BMNH 1915.12.2.39
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Langkat
+;
+3.87° N
+,
+98.31° E
+;
+RMNH 6351
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Sinabang
+,
+Simeulue Island
+;
+2.47° N
+,
+96.37° E
+;
+RMNH 5192
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Tarussan Bay
+or Teluk Tarusan;
+1.2167° S
+,
+100.42° E
+;
+USNM 35763
+
+•
+
+2 ♂♂
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Labuhandeli
+or Deli Belawan;
+3.75° N
+,
+98.68° E
+;
+ZMA 13487
+,
+ZMA 17476
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Klein Sungei
+,
+Karang Galang
+;
+1.15° N
+,
+104.18° E
+;
+ZMA 11235
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Aceh Special District
+,
+Padang Miangatas Gunung Jago
+;
+4.00° N
+,
+97.06° E
+;
+MZB 401
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Bengkulu Province
+,
+Kepahiang
+;
+3.65° S
+,
+102.57° E
+;
+USNM 070972
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+Sumatra
+,
+Bengkulu Province
+,
+Kepahiang
+;
+3.65° S
+102.57° E
+;
+ZRC 2.3212
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Riau Archipelago
+,
+Pulau Galang
+;
+0.75° N
+,
+104.23° E
+;
+ZRC 2.3254
+-
+6
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Bangka Belitung Province
+,
+Pulau Bangka
+,
+Pangkal Pinang
+;
+2.12° S
+,
+106.12° E
+;
+MZB 369
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Bangka Belitung Province
+,
+Belitung
+,
+Kampung Rembikang
+,
+Tanjung Pandan
+;
+2.75° S
+,
+107.65° E
+;
+MZB 373
+
+.
+
+
+
+MALAYSIA
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+West Malaysia
+,
+Perak
+,
+Pulau Dinding
+;
+4.23° N
+,
+100.56° E
+;
+BMNH 1903.6.13.3
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; West Malaysia,
+Perak
+, in
+Gunung Korbu
+;
+4.68° N
+,
+101.30° E
+;
+BMNH 1957.1.11.40
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+West Malaysia
+,
+Selangor
+;
+3.51° N
+,
+101.50° E
+;
+IMR
+uncatalogued
+
+•
+
+2 ♂♂
+; West Malaysia,
+Selangor
+,
+Kuala Langat
+,
+Bukit Mandol Forest Reserve
+;
+2.95° N
+,
+101.53° E
+;
+IMR 110487
+,
+IMR 5063
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+West Malaysia
+,
+Pulau Pinang
+; 5.40° N, 100.23° E–
+5.73° N
+,
+103.00° E
+;
+MCZ 944
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+;
+West Malaysia
+,
+Kuala Lumpur
+;
+3.17° N
+,
+101.70° E
+;
+MNHN 1899.172
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; East Malaysia (
+Borneo
+),
+Sarawak
+,
+Kuching
+;
+1.55° N
+,
+110.33° E
+;
+FMNH 67282
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; same data as for preceding;
+SM
+uncatalogued
+
+•
+
+2 ♂♂
+; same data as for preceding;
+SM 5.45
+.25,
+SM 5.45
+.2
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+; East Malaysia (
+Borneo
+)
+Sarawak
+,
+Subis Forest Reserve
+,
+Niah National Park
+;
+3.80° N
+,
+113.80° E
+;
+FMNH 128275
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+; East Malaysia (
+Borneo
+),
+Sarawak
+,
+Bintulu Division
+,
+Labang Camp on Sungei Serin
+;
+1.27° N
+,
+110.45° E
+;
+FMNH 150891
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; East Malaysia (Borneo),
+Sarawak
+,
+Sungei Baram
+;
+4.58° N
+,
+113.97° E
+[collection locality presumably upriver];
+FMNH 71659
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; East Malaysia (
+Borneo
+),
+Sarawak
+,
+Sibu
+;
+2.30° N
+,
+111.81° E
+;
+SM
+5.45.2C
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+; East Malaysia (
+Borneo
+),
+Sabah
+,
+Lahad Datu
+,
+Danum Valley Field Centre
+;
+5.02° N
+,
+117.78° E
+;
+FMNH 233152
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+; East Malaysia (
+Borneo
+),
+Sabah
+,
+Sandakan
+;
+5.87° N
+,
+118.07° E
+;
+FMNH 63566
+
+•
+
+2 ♂♂
+;
+East Malaysia
+,
+Sabah
+;
+5.02° N
+,
+117.78° E
+;
+SSM 0109
+,
+SSM 0096
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+; East Malaysia (
+Borneo
+),
+Sabah
+,
+Sandakan
+;
+5.87° N
+,
+118.07° E
+;
+SSM 0360
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+; “
+Malaysia
+” accidentally imported with logs;
+MCBT 152883
+
+.
+
+
+
+Fig. 6.
+Plate XVII, figures 8–9 from
+Schlegel (1837)
+, showing head in dorsal and lateral views of lectotype of
+
+Naja bungarus
+Schlegel, 1837
+
+(RMNH 1334).
+
+
+
+
+PHILIPPINES
+•
+1 ♂
+;
+
+10 km
+SSW
+
+of
+Iwahig
+;
+9.740° N
+,
+118.66° E
+;
+CAS 129629
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+; same data as for preceding;
+CAS 157468
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Palawan
+, Tagup River,
+Brooke’s Point
+,
+Borangbato
+,
+Mainit
+;
+8.82° N
+,
+117.78° E
+;
+NMP 2231
+
+.
+
+
+
+SINGAPORE
+•
+1 ♂
+; “Singapore”, no further data;
+BMNH 82.11.29.1
+
+•
+
+1 ♂
+: “
+Singapore
+”, no further data;
+CAS 16785
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Mandai Lake Road
+;
+1.42° N
+,
+103.75° E
+;
+ZRC 2.2301
+
+.
+
+
+
+THAILAND
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Yala Province
+,
+Betong
+;
+5.75° N
+,
+101.08° E
+;
+BMNH 1938.8.7.60
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Pattani Province
+, Pattani Na Prado;
+6.68° N
+,
+101.14° E
+;
+CUZM
+unreg
+
+. •
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Nakhon Si Thammarat Province
+,
+Nakhon Si Thammarat
+;
+8.43° N
+,
+99.97 °E
+;
+TNRC 1124
+
+•
+
+3 specs
+;
+Pattani Province
+, Pattani Na Prado;
+6.68° N
+,
+101.15° E
+;
+TNRC 1126
+,
+TNRC 1128
+,
+TNRC
+unreg
+
+. •
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Trang Province
+,
+Trang
+;
+7.56° N
+,
+99.60° E
+;
+USNM 023014
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Songkhla Province
+,
+Singora
+;
+7.08° N
+,
+100.50° E
+;
+USNM 079533
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Trang Province
+,
+Trang
+[presumably also south of
+Isthmus of Kra
+];
+7.56° N
+,
+99.60° E
+;
+USNM 220395
+
+•
+
+2 specs
+; “
+Southern Thailand
+”;
+AMNH 10046.1
+,
+AMNH 10046.2
+
+
+
+Skeletal material
+
+
+
+THAILAND
+•
+1 spec.
+;
+Trang
+;
+7.58° N
+,
+90.50° E
+;
+USNM 220395
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Description of the
+lectotype
+
+(
+RMNH
+1334)
+
+
+MEASUREMENTS
+. SVL
+496 mm
+, TL
+123 mm
+, total
+619 mm
+.
+
+
+
+Fig. 7.
+Plate 7, figures 1–4 from
+Fayrer (1872)
+, depicting
+
+Ophiophagus elaps
+(
+Günther, 1858
+)
+
+, and corresponding to
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+(
+Cantor, 1836
+)
+
+s. str.
+, showing the body in dorsolateral view of an adult with a partially raised forebody. Also shown are line drawings of head in dorsal, ventral and lateral views.
+
+
+
+HABITUS
+. Body relatively robust (midbody width
+10.4 mm
+, 2.1% SVL), triangular in cross-section; Transverse body rows: DSR1 19; DSR2 15; DSR3 15; ventrals 253; subcaudals 108; supralabials 7; infralabials 8; anterior temporals 2; posterior temporals 2; cloacal 1; dorsal scales smooth, the vertebral and outer two rows enlarged; ventral scales smooth; subcaudals 1–28 entire, the rest divided; tail short (24.8% SVL), cylindrical, tapering posteriorly.
+
+
+HEAD
+. Head relatively large, distinct from neck, head length
+17.5 mm
+, head width
+9.8 mm
+; head depth
+7.3 mm
+; flattened in the orbital region, rounded in the sagittal region, with a slight depression medially, snout projecting slightly beyond mandible; canthus rostralis sharply defined; eye width
+4.3 mm
+; interorbital distance
+8.1 mm
+; cephalic scales juxtaposed, smooth-edged, except parietals and occipitals, which are slightly imbricate; rostral trapezoid in shape, distinctly visible from above, over twice as long as wide, concave ventrally, rostral width
+0.8 mm
+; rostral width
+1.5 mm
+; rostral length
+4.4 mm
+; eye to snout distance
+5.7 mm
+; eye to nostril distance
+2.1 mm
+; nostril diameter
+1.5 mm
+; internasals large, subtrapezoidal, wider than long; internasal suture width 1.0 mm; preocular squarish, wider than high, making a narrow contact with internasal; prefrontals trapezoid, wider than long; frontal trapezoidal, contacting prefrontals, supraoculars and parietals; frontal edge slightly sinuous, short-sided posteriorly; supraocular subtrapezoidal, contacting prefrontal, frontal, parietal, orbit, preocular, upper postocular but not the temporals; large paired occipitals; occipital length
+3.5 mm
+; interoccipital scale present behind the suture between parietals; temporals 2/2 (L/R); in anterior pair, lower temporal broader but shorter than upper; in posterior pair, upper temporal longer than lower; first row of nuchals slightly enlarged compared to rest of dorsals; supralabials 7/7; III–IV (L/R) contact spectacle; III (L/R) contacting preocular and I and II (L/R) contacting posterior nasal; Supralabial I low; II high; III tallest; II and IV subequal; and VI and VII low, narrow and elongate; Supralabial IV does not contact preoculars; nostril lateral at posterior of a single concave nasal, horizontally elliptical, its greatest diameter along vertical axis; one preocular and three postoculars; eye large, contained in head length 0.24 times and head depth 0.6 times; pupil rounded; ocular ring comprises seven scales- one preocular, three postoculars, one supraocular and two supralabials; suboculars absent; mental small, triangular, wide than deep (mental width
+0.43 mm
+; mental depth
+0.14 mm
+); infralabials 8/8 (L/R), first (L/R) contacting anterior genials; infralabial IV (L/R) contact posterior genials; infralabial IV largest; one pair of genials; cuneate scute on lower jaw absent; two elongate gular scales follow posterior mental; the anterior longer than posterior.
+
+
+DENTITION
+. Maxillary teeth recurved and stout, not compressed, gradually decreasing in size posteriorly; fang length
+1.7 mm
+; fang width at base
+0.5 mm
+; tooth count obscured by gingivae.
+
+
+COLOURATION
+. The dorsum of the
+lectotype
+, a hatchling, is brownish-grey; cephalic and body bands ivory yellow, numbering 65 up to beginning of tail; throat and rest of venter unpatterned pale yellow, except the slightly darker edges of the ventral scales.
+
+
+
+Morphological variation
+
+
+
+Fourteen of
+59 specimens
+(23.7%) examined have an interoccipital scute. Divided into geographical regions, the lowest occurrence of specimens with interoccipital scales were from Borneo and
+Palawan
+(11.5%; n = 26), followed by the Malay Peninsula (28.6%; n = 18) and
+Sumatra
+and
+Java
+(46.6%; n = 15).
+
+
+Of
+59 specimens
+examined for subcaudal imbrication character, 26 have one series of undivided subcaudals, in what appears to be an irregular pattern, the rest with up to eight series of undivided subcaudals, ranging from a single scute to 26 scutes, without an apparent pattern that cannot be linked to either sex, ontogeny or geographical distribution. Hatchlings and young adults bear multiple, narrow pale bands on body, pale body bands occasionally retained in presumed adult (>
+2000 mm
+) individuals. Specimens with intact dentition or those permitting counts of tooth sockets have dentition thus: 11–15 dentary sockets; 11–11 pterygoid sockets and 3 palatine sockets.
+
+
+Dorsum is a shade of brown, dorsal surface of head darker, Kingfisher rufous #240, forebody ranging from Cinnamon, #139 to Buff, #124, interscale areas darker along body; the largest scales of forehead, frontal, parietal and occipitals and upper temporals with a distinct dark edge. Some large individuals are grey-black, the interscale regions appearing paler, while others appear to show pale transverse body bands, one scale wide, with 6–8 scales in interband areas. Isolated, irregular dark smudges may be present in such darker individuals on anterior part of gular scales. Mandible and genial region Buff, #124; the gular region to until Ventrals 12–28 bright yellow, Warm Buff, #118, with at least two dark areas peripherally, comprising somewhat indistinct bands meeting Ventrals 7–8 and 14–15; and noticeably in larger, hooding individuals, the first 5–6 nuchal scales are darker. Abdominal region as in gular region, but progressively darkening, initially from the peripheral region of the scales. Subcaudal region with pale scales, obscurely darkened throughout and with dark edges. Pupil rounded, black, iris brownish-red, Kingfisher Rufous #240, darkening peripherally, with a narrow, yellow ring. Tongue is blackish-grey, the oral cavity pink. Juveniles have ivory white bands, Buff, #124, including four on the head region, the first one in rostral position, broad one covering rostral, as well as part of Supralabial 1, nasals, and internasals; the second in preocular position, narrower, and covering part of the prefrontals, preoculars and Supralabial III; the third one in postocular position, narrowest of the four bands, and covering part of the frontal and parietals, and comprise large, elongated marks arranged in a transverse series; and the fourth one on cephalic position, broader than the previous one, and covering part of the parietals and occipitals, and comprise large oval spots arranged in a transverse series. Body bands are of the same colour, about two scales in width, and number 57–87 (
+65 in
+the
+lectotype
+), between head bands and the caudal region above vent, and have 4–5 scale wide interband areas. Bands on tail with relatively thick, dark, edges, both dorsally and ventrally; and the posterior third of body appears darker than the rest of the body.
+
+
+Excluding hatchlings, which bear multiple, narrow pale bands on body, no pale body bands were seen in presumed adult (total length>
+2,000 mm
+) individuals.
+
+
+
+
+
+Distribution
+
+
+
+The range of the species extends from south of the Isthmus of Kra, across the Malay Peninsula (including extreme southern
+Thailand
+, West
+Malaysia
+,
+Singapore
+, and offshore islands), Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, and some of the islands of the southern
+Philippines
+Archipelago (
+David & Vogel 1996
+;
+
+David
+et al.
+2006
+
+;
+
+Chanhome
+et al.
+2011
+
+[in part];
+de Lang 2011
+,
+2017
+;
+
+Stuebing
+et al.
+2014
+
+;
+
+Das
+et al.
+2015
+
+;
+
+Ismail
+et al.
+2018
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+
+
+
+The king cobra genome sequenced by
+
+Vonk
+et al.
+(2013)
+
+came from a specimen of this species from
+Bali
+,
+Indonesia
+.
+
+Card
+et al.
+(2021)
+
+documented the genomic mechanisms of facultative parthenogenesis in this species (mitochondrial sequences included in
+
+Gowri Shankar
+et al.
+2021
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C7DFF821F9FF994FB82FD5D.xml b/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C7DFF821F9FF994FB82FD5D.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..abe794585e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/86/D2/0386D2380C7DFF821F9FF994FB82FD5D.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,711 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) species complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae), with the description of two new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Das, Indraneil
+85A2D637-43A8-4422-B42E-A23B81592326
+Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shankar, P. Gowri
+FD48E857-17FC-4D01-B727-66BE3BBA76FB
+Maharaja Shrirama Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Takatpur, Odisha, India. & Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India. & Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. & Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Swamy, Priyanka
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Williams, Rhiannon C.
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Lalremsanga, Hmar Tlawmte
+Developmental Biology & Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796 004, Mizoram, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Prashanth, P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Sahoo, Gunanidhi
+Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Odisha, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Vijayakumar, S. P.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Höglund, Jacob
+Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Shanker, Kartik
+Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Dutta, Sushil K.
+Department of Zoology, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia 782 402, Assam, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ganesh, S. R.
+Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wüster, Wolfgang
+Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor LL 57 2 UW, Wales, UK.
+
+text
+
+
+European Journal of Taxonomy
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-16
+
+
+961
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+51
+
+
+
+
+https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2681/12413
+
+journal article
+10.5852/ejt.2024.961.2681
+2118-9773
+13944155
+8E064900-1289-4648-BE9A-F17461CCF25C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ophiophagus kaalinga
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+84BAA541-67F1-4CE1-B72A-9832157B0267
+
+
+
+Figs 8
+,
+9G–I
+,
+10C
+,
+11C
+,
+14
+
+
+
+
+
+Common name
+
+
+Western Ghats king cobra.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis
+
+
+
+A species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+
+endemic to the Western Ghats of the Indian peninsula, defined by the following combination of characters: possessing pale bands that lack darker edges, along body of adults (vs unbanded in adult
+
+O. salvatana
+
+sp. nov.
+and many
+
+O. bungarus
+
+; with dark edges to the pale bands in adult
+
+O. hannah
+
+).
+
+Ophiophagus kaalinga
+
+sp. nov.
+differs from
+
+O. hannah
+
+through a lower pterygoid teeth count (12 vs 18–21). Finally, juveniles of
+
+O. kaalinga
+
+have 28–48 body bands fewer than
+
+O. salvatana
+
+(85–86) and
+
+O. bungarus
+
+(57–87); relative tail length ranging 18.0–19.9% with a mean of 18.95% (vs 21.7–26.4% [24.05%] in
+
+O. hannah
+
+; vs 19.3–25.1% [22.2%] in
+
+O. bungarus
+
+; vs 18.7–23.0% [20.85%] in
+
+O. salvatana
+
+sp. nov.
+).
+
+
+
+
+Fig. 8.
+Plate 8, from
+Fayrer (1872)
+depicting the ‘Dusky variety’ of
+
+Ophiophagus elaps
+(
+Günther, 1858
+)
+
+, and corresponding to
+
+Ophiophagus kaalinga
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
+
+sp. nov.
+, showing entire body of a hooding adult in mostly a dorsolateral view.
+
+
+
+
+Fig. 9.
+Head in dorsal, ventral and lateral views of respective type specimens of species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+Günther, 1864
+
+.
+A–C
+.
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+(
+Cantor, 1836
+)
+
+, neotype, ♀ (ZSI 8292).
+A
+. Dorsal view of head.
+B
+. Ventral view of head.
+C
+. Left lateral view of head.
+D–F
+.
+
+Ophiophagus bungarus
+(
+Schlegel, 1837
+)
+
+comb. nov.
+, lectotype, ♂ (RMNH 1334).
+D
+. Dorsal view of head.
+E
+. Ventral view of head.
+F
+. Left lateral view of head.
+G–I
+.
+
+Ophiophagus kaalinga
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
+
+sp. nov.
+, holotype, ♂ (BNHS 3655).
+G
+. Dorsal view of head.
+H
+. Ventral view of head.
+I
+. Left lateral view of head.
+J–L
+.
+
+Ophiophagus salvatana
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
+
+sp. nov.
+, holotype, ♂ (CAS 61329).
+J
+. Dorsal view of head.
+K
+. Ventral view of head.
+L
+. Left lateral view of head.
+
+
+
+
+
+Etymology
+
+
+
+The specific epithet
+
+kaalinga
+
+is derived from Kannada language of
+Karnataka
+,
+India
+, alluding to the snake’s dark colouration (‘Kali’ / ‘Kari’ = dark / black), an abbreviated form of ‘Kaalinga Havu’ / ‘Sarpa’ (see
+Das 1998
+), associated with Lord Shiva, as a demigod; here coined as a noun in apposition and hence invariable.
+
+
+
+
+
+Type material
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+
+
+
+
+INDIA
+•
+♂
+;
+Karnataka State
+,
+Shivamogga District
+,
+Agumbe
+;
+13.57° N
+,
+75.10° E
+;
+
+21 Apr. 2021
+
+;
+P. Gowri Shankar
+leg.;
+BNHS 3655
+.
+
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+
+
+
+
+INDIA
+•
+1 ♀
+;
+Karnataka State
+,
+Uttara Kannada District
+,
+Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary
+;
+15.25° N
+,
+74.57° E
+;
+ZSIC
+(
+ex-MCBT 152882
+)
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Kerala State
+,
+Quilon
+;
+8.88° N
+,
+76.6° E
+;
+BNHS 2280
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Tamil Nadu State
+,
+Anaimalai
+or Annamalai;
+10.30° N
+,
+77.00° E
+;
+BMNH 61.12.30.83
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Karnataka
+,
+Karwar District
+,
+Sirsi
+;
+14.60° N
+,
+74.90° E
+;
+MCBT 152884
+
+•
+
+1 spec.
+;
+Kerala State
+,
+Vanjikadavu
+,
+Kundurmadu
+;
+10.39° N
+,
+76.34° E
+;
+ANSP 35312
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Fig. 10.
+View of dorsum of entire body of respective type specimens of species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+Günther, 1864
+
+.
+A
+.
+
+Ophiophagus hannah
+(
+Cantor, 1836
+)
+
+, neotype, ♀ (ZSI 8292).
+B
+.
+
+Ophiophagus bungarus
+(
+Schlegel, 1837
+)
+
+comb. nov.
+, lectotype, ♂ (RMNH 1334).
+C
+.
+
+Ophiophagus kaalinga
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
+
+sp. nov.
+, holotype, ♂ (BNHS 3655).
+D
+.
+
+Ophiophagus salvatana
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
+
+sp. nov.
+, holotype, ♂ (CAS 61329).
+
+
+
+
+
+Description of
+holotype
+
+(
+BNHS
+3655)
+
+Laterally incised to access liver tissue; three ventral scales and two rib tips clipped as tissue samples.
+
+MEASUREMENTS
+. SVL
+2475 mm
+, TL
+530 mm
+, total
+3005 mm
+.
+
+
+HABITUS
+. Body relatively robust (midbody width
+43.2 mm
+, 1.6% SVL), triangular in cross-section; Transverse body rows: DSR1 19; DSR2 15; DSR3 15; ventrals 241; subcaudals 89; supralabials 7; infralabials 8; anterior temporals 2; posterior temporals 2; cloacal 1; dorsal scales smooth, the vertebral and outer two rows enlarged; ventral scales smooth; subcaudals 1–8 and 16–22 entire, the rest divided; tail short (20.4% SVL), cylindrical, tapering posteriorly.
+
+
+HEAD
+. Head relatively large, head length 72.0 mm; head width
+52.5 mm
+; head depth 30.0 mm; distinct from neck, flattened in the orbital region, rounded in the sagittal region, with a slight depression medially; eye diameter 8.0 mm; interorbital distance 27.0 mm; canthus rostralis sharply defined; cephalic scales juxtaposed, smooth-edged, except parietals and occipitals, which are slightly imbricate; rostral trapezoid in shape, distinctly visible from above, over twice as long as wide, concave ventrally, rostral width
+7 mm
+; rostral length
+16 mm
+; Eye to snout distance
+25 mm
+; eye to nostril distance
+11.5 mm
+; nostril diameter 6.0 mm; internasals large, subtrapezoidal, wider than long; preocular squarish, wider than high, separated from internasal by prefrontal; prefrontals trapezoid, wider than long; frontal trapezoidal, contacting prefrontals, supraoculars and parietals; frontal edge straight, short-sided posteriorly; supraocular subtrapezoidal, contacting prefrontal, frontal, parietal, orbit, preocular, upper postocular but not temporals; large paired occipitals; occipital length
+10.6 mm
+; interoccipital scute present; temporals 2/2 (L/R); in anterior pair, upper temporal longer than lower; in posterior pair, upper temporal longer than lower; first row of nuchals slightly enlarged compared to rest of dorsals; supralabials 7/7; III–IV (L/R) touching the eye; IV (L/R) contacting preocular and I and II (L/R) contacting posterior nasal; supralabial I low; II and III progressively higher; III tallest; V and VI subequal; and VI and VII low, narrow and elongate; Supralabial III contacts preoculars; nostril lateral at posterior of a single concave nasal, horizontally elliptical, its greatest diameter at a vertical plane; one preocular and three postoculars; orbit large, pupil rounded; ocular ring comprises seven scales- one preocular, three postoculars, one supraocular and two supralabials; suboculars absent; mental small, triangular, wider than deep; infralabials 8/8 (L/R), first (L/R) contacting anterior genials; infralabial IV (L/R) contact posterior genials; infralabial IV largest; one pair of genials; cuneate scute on lower jaw absent; two elongate gular scales follow posterior mental; the anterior longer than posterior.
+
+
+
+Fig. 11.
+Variation in dorsal bands in adults of the four species of
+
+Ophiophagus
+Günther, 1864
+
+recognised in this study.
+A
+.
+
+O. kaalinga
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
+
+sp. nov.
+B
+.
+
+O. hannah
+(
+Cantor, 1836
+)
+
+.
+C
+.
+
+O. bungarus
+(
+Schlegel, 1837
+)
+
+comb. nov.
+D
+.
+
+O. salvatana
+Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+HEMIPENES
+. Organ partially everted on left side, fairly short and thick, length
+24 mm
+and width
+6 mm
+; extending to 3
+rd
+subcaudal scale; divided at level of 2
+nd
+subcaudal scale; divided lobe length
+7 mm
+; divided lobe width
+5 mm
+; lobe head forked near apex; lobe head with numerous tiny spinules and flounces; asulcate side rather smooth and less spinose; sulcate side with dense congregation of larger spines; sulcal lips not evident, sheath-like, completely surrounding apex base; sulcus spermaticus groove-like and rather straight than convoluted; pedicel more or less conical and tapering down towards its base.
+
+
+DENTITION
+. Maxillary teeth recurved and stout, gradually enlarged posteriorly; fang length
+9 mm
+; fang width at base
+2 mm
+; a reserve fang present on left side.
+
+
+COLOURATION
+. Dorsum dark grey, the ventrals paler. In life, the dorsal surface of the body Dark Brownish Olive (#129), darkening at the posterior third of body to Blackish Neutral Gray (#82); forehead Drab (#27), the largest scales of forehead, including frontal, parietal and occipitals and upper temporals with distinct dark edges; interscale areas of dorsum darker along body, distinctly yellowish when within the pale bands; dorsum and flanks with narrow, oblique, chevron-shaped Straw Yellow (#56) bands, covering a single scale on vertebral region, expanding to cover 4–5 scales on the lower flanks, and separated by 7–8 scales; mandible and genial region Straw Yellow (#56); gular region Buff-Yellow (#53), extending to 20
+th
+ventral scale, intervened by a 2-scale wide dark band at the level of 12–13 ventrals; abdominal region as in gular region, but progressively darkening, from Ventral 20 initially from the peripheral region of the scales. Subcaudal scales grey throughout, and with dark edges. Pupil rounded, black, iris brownish, darkening peripherally, with a narrow, yellow ring. Tongue dark red. Body bands Yellow Ocher (#123C), 1–2 scales in width, widening on lower flanks to 3–4 scales, 29 such bands present between head bands and the caudal region above vent, with 4–5 scale wide interband areas. The first two bands in nuchal region chevron-like. Bands on tail with relatively thick, dark, edges, both dorsally and ventrally; and the posterior third of body is darker than rest of body. In preservation, after over two years in alcohol, colouration generally the same, except the eye becoming dirty white to grey and venter becoming ivory coloured anteriorly to light ashy grey posteriorly.
+
+
+
+Morphological variation
+
+
+
+Two (
+ZSIC
+ex-MCBT 152882 and
+MCBT
+152884) of
+four specimens
+examined had an interoccipital scute. Three of the specimens had intact tails to permit examination of subcaudal fusion pattern. One showed undivided subcaudals 1–7 (
+ZSIC
+ex-MCBT 152882), a second, 1–6 and 12–13 (
+BMNH
+61.12.30.83) and the third, 1–8 and 10–11 (
+MCBT
+152884).
+Wall (1919)
+reported slightly lower subcaudal (85) and ventral (239 and 241) counts, although it is unclear how these were made. Only
+two specimens
+permitted counts of body bands that number 28 and 48. Specimens that permitted counts of tooth and / or sockets had dentition thus: 12 dentary sockets and 3–4 palatine sockets. Juveniles have ivory white bands, Buff, #124, including four on the head region, the first one covering rostral, as well as part of Supralabial 1, nasals, and internasals; the second in preocular position, narrower, and covering part of the prefrontals, preoculars and Supralabial III; the third one in postocular position, narrowest of the four bands, and covering part of the frontal and parietals, and comprise large, elongated marks arranged in a transverse series; and the fourth one on cephalic position, broader than the previous one, and covering part of the parietals and occipitals, and comprise large oval spots arranged in a transverse series.
+
+
+
+
+
+Distribution
+
+
+
+
+Ophiophagus kaalinga
+
+sp. nov.
+is endemic to the Western Ghats of south-western
+India
+, covering parts of
+Tamil Nadu
+,
+Kerala
+,
+Karnataka
+, Goa and the adjacent border of
+Maharashtra
+States. The species is known from the Ashambu hills near Kanyakumari (formerly, Cape Comorin), through the Agasthyamalai and Devarmalai ranges, the Cardamom hills, the Meghamalai mountains, the Anamalai-Palni ranges, across the Palghat Gap, through Nilgiri-Waynad, on to the Malnad regions (Coorg-Agumbe-Sharavathi-Anshi), until about the Goa Gap, abutting
+Maharashtra State
+(
+
+Ishwar
+et al.
+2001
+
+;
+Whitaker & Captain 2004
+[part];
+Khaire 2006
+;
+Hutton & David 2009
+;
+
+Ganesh
+et al.
+2013
+
+,
+2014
+;
+Yadav & Yankanchi 2015
+). It is essentially a hill-dwelling species, that is prevalent in mid-elevation (ca
+500–900 m
+a.s.l.) rainforests, while extending lower to the very foothills (ca
+100 m
+a.s.l.), in mesic windward western versant, or lower slopes (ca
+300 m
+a.s.l.) in the drier leeward eastern versant, reaching up to the high elevation plateaus (ca
+1800 m
+a.s.l.) covered with montane forests (unpubl. data).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/91/A5/0391A5712107C66078ACFC984EA4FF50.xml b/data/03/91/A5/0391A5712107C66078ACFC984EA4FF50.xml
index 9a2d7ddad14..4e68928f5b5 100644
--- a/data/03/91/A5/0391A5712107C66078ACFC984EA4FF50.xml
+++ b/data/03/91/A5/0391A5712107C66078ACFC984EA4FF50.xml
@@ -1,56 +1,56 @@
-
-
-
-Novel alpine algae from New Zealand: Chlorophyta
+
+
+
+Novel alpine algae from New Zealand: Chlorophyta
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Novis, Phil M.
-Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand; email: novisp @ landcareresearch. co. nz Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
+Novis, Phil M.
+Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand; email: novisp @ landcareresearch. co. nz Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Visnovsky, Gabriel
+Visnovsky, Gabriel
-text
-
-
-Phytotaxa
+text
+
+
+Phytotaxa
-
-2012
-
-2012-01-01
+
+2012
+
+2012-01-01
-
-39
+
+39
-
-1
-30
+
+1
+30
-
-http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.39.1.1
+
+http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.39.1.1
-journal article
-6144
-10.11646/phytotaxa.39.1.1
-836e6558-6d05-4ad0-8a82-d11b7c8f9b37
-1179-3163
-4894684
+journal article
+6144
+10.11646/phytotaxa.39.1.1
+836e6558-6d05-4ad0-8a82-d11b7c8f9b37
+1179-3163
+4894684
-
+Cryptodesmus ellipsoideus
Novis & Visnovsky
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ wide, single or in groups. Cell wall appearing smooth and thin in LM. Chloroplas
Desmodesmus
,
-
+Neodesmus
,
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ L were not obtained; amplified bands were 1 Kb larger than the standard size for
Of particular interest, given the phylogenetic position of
-
+Cryptodesmus
, are morphological features that might be homologous to more developed forms in
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ clade,
Neustupa
et al
. 2007, placed in the
-
+Prasiola
clade, also in the
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ clade, also in the
species
generally possess ornamented cell walls, and the walls of
-
+Cryptodesmus
display an unusual layered structure, with slight evidence of thickenings resembling the processes sometimes found in
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ display an unusual layered structure, with slight evidence of thickenings resemb
(
Fig. 3E
). It is possible that these features share a common evolutionary origin. The dividing cells of
-
+Cryptodesmus
are no more reminiscent of coenobial division than those of many other coccoid genera.
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ in the
Scenedesmus
clade, separated from
-
+Cryptodesmus
, suggests that evolution of the features typical of
@@ -284,11 +284,11 @@ postdates the divergence between
Scenedesmus
and
-
+Cryptodesmus
, and this may be resolved further if more diversity within a
-
+Cryptodesmus
clade can be discovered.
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ Other species exist with similar internal structure, such as
)
, the protrusions are far more pronounced than in
-
+Cryptodesmus
.
diff --git a/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFC4B266FCDFAF3779A2E86B.xml b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFC4B266FCDFAF3779A2E86B.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..edb716ae066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFC4B266FCDFAF3779A2E86B.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+
+
+
+The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Stuckenberg, B. R.
+
+text
+
+
+Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond
+
+
+1954
+
+1954-12-17
+
+
+105
+
+
+17
+
+
+393
+422
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+
+journal article
+10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+13987584
+
+
+
+
+Paragus capricorni
+sp. n.
+
+
+
+A species with an almost entirely reddish-brown abdomen. The thorax is dull black, generally lacks coloured reflections, and is quite heavily punctate. The antennae are short, and the femora are reddish-brown without bands of darker colour. The epandrium is elongated, and there is a large, median, finger-like projection on the ventral surface of the penis sheath. The ejaculatory apodeme-isvery large.
+
+FIGS.3-6.-Pafagus cuprimi pn. (3) Hypopygium of holotype. (4) Ejaculatory apodeme. (5)Abdomen of holotype. (6) Abdomen of allotype.
+
+
+Male.-Head: Face yellow, evenly covered with distinot punctures, and with a sparse silvery-white facial pile; a narrow, median stripe present, extending from oral margin almost to bese of antennae, conspicuously ligneous brown over the facial tubercle and almost colourless on its upper third. Oral tubercle piceous, and surrounded by a strip of dark brown. Two basal segments of antennae leather brown, the first slightly paler than the second; third segment dull crineous, paler on its lower half, and twice a4 long as first two segments together. Vertex black, with pale violaceous reflections. Stripes of hair on eyes moderately distinct, and each outer stripe broadly interrupted in the middle. Thorax: Mesonotum dull black with colourless reflections, in some positions appearing to be the colour of pencil lead; irregularly and conspicuously punctate. Mesonotal pile short, erect and yellow. Dorsal stripes pale; just meeting at anterior margin of prewutum, and diverging posteriorly, each becoming narrower and ending almost in a point at posterior margin of scutum. Scutellum fusoous on basal half, slightly paler medially, and with apical half of the same yellow aa the face. Fourteen yellowish-brown, prominent scutelhr teeth present, each tipped with brown. Laterally the scutellum bears a few longish, silvery white hairs. Legs.- All femora reddish-brown, almost dark amber, and translucent. Apical sixth of each femur and basal half of each tibia pale yellow. Tarsi ferruginous. Wings: Hyaline, with a glossy membrane. Stigma yellow, slightly tinged with brown; subcosta, humeral cross-vein, basal and apical parts of first longitudinal veiu testaceous; remainder of veins very dark brown. Abdomen (
+fig. 6
+): A distinctive reddish-brown, almost ferruginous, and a little dark on the apical segments; corners and knob-like protuberances of the first segment fusco-piceous. Third and fourth segments distinctly carinate, with somewhat flattened sides. Abdomen subtruncated apically, with abruptly rounded corners; ita margins diverging, each curving only slightly, then curving rapidly into prominent shoulders; greatest width ie across middle of first segment. The three pairs of white vittae distinct, and not meeting in the median line; transverse furrows on third and fourth segments narrow and moderately deep. Surface of second, third, fourth, and to a lesser extent the fifth, segments quite heavily sculptured, and with numerous small, inconspicuous, reclinate black hairs. First tergite smoother, but quite heavily punctate. Short, white hairs present on all segments, most noticeably on the fifth, where they are quite long; elsewhere they are reclimte, sparse and inconspicuous. ffenitalia (
+fig. 3
+): Epandrium elongate and rectangular, with its dorsal posterior corner broadly rounded; about twice as long as deep. Cerci inconspicuous. Seen dorsally the epandrium is as broad as long, with protuberances at each apical corner. Styles have almost parallel margins, with apex curved slightly forward and bluntly rounded; each style about as long as epandrium is deep. Inferior claspers moderately developed; drawn dorsally into projecting points, and ventrally flattened and truncated; a little shorter than the styles. Superior claspers borne on bluntly pointed processes of penissheath. Penis-sheath bears a ventral, median, finger-like projection that curves gently forward and which is about three-quarters as long as inferiorclaspers. Ejaculatory apodeme (
+fig. 4
+) very large, as large as hypopygium; shaped like an open umbrella, with a broad flattened handle that is abruptly narrowed at its end; the " umbrella " portion about as deep as one-half of the length of the handle, and ellipsoidal in sh a p i ts greatest width approximately equal to the length of the handle.
+
+Length 7.2 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+male
+.
+SOUTHERN RHODESIA
+:
+Sawmills
+,
+
+26. xii. 1919
+
+. In the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo.
+
+
+
+
+
+Ferrule.-Vestiture better developed than in the holotype, the white hairs on the abdomen and the stripes on the eyes being more conspicuous. b nt black with bluish reflections, and bordered by two strips of silvery-white tomentum which broaden at their upper ends. Mesonotum in some positions shows faint blue reflections. Thirteen soutellar teeth. Abdomen (
+fig. 6
+) darker, fourth segment entirely fusco-piceous behind median vith; area between first two pairs of vittae blackish laterally with faint blue reflections, and reddish-brown in the centre; anterior corners of third segment and sides of second segment dark, also with faint blue reflections; shoulders pale; remainder of abdomen reddish-brown. Abdomen stouter, deeper and less obviously carinate than that of holotype, with tergites rounded in cross-section and margins more curved. Fourth sternite fusco-piceousand fifth reddish-brown suffused with black.
+
+Length 7.2 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Allotype
+female
+,
+SOUTHERN RHODESIA
+:
+Sabi River
+,
+
+iii. 1939
+
+. In the collection of the Department of Agriculture of Southern Rhodesia, Salisbury, (no.
+6626
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
+:
+Kaoko Otavi
+,
+
+iii. 1926
+
+, l
+♂
+;
+
+
+Ombombo
+,
+
+ii.1926
+
+,
+1 ♀
+. In the South African Museum, Cape Town.
+
+
+BELGIAN CONGO
+:
+Elisabethville
+,
+
+5. iv.1912
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(
+Dr. J. C. Bequaert
+). In the Museé du Congo Belge, Tervuren, Belgium.
+
+
+UGANDA
+:
+Karamoja Province
+,
+Lobwor Hills
+,
+Aremo
+,
+
+iv.1951
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(
+T. H. E. Jackson
+). In the Coryndon Museum,Nairobi.
+
+
+SOUTHERN RHODESIA
+:
+Sawmills
+,
+
+1.iv. 1923
+
+;
+1 ♂
+;
+
+
+
+25. xii. 1925
+
+,l
+♀
+;
+
+27. xii. 1920
+
+,
+1 ♀
+. In the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia.
+
+
+ZULULAND
+:
+M’fongosi
+,
+
+iii. -iv.1935
+
+,
+1 ♀
+,
+2 ♂
+(
+W. E. Jones
+). In the South African Museum, Cape Town.
+
+
+SOUTH AFRICA
+:
+Pretoria
+,
+
+30, i.1915
+
+,
+1 ♂
+;
+
+
+Barberton
+,
+
+9.x. 1919
+
+,
+1♀
+;
+
+
+P. (
+Premier
+?)
+Mine
+,
+
+11.iv.1914
+
+,
+1 ♀
+(
+H. K. Munro
+). In the South African National Insect Collection, Department of Entomology, Pretoria.
+
+
+Komati Poort
+,
+
+xi. 1918
+
+, 1
+♂
+(
+R. W. Tucker
+). In the South African Museum.
+
+
+
+
+The male from Aremo, Uganda, is of exceptional interest as its abdomen is entirely dull black; its antennae are almost black; the sides ofthemesonotum have green and cupreous reflections, the pile is brassy,the face isdusky yellow, and the median vitta is very dark and conspicuous. The specimen from Pretoria has amber legs and slight blue-green reflections on thethorax. The abdomen of the male from Elisabethville has a coloration likethatofthe allotype, except that the sides of the second segment are testaceous. The number of scutellar teeth varies from thirteen to fifteen. The genitalia of each male paratype have been examined and no variation has bcen noticed. The female from Premier Mine, South Africa, has a distinctly orangeabdomen which is broader than that of the allotype and has the fourthand fifth sternites yellowish brown; the legs are amber. Shortest paratype 5.4 mm., longest paratype 7-8 mm.
+
+
+
+Remarks.-This species is easily distinguished from the other African species by the shape and colour of the abdomen. The females may resemble those of P. azurea
+subsp. scrupeus
+, but differ in that they lack the spotsof pollen before the anterior ocellus. The name was suggested by the distribution of the specimens before me, which are grouped approximately across the Tropic of Capricorn. The male paratype from Elisabethville is the one mentioned by Herv 6-Bazin (1914)-the female which he records is probably also of this species. ’
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFC9B263FCFAA98078D2E61C.xml b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFC9B263FCFAA98078D2E61C.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eab1add866c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFC9B263FCFAA98078D2E61C.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+
+
+
+The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Stuckenberg, B. R.
+
+text
+
+
+Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond
+
+
+1954
+
+1954-12-17
+
+
+105
+
+
+17
+
+
+393
+422
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+
+journal article
+10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+13987584
+
+
+
+
+
+Paragus azurea
+Hull, 1949
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+This species was established by Hull on a female taken in Sokotra by W. R. 0. Grant. The male in the same collection was apparently overlooked, although its capture was recorded by
+Ricardo (1903:368)
+, who also noted the bright metallic reflections of the thorax, the abbreviated condition of the mesonotal stripes in the male, and the absence of mesonotal stripes in the female. Grant added a note to the effect that the species was apparently scarce on the island.
+
+A species with very long mesonotal pile and bright metallic reflections on the thorax. The mesonotal stripes are absent in the female, reduced in the male. The femora are banded with brown. The abdomen lacks sculpturation. There is a protuberance on each side of the epandrium near the lower, anterior corners.
+
+Bale.-Head:Face yellow, a little creamy, with a quite heavy, silvery white pile and a few small punctures. Facial stripe dark ligneous brown, its upper fifth thin and nearly colourless. Oral tubercle piceous, and surrounded by a strip of black which merges on each side with the black border of the oral margins. Basal segment of antennae brunneous; second segment the darkest, being fuscous dorsally and with a small spot of dark reddishbrown below; third segment light crineous, darker dorsally, lighter on inner and ventral surfaces, rather elongated and cylindrical, and just over two-and-a-half times as long as first two segments together. Vertex fusco-piceouswith pale violaceous reflections. Outer two stripes of hair on each eye distinct, inner stripe twice as broad as any of the others, and less sharply defined. Thorax: Mesonotum shining black with strong blue reflections, and a few violaceous reflections on the sides. A pair of pale, abbreviated dorsal stripesthese not meeting anteriorly and ending posteriorly just past the transverse suture. Meaonotal pile long, erect and white. Punctures on mesonotum small and widely separated. Basal third of scutellum fusco-piceous,the rest yellow; these two colours separated by a narrow, indefinite line of pale brown. Nineteen scutellar teeth of unequal length, those in the middle only half length of those on outside; each tipped with brown. Legs: Posterior femora dark brown in the centre; basal quarter dark testaceous and the apical fifth creamy-yellow. Posterior tibiae creamy for a little more than basal third, remainder tawny with a narrow, dark, median band. Posterior metatarsi fusco-testaceous but suffused with dark brown, the following segments similar but lighter, the la& pale testaceous. Two anterior pairs of femora reddish-brown, with distal third creamy-yellow. Two anterior pairs of tibiae creamy-yellowfor a little more than basal half, pale testa.ceous elsewhere. Two anterior pairs of tarsi pale testaceoub. Wings: Hyaline, with a slightly clouded, yellow stigma. Subcosta yellowish-brown,its apex a little paler. Rest of veins ligneous brown, darker and a little heavier than in
+P. pusillus
+but not as dark or as heavy as in caprGxn-ni. Abdomen (
+fig. 16
+): Resembles that of
+pusillus
+. Sides and knob-like protuberances of first segment, and shoulders and margins of second segment all piceous with dull blue reflections: this dark colour proceeds more narrowly down entire margin of second segment to end a t apical corners. Both first and second segments broadly translucent yellowish-brownover middle. Area between first two pairs of vittae irregularly dark reddish-brown and fusoous. Abdomen fusco-piceous behind the last pair of vittae except for an irregular reddish-brown, translucent patch which occupies about half of fifth segment and extends a little onto posterior part of fourth segment. Abdomen not carinate, angular, as if a little pinched, between vittae of third segment. Only a trace of a vitta on fifth segment; anterior vittae lie in shallow troughs that broaden very considerably laterally, and are somewhat indistinct against the pale colour of the second segment. Middle pair of vittae lie in very shallow and narrow troughs that do not widen laterally. Abdomen differs from that of P. eapricorni and
+pusillus
+in the complete lack of sculpturation, tergites being smooth except for numerous deep, round, widely separated punctures. Short reclinate black hairs and some longer white hairs present on first segment, absent on the following two, and present on fifth segment and posterior margin of fourth. Genitalia (
+fig. 13
+): Epandrium rectangular, a little longer than deep;near the lower, anterior margin swollen into an anteriorly directed protuberance which is better developed on right side than on left. Cerci rounded and prominent. Styles flattened, with almost parallel margins, the upper margin sinuous, the lower slightly so; each style truncated apically and has upper distal corner produced. Inferior claspers moderately developed, rather ear-like with a slight ventral lobe, a somewhat pointed dorsal lobe, and a base nearly as broad as the whole. Superior claspers borne on broad lobes which have irregular margins. Penis-sheath brwdly rounded below, with a slight transverse groove, and entirely lacking the finger-likeprojection found in P.cupricorni and
+pusillus
+. Ejaculatory apodeme missing in the preparation.
+
+
+
+FIGS.13-16.-(13) Hypopygium of allotype of
+Paragus
+azurm Hull. (14) Ejaculatory apodeme of male of scrupeus
+subsp. n.
+from Mozambique. (15) Abdomen of allotype of P. azurea. (16) Abdomen of allotype of serupeus subsp. n.
+
+
+Length 7.4 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Allotype
+male
+,
+SOKOTRA
+:
+Hadibu Plains
+,
+
+13.ii.1899
+
+, (
+W. R. 0. Grant
+). In the British Museum (Natural History),
+B.M. 1916-75
+.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.-A very distinctive species on account of its long mesonotal pile, bright mesonotal reflections, and modified condition of the mesonotal stripes in both sexes. It is represented in Africa by the following subspecies, which seems to extend from Aden down the east coast as far south as Mozambique. The isolation of the typical €orm has probably accounted for its divergence from the continental stock.
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCAB265FCB4A9D77AC0E8BD.xml b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCAB265FCB4A9D77AC0E8BD.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8db8dad5da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCAB265FCB4A9D77AC0E8BD.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+
+
+
+The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Stuckenberg, B. R.
+
+text
+
+
+Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond
+
+
+1954
+
+1954-12-17
+
+
+105
+
+
+17
+
+
+393
+422
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+
+journal article
+10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+13987584
+
+
+
+
+Paragus pusillus
+sp. n.
+
+
+
+A narrow, dark species with very short mesonotal pile. The vertex of the male is closed behind by two posteriorly converging strips of tomentum. The femora are testaceous and lack bands of darker colour. The abdomen is very dark, except for a patch of lighter colour over the second and third segments. The females have a small, oval, diagonal spot of pollen on each side of the anterior ocellus. The styles are foliaceous and there is a prominent, median, finger-like process on the ventral surface of the penis-sheath. The ejaculatory apodeme is smaller than the hypopygium.
+
+Mak.-Hrlead: Face creamy-yellow, with indistinct punctures and a sparse short silvery white pile; facial stripe extends upwards to base of antennae, and is almost colourless except over the facial tubercle, where it is pale brown. Oral tubercle piceous and surrounded by a strip of light brown. Antennae shorter than the face; h t segment badious; second similar, but dark above; third segment crineous, becoming brownish below, and twice as long as first two together. Vertex black with an admixture of brown, showing pale blue and cupreous reflections; bordered posteriorly by two small arms of silvery tomentum which converge at edge of occiput and extend anteriorly, ending at sides of vertex just past upper corners ofcompound eyes. Stripes of hair oneyes indistinct, the outer on each eye being almost absent and the inner two intermingling. Thorax: Mesonotum shining black with metallic blue and grey, and some slight cupreous reflections; conspicuouslypunctate. Mesonotal pile very short and scanty-it is bombycinous. Stripes on mesonotum moderately heavy, more so than in P. mpricorni; converging anteriorly for a short distance, and not ending in sharp points posteriorly. Pileonposterior humeri slightly longer and paler. Scutellum creamy on apical third, colourless on middle third, end basally black with a strong admixture of brown. Fourteen long, yellow scutellar teeth. Legs: Femora testaceous basally, creamy-yellowon apical fifth. Posterior tibiae rreamy-yellow basally, distally ferrugino-testaceous like the posterior tarsi. The two anterior pairs of tibiae creamy-yellow on basal half, testaceous distally. The two anterior pairs of tarsi testaceous, paler than femora. Wings: Hyaline, with a yellow stigma that is slightly tinged with brown. Apex of subcosta pale, almost the eame colour as stigma. Remainder of veins ligneous brown, not as heavy as in cuprimmi. Abdomen (fig. 9): Very different from that of
+P. capricorni
+. Very dark, especially on fist and last two segments. First segment almost entirely fusco-piceous except for a small, median, testaceous patch on its posterior margin. Second segment reddish in the centre, pale amber laterally, then slightly reddish.brown, the margins and shoulders fusco-piceouswith pale blue reflections. Third segment dark reddish-brown with a darker median area, and beooming very dark on sides. Fourth segment entirely fusco-piceous, the fifth similar, except that it is margined with reddish-brown. Anterior vittae distinct, though not clearly dehed against the pale colour of the second segment; middle and posterior paira distinct, and each pair almost meets in the midline. Third and fourth segments distinctly &ate; their sides more rounded than in P. cupicorni. Abdomen not robust, and narrow, with hardly prominent shoulders and margins nearly parallel; its apex rounded. Transverse troughs in which the vittae of third and fourth segments lie large and deep, especially the anterior pair. Tergites distinctly sculptured, inoluding fist segment; in addition there are numerous deep, round punctures evenly distributed over all tergites. A thin covering of short, very inconspicuous,reclinate black hairs, and longer, sparse, thin, white hairs present, erect on first segment and reclinate elsewhere. Genitalia (
+fig. 7
+): Epandrium rectangular, with posterior margin inclined at an angle to lower margin. Ratio of upper to lower margins 5: 8. Epandrium about aa deep as length of upper margin; its lower, posterior corner broadly rounded and produced. Cerci long, flattened and moderately prominent. Styles foliaceous when seen from the side, with upper and lower margins sinuate, upper more so than lower, both coming together at an acute angle and ending in a somewh.tt deflexed point. Inferior claspers well developed; extending ventrally into rounded lobes that project below level of penis sheath and bend cephalad a little; dorsally they are tnincated at about level of lower margin of epandrium, with dorsal edge concave and meeting outer margin in a point; each about aa long as epandrium is deep, Superior claspers borne on broad lobes with straightened edges.
+
+
+FIas. 9-12.-Purugw pwillu.? sp. n. (9) Abdomen of holotype. (10) Abdomen of allotype. (11) Abdomen of a small male. (12) A small female from South-West Africa.
+
+Ventrally penis-sheath bears a finger-like projection that has a slightly concave inner surface, and which is about half a8 long as an inferior clasper. Ejaculatory apodeme missing in the preparation.
+Length 6.2 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+male
+,
+SOUTHERN RHODESIA
+:
+Sawmills
+,
+
+23.x. 1922
+
+. In the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo.
+
+
+
+
+Female.-Facial stripe as broad as facial tubercle, and light ligneous brown. Tomentose strips on h nt linear and uniformly wide, and each with a short, beak-like, incurved hook of tomenturn at upper end. Also a small, oval, diagonal spot of pollen on eaoh side of anterior ocellus. Front black, with some metallic reflections. Stripes of hair on eyss distinct. Apical half of scutellum creamy-yellow; fourteen ecutellar teeth. Abdomen like that of holotype, but darker; entirely piceous behind first pair of vittae and has a wq dark fusiform patch in centre of second tergite. Abdomen (fig. 10) rounded in crosshection and slightly carinate, its shape similar to that of abdomen of holotype, but margins very gently curved from shoulders to apex. Fourth and fifth sternites shining black.
+Length 64 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Allotype
+female
+,
+SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
+:
+Zesfontein
+,
+
+ii. 1925
+
+. In the South African Museum, Cape Town.
+
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
+:
+Kaross
+,
+1 ♂
+,
+1 ♀
+;
+
+
+Zesfontein
+,
+1 ♂
+,
+2 ♀
+;
+
+
+Warmbad
+,
+5 ♀
+,
+
+ii. 1925
+
+. In the South African Museum, Cape Town.
+
+
+
+
+
+The males are like the holotype, except that they are smaller and darker, the thorax of each specimen with only slightly coloured reflections. Each has only ten scutellar teeth and the yellow of the scutellum occupies the apical Mf. Their genitalia differ in having the styles with only slightly sinuate margins. The ejaculatory apodeme (
+fig. 8
+) from one paratype is very different from that of
+P. capricorni
+. It is much smaller than the hypopygium, and consists of a stem-like portion which bears a hood. The stem is very broadly flattened at its junction with the hood, expanding laterally into short, flattened flanges, and then tapering off quite slowly for a distance about equal to the greatest width of the hood-at this point it constricts slightly and then becomes cylindrical for a short length, finally dilating into a funnel-shaped apex. The hood is ellipsoidal, slightly distorted, and concave; dorsally it is furrowed over its greatest width along the line of attachment of the stem.
+
+Of the female paratypes, two (Warmbad) are of the same size as the allo. type, the rest smaller. They all have the coloured reflections of the thorax very poorly developed. The number of scutellar teeth varies from nine to fourteen. All appear to be almost completely black except for the lighter colouring on the second abdominal segment, and some have very reddish legs. Shortest paratype 4.6 mm., longest paratype 6.8 mm.
+
+
+
+Remurks.-This species is distinguished by its small size, generally dark coloration and narrow body. It is easily separated from
+P. capricorni
+by the characters given in the key above, and from the other African species by its very short mesonotal pile. It appears to be most closely related to P. serratgs (Fabricius). The dark coloration of the specimens from South-West Africa my be due to development under the semi-arid conditions usually prevailing there.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCDB27AFD35A6947F6FEEE8.xml b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCDB27AFD35A6947F6FEEE8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e2b79201427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCDB27AFD35A6947F6FEEE8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+
+
+
+The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Stuckenberg, B. R.
+
+text
+
+
+Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond
+
+
+1954
+
+1954-12-17
+
+
+105
+
+
+17
+
+
+393
+422
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+
+journal article
+10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+13987584
+
+
+
+
+
+Paragus crenulatus
+Thomson, 1868
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+This species was erected by Thomson on material from unspecified localities in China. From his description it would seem to differ from
+P. serratus
+as then understood in having extensively dark femora, longish antennae, the mesonotal stripes narrowed behind, and the wings yellowish at the base.
+
+
+
+
+I have specimens before me from the following localities:
+
+SARAWAK
+: foot of
+Mt. Dulit
+at Junction of rivers
+Tinjar
+and
+Lejoh
+,
+
+22. viii.1932
+
+,
+
+11. x. 1932
+
+,
+3 ♂
+,
+1♀
+(
+B. M. Hobby
+,
+A. W. Moore
+),
+B.M. 1933-254
+.
+
+
+HONGKONG:
+Hong Kong
+Peak,
+
+22-24. ix.
+1937,1300
+
+-
+
+1600 ft.
+
+;
+University Grounds
+,
+
+1-10. xii. 1937
+
+,
+2 ♂
+,
+4 ♀
+(
+G. M. Herford
+),
+B.M. 1938-426
+.
+
+
+JAVA
+:
+Pekalongan
+,
+
+iv.1907
+
+,
+1 ♂
+, C. H. Curran Collection,
+ACC. 31144
+.
+
+
+DUTCH
+NEW GUINEA
+:
+Cyclops Mts.
+,
+Sabron
+,
+
+930 ft.
+
+,
+
+iv. 1936
+
+,l
+♀
+(
+L. E. Cheesman
+),
+B.M. 1936-271
+.
+
+
+CEYLON
+:
+Colombo
+,
+
+14. vi. 1891
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(Lt.-Col.
+Yerbwy
+),
+B.M. 1892-192
+.
+
+
+CELEBES
+:
+Moho
+,
+
+4000 ft.
+
+,
+
+i.1936
+
+,
+1 ♀
+(
+L. E. Clzeesman
+),
+B.M. 1936-271
+.
+
+
+INDIA
+:
+Calcutta
+,
+
+xi. 1908
+
+,
+1 ♂
+,
+
+20.xii. 1908
+
+,
+2 ♂
+,
+ex
+coll.
+Brunetti
+,
+B.M. 1927-184
+.
+
+
+MALAYA
+:
+Serdang
+,
+
+17.xii.1923
+
+,
+1 ♀
+(
+G. H. Corbett
+,
+B. A. R. Gater
+),
+B.M. 1924-436
+.
+
+
+Singapore
+,
+
+23. v. 1911
+
+,
+1 ♀
+(
+R. Hamitsch
+),
+B.M. 1936-173
+.
+
+
+Selangor
+,
+Kuala Lumpur
+,
+
+12.xi. 1924
+
+,l $
+♀
+(H. M. P.ndlebury),
+B.M.1925-56
+.
+
+
+SIAM
+:
+Bangkok
+,
+
+19.vi.1929
+
+,
+1 ♂
+, 1 $
+♀
+(
+W. R. S. Ladell
+),
+B.M. 1930-215
+. All except the male from Java are in the British Museum.
+
+
+
+
+
+This is one of the most widely distributed species of the complex. It ranges over the whole of the Oriental Region and Austro-Malayan Subregion. The species which
+Keiser (1952)
+recorded from Sumba, Sumbawa, Floresand Timor as
+P. serratus
+, and which he notes to occur alsoin the PhilippineIslands, Formosa and China, is almost certainly
+P. crenulatus
+. It is probably the species which occurs in Australia.
+
+There is considerable variation within the species. Each ofthelarger islands has a slightly different form, and there are small differences between specimens from Malaya, Siam, India and Hong Kong. P. crenulatuscould probably be divided into several subspecies; I lack suEcient materialt o attempt this.
+The following description is based on the specimens from Hong Kong.
+Males.-Hmd: Thomson states that the face ofP. crenulatzlsiswhitishone of the males which I have has a flavescent face, translucent,and in some positions with very pale blue reflections; the other male hasa yellow face.
+
+Facial pile thin. Median stripe restricted in one specimen t o theoraltubercle,in the other reaching half-way to antennae: pale brown in both. Oral tubercleconspicuously black, and surrounded by a dark brown strip. Two basalsegmentsvery darkbrown, almost piceous above. Third segment paler, subcylindrical and a littlemorethantwice as long as first two segments.together. Vertex entirely black with violaceousreflections. The two middle stripes of hair on each eye tendto merge, buttheoutermostdistinct though narrow. Thorax: Mesonotum black, with quite strong violaceousreflections and a few faint blue reflections. Mesonotal pile quite long, erect, and shiningyellow: pale yellow on anterior humeri and shining brassy-yellow behind attachmentofwings. Mesonotal stripes pale, rather purplish when seen from above-brassy-yellowwhenviewed obliquely. Stripes unite in front, almost uniformly wide asfarbackasmidwaybetween transverse suture and scutellum, and then narrow rapidly,almostendinginpoints. Basal third of scutellum piceous, the remainderyellowish. One malehaseleven, theothertwelve pale, subequal scutellar teeth (Thomson mentions twelve teeth). Scutellarpiledecidedly longer than that of rest of mesonotum. Legs: Posterior femora testaceousonbasal seventh, yellow on apical quarter, the rest conspicuously dark brown. Posteriortibiae yellow on basal half, then banded with dark brown, and with apicalUthtawnywitha gny sheen. Posterior metatarsi dark crineous, rest of tarsalsegmentssimilarbutmore yellow. The two anterior pairs of femora yellow on apical half,luteousonbasal half. The two anterior pairs of tibiae yellow on basal half, testaceouson therest; thetwo anterior pairs of tarsi reddish-brown. Wings: Membrane suffused with yellowish-brown on the basal half, becoming paler apically. Microtrichia on membrane very dark and conspicuous, and the wing bordered posteriorly by a line which is darker than in the other species. Stigma yellowish-brown, distinctly darker than subcostal cell. Veins heawy and very dark, almost piceoua. Abdomen: Broad and rather flattened, subcarinate. Over the second segment it is triangular in cross-section, less so over succeeding segments. Shoulders prominent, sides curving gradually backwards, forming sharply rounded cornera behind. Shoulders dark fusco-piceous, with some violeceous reflections, this dark colour extending down the margin to apex of second segment, from whence it extends diagomlly across the segment to posterior margin of first segment. Anterior corners and knob-like protuberances of first segment fusco-piceous. Remainder of abdomen brownish-amber, a little reddish behind. Prominent, reclinate, black hairs arising from distinct punctures on second, third, and, to a lesser extent, fourth segment. White hairs present on fist segment,where they are thin and erect; better developed and reclinate on fourth segment, and very well developed on fifth segment. Transverse troughs of third segment well developed, rather deep, with flattened sides. Troughs on fourth segment very shallow and inconspicuous. The vittae which normally occupy these troughs almost absent in one specimen, sparingly developed in the other. Sculpturation present on second to Efth segments. Genitalia (
+fig. 17
+): Epandrium not very elongated, and its lower posterior corner bluntly rounded. Cerci rounded and prominent. Each style consists of an enlarged base and a narrow, elongated apical portion ending in a point and with sinuous upper and lower margins. Inferior claspers produced above into a moderately curved lobe which has a truncated end; ventrally tbey are produced into small, anteriorly directed lobes. Superior claspers borne on well developed, broadly rounded processes. A thin ventral projection present on penis-sheath.
+
+
+
+FIGS.17-20.-
+Paragus
+crenulatus Thomson.
+(17) HypopygiumIof male from Hong Kong. (18) Hypopygium of male from Calcutta. (19) Abdomen of male from Java. (20) Abdomen of female from Hong Kong.
+
+
+
+Females.-Colour of face variable, being either flavescent, very smoky, translucent yellow, or almost yellow-green. Frons black with some bluish reflections bordered by narrow, linear strips of tomentum that expand at the upper end into a small, inwardly directed, triangular patch. Vertex black with violaceous reflections between ocelli and cyanescent reflections on the side and behind. Number of scutellar teeth varies from eleven to thirteen. Coloration of abdomen (
+fig. 20
+) considerably different from that of males described above, and practically the same in each female. Firet segment, including knob-like protuberances, black before the transverse ridge. Second segment wholly black on the sides, this dark colour extending diagonally across to posterior margin of first segment. Remainder of first and second segments, and narrow anterior margin of third segment brownish-amber. A small, black triangular patch in middle of second segment the arms of which in one specimen extend narrowly around entire posterior border of segment. Third segment completely fusco-piceousbehind and between vittae. Fourth segment a little brownish before its vittae, remainder of segment black. Fifth segment dark brown, with irregular dark patches. All three pairs of vittae distinct and complete, though anterior margins of first pair are not clearly defined against the pale colour of anterior part of third segment. Abdomen almost uniformly broad as far back as beginning of third segment; very deep, incompletely carinate, and with slightly flattened sides. Fourth and fifth sternites dark fusco-piceous.
+
+The specimens from Sarawak have yellow faces and prominent facial stripes. The antennae are paler, and the from of the females and vertex of both sexes show strong cyanescent reflections. The thorax has violaceous and metallic cyanescent reflections. The’mesonotal stripes, when seen from above, appear as two faint, purplish strips, scarcely discernible. When the thorax is viewed obliquely the stripes appear to be brassy or slightly cupreous; in all the specimens they fade out just behind the transverse suture. The number of scutellar teeth varies from twelve to fifteen. In two specimens the wings are only moderately suffused with yellow brown, otherwise they are heavily suffused. The genitalia differ in that the styles are more strongly arched on the upper margin, the epandrium is a little more elongated, and the processes supporting the superior claspers are not as well developed. Two of the males have the abdomen red-brown behind the first pair of vittae.
+The female from Celebes has a darker face that is slightly tinged with brown. There are very strong cyanescent reflections on the front and vertex. The mesonotal pile is long, fine and bombycinous. The mesonotum is black and shining, with deep cyanescent reflections on the sides. The mesonotal stripes are complete though very thin over their posterior third, they are not very heavy, and are dark brassy yellow. The abdomen is greatly enlarged, almost as broad as long, and nearly circular in outline. The first-segment is almost entirely yellowish-brown, except for a small dark patch below each knob-like protuberance. The area behind the vittae on the third segment is brownish medially, fusco-piceous on the sides. The fourth segment is fuscopiceous except for a narrow, median strip of dark brown. The anterior pair of vittae are inconspicuous, while the two posterior pairs are well developed. The troughs on the third and fourth segments are very shallow.
+The female from Dutch New Guinea has a broad, rather flattened abdomen, with sides that curve strongly backwards. The third and fourth segments are conspicuously sculptured. The whole abdomen is a slightly reddish-brown, except for the sides and shoulders of the second segment which are piceous. The fourth and fifth sternites are yellowish-brown. The mesonotal pile is only faintly yellow, and the mesonotal stripes are silvery. The frons, vertex and entire mesonotum have deep cyanescent reflections. The tomentose strips of the vertex are linear and lack inward projections at the upper ends. The tarsi are rather ferruginous. There are eighteen scutellar teeth which are very short except for a few on each side of the scutellum.
+
+The male from Java has very heavy mesonotal stripes which are silverywhite. The sides of the abdomen (
+fig. 19
+) are not so curved, and the abdomen is rather carinate. The hob-like protuberances of the first abdominal segment are fusco-piceous with quite strong blue reflections. The sides of the second segment are dark brown. The remainder of the abdomen is a slightly yellowish brown. The troughs on the third segment are narrow and quite deep. The hypopygium is very similar to that of the Hong Kong form, except that the penis-sheath is not so deeply curved below, and the ventral process is very weak.
+
+The hypopygium of the male from Ceylon differs in certain respects from that of the Chinese specimens. The styles are not pointed apically, but bluntly rounded; the upper lobe of the inferior claspers is more attenuated and almost ends in a point; the process supporting the superior claspers is much broader.
+
+The three specimens from Calcutta are rather dark. The abdomen is marked like those of the females from Hong Kong. The mesonotal pile is white, and the mesonotal stripes are complete and silvery. The wings in each case are without any suffusion. The thorax is more coarsely punctate, and has dull violaceous and a few cupreous reflections. The genitalia (
+fig. 18
+) differ in having the penis-sheath more broadly curved below, and the styles rounded apically and not enlarged at the base.
+
+The male from Bangkok has no suffusion on the wings, and the veins are not as heavy as in the Chinese form. The thorax has some cyanescent re0ections, and the mesonotal pile is pale yellow. The mesonotal stripes are complete and silvery. The abdomen is coloured like that of the male from Java. The epandrium is about as long as deep, the styles are enlarged at the base, and the upper lobe of the inferior claspers is more produced. The female from the same locality has moderately suffused wings, heavier mesonotal pile and a darkish face; the tomentose strips of the frons are enlarged at the upper end into stout, hatchet-like projections that almost meet in the mid-line.
+The posterior femora of both specimens are only moderately dark.
+Of the females from Malaya, those from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore have almost clear wings. All have the tornentose strips of the from narrow, with stout, inwardly projecting, beak-like extensions at the upper ends, which almost meet in the mid-line. The specimen from Serdang has heavily suffused wings and has the fourth and fifth abdominal sternites brown. Shortest specimen 5.6 mm., longest specimen 6.8 mm.
+
+
+
+Remarks.-This species can usually be recognised by its suffused wings, and by the extensively dark posterior femora. It may be confused with
+P. serratus (Fabricius)
+when the wings are clear, but the longer mesonotal pile and darker posterior femora distinguish it from that species. The shape of the abdomen is often characteristic.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCFB261FD88A7407843E7A8.xml b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCFB261FD88A7407843E7A8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e656ecf9464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFCFB261FD88A7407843E7A8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+
+
+
+The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Stuckenberg, B. R.
+
+text
+
+
+Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond
+
+
+1954
+
+1954-12-17
+
+
+105
+
+
+17
+
+
+393
+422
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+
+journal article
+10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+13987584
+
+
+
+
+Paragus azurea Hull, subsp. scrupeus
+subsp. n.
+
+
+
+This subspecies differs from the typical form in having well developed sculpturation on the abdomen. The mesonotal stripes are complete in the male, almost complete in the female. The mesonotal pile is a little shorter, and the coloured reflections of the thorax are not as bright. The female has a small, diagonal spot of pollen on each side of the anterior ocellus.
+
+Male.-Heud: Face a darker yellow, with oral tubercle piceous but surrounded by a fusco-piceous band. A n t e m differ in that second segment is only slightly dark above, and third segment is yellowish-brown on its lower half. Stripes of hair on eyes all of equal width. Thorax: Mesonotum a duller black, with some blue and violaceous reflections. Mesonotal pile shorter, but longer than that of P. q im i and much longer than that of
+pusillus
+: it is bombycinous. Mesonotal stripes conspicuous and white, extending to base of scutellum-quite narrow and tapering only slightly, not ending in sharp points. Twelve subequal scutellar teeth, moderately long and each tippod with dark brown. Legs: Posterior femora less extensively brown, yellowish-testaceous on basal half, creamy-yellow on apical sixth and with a brown band between. Basal third of each posterior tibia creamy-yellow, tawny on remaining two-thirds. Posterior tarsi tawny. Two anterior pairs of femora yellowish-testaceous on basal two-thirds, a little lighter than on posterior pair, and creamy-yellowon the rest. The two pairs of remaining tibiae creamy yellow on basal half and, with their tarsi, the same colour as the femora elsewhere. Wings: Stigma pale, clear yellow, and veins light brown; subcosta and apical part of first longitudinal vein yellowish-brown. Abdomen: Broader than in allotype of P. azurea, and shoulders more prominent; sides flattened and triangular in crosssection, differing in this respect from P. ca/pricorni and
+pusillus
+which have distinctly rounded sides. Third and fourth segments distinctly carinate. Sculpturation strongly developed on all segments. Transverse troughs on third segment not quite as deep or as wide. Abdomen brown, translucent, a little darker and reddish in places. Sides of second segment narrowly fusco-piceous, this dark colour continuing onto apical corners of first segment. Genitalia: Hypopygium similar to that of allotype of P. azurea described above, including presence of protuberances on each side of epandrium, but differs in some characters. Lower edge of epandrium a little arched, instead of being straight. Styles more produced apioally, and almost straight below, but with a deeply sinuous upper margin. Base of penis-sheath with a distinct transverse furrow. Ejaculatory apodeme (
+fig. 14
+) larger than hypopygium, made up of two pad, an umbrella-like hood and a handle. The latter flat, expanded into wide lateral flanges along its basal attachment to the umbrella, slightly constricted apically and ending in a rounded knob.
+
+Umbrella ellipsoidal and concave, with a furrow along line of attachment to the handle, only half as deep as that of P. qriwrni.
+Length 7.2 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+male
+,
+ARABIA
+:
+Aden
+,
+
+28. ii. 1895
+
+(Lt. Col.
+C. G. Nurse
+). In the the British Museum (Natural History),
+B.M. 1934-8
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Female.-The single female before me differs fiom the holotype of P. azurea in many features. Lower half of frons reddish-brown, lighter just above base of antennae-this light patch bordered on each side by a strip of tomentum which widens dorsally and which is enlarged inwards at the upper end, the enlargement of each side not touching the other but separated mowly. Dorsal part of from bluish-black. On each side of anterior ocellus a small, oval, diagonal spot of pollen. Thorax black, with cyanescent and violaceous reflections. Meaonotal pile moderately long. Mesonotal stripes silvery-grey, just meeting anteriorly, and narrowing very abruptly posteriorly midway between transverse suture and scuhllum, continuing to margin of scutellum as faint, broken, greyish lines. Posterior femora translucent and testaceous except for apical seventh, which is pale yellow. Wing veins light brown and thin. Scutellum fusco-piceouswith a strong admixture of brown on basal half, yellow on the rest. Fourteen scutellar teeth which are conspicuouslytipped with red-brown. Abdomen (
+fig. 6
+) very strongly carinate, deep and bowl-like-very broad and enlarged. Sides curve strongly backwards from prominent shoulders. Whole abdomen, including shoulders, dark red-brown-some fusco-piceous patches prewnt on most of the segments, apparently due to consolidation of the contents of the abdomen and their adherence to the tergites. A well developed sculpturation on posterior four segments-the first segment coarsely punctate. Transverse troughs on third segment narrow and quite deep, and outer end of each curves backwards. Troughs on fourth segment likewise narrow and quite deep, but linear. Vittae white and prominent. Fourth trnd fifth sternites brown, irregularly marked with black.
+
+Length 7.2 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Allotype
+female
+,
+SOUTHERN RHODESIA
+:
+Sawmills
+,
+
+25. xii. 1925
+
+. In the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo.
+
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+ARABIA
+:
+Aden
+,
+
+5.iii. 1895
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(Lt.-Col.
+G. G. Nurse
+). In the British Museum (Natural History),
+B.M. 193-8
+.
+
+
+ZANZIBAR
+: nr.
+Mazi Moja
+,
+
+20.viii.1924
+
+,
+4 ♂
+(
+H. J. Snell
+). In the British Museum (Natural History).
+
+
+PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA
+:
+Masiene
+,
+
+xii.1924
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(
+R. F. Lawrence
+). In the South African National Insect Collection, Department of Entomology, Pretoria.
+
+
+Delagoa Bay
+,
+Inhaca Island
+,
+
+29. iv. 1953
+
+,
+2 ♂
+(
+E. Giddy
+).
+
+
+
+
+The male from Aden has very heavy, silvery-white mesonotal stripes. The specimens from Zanzibar have the thorax more intensely black, with very dark blue re3ections; two of the specimens have a creamy-yellow face, the other two are typical but have a very dark and conspicuous facial stripe. There is considerable variation in the colour of the abdomen, one specimen from Zanzibar being entirely fusco-piceous behind the first pair of vittae and over most of the first segment; the same specimen has pale antennae, the third segment being yellowish-brown. The male from Masiene has a very broad abdomen, shorter than in the other specimens, and which is dark fuscopiceous on the sides of the first three segments and entirely.so on the fourth and fifth segments, translucent reddish-brown elsewhere. The genitalia of each male paratype has been examined and all are similar to that of the allotype of P. azurea; in each case the lower edge of the epandrium is straight, the condition found in the holotype of scrupms apparently being unusual. The number of scutellar teeth varies from eleven to fourteen. Shortest paratype 5.4 mm., longest paratype 7.8 mm.
+
+
+
+Remark-Specimens from the more southern part of the range of this subspecies may possibly be confused with
+P. capricorni
+as they tend to be darker than those from the north and have slightIy shorter mesonotal pile. The males may be distinguished by the genitalia and by the longer antennae, while the females have a spot of pollen on each side of the anterior ocellus. The nine specimens taken at Aden by Yerbury (Verrall: 1898) probably belong to this subspecies. The specimens from Eritrea determined by
+Speiser (1911)
+as P. serfatus almost certainly belong here, probably also the specimens from Egypt referred to by Efflatoun Bey (1926),and those from Lourenpo Marques recorded by
+Curran (1938)
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFD4B277FCCAAA38791EED42.xml b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFD4B277FCCAAA38791EED42.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..493b40718de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFD4B277FCCAAA38791EED42.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+
+
+
+The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Stuckenberg, B. R.
+
+text
+
+
+Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond
+
+
+1954
+
+1954-12-17
+
+
+105
+
+
+17
+
+
+393
+422
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+
+journal article
+10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+13987584
+
+
+
+
+Paragus yerburiensis
+sp. n.
+
+
+
+This species has a transverse band of black across most of the first abdominal segment. The posterior corners of the abdomen are very much produced, and the abdomen appears to be truncated in the males. The epandrium is elongated, the inferior claspers are greatly enlarged, and the superior claspers are borne on long narrow processes.
+Male.-Head: Face dark yellow, with distinct punctures and a silvery-white pile. No median stripe, facial tubercle brown. Oral tubercle piceous, and surrounded by a dark brown strip. Two basal segmenb of antennae very dark brown, second segment suffused with black above. Third segment elongated and cylindrical, crineous above and tawny on lower surface at base, twice as long as first two together. Vertex fusco-piceous with dull violaceous reflections; tomentum of occiput extends for a short distance past upper corners of compound eyes, closing the vertax from behind. Stripes of hair on eyes distinct and quite heavy, outermost on each eye the widest, and broadly interrupted in the middle. Thorax: Mesonotum rather dull black, with pale violaceous reflections; quite heavily punctate. Mesonotal pile short and yellowish. Mesonotal stripes heavy and conspicuous, yellowish in front and grey behind, each broad, and meeting in region of transverse suture. Scutellum dark fusco-piceous on basal half, dark yellow on remainder. Sixteen long scutellar teeth, each tipped with black. Legs: Posterior femora with a very dark brown band on their median half, basal quarter testsceous, and apical quarter creamy-yellow. Posterior tibiae yellowish on basal half, ferrugino-testaceous with a dark median band on remainder. Whole tarsus missing from left posterior leg, and two apical segments missing on right leg, remaining three segments red-brown with a grey suffusion. The two anterior pairs of femora testaceous on basal two-thirds, pale yellow on the rest. The two anterior pairs of tibiae pale yellow on a little more than basal half, pale testaceous on remainder and on tarsi. Wings: Narrower than in the other species. Membrane hyaline and a little glossy. Stigma pale yellow, and veins very dark brown, almost black, and rather thin. Microtrichia on membrane sparse. Subcosta and apical part of first longitudinal vein brown. Abdomen (fig. 28): First segment piceous across more than its anterior half, this dark colour extending diagonally across each side of seoond segment, ending at apical cornem of that segment. Second segment with a median, fusco-piceous, triangular patoh. Third segment entirely fusco-piceous behind first pair of vittae, this colour extending forward between vittae, stopping at margin of second segment in alignment with the triangular patch mentioned above. Remainder of first three segments yellow-brown. Fourth segment fusco-piceous and fifth segment similar. Anterior margin of each anterior vitta inconspicuous against the paler colour of third segment, but posterior margin distinct against dark colour of that segment. Middle and posterior pairs of Vittae distinct, and a little creamy. Abdomen of a characteristic shape. Sides almost parallel, diverging a little anteriorly, each curving gently backwards from moderately prominent shoulders. Second segment subtriangular in cross-section, third segment decidedly more rounded; sides of posterior part of fourth segment vertical, a little curved above. Posterior corners of abdomen markedly produced and broadly rounded and swollen, giving the abdomen a rather truncated appearance. Margins of abdomen curve under these swellings. Troughs on fourth segment deep and narrow, those of third segment deep, but with shallow sides. Area between first two pairs of vittae strongly curved longitudinally as well as transversely. Abdomen a little carinate from between median to between anterior Vittae. The dark part of first segment coarsely punchte, and with a thin covering of short white hairs which curve outwards from the median line on each side, remainder of segment impunctate. Triangular patch on second segment covered with large, close punctures which superficially resemble sculpturation, but out of which no hairs arise; a few punctures and some sparse, recliuate, black hairs on remainder of segment. Towards anterior corners of third segment a few punctures out of which arise fine sparse, reclinate, white hairs, rest ofthe segment, behind the anterior vittae, lacks sculpturation. Some reduced punctures present, especially towards sides; hairs lacking over median half but some reclinate black hairs present on sides. Fourth segment similar to third, but with very few punctures, appearing very smooth as a result; some reclinate, black hairs on the sides. Genitalia (fig. 26): Epandrium elongated and about twice as long as deep, its lower posterior corner broadly rounded. Cerci very prorninent, and stand well above upper margin of epandrium. Styles about one-and-a-quarter times as long as epandrium is deep, quite broad and flattened, with subparallel margins, a bluntly pointed distal end and a slightly swollen base. Inferior claspers greatly enlarged and as long as epandrium is deep, dorsally produced into very long, flat, blade-like lobes which twist inwards a little at the tip. Ventrally they are produced into short, sharply truncated lobes which are broadened on inner surface into distinct, almost horizontal faces. Superior lobes borne on thin, sharply pointed processes. Lower surface of penis-sheath bears a median, ventral projection that is flattened laterally and subrectangular in shape.
+
+
+BIGS.26-29.-
+Paragus yerburiemis
+sp. n.
+(26) Hypopygium of holotype. (27) Abdomen of a small male. (28) Abdomen of holotype. (29) Abdomen of allotype.
+
+
+Length 7.0 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+male
+,
+CEYLON
+:
+Velverry
+,
+
+18.i. 1891
+
+(Lt.-Col.
+Yerbuy
+). In the British Museum (Natural History),
+B.M. 1892-192
+
+.
+
+
+
+Female.-Head with a black from having blue-grey reflections. Strips of tomentum widened above, upper ends bending inwards, pointed and hook-like. Antennae stand on a dark brown base, their two basal segments very dark, and third segment darker than in holotype. Vertex black with strong cyanescent reflections. Scutellum yellow on a little more than apical third. Abdomen (fig. 29) coloured like that of holotype, with the following differences: triangular patch on second segment extended on both sides into thin, long curved arms which follow the border of fist segment, and which are not complete,continuing apically as a series of about ten dark spota around some punctures; dark areas on sides of second segment not extending diagonally acrw segment to end in its corners,but uniformly wide throughout, ending on posterior margin of second segment; abdomen is piceous behind first pair of vittae. Shoulders prominent, and margim of abdomenparallel as far back as first pair of vittae. Troughs on third and fourth segments very deep, narrowieh and distinct. Abdomen triangular in cross-section through second segment,more rounded through third segment, and much more rounded through fourth segment. A moderately developed sculpturation present on third and fourth segments. Fourth and Gth sternites black and shining.
+Length 7.6 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Allotype
+female
+,
+CEYLON
+:
+Mahagany
+,
+
+30.xi.1890
+
+(Lt.-Col.
+Yerbury
+). In the British Museum (Natural History),
+B.M. 1892-192
+.
+
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+INDIA
+:
+Jubblepore
+,
+
+15.xi. 1907
+
+,
+1 ♂
+ex
+coll.
+Brunetti
+,
+B.M. 1927-184
+.
+
+
+CEYLON
+:
+Mahagany
+,
+
+30.xi. 1890
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(Lt.-Col.
+Yerbury
+),
+B.M. 1892-192
+;
+
+
+Trincomali
+,
+
+20.iii.1891
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(Lt.-Col.
+Yerbury
+),
+B.M. 1892-192
+.
+
+
+
+
+The head of the paratype from Trincomali is missing. The dark colour of the antennae, especially of the two basal segments which are almost black, is a noticeable feature of the other two paratypes. All three specimens differ from the holotype in having the abdomen with a strong admixture of brown behind the first pair of vittae; in the specimen from Trincomali this region is almost pure brown. They differ, too, in having distinct punctures on the third and fourth segments. There are some slight differences in the genitalia of each specimen, these involve the styles, which may be truncated or a little rounded apically, and which in all three paratypes have the upper margin a little sinuous.
+
+
+
+Remarks.-This species is easily distinguished by the characters given in the key above. From the nature of the abdomen of the male and of the male genitalia it seems that
+P.yerburiensis
+is a rather isolated species within the complex. There seems to be considerable variation in size between individuals of this species.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFD6B278FD06AC537A80EB0C.xml b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFD6B278FD06AC537A80EB0C.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5b30499a491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFD6B278FD06AC537A80EB0C.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+
+
+
+The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Stuckenberg, B. R.
+
+text
+
+
+Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond
+
+
+1954
+
+1954-12-17
+
+
+105
+
+
+17
+
+
+393
+422
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+
+journal article
+10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+13987584
+
+
+
+
+Paragus serratus (Fabricius), 1805
+.
+
+
+
+
+I have material from the localities given below: all the specimens are in the British Museum (Natural History).
+
+NORTH-WEST
+INDIA
+:
+Jubblepore
+,
+
+24. ix. 1907
+
+, l
+♂
+(
+C.G.Nurse
+),
+B.M. 1934-38
+;
+
+
+
+16.xi.1907
+
+, 1
+♀
+,
+ex
+coll.
+Brunetti
+,
+B.M. 1927-184
+.
+
+
+Deesa
+,
+
+viii. 1901
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(
+C. G.Nurse
+),
+B.M.1934-38
+.
+
+
+NORTH-EAST
+INDIA
+:
+Delhi
+,
+
+x. 1936
+
+,
+1 ♂
+(
+T. Jermyn
+),
+B.M.1949-53
+.
+
+
+INDIA
+:
+Poona
+,
+
+19-27. ii. 1907
+
+, 1
+♂
+, ex coll.
+Brunetti
+,
+B.M.1927-184
+.
+
+
+Coimbatore
+,
+
+13.viii. 1912
+
+,
+1♂
+(
+R.S.V.
+).
+
+
+Hasi
+,
+
+17.xi. 1907
+
+, 1
+♀
+,ex coll.
+Brunetti
+,
+B.M. 1927-184
+.
+
+
+Mysore
+,
+Bangalore
+,
+1 ♀
+(
+E. Y. Watson
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+FIGS.21-25.-
+Paragus
+serratus (Fabricius)
+. (21) Hypopygium of male from Poona, India. (22) Hypopygium of male from Delhi, India. (23) Abdomen of male. (24) Abdomen of female.
+
+
+
+
+Males.-Head: Face varies from sulphur-yellow to creamy-yellow. Facialstripe undeveloped except for a colourless or blightly brown patchoverfacial tubercle. Oral tubercle piceous, and surrounded by a narrow strip ofslightlyreddish-brown. Facial pile short and thin. Two basal segments of antennae dark red-brown, the second blackish above. Third segment pale crineous above, tawny on basal half, nearly twice as long as first two segments together, and moderately stout. Vertex fusco-piceous around ocelli, with some violaceous reflections; posteriorly it is black with metallic azureous reflections. Stripes of hair on eyes quite distinct, outer stripe on each eye narrowed in the middle. Thorax: Mesonotum black with strong violaceous reflections dorsally and strong blue reflections on the sides. Mesonotsl pile short, pale, and golden-yellow. Mesonotal stripes heavy and broad, almost uniformly wide throughout their length, and not ending in sharp points; yellowish. Basal half of scutellum fusco-piceous,the remainder yellow. Scutellar teeth variable in length, those towards centre of row shortest, varying in number from ten to fourteen. Legs: All femora testaceous basally, creamy-yellow apically, a narrow, dark-brown band on posterior femora. Tibiae creamy-yellowon basal half, pale testaceous on the rest. Posterior tarsi ferrugino-testaceous, the two anterior peirs pale testaceous. Wings: Membrane hyaline and shining. Veins dark brown, and stigma a dirty yellow. Ahdomen (
+figs. 23-24
+): Corners of first segment and shoulders and sides of second segment piceous, sometimes admixed with brown, and usually with bluish reflections. Remainder of first and second segmentsand anterior margin of third segment amber. Abdomen brown between anterior and posterior vittae, sometimes a little reddish, and rarely entirely amber. Moderately carinate on third and fourth segments. Anterior with indistinct and pale; posterior vittae moderately distinct and silvery-grey. Troughs on third segment wide and deep, sometimes rather narrow and moderately deep, those of fourth segment narrow and moderately deep. Sculpturation of fourth sgment reduced; present, though inconspicuous, on second and third segments. Vestiture of abdomen poorly developed; middle three segments with many short, black, reclinate hairs, on first segment some short, thin, erect, white hairs, and on fourth segment a few similar hairs, only reclinate; some longer, silvery-white hairs on the fifth segment. Cfenitalia (
+figs. 21-22
+): Epandrium nearly one-and-a-half times as long as deep. Its anterior margin produced forwards on each side into triangular projections. Cerci flattish and quite prominent. Styles very characteristic, flat and wide apically, narrowly constricted over the middle, and dilated basally into a '' head 'I. Inferior claspers well developed: ventrally produced into small, pointed, suboval lobes, dorsally they extend into long, laterally flattened lobes. Superior claspers borne on broad lobes. Penis-sheath very narrow ventrally, and bears a weak, short, median, ventral process.
+
+Females.-The three females of this species before me are rather variable, and it is possible that the one from Hasi does not belong here.
+Frons black with cyanescent reflections; in the female from Bangalore it is fuscopiceous like the vertex. Tomentose strips of the frons well developed, each broad and linear and inwardly expanded at upper end into stout, triangular patches, both almost meeting in the mid-line; the specimen from Hasi lacks these projections of the tomentose strips. Vertex fusco-piceousaround the ocelli; cyanescent reflections posteriorly, except in the female from Bangalore. Number of scutellar teeth varies from fourteen to seventeen. Fourth and fifth abdominal sternites fusco-piceous, with a strong admixture of red-brown in places.
+Longest specimen 68 mm., shortest specimen 5'1 mm.
+
+
+Remarks.-The short mesonotal pile and male genitalia distinguish this species. The antennae are shortish, md the posterior femora are only narrowly darh.
+A translation of the original description of P. stmatus is as follows, for which I am indebted to Mr. S. Whiteley: (( With a black thorax, the edge of the scutellum yellow and serrate. It has the small stature of the preceding species (P.&color). Head yellow, antennae dusky; a black thorax with two shortened grey dorsal lines. Scutellum black, with extensive yellow on the rim, saw-like with many little teeth. Abdomen black on the first segment, red on the rest, with a whitish edge. Clear, unspotted wings; rust-red tarsi”.
+
+The description is very brief, but I believe that it can be referred to the species described above for several reasons. It isunlikely that Fabricius described R specimen of P. went htus as he would have noticed the suffused wings; his type could not have been a specimen of P. yerbwriensis as in that species the abdomen is not extensively reddish; hally,
+P. auritus
+is much larger than &color, and does not have rust-red tarsi. It seems probable that the species described above is
+P. serratus
+as it is the only Oriental species that agrees with his description on all points.
+
+
+It is interesting to note that a Danish factory was opened at Tranqnebar, the type locality, in 1620; Danish influence continued until 1845, except for a brief period of British Occupation from 1801 to 1814 (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 22, 14th edit., 1929). Fabricius probably came by his material of
+P. serratus
+through the efforts of these settlers. The species seem to be collfined to India.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFDBB275FCB2AC0279C1E858.xml b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFDBB275FCB2AC0279C1E858.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..64256930a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/9F/80/039F807CFFDBB275FCB2AC0279C1E858.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+
+
+
+The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Stuckenberg, B. R.
+
+text
+
+
+Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond
+
+
+1954
+
+1954-12-17
+
+
+105
+
+
+17
+
+
+393
+422
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+
+journal article
+10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
+13987584
+
+
+
+
+Paragus auritus
+sp. n.
+
+
+
+This is a large species with elongated antennae. The abdomen is unusually broad in relation to the thorax, the females especially with greatly distended abdomens. There is no median, ventral projection on the penis-sheath, and the inferior claspers are produced into large ventral lobes. The superior claspers are borne on long, narrow processes.
+
+Male.-Head: Face yellow, with small punctures and a short, moderately thick facial pile. Oral tubercle piceous and surrounded by a strip of light brown. Third segment of one antenna missing. Segments of other antenna very elongated, especially the third, and antenna as a whole longer than distance between base of antennae and upper margin of oral tubercle; third segment tapering and cylindrical. Basal segments reddish-brown, the second darker than the first; apical segment dark crineous above, somewhat orange below. Vertex black with strong violaceous reflections. Stripes of hair on eyes distinct, the outermost on each eye being the broadest. Thorax: Mesonotum black with pale blue and violet reflections above, and quite strong blue reflections on the sides, heavily punctate, the punctures rather small. Mesonotal pile quite short and thick, fine, erect and yellow. One of the mesonotal stripes has been obliterated by the pin on which the specimen is mounted, the other stripe distinct and quite heavy, yellow in front and silverygrey behind. Scutellum fusco-piceous on basal half and slightly creamy-yellow on apical half: between these two areaa a narrow intermediate band of 'brown. Sixteen scutellar teeth, each tipped with orange, the middle six teeth only half the length of those on the outside. Legs: Posterior femora brown on middle half, pale teshceous on basal quarter, and yellow on apical quarter. Posterior tibiae pale yellow, almost white on basal half, the remainder yellowish testaceous. Hind tarsi brown with a slight admixture of yellow. The two anterior pairs of femora pale testaceous, except for their distal fifth, which is yellow. The middle and anterior pairs of tibiae pale yellow on their basal two-thirds, very pale testaceous on remainder. The two anterior pairs of tarsi brown with a strong admixture of yellow, almost orange. Wings: Membrane hyaline and moderately glossy, slightly suffused on basal half. Stigma yellow and veim ligneous brown and moderately heavy. Subcosta and apical part of first longitudinal vcin light brown. Abdomen: Conspicuously large in relation to thorax. Slightly carinate, rather rounded and deep, a little flattened on each side of median line, and with prominent shoulders; translucent brown. Corners of first segment and shoulders of second suffused with dark brown, also fourth segment behind median vittae. A he sculpturation present on fourth segment and that part of third segment behind anterior vittae. Remainder of abdomen covered with punctures. Middle three segments with a conspicuous covering of quite long, stout reclinate black hairs which are distinct against pale coloration of abdcmen. White hairs present on fifth segment and also a few on fourth. Anterior vittae rather indistinct, and lying in shallow troughs; middle and posterior vittae distinct, troughs on fourth segment shallow and narrow. Genitalia (
+fig. 30
+): Epandrium trapezoid, with upper and lower sides parallel-not quite twice as long as deep. Ventral posterior corners broadly rounded. Cerci rounded and prominent. Styles shaped somewhat like the blade of a pen-knife, only with a broadened base and with upper and lower margins a little notched. Inferior claspers ear-like and well developed; the upper lobe slight, but the lower lobe very large and produced ventrally. Penis-sheath narrow, and completely lacking any median. ventral projection. Superior claspers borne on long, narrow, curved, ventrally-directed projections of the penis-sheath, these projections very characteristic.
+
+Length 8.2 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+male
+,
+CEYLON
+:
+Kandy
+,
+
+29. vi. 1892
+
+(Lt.-Col.
+Yerbury
+). In the British Museum (Natural History),
+B.M. 1892-292
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+FIGS.30-33.-
+Paragus auritus
+sp. n.
+(30) Hypopygium of holotype. (31) Hypopygiurn of male from Kanthalia, Ceylon. (32) Abdomen of holotype. (33) Abdomen of allotype.
+
+
+
+
+Female.-Third segment of antennae conspicuously darker than the two basal segments. Frons black with dull cyanescent reflections. The two tomentose strips broad and with irregular inner margins, each with a thin inward projection at upper end. Vertex fuscopiceous with violaceous reflections. Fifteen scutellar teeth. Wings quite strongly suffused with yellow-brown, more strongly 80 on basal half. Abdomen very broad and greatly enlarged in relation to thorax, very deep and rounded, with prominent shoulders. Sides curve rapidly backwards under the bulge of the abdomen (
+fig. 33
+). Fourth and fifth segments piceous except for a narrow strip of brown along anterior margin of each median vitta. Third segment with a fusco-piceous strip on each side of median line. Black hairs which were present on abdbmen of holotype well developed and conspicuous, perhaps a little longer and thinner. Fourth and fXth sternites dark, shining fusco-piceous.
+
+Length 8.2 mm.
+
+
+
+
+Allotype
+female
+,
+CEYLON
+:
+Anarudhapura
+,
+
+10.xi. 1890
+
+(Lt.-Col.
+Yerbuy
+). In the British Museum (Natural History),
+B.M. 1892-192
+.
+
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+CEYLON
+:
+KBnthalia
+,
+
+31. vii. 1890
+
+,
+
+17.x.1890
+
+,
+2 ♂
+;
+
+
+Trincomali
+,
+
+19. ii.1892
+
+,
+1 ♀
+;
+
+
+Pankullam
+,
+
+1. i. 1891
+
+,
+1 ♀
+(Lt.-Col.
+Yerbury
+). All
+B.M. 1892-192
+.
+
+
+INDIA
+:
+Calcutta
+,
+
+1-17. xii.1908
+
+,
+1 ♂
+,
+ex
+coll.
+Brunetti
+,
+B.M. 1927-184
+.
+
+
+KENYA
+:
+Teita Hills
+,
+Lumi River
+,
+
+xii. 1912
+
+,l
+♂
+. In the Coryndon Museum, Nairobi.
+
+
+
+
+One male from Kanthalia has a paler abdomen than that of the holotype, especially the first segment, which is amber; the same specimen has the dark band on the posterior femora very much reduced. The male from Calcutta completely lacks the dark band on the posterior femora, which are pale amber. The male from Kenya has ten quite long scutellar teeth, each tipped with brown; the mesonotal pile is longer than in the holotype; the posterior femora are dark brown and the other legs are generally darker.
+
+There are some rather puzzling differences in the genitalia, the typical form being illustrated in
+fig. 30
+and an atypical form, which is commoner, shown in
+fig. 31
+. The typical form is only repeated in one of the males from Kanthalia. It seems that the typical form represents a more weakly sclerotised condition of the hypopygium; this weakness has apparently led to distorticn involving extension of the parts during maceration in hot caustic potash.
+
+
+The genitalia of the male from Kenya are almost identical with those of the males from Ceylon (
+fig. 31
+), but differ in that the apex of each style is broader, and the penis-sheath is not strongly angled below. The presence of this species in Africa is unexpected, and the unique specimen may represent a distinct subspecies which would be identified by the differences mentioned above. Unfortunately the specimen is in poor condition.
+
+Shortest paratype 7.3 mm., longest paratype 9.0 mm.
+
+
+Remarks.-M the specimens that I have of this species are strikingly large. It may be distinguished from the other species in the complex by the elongated antennae.
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/2B/54/6D/2B546D93B3615D03AA26F777DDB1D345.xml b/data/2B/54/6D/2B546D93B3615D03AA26F777DDB1D345.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..58fe7d26fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/2B/54/6D/2B546D93B3615D03AA26F777DDB1D345.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+
+
+
+An update on the genus Ischiomysis with a description of I. proincisa sp. nov. (Crustacea, Mysida) from a sublittoral marine cave in the Gulf of Guinea (tropical E-Atlantic)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wittmann, Karl J.
+0000-0003-1381-2588
+Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A- 1090 Vienna, Austria
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wirtz, Peter
+0000-0003-3920-6228
+CCMAR — Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139, Faro, Portugal
+
+text
+
+
+Zoosystematics and Evolution
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-24
+
+
+100
+
+
+4
+
+
+1431
+1442
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.3897/zse.100.130288
+07A629AB-C1D1-45F3-995C-F114D8493685
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis telmatactiphila
+Wittmann, 2013
+
+
+
+
+
+Fig. 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis telmatactiphila
+
+Wittmann, 2013: 492–497
+, 503–505, figs 1–3;
+
+
+San Vicente
+and Monniot 2014
+
+
+: tab. 1;
+
+Wittmann et al. 2014: 349
+
+, figs 18, 20;
+
+Bhaduri and Crowther 2016
+
+: tab. 1;
+
+Wittmann and Wirtz 2017: 132
+
+, 148;
+
+Saito et al. 2018
+
+: tab. 2;
+
+Wittmann and Ariani 2019
+
+: suppl.;
+
+Mees and Meland 2024
+
+: AphiaID 723174.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material.
+
+
+São Tomé
+•
+
+10 ♀♀
+ad. (
+BL
+4.2–5.4 mm
+),
+6 ♂♂
+ad. (
+BL
+3.8–4.7 mm
+),
+2 ♀♀
+subad.; E-Atlantic,
+Gulf
+of
+Guinea
+, small islet
+
+Ilhéu
+de Santana
+
+;
+
+0.2417 ° N
+,
+6.7587 ° E
+
+;
+
+15 m
+depth
+
+;
+
+4 Feb. 2017
+
+;
+P. Wirtz
+leg.; well-lit fissure in exposed rock in front of the “ Santana Tunnel ”, mysids above mouth disk of
+
+Telmatactis cricoides
+
+in crevice
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Note.
+
+
+The present record at the Ilhéu de Santana is the first after the first description. It extends the known distribution by
+31 km
+air route across
+São Tomé Island
+or by>
+48 km
+waterway around
+São Tomé
+, respectively. Fig.
+1
+shows a dense swarm of this mysid species spread over the oral disc of
+
+T. cricoides
+
+. Additional mysid swarms were found closely associated with five other
+
+Telmatactis
+
+(above the oral disk and around the column of the anemone) in well-lit fissures of exposed rock in the Santana Bay at
+
+0.2462 ° N
+,
+6.7461 ° E
+
+. So far, no records of this species were made distant from anemones.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis telmatactiphila
+
+aggregated over the oral disk of
+
+Telmatactis cricoides
+
+in Santana Bay; photo P. Wirtz.
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/42/A6/A6/42A6A6F6897A59109216D5F22F78A55D.xml b/data/42/A6/A6/42A6A6F6897A59109216D5F22F78A55D.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a906752afb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/42/A6/A6/42A6A6F6897A59109216D5F22F78A55D.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+
+
+
+A new species of Braunsia (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae), a natural enemy of Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) from South Korea: species description and notes on its biology
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Kim, Soohyun
+https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5378-0447
+Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea & Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Choi, Jong Bong
+Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hwang, Hwal-Su
+Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Kenis, Marc
+0000-0002-3179-0872
+Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seehausen, M. Lukas
+0000-0002-2057-9553
+Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Park, Ikju
+CABI, Delémont, Switzerland
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Choi, Jin-Kyung
+0000-0002-4059-0645
+Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Lee, Kyeong-Yeoll
+0000-0002-0534-1942
+Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Sharkey, Michael J.
+0000-0001-6201-7340
+Department of Science Education, Daegu National University of Education, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Kang, Ilgoo
+0000-0002-8501-1758
+Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+text
+
+
+Journal of Hymenoptera Research
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-24
+
+
+97
+
+
+915
+936
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.3897/jhr.97.135728
+3AEC7296-DCE5-4750-99EE-757D9ED4AEC1
+
+
+
+
+
+Braunsia
+Kriechbaumer, 1894
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+species.
+
+
+
+
+Braunsia bicolor
+Kriechbaumer, 1894
+
+, designated by Viereck (1914).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/48/9D/4C/489D4C882B365D998CC6E506940C8CE0.xml b/data/48/9D/4C/489D4C882B365D998CC6E506940C8CE0.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eb8bde2ec94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/48/9D/4C/489D4C882B365D998CC6E506940C8CE0.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+
+
+
+An update on the genus Ischiomysis with a description of I. proincisa sp. nov. (Crustacea, Mysida) from a sublittoral marine cave in the Gulf of Guinea (tropical E-Atlantic)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wittmann, Karl J.
+0000-0003-1381-2588
+Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A- 1090 Vienna, Austria
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wirtz, Peter
+0000-0003-3920-6228
+CCMAR — Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139, Faro, Portugal
+
+text
+
+
+Zoosystematics and Evolution
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-24
+
+
+100
+
+
+4
+
+
+1431
+1442
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.3897/zse.100.130288
+07A629AB-C1D1-45F3-995C-F114D8493685
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis peterwirtzi
+Wittmann, 2013
+
+
+
+
+
+Figs 2
+,
+3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis peterwirtzi
+
+Wittmann, 2013: 497–505
+, figs 5–6;
+
+
+San Vicente
+and Monniot 2014
+
+
+: tab. 1;
+
+Wittmann et al. 2014: 277
+
+, 349;
+
+Wittmann and Griffiths 2017: 40
+
+;
+
+Wittmann and Wirtz 2017: 132
+
+, 145, 148;
+
+Saito et al. 2018
+
+: tab. 2;
+
+Wittmann and Chevaldonné 2021
+
+: tab. 1, suppl.;
+
+Wittmann 2023
+
+: tab. S 1;
+
+Mees and Meland 2024
+
+: AphiaID 723175.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material.
+
+
+São Vicente
+•
+
+6 ♀♀
+ad. (
+BL
+4.2–4.8 mm
+),
+3 ♂♂
+ad. (
+BL
+4.1–4.4 mm
+),
+2 ♀♀
+subad.; E-Atlantic,
+Cape Verde
+archipelago, off
+Mindelo
+, small island
+Ilhéu dos Pássaros
+;
+
+16.91147 ° N
+,
+25.01181 ° W
+
+;
+
+17 m
+depth
+
+;
+
+26 Aug. 2015
+
+;
+P. Wirtz
+leg.; mysids around the basis of
+
+Telmatactis cricoides
+
+at foot of large stone
+
+•
+
+3 ♂♂
+ad. (
+BL
+4.5–4.7 mm
+),
+3 imm.
+,
+1 juv.
+;
+São Vicente
+, marine
+cave Furna da Rosa
+;
+
+16.8500 ° N
+,
+25.0833 ° W
+
+;
+
+16 m
+depth
+
+;
+
+5 April 2022
+
+;
+P. Wirtz
+leg.
+
+
+
+
+
+Note.
+
+
+Cornea black in freshly caught specimens, eyestalks vary between transparent, opaque, and light red, cephalothorax and tail fan all over deeply red, pleon transparent to light red (ex-situ photo in Fig.
+2
+), not considering colors of the content of foregut and intestine, in part visible through the (semi) - transparent body. The present records at the Ilhéu dos Pássaros and the cave Furna da Rosa are the first and second after the first description, respectively. They extend the known distribution by only
+11 km
+to the NE. Swarms associated with
+
+T. cricoides
+
+(Fig.
+3
+) as well as swarms distant from anemones were found in the large cave Furna da Rosa. Additional swarms were observed in five more submarine caves at
+São Vicente
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ex-situ
+photo of living
+
+Ischiomysis peterwirtzi
+
+from small island Ilhéu dos Pássaros; photo P. Wirtz.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis peterwirtzi
+
+associated with
+
+Telmatactis cricoides
+
+in the marine cave Furna da Rosa; detail shows a swarm of this mysid species over sand and a small number of specimens over tentacles of the anemone; photo P. Wirtz.
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/66/CA/40/66CA40B2974C5045A78B251B9EEF4F4D.xml b/data/66/CA/40/66CA40B2974C5045A78B251B9EEF4F4D.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f7ae0521545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/66/CA/40/66CA40B2974C5045A78B251B9EEF4F4D.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+
+
+
+An update on the genus Ischiomysis with a description of I. proincisa sp. nov. (Crustacea, Mysida) from a sublittoral marine cave in the Gulf of Guinea (tropical E-Atlantic)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wittmann, Karl J.
+0000-0003-1381-2588
+Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A- 1090 Vienna, Austria
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wirtz, Peter
+0000-0003-3920-6228
+CCMAR — Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139, Faro, Portugal
+
+text
+
+
+Zoosystematics and Evolution
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-24
+
+
+100
+
+
+4
+
+
+1431
+1442
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.3897/zse.100.130288
+07A629AB-C1D1-45F3-995C-F114D8493685
+
+
+
+
+Genus
+
+Ischiomysis
+Wittmann, 2013
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis
+
+Wittmann, 2013: 489–492
+;
+
+
+San Vicente
+and Monniot 2014: 333
+
+
+, 340;
+
+Wittmann et al. 2014: 231
+
+, 309, 341;
+
+Wittmann and Wirtz 2017: 147
+
+;
+
+Daneliya 2021: 3
+
+, 6–7;
+
+Mees and Meland 2024
+
+: AphiaID 723169.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Short diagnosis.
+
+
+Shortened and updated from
+Wittmann (2013)
+.
+Heteromysini
+with normal eyes, eyestalks without spiniform extension, no ocular papilla. Flagellate spine opposed by a large smooth seta on disto-mesial corner of terminal segment of antennular trunk; no modified spines (setae) on basal and middle segments. Appendix masculina short, with tuft of setae. Antennal scale well developed, with apical segment. Carapace (not counting rostrum) and mouthparts are normal. Thoracic sternites 2–8 without median processes in both sexes. Endopods 1–8 with distinct claw at apex. Third endopod specialized as gnathopod by forming a moderately strong subchela; carpus enlarged, not subdivided, armed with several flagellate spines. Fourth endopod with several weakly modified setae on carpopropodus and with apically bifid claw in both sexes. Endopod 8 only in males with a strong spiniform extension of praeischium and with 1–2 modified flagellate spine on ischium. Pleopods entire, reduced to small setose plates in both sexes; no spines or teeth. Uropods normal, with setae all around, no spine. Telson with spines on lateral margins; distinct apical cleft with spine-like laminae, no setae.
+
+
+
+
+Species inventory.
+
+
+
+I. peterwirtzi
+Wittmann, 2013
+
+, from sublittoral rock recesses up to large marine caves, mostly observed associated with the club-tipped anemone
+
+Telmatactis cricoides
+
+but also distant from anemones at
+São Vicente Island
+and the small nearby island Ilhéu dos Pássaros in the
+Cape Verde
+archipelago, tropical E-Atlantic.
+
+
+
+I. telmatactiphila
+Wittmann, 2013
+
+, close to
+
+T. cricoides
+
+in well-lit rock recesses at
+São Tomé Island
+and the small nearby islet Ilhéu de Santana, Gulf of
+Guinea
+, tropical E-Atlantic.
+
+
+
+I. proincisa
+
+sp. nov.
+from a large semi-dark sublittoral cave at the coast of Rolas Island, close to
+São Tomé Island
+, in the Gulf of
+Guinea
+, tropical E-Atlantic.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/AF/25/E5/AF25E5F788F05019B9FE33576ED635BE.xml b/data/AF/25/E5/AF25E5F788F05019B9FE33576ED635BE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..de0e2f65ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/AF/25/E5/AF25E5F788F05019B9FE33576ED635BE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
+
+
+
+An update on the genus Ischiomysis with a description of I. proincisa sp. nov. (Crustacea, Mysida) from a sublittoral marine cave in the Gulf of Guinea (tropical E-Atlantic)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wittmann, Karl J.
+0000-0003-1381-2588
+Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A- 1090 Vienna, Austria
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wirtz, Peter
+0000-0003-3920-6228
+CCMAR — Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139, Faro, Portugal
+
+text
+
+
+Zoosystematics and Evolution
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-24
+
+
+100
+
+
+4
+
+
+1431
+1442
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.3897/zse.100.130288
+07A629AB-C1D1-45F3-995C-F114D8493685
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis proincisa
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+Figs 4
+,
+5
+,
+6
+,
+7
+,
+8
+,
+9
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+material.
+
+
+
+São Tomé
+•
+
+
+Holotype
+
+adult
+♂
+(
+BL
+4.2 mm
+,
+
+NHMW
+
+- CR- 30447),
+paratypes
+,
+1 ♂
+ad. (
+BL
+3.7 mm
+),
+1 ♂
+subad.,
+1 ♀
+subad.,
+2 imm.
+,
+1 juv.
+(
+
+NHMW
+
+- CR- 30448); E-Atlantic,
+Gulf
+of
+Guinea
+,
+Ilhéu das Rolas
+(= small island crossed by the equator), off
+Ponta das Furnas
+(= cape);
+
+0.0091 ° S
+,
+6.5110 ° E
+
+;
+
+19 m
+depth
+
+;
+
+28 Aug. 2002
+
+, 9: 50–10: 10 local time;
+K. J. Wittmann
+leg.; V-shaped (i. e. two branches) semi-dark marine cave with three diveable entrances, from small mysid swarms in darker lateral recesses,
+diver operated hand net
+
+•
+
+Paratypes
+,
+3 ♀♀
+ad. (
+BL
+4.0–
+4.3 mm
+),
+13 ♂♂
+ad. (
+BL
+3.8–4.6 mm
+),
+4 ♀♀
+subad.,
+7 imm.
+,
+7 juv.
+(
+
+NHMW
+
+- CR- 30448);
+
+17 m
+depth
+
+;
+
+22 Aug. 2002
+
+, 15: 23–15: 50 local time; remaining data as for holotype
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Etymology.
+
+
+The species name is a Latin adjective with feminine ending, formed from the adjective
+incisa
+(incised) prefixed by the adverb
+pro
+(anteriorly), referring to the apically incised rostrum.
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality.
+
+
+
+Off cape Ponta das Furnas,
+
+0.0091 ° S
+,
+6.5110 ° E
+
+, in
+17–19 m
+depth inside semi-dark marine cave. Each branch of the V-shaped cave is about
+30 m
+long and open on both ends.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+
+
+Based on adults of both sexes. Large calotte-shaped cornea (Fig.
+4
+) occupies distal 2 / 3 of eye surface (half eye length in dorsal view); cornea diameter is 28–35 % carapace length. Rostrum trapezoid, anteriorly incised (Fig.
+5 G
+), about as long as the terminal segment of the antennular trunk. Only the terminal segment of the antennular trunk near disto-mesial edge with obliquely forwards oriented subapically flagellate spine with handle ending in a tooth-like projection (Fig.
+5 D
+); this spine opposed by a large smooth whip seta. Appendix masculina short though well developed, densely setose. Antennal scale (Fig.
+5 F
+) with small terminal segment separated by a not always distinct suture; scale reaching to the terminal margin of the antennular trunk; scale overreaching the antennal peduncle by 1 / 2 up to 2 / 3 of its length. Scale weakly bent laterally, slender; length is 4–5 times maximum width. Labrum (Fig.
+5 I
+) with distally narrowly rounded, roughly triangular rostral protrusion. Both sexes with small median lobe on thoracic sternite 1, no median processes on sterna 2–8 (Fig.
+6 E
+). Carpopropodus of thoracic endopods 1–8 with 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, and 3 segments (Fig.
+6 F, I, K
+, and Fig.
+7 L, P
+). Length of carpopropodus 3 is 4.0–4.5 times maximum width; carpus and propodus separated by a distinct suture (Fig.
+7 A, C
+). Carpus with 4 flagellate spines on distal fourth of its mesial margin in males (Fig.
+7 B
+) versus 5 spines on distal third in females (Fig.
+7 D
+). Propodus without spines. Carpopropodus of endopod 4 (Fig.
+6 K
+) with several simple smooth setae and 2–3 unilaterally barbed setae in two variants (Fig.
+6 L, M
+); claw almost straight, smooth, with bifid tip (Fig.
+7 G
+). Endopod 8 only in males with modified flagellate spine (Fig.
+7 M
+) on the outer margin of the ischium at one third ischium length from basis and an additional flagellate spine (Fig.
+7 N
+) basally on the inner margin; praeischium with a strong spiniform extension (Fig.
+7 O
+). Marsupium with large oostegite on thoracopods 7–8 plus a rudimentary plate on thoracopod 6. Penes tubular, terminally lobate (Fig.
+6 E
+); length without lobes is 3.5 times width; penes half as long as ischium of endopod 8. Pleopods (Fig.
+8 E – K
+) rudimentary, unsegmented, setose in both sexes, no spines. Uropods (Fig.
+9 A
+) setose all around, no spines. Exopod extends 14–27 % its length beyond endopod and 28–44 % beyond telson. Telson (Fig.
+9 B
+) length is 1.8–2.1 times maximum width and 1.0–1.2 times pleonite 6. Lateral margins with 13–18 spines only on distal half, not counting the apical spines. Telson with V-shaped narrow apical cleft penetrating 39–42 % telson length; cleft with total of 30–37 spine-like laminae along basal 45–53 % of its margins. Terminal lobes of telson each with two spines among which the disto-lateral spine is 14–15 % telson length; the disto-mesial spine 0.3–0.4 times length of the disto-lateral spine. Telson with total of 31–37 spines.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Habitus of
+
+Ischiomysis proincisa
+
+sp. nov.
+; holotype adult ♂ (
+BL
+3.9 mm,
+A, B, D
+) and paratype adult ♀ (4.2 mm,
+C
+);
+A, B.
+Holotype
+in toto
+, lateral (A) and dorsal (B);
+C.
+Paratype
+in toto
+, dorsal;
+D.
+Cephalic region of holotype, ventral.
+A – D.
+Photos of fixed specimens, objects artificially separated from background, green coloring of objects artificial.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis proincisa
+
+sp. nov.
+, paratypes adult ♀ (
+BL
+4.3 mm,
+A, E, I
+) and adult ♂ (
+BL
+4.5 mm,
+B – D, F – H, J – K
+);
+A.
+Right female antennula with associated processes from the frons, dorsal;
+B.
+Left male antennula, dorsal; details of the terminal segment of the trunk show the disto-median lobe (
+C
+) and the disto-mesial flagellate spine (
+D
+);
+E.
+Disto-mesial flagellate spine from left female antennula, dorsal;
+F.
+Antenna with antennal gland, dorsal, many setae omitted from the antennal scale;
+G.
+Carapace expanded on slide;
+H.
+Detail of (
+G
+) showing posterior pore group, pore diameters not to scale;
+I.
+Labrum, aboral face;
+J.
+Labium, frontal face;
+K.
+Maxillula, caudal.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis proincisa
+
+sp. nov.
+; paratypes adult ♀ (
+BL
+4.3 mm,
+A – D
+) and adult ♂ (
+BL
+4.5 mm,
+E – M
+);
+A.
+Right mandible with palpus, caudal;
+B, C.
+Masticatory parts of right (
+B
+) and left (
+C
+) mandibles, caudal;
+D.
+Maxillary palp, rostral;
+E.
+Thoracic sternites 1–8 with penes, ventral;
+F.
+Thoracic endopod 1 with part of coxa, caudal;
+G.
+Detail of (F) showing dactylus 1 with claw, setae omitted;
+H.
+Secondary detail of (F) showing claw 1;
+I.
+Thoracic endopod 2, rostral;
+J.
+Detail of (I) showing dactylus 2 with claw, setae omitted;
+K.
+Thoracic endopod 4 with basis (sympod), rostral;
+L, M.
+Details of (K) showing modified setae of the carpus (
+L
+) and the propodus (
+M
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Thoracopods 3–8 in
+
+Ischiomysis proincisa
+
+sp. nov.
+; paratypes adult ♂ (
+BL
+4.5 mm,
+A, B, G – O
+) and adult ♀ (
+BL
+4.3 mm,
+C – F, P – R
+);
+A.
+Male thoracic endopod 3, rostral; details (
+B
+) show the flagellate spines of the carpus;
+C.
+Tarsus and distal portion of the merus in female thoracic endopod 3, rostral; details show the flagellate spines of the carpus (
+D
+) and the disto-mesial carina of the merus (
+E
+);
+F – K.
+Series of dactyli 3–8 with claw, setae omitted;
+L.
+Male thoracic endopod 8, caudal; details show the flagellate spines (
+M, N
+) of the ischium and the modified praeischium (
+O
+) with large tooth-like projection;
+P.
+Female thoracopod 8 with outer face of oostegite 3, lateral; details show a normal smooth seta (
+Q
+) of the ischium and a subapically flagellate whip seta (
+R
+) from the outer face of the oostegite.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Spines of the foregut and pleopods in
+
+Ischiomysis proincisa
+
+sp. nov.
+; paratypes adult ♂ (
+BL
+4.5 mm,
+A – I
+) and adult ♀ (
+BL
+4.3 mm,
+J, K
+);
+A – D.
+Modified spines of the foregut in dorsal view, from the anterior (
+A, B
+) and posterior (
+C
+) parts of the lateralia and from dorsolateral infolding (
+D
+);
+E – I.
+Series of right male pleopods 1–5, lateral = rostral face;
+J.
+Right female pleopod 1, lateral;
+K.
+Left female pleopod 5, lateral.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ischiomysis proincisa
+
+sp. nov.
+; paratype adult ♂ (
+BL
+4.5 mm,
+A, B
+) and nauplioid larvae (
+C, D
+);
+A.
+Uropods, ventral;
+B.
+Telson and right scutellum paracaudale (
+sc
+), ventral;
+C.
+Nauplioid larva at substage N 4, lateral; lower case labels indicate antennula (
+a 1
+) and antenna (
+a 2
+);
+D.
+Tip of pleon in another nauplioid specimen. Panel (
+A
+) combined from two photos;
+A – D.
+Green coloring of objects artificial;
+B – D.
+Objects artificially separated from background.
+
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+
+
+All features of the diagnosis. General appearance robust. Body red
+in vivo
+, length
+3.7–4.6 mm
+in adult males (n = 15) and 4.0–
+4.3 mm
+in adult females (n = 3). Cephalothorax represents 28–33 % body length, pleon without telson 51–56 %, telson 11–12 %, carapace without rostrum 20–26 %, and rostrum 4–5 %.
+
+
+Eyes
+(Fig.
+4
+). Eyestalks and cornea dorsoventrally compressed by a factor of 1.2. Cornea diameter twice the length of the apical segment of the antennular trunk. Eyestalks finely hispid by minute scales. Organ of Bellonci ellipsoidal, length 1 / 6 cornea diameter.
+
+
+Carapace
+(Fig.
+5 G, H
+). The rostrum forms a distinct horizontal plate covering part of eyestalks. It reaches to 2 / 3 antero-posterior extension of normal-oriented eyestalks. Disto-lateral edges of the carapace well-rounded, anteriorly slightly produced. Posterior margin leaves the ultimate 1–1.5 thoracomere mid-dorsally exposed. As in many species of
+Mysidae
+, two characteristic groups of pores present on the midline of the carapace. The anterior group (Fig.
+5 G
+) is shortly in front of the cervical sulcus and comprises 6–10 pores with <1 μm diameter in symmetrical paramedian arrangement. The posterior pore group (Fig.
+5 G, H
+) is shortly in front of the posterior margin of the carapace; this group consists of 10–12 pores with about 2 μm diameter surrounding a larger but indistinct, rounded structure. Except for the here stated structures, carapace with smooth outer surface.
+
+
+Antennulae
+(Fig.
+5 A – E
+). The trunk extends half its length beyond normal-oriented eyes. Measured along dorsal midline, the basal segment is 46–51 % trunk length, median 18–20 %, and terminal 30–34 %. Basal segment of the antennular trunk (Fig.
+5 A, B
+) with two setose dorsal lobes (apophyses) near distal margin, in addition with a disto-lateral lobe; median and terminal segments each with one setose dorsal lobe near distal margin. Basal segment on basal half of its lateral face with 3–5 minute setae. The large barbed seta arising from the inner distal corner of the median segment not extending beyond the terminal segment in both sexes. The flagellum of the spine at the terminal segment of the antennular trunk inserts more apically in the male (Fig.
+5 D
+) compared to the female (Fig.
+5 E
+); this dimorphism also found in the congener
+
+I. telmatactiphila
+
+. Epi-antennular process (solid line in Fig.
+5 A
+) subtriangular with small, rostral, acute projection; hypo-antennular process (dashed line in Fig.
+5 A
+) subcircular with blunt subtriangular rostral projection.
+
+
+Antennae
+(Fig.
+5 F
+). Sympod dorsally with terminally rounded, tongue-like process. Disto-lateral edge of sympod with tooth-like process. Sympod caudally with bulbous lobe containing end sac of antennal gland. Antennal scale setose all around. Apical segment, if distinct, contributes 11–16 % to total scale length. Peduncle 0.7–0.8 times scale length but extending to only about half scale length due to its more caudal insertion. Basal segment is 24–29 % the length of the peduncle, second is 27–31 %, and third is 44–46 %.
+
+
+Primary mouthparts
+(Fig.
+5 I, J
+and Fig.
+6 A – C
+). Labrum (Fig.
+5 I
+) weakly cuticularized, densely covered by short, stiff bristles. Paragnaths (Fig.
+5 J
+) with moderately stiff bristles, no tooth-like bristles. Mandibular palp three-segmented (Fig.
+6 A
+). Its proximal segment without setae, 8–12 % length of palp. Median segment: 63–65 % palp length. Its length 3.0–3.7 times maximum width. Its lateral margin almost all along with 8–9 smooth setae, an additional basally barbed seta in distal-most position. Mesial margin with 4–6 smooth setae distributed with mostly large interspaces. Terminal segment 27–28 % palp length. Its mesial margin bare except for some setae near apex; distal half of lateral margin densely setose. Pars molaris with well-developed though comparatively small grinding surface in both mandibles. Left mandible (Fig.
+6 C
+) with pars incisiva bearing three teeth, digitus mobilis with two teeth, pars centralis with four basally thick, spiny teeth. Right mandible (Fig.
+6 B
+) with pars incisiva bearing 4–5 teeth, digitus mobilis with two teeth; pars centralis with 3–4 separate bases each bearing numerous slender spines that are bilaterally armed with stiff bristles. Bases decreasing in size and numbers of spines orally.
+
+
+Foregut
+(Fig.
+8 A – D
+). Lateralia anteriorly with group of slender, apically coronate spines (Fig.
+8 A
+) with small denticles along distal <2 / 3 of the shaft. Lateralia more caudally with shorter, apically pronged spines (Fig.
+8 B
+) bearing small denticles along> 2 / 3. Lateralia on each side of the foregut more caudally with cluster of 6–7 weakly, in part indistinctly serrated spines (Fig.
+8 C
+) of varying size. Dorsolateral infoldings each with cluster of three strong rugose spines (Fig.
+8 D
+).
+
+
+Maxillula
+(Fig.
+5 K
+). Distal segment terminally with series of 10–11 strong spines, among which the two most peripheral spines are largest and subapically serrated, whereas the spines in between are weakly or not serrated. This segment subterminally with two short setae bearing long barbs on their distal 2 / 3; no pores detected near these setae. These setae not reaching the basis of the spines. Only two short setae also found in the congener
+
+I. telmatactiphila
+
+, whereas most
+Mysidae
+species show more and longer setae of that kind. Endite of the maxillula terminally with three large spiny setae accompanied by three shorter setae of that kind, caudal face with two small barbed setae.
+
+
+Maxilla
+(Fig.
+6 D
+) with terminal segment of palp 1.6–1.8 times longer than wide and 1.3–1.6 times length of the basal segment. Terminal segment with densely setose mesial margin; only 3–4 setae along distal 2 / 3 of the lateral margin, no spines. Basal segment with three basally thick, barbed setae.
+
+
+Thoracic sternites
+(Fig.
+6 E
+). Sternite 1 with small, about linguiform anterior lobe. Sternites 2–8 without median processes in both sexes. Sternite 2 with 1–3 barbed setae on intersegmental joint with thoracopod 2. Penes distally ending in 4 lobes, no setae.
+
+
+Thoracopods in general
+(Fig.
+6 F – M
+and Fig.
+7
+). Basal plate (Fig.
+7 P
+) of exopods expanded, length 1.5–1.9 times maximum width. Lateral margin of the plates ends in a broadly rounded corner. Flagellum of exopods 1–8 with 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, and 9 segments (Fig.
+7 P
+), respectively. Thoracopod 1 with large, leaf-like, smooth epipod. Basis (fused with sympod) of endopod 2 (Fig.
+6 I
+) with comparatively large lappet-like apophysis on rostral face; this apophysis small in endopods 3–8 (Fig.
+6 K
+and Fig.
+7 A, L, P
+); no such apophysis in endopod 1. Ischium shorter than merus in endopods 1–4 (Fig.
+6 F, I, K
+, and Fig.
+7 A
+), but longer than merus in endopods 5–8 (Fig.
+7 L, P
+). Thoracic endopods 1–2 each with dactylus (Fig.
+6 G, J
+) larger than that of endopods 3–8 (Fig.
+7 F – K
+); dactylus 3 (Fig.
+7 F
+) wider but not longer than dactyli 4–8 (Fig.
+7 G – K
+). Dactylus 1 with slender, weakly bent claw which is bilaterally “ serrated ” by stiff bristles along median portions (Fig.
+6 G, H
+). Claw 2 unilaterally rugose along proximal 2 / 3 (Fig.
+6 J
+). Claw 3 strong, somewhat bent, smooth (Fig.
+7 F
+). For claw 4, see “ Diagnosis ”. Claws 5–8 weakly bent, “ serrated ” in subapical portions (Fig.
+7 H – K
+). Combined praeischium plus ischium of endopod 2 (Fig.
+6 I
+) are 0.6 times merus length, carpopropodus plus dactylus 1.1 times merus. Dactylus 2 very large, with dense brush formed by large numbers of normal setae and 6–10 modified setae, the latter apically bent, bearing double series of stiff barbs along proximal 2 / 3 to 3 / 4.
+
+
+Gnathopods
+(Fig.
+7 A – F
+). Thoracic endopod 3 forms a powerful subchela. Basis with much shorter endite (Fig.
+7 A
+), if any, compared to that (Fig.
+6 I
+) of endopod 2. Ischium of endopod 3 is 2.6–3.0 times as long as wide; merus 4.5–5.1 times as long as wide and 1.4–1.6 times length of ischium. Ischium and merus strong, with smooth setae only. Disto-mesial edge of merus with short longitudinal ridge bearing two setae (Fig.
+7 E
+). Carpopropodus as long as 0.8–0.9 times merus and 1.2–1.3 times ischium. Length of carpus 3.4–3.5 times maximum width.
+
+
+Marsupium
+(Fig.
+7 P, R
+). Ultimate (third) oostegite rolled inwards to form two widely communicating sub-chambers. Its rostral and ventral margins with dense series of barbed (plumose) setae; inside with 5–9 microserrated setae close to the insertion on thoracic sympod 8; ventral half of oostegite 3 with about 7–10 small whip setae (Fig.
+7 R
+) loosely scattered over the outer surface.
+
+
+Pleon
+(Fig.
+8 E – K
+). Pleomeres 1–5 measure 0.7–0.9, 0.6–0.8, 0.7–0.9, 0.6–0.9, and 0.7–0.8 times the length of pleomere 6, respectively; in other words, pleomere 6 is always shorter than combined pleomeres 4–5. Length without setae increases in series of pleopod 1, followed by subequal pleopods 2–4, and then by the much longer and slender pleopod 5. Pleopods 1–5 (Fig.
+8 E – K
+) mainly with plumose or barbed setae, but there are 1–3 smooth seta only in subbasal position on the outer margin; the latter setae clearly representing whip setae in pleopod 5 of both sexes. Pleopods 1–5 show no other
+types
+of setae, no extraordinarily long setae, no spines or teeth.
+
+
+Tail fan
+(Fig.
+9 A, B
+). Scutellum paracaudale (labeled “
+sc
+” in Fig.
+9 B
+) forms a well-rounded shield covering the basolateral edge of the telson. Exopod of uropods (Fig.
+9 A
+): 4.9–5.6 times longer than broad, inner margin convex, outer margin very slightly concave, almost straight, 1.2–1.4 times the length of endopod. Statoliths composed of fluorite; shape discoid, diameter 60–136 µm, maximum thickness 27–60 µm, statolith formula 2 + 3 + (5–7) + (1–2) + (4–5) = 15–19 (n = 12). Telson (Fig.
+9 B
+) shaped as in
+
+I. telmatactiphila
+
+, length is 1.1 times endopod of uropod and 0.8–0.9 times exopod of uropod. Spines on lateral margins continuously increase in size from half-length to 3 / 4 - length of lateral margins and then decrease weakly in size distally. Laminae of the cleft are shorter than the pair of disto-mesial spines flanking the cleft. For additional details, see “ Diagnosis. ”
+
+
+Nauplioid larvae
+(Fig.
+9 C, D
+) with three pairs of free naupliar appendages. Apical portions of antennulae, antennae, and abdomen with minute hairs.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/C1/C6/A3/C1C6A31698F25952AB0E95FEF7E705B1.xml b/data/C1/C6/A3/C1C6A31698F25952AB0E95FEF7E705B1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6236c834ba1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/C1/C6/A3/C1C6A31698F25952AB0E95FEF7E705B1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+
+
+
+A new species of Braunsia (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae), a natural enemy of Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) from South Korea: species description and notes on its biology
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Kim, Soohyun
+https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5378-0447
+Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea & Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Choi, Jong Bong
+Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hwang, Hwal-Su
+Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Kenis, Marc
+0000-0002-3179-0872
+Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Seehausen, M. Lukas
+0000-0002-2057-9553
+Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Park, Ikju
+CABI, Delémont, Switzerland
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Choi, Jin-Kyung
+0000-0002-4059-0645
+Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Lee, Kyeong-Yeoll
+0000-0002-0534-1942
+Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Sharkey, Michael J.
+0000-0001-6201-7340
+Department of Science Education, Daegu National University of Education, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Kang, Ilgoo
+0000-0002-8501-1758
+Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
+
+text
+
+
+Journal of Hymenoptera Research
+
+
+2024
+
+2024-10-24
+
+
+97
+
+
+915
+936
+
+
+
+journal article
+10.3897/jhr.97.135728
+3AEC7296-DCE5-4750-99EE-757D9ED4AEC1
+
+
+
+
+
+Braunsia hodorii
+Kang
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+Material examined.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+
+:
+Korea
+
+•
+♀
+; Gangwon-do, Yeongwol-gun, Munsan-ri, near Jatbong (peak);
+
+37 ° 15.81 ' N
+,
+128 ° 31.23 ' E
+
+,
+229 m
+a. s. l.;
+6 May. 2022
+(host caterpillar collection date); S. Kim, I. Park, S. Hong leg.; reared from
+
+C. perspectalis
+
+; host plant:
+
+Buxus
+sp.
+
+; det. Ilgoo Kang.
+
+Paratypes
+
+: •
+1 ♀
+,
+2 ♂
+, same as
+holotype
+. •
+1 ♂
+, same as
+holotype
+except the host caterpillar collection date, collector and parasitoid eclosion date:
+26 May. 2023
+; S. Kim leg., 1 June. 2023 •
+2 ♂
+, Gangwon-do, Yeongwol-gun, Bangjeol-ri, near Seondol;
+
+37 ° 12.35 ' N
+,
+128 ° 26.02 ' E
+
+,
+296 m
+a. s. l.;
+10 May 2024
+(host caterpillar collection date); I. Kang & S. Kim leg.; reared from
+
+C. perspectalis
+
+; host plant:
+
+Buxus
+sp.
+
+; det. Ilgoo Kang.
+Holotype
+and
+paratypes
+will be deposited at
+
+NIBR
+
+,
+two paratypes
+will be deposited at
+
+KNUS
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+
+
+Members of
+
+Braunsia hodorii
+
+sp. nov.
+are most similar to those of
+
+B. matsumurai
+
+(Fig.
+6
+) and can be distinguished from them by the characters in the key and from all other members of
+
+Braunsia
+
+by the combination of the following characters: Forewing yellow with two melanic bands (Fig.
+2 B
+). Hind wing Cub vein partially present, neither reaching cu-a nor posterior margin; distance between cu-a to Cub closer than the space of
+
+B. matsumurai
+
+(Fig.
+2 B
+). Hind coxa and femur mostly melanic. Hind tibia with 7‒8 spines apically (Fig.
+3 B
+). Median areola of propodeum mostly black, open posteriorly (Fig.
+2 E
+).
+T
+1 1.4 × longer than apical width, bi-colored, anteriorly pale posteriorly black, with longitudinal carinae in posterior 2 / 3 (Fig.
+2 F
+).
+T
+2 ‒
+T
+4 1.6 × longer than apical width.
+T
+5 striate on anterior third.
+T
+6 to remaining tergites yellowish-orange (Fig.
+2 F
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Braunsia hodorii
+
+sp. nov.
+, holotype, ♀:
+A
+lateral habitus
+B
+wings
+C
+anterior head
+D
+mesopleuron and metapleuron
+E
+head and mesosoma, and
+F
+metasoma. Scale bar: 5 mm (
+A
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Mid tibia and hind tibia of
+
+B. hodorii
+
+sp. nov.
+, holotype, ♀):
+A
+spines on mid tibia, and
+B
+spines on hind tibia.
+
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+
+
+Holotype
+. Body
+12.6 mm
+. Forewing length:
+11.3 mm
+. Hind wing length:
+8.6 mm
+.
+
+
+
+Head
+.
+
+Antenna with 44 flagellomeres. Interantennal space with weak median carina. POL 1.3 × longer than diameter of anterior ocellus (0.18: 0.14). Eye without setae; length of eye 2.3 × longer than median width of gena in lateral view (0.60: 0.26). Frontoclypeal suture absent. Malar space 2.8 × longer than basal width of mandible (0.36: 0.13). Mandible bidentate; lower tooth acute; upper tooth obtuse. Maxillary palpus five-segmented; apical maxillary palpomere 1.2 × longer than penultimate maxillary palpomere (0.28: 0.23). Labial palpus four-segmented. Posterolateral corner of gena sharp.
+
+
+
+Mesosoma
+.
+
+Pronotum mostly smooth, anteriorly carinate with crenulate posterior margin. Notauli present, deep and smooth. Scutellar sulcus with round anterior margin, weekly crenulate. Postscutellar depression absent. Propodeum mostly smooth; median areola of propodeum present, closed anteriorly, opened posteriorly; anterior transverse carina of the propodeum reaching lateral margin. Mesopleuron mostly smooth, 1.6 × longer than median width (2.15: 1.31), dorsally and posteriorly with crenulate margin; precoxal sulcus present at posterior 3 / 4. Metapleuron dorsally smooth and posteroventrally strongly sculptured.
+
+
+
+Legs
+.
+
+Combined length of foretrochanter and trochantellus 0.5 × longer than foretibia (0.58: 1.15). Combined length of mid trochanter and trochantellus 0.3 × longer than basitarsus (0.56: 1.86). Mid tibia with 1‒2 spines medially and 1‒2 spines apically (variation among females). Hind tibia 1.6 × longer than hind femur (3.63: 2.29), with 7‒8 spines apically (variation among females); basal spur on hind tibia 0.3 × longer than basitarsus (0.64: 1.88). Claws simple and with a basal lobe.
+
+
+
+Wings
+.
+
+Forewing second submarginal cell trapezoidal, 1.1 × longer than width (0.40: 0.36); RS + M vein of forewing absent; pterostigma 3.5 × longer than medial width (2.14: 0.62); spurious vein, RS 2 b present, as long as 2 RS; 2 cu-a absent. Hind wing Cub vein partially present, neither reaching cu-a nor posterior margin; subbasal cell not angled distally.
+
+
+
+Metasoma
+.
+
+Metasoma length:
+7.4 mm
+.
+T
+1 entirely striate, with horizontal striae at anterior third and longitudinal striae at posterior 2 / 3; pair of carinae strong, reaching posterior margin; median length of
+T
+1 1.4 × longer than apical width (2.22: 1.60).
+T
+2 1.6 × longer than
+T
+3 (0.90: 0.58).
+T
+2 –
+T
+4 entirely striate, with longitudinal striae.
+T
+5 mostly smooth, with weak longitudinal striae anteriorly. Remaining tergites entirely smooth. Protruded ovipositor as long as metasoma (7.4: 7.6), 2.1 × longer than hind tibia (7.6: 3.63). Ovipositor length:
+7.6 mm
+.
+
+
+Male.
+Similar to female except the following: Body slightly shorter than female,
+11.5 mm
+. Antenna with 42 flagellomeres. Mid tibia with 3 spines medially and 3 spines apically (Fig.
+4
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Braunsia hodorii
+
+sp. nov.
+, paratype, ♂:
+A
+lateral habitus
+B
+anterior head
+C
+head and mesoscutum, and
+D
+propodeum and metasoma.
+
+
+
+
+
+Color.
+
+
+Mostly pale orange and yellow except the following which are brown to black: antenna, mesopleuron, metapleuron, mid coxa, hind coxa, hind femur, hind tibia posteriorly, hind tarsus, hind claw, propodeum,
+T
+1 posteriorly,
+T
+2 medially,
+T
+3 posteriorly,
+T
+4,
+T
+5 anteriorly. Forewing yellow with two melanic bands. Hind wing yellow basally brown apically.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+
+
+Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon-do,
+South Korea
+.
+
+
+
+
+Etymology.
+
+
+The species is named after “ Hodori ”, the male tiger mascot of the
+Seoul
+Olympic games in 1988 due to similarity in the color patterns (orange and with black stripes) (Fig.
+5
+). Additionally, the long antennae resemble Hodori’s distinctive hat streamer.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Lateral view
+
+B. hodorii
+
+sp. nov.
+female that was preserved in ethanol.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Braunsia matsumurai
+
+female:
+A
+lateral habitus
+B
+lateral head to mesosoma
+C
+propodeum
+D
+forewing
+E
+hind wing, and
+F
+metasoma.
+
+
+
+
+
+Notes.
+
+
+Korean common name: 호돌이구멍줄고치벌 (신칭). “ 호돌이 ” means the male tiger mascot of the
+Seoul
+Olympic Games in Korean and “ 구멍줄고치벌 ” is the Korean common name of
+
+Braunsia
+spp.
+
+
+
+
+
+Molecular data.
+
+
+
+NCBI
+
+Accession Numbers:
+PP 437200
+,
+PP 441967
+(
+COI
+);
+PP 464023
+,
+PP 464024
+(
+28 S
+).
+
+
+
+
+Host.
+
+
+
+Cydalima perspectalis
+(
+Walker, 1859
+)
+
+(
+Lepidoptera
+,
+Crambidae
+).
+
+
+
+
+Biology.
+
+
+Larvae of
+
+Cydalima perspectalis
+
+are leaf-webbers, loosely weaving leaves together with silken threads (Fig.
+7
+). Unparasitized, last-instar larvae (6
+th
+or 7
+th
+instar) typically build a dense shelter with their silk, in which they pupate. Parasitized
+
+C. perspectalis
+
+larvae build highly similar shelters, although somewhat less dense, prematurely, in their 5
+th
+instar. They cease movement, and their bodies gradually become shorter and fatter within the shelter before the egression of the parasitoid larva.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A
+Woven leaves with silken threads spun by
+
+Cydalima perspectalis
+
+larvae
+B
+parasitoid cocoon within the web of
+
+C. perspectalis
+
+.
+
+
+
+Like most other Agathidinae, members of
+
+Braunsia hodorii
+
+sp. nov.
+are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids. Upon the egression of parasitoid larvae from the host caterpillars, the parasitoid larvae are greenish-yellow, while the host caterpillars retain their original color. The parasitoid larvae then enter an external feeding phase (Suppl. material
+4
+). The host caterpillars gradually shrink, leaving only their skin and head capsule. Among agathidine braconids, this external feeding phase was only reported for
+
+Therophilus dimidiator
+(Nees, 1834)
+
+(as
+
+Agathis laticinctus
+
+) (
+Dondale 1954
+) before the present study. The external feeding phase takes a little more than 8 hours, with the parasitoid larvae completing their feeding during this period (Fig.
+8
+). Parasitoid larvae then spin a semi-translucent cocoon in the silk web of
+
+C. perspectalis
+
+, where they pupate (Figs
+7
+,
+9
+and Suppl. material
+5
+). Pupal development lasts about ten days at 25 ± 1 ° C.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A
+Parasitized host caterpillar in an inner space made of silk
+B, C, D
+
+B. hodorii
+
+sp. nov.
+larva consumes the host caterpillar during an external feeding phase.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Semi-translucent cocoon of
+
+B. hodorii
+
+sp. nov.
+:
+A
+parasitoid larva spinning the cocoon during the first day of cocoon formation
+B
+parasitoid pupa in the cocoon after six days, and
+C
+melanizing parasitoid pupa in the cocoon after eight days.
+
+