From c8d100e87345be25e4f7219946790034ee3784b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver <ggserver@srv1.plazi.org> Date: Sun, 9 Mar 2025 20:20:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-03-09 20:14:38 --- .../87/038F87835D32FFD5AD0DFF0D2C3E366D.xml | 1101 +++++++++++++++++ .../87/038F87835D3AFFD1ADC9F8C32AF236D0.xml | 567 +++++++++ 2 files changed, 1668 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/03/8F/87/038F87835D32FFD5AD0DFF0D2C3E366D.xml create mode 100644 data/03/8F/87/038F87835D3AFFD1ADC9F8C32AF236D0.xml diff --git a/data/03/8F/87/038F87835D32FFD5AD0DFF0D2C3E366D.xml b/data/03/8F/87/038F87835D32FFD5AD0DFF0D2C3E366D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9102ae43b7d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/8F/87/038F87835D32FFD5AD0DFF0D2C3E366D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1101 @@ +<document id="4A0BA20E240B49543C0DF6E7BDD126BE" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae055" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971642" ID-ZooBank="21D6089-A15B-4EAA-B261-24F283E86EBF" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" 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phylogeny of the anaerobic genus Urostomides with supplementing morphological characterization of the type and one litle-known species (Alveolata: Ciliophora: Armophorea)" masterLastPageNumber="19" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1741551272587" updateUser="jonas"> +<mods:mods id="06470938922B148DFC09B158352D64EF" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"> +<mods:titleInfo id="C5BF80CD24370BA4C834B5E5F5127024"> +<mods:title id="152E70252F6613DFFD712C0D26C7D643">Ontogeny and phylogeny of the anaerobic genus Urostomides with supplementing morphological characterization of the type and one litle-known species (Alveolata: Ciliophora: Armophorea)</mods:title> +</mods:titleInfo> +<mods:name id="C001F0D47AA6E37B7A61C344729B1F2B" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="AE7B6C9EBF0563B9B4A7B7215A304D57"> +<mods:roleTerm id="CF5C223B635AA83662DD2A39FD0B7771">Author</mods:roleTerm> +</mods:role> +<mods:namePart id="E15F716F09E9F82A24BCF6C3486CE719">Feng, Xiaochen</mods:namePart> 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centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="2"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD0DFF0D2DCC34E7" authority="(McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[836,1432,143,170]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD0DFF0D2DCC34E7" bold="true" box="[836,1432,143,170]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +Urostomides striatus ( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D32FFD1AA52FF0D2C8A34E4" author="McMurrich JP" box="[1051,1246,143,169]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="830 - 2" refId="ref14246" refString="McMurrich JP. A new species of infusorian. Te American Naturalist 1884; 18: 830-2." type="journal article" year="1884">McMurrich, 1884</bibRefCitation> +) +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D32FFD1AAA2FF122DCC34E7" author="Jankowski AW" box="[1259,1432,144,170]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski, 1964</bibRefCitation> +</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</heading> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D32FFD1AA43FF4E2C8734AB" box="[1034,1235,204,231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AA43FF4E2C8734AB" blockId="9.[810,1460,204,674]" box="[1034,1235,204,231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AA43FF4E2C8734AB" bold="true" box="[1034,1235,204,231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AA5CFF4E2C3B34AB" box="[1045,1135,204,231]" captionStart-0="Figure 7" captionStart-1="Figure 8" captionStart-2="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionStartId-1="11.[113,178,1199,1223]" captionStartId-2="12.[127,192,1164,1188]" captionTargetBox-0="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetBox-1="[117,1453,148,1168]" captionTargetBox-2="[129,1468,146,1134]" captionTargetId-0="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetId-1="figure-207@11.[114,1458,144,1172]" captionTargetId-2="figure-316@12.[127,1471,144,1137]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." captionText-1="Figure 8. Morphogenesis of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 after protargol staining (A–H, J, early dividers; I, a middle divider; K–N, late dividers). Asterisks mark the parental or anlagen of the proter’s paroral membrane (B, D, K, M). A, dorsal view, showing the beginning of somatic kineties’ (excluding the perizonal stripe rows) replication (arrowheads). B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same individual, indicating OOP1 (arrows) and OOP2 (arrowheads).D, E, ventral (D) and dorsal (E) view of the same divider, arrows mark the prospective the opisthe’s adoral membranelles formed by OOP1 (the circle in D and the triangle in D), and the right circle (D) marks the OOP2. F, detailed view, showing the kinetosomes formed by the posterior ends of perizonal rows 3 and 4 and adjacent dome kineties, which is the anlagen of opisthe’s paroral membrane (asterisks), and adoral membranelles continue to assemble (arrows).G, detailed view, showing the dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane commences to form the anlage of proter’s paroral (arrowheads). H, I, detailed view of the opisthes in different dividers, showing the assembly of the anlagen of opisthe's adoral zone of membranelles (arrows) and opisthes’ paroral membrane (arrowheads). J, detailed view, indicating the reorganization of proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same individual, indicating the anlage of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow) separating from the proter’s perizonal stripe rows 1 and 2 (arrowhead), and the reorganization of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads). M, N, partial ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, indicating proter’s paroral membrane composed of a single long row of dikinetids (asterisk), and the formation of the anterior part of opisthe’s adoral membranelles (arrow). Abbreviations: DK, dome kineties; DK1, dome kinety 1; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars:30 μm (A–C), 45 μm (D, E), 30 μm (K–N)." captionText-2="Figure 9. Photomicrographs of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 after protargol staining (A–H, early dividers; I, a middle divider; J, a late divider).Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlage of the proter’s paroral membrane (B, H, I, J). A, dorsal view, arrowheads showing the proliferation of somatic kineties (excluding perizonal stripe rows).B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same divider, showing OOP2 formed by the parental perizonal stripe rows 1–4 (arrowheads in B) and OOP1 formed by dome kineties (arrowheads in C). D, details of OOP1 (arrowheads). E, ventral view, arrows mark OOP2 and arrowheads mark the dedifferentiation of parental paroral membrane. F, arrows indicate the formation of the opisthe’s paroral membrane.G, arrowheads show that the posterior ends of the parental perizonal rows 3 and 4 and some dome kineties are involved in the formation of the posterior end of new paroral membrane. H, detailed view, showing the dedifferentiation of both parental paroral membrane (asterisks) and parental adoral zone of membranelles (arrowheads). I, ventral view, indicating the assembly of the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads) and adoral membranelles (arrows). J, ventral view, showing the assembly of proter’s (arrows) and opisthe’s adoral membranelles (arrowheads). Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (B), 30 μm (I, J)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971662" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971664" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14971662/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14971664/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 7–9</figureCitation> +; +<tableCitation id="C6A4032E5D32FFD1AA32FF4F2C9C34AB" box="[1147,1224,204,231]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1932) comb. nov. and U. striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 based on protargol-stained specimens." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Table 1</tableCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D32FFD1AD63FF712BEB36EF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AD63FF712DFC3546" blockId="9.[810,1460,204,674]" box="[810,1448,243,267]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3611BB5D32FFD1AD63FF712DFC3546" box="[810,1448,243,267]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +1884 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD2AFF762C503546" ID-CoL="42HT8" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1884" box="[867,1028,244,267]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus" status="sp. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD2AFF762C503546" box="[867,1028,244,267]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metopus striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D32FFD1AA40FF712C013547" box="[1033,1109,243,266]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +– +<treatmentCitation id="0A8710845D32FFD1AA25FF712DFC3546" author="McMurrich" box="[1132,1448,243,267]" journal="Am. Nat." page="830" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" score="28.001739482600318" volume="18" year="1884"> +<bibCitation id="5E0C3EF95D32FFD1AA25FF712DFC3546" author="McMurrich" box="[1132,1448,243,267]" journal="Am. Nat." page="830" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" score="28.001739482600318" volume="18" year="1888"> +McMurrich, +<bibCitation id="5E0C3EF95D32FFD1AAA7FF712DFC3546" box="[1262,1448,243,267]" journal="Am. Nat." page="830" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" score="28.001739482600318" volume="18" year="1888">Am. Nat., 18: 830.</bibCitation> +</bibCitation> +</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AD63FE902BFA3507" blockId="9.[810,1460,204,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3611BB5D32FFD1AD63FE902BFA3507" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +1888 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD2AFE902C5F3567" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[867,1035,274,298]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopides" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striata"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD2AFE902C5F3567" box="[867,1035,274,298]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metopides striata</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Stokes, J. Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc., 1, fig. 11 on p. 186. +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AD63FED32B3A35C5" blockId="9.[810,1460,204,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +1927 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD2CFED02C533524" ID-CoL="42HT8" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[869,1031,338,361]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD2CFED02C533524" box="[869,1031,338,361]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metopus striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Kahl, Arch. Protistenkd., 57, fig. 17i on p. 152. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AD63FE122C4635AB" blockId="9.[810,1460,204,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +1932 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD2AFE122C5035EA" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[867,1028,400,423]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD2AFE122C5035EA" box="[867,1028,400,423]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metopus striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Kahl, Tierwelt Dtl., 21, fig. 70 on p. 414. 1964 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD2DFE322C51358A" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[868,1029,432,455]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD2DFE322C51358A" box="[868,1029,432,455]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metopus striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Jankowski, Arch. Protistenkd., 107, figs. 11, 12 on pp. 202, 203. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AD63FE6C2C4E3668" blockId="9.[810,1460,204,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +1980 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD2CFE6C2C533648" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[869,1031,494,517]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD2CFE6C2C533648" box="[869,1031,494,517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metopus striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Foissner, Ber. Nat. Med. Ver. Salzbg., 5, fig. 10a, b on pp. 80, 81. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AD63FDAE2B9A3629" blockId="9.[810,1460,204,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +1992 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD2CFDAF2C533609" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[869,1031,557,580]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD2CFDAF2C533609" box="[869,1031,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metopus striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Foissner +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AA36FDAF2CFB3609" box="[1151,1199,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis> +, figs 4w, x, 88–93, 97, 98 on pp. 409, 417. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AD63FDE92BEB36EF" blockId="9.[810,1460,204,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +2017 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AD2DFDE92C7F36CE" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[868,1067,619,643]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AD2DFDE92C7F36CE" box="[868,1067,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Urostomides striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Bourland +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AAE5FDEE2C8836CE" box="[1196,1244,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis> +, Eur. J. Protistol., 61, fig 9 on p. 214. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<caption id="DF59661D5D32FFD1AE38F9082B4E33F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" targetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AE38F9082B4E33F6" blockId="9.[113,1456,1674,1979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AE38F908289D32EE" bold="true" box="[113,201,1674,1699]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7.</emphasis> +Morphology of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D32FFD1AF2AF9092B2E32EE" authority="(McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[355,890,1675,1699]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AF2AF9092A4D32EF" box="[355,537,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Urostomides striatus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D32FFD1AC6CF9092A8032EE" author="McMurrich JP" box="[549,724,1675,1699]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="830 - 2" refId="ref14246" refString="McMurrich JP. A new species of infusorian. Te American Naturalist 1884; 18: 830-2." type="journal article" year="1884">McMurrich, 1884</bibRefCitation> +) +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D32FFD1ACA9F9092B2E32EE" author="Jankowski AW" box="[736,890,1675,1699]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski, 1964</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe. J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus). M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="DF59661D5D31FFD2AEC8FF0D29BE348E" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[129,184,143,167]" targetBox="[129,1475,215,1473]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10" targetType="table"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AEC8FF0D29BE348E" blockId="10.[129,1441,142,195]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AEC8FF0D289B34EB" bold="true" box="[129,207,142,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 1.</emphasis> +Morphometric characteristics of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AC40FF0D2B1834EA" authority="(Kahl, 1932)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[521,844,143,167]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AC40FF0D2A9F34EB" box="[521,715,143,167]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AC9EFF0D2B1134EA" author="Kahl A" box="[727,837,143,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="399 - 650" refId="ref13905" refString="Kahl A. Urtiere oder Protozoa. I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). Spirotricha. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 1932; 25: 399-650." type="journal article" year="1932">Kahl, 1932</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D31FFD2AD18FF0D2BEC34EB" box="[849,952,143,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +and +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2ADADFF0D2DF534EA" authority="(McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[996,1441,143,167]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2ADADFF0D2C1434EB" box="[996,1088,143,166]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AA02FF0D2CAE34EA" author="McMurrich JP" box="[1099,1274,143,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="830 - 2" refId="ref14246" refString="McMurrich JP. A new species of infusorian. Te American Naturalist 1884; 18: 830-2." type="journal article" year="1884">McMurrich, 1884</bibRefCitation> +) +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AB4EFF0D2DF534EA" author="Jankowski AW" box="[1287,1441,143,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski, 1964</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +based on protargol-stained specimens. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AEC8FF5A2D96318C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<table id="F926C4355D310027AEC8FF552D97318C" box="[129,1475,215,1473]" gridcols="9" gridrows="37" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FF552D9734BC" box="[129,1475,215,241]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FF552AB334BC" box="[129,743,215,241]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AEC8FF5A294234BD" bold="true" box="[129,278,216,240]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Characteristics</emphasis> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AF53FF55297434A8" bold="true" box="[282,288,215,229]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">a</emphasis> +</th> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFF552B2F34BC" box="[786,891,215,241]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFF5A2B0834BD" bold="true" box="[786,860,216,240]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Species</emphasis> +</th> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFF552B8934BC" box="[933,989,215,241]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2ADECFF5B2B8934BC" bold="true" box="[933,989,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mean</emphasis> +</th> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FF552C6734BC" box="[1033,1075,215,241]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AA40FF5B2C4A34BC" bold="true" box="[1033,1054,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M</emphasis> +</th> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FF552C2934BC" box="[1118,1149,215,241]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AA17FF5A2C2934BD" bold="true" box="[1118,1149,216,240]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">SD</emphasis> +</th> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FF552C8634BC" box="[1193,1234,215,241]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AAE0FF5A2C9E34BD" bold="true" box="[1193,1226,216,240]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">CV</emphasis> +</th> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FF552D7334BC" box="[1278,1319,215,241]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AAB7FF5A2D7334BD" bold="true" box="[1278,1319,216,240]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Min</emphasis> +</th> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFF552D2A34BC" box="[1363,1406,215,241]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AB1AFF5B2D2A34BC" bold="true" box="[1363,1406,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Max</emphasis> +</th> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FF552D9734BC" box="[1450,1475,215,241]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2ABE3FF5B2DE834BD" bold="true" box="[1450,1468,217,240]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis> +</th> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FE8A2D97356D" box="[129,1475,264,288]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FE8A2AB3350F" box="[129,743,264,322]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Body, length</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFE8A2B2F356D" box="[786,891,264,288]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFE8B2B2E356D" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,265,288]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFE8B2B2E356D" box="[786,890,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFE8A2B89356D" box="[933,989,264,288]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">75.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FE8A2C67356D" box="[1033,1075,264,288]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">75.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FE8A2C29356D" box="[1118,1149,264,288]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FE8A2C86356D" box="[1193,1234,264,288]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FE8A2D73356D" box="[1278,1319,264,288]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">57</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFE8A2D2A356D" box="[1363,1406,264,288]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">95</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FE8A2D97356D" box="[1450,1475,264,288]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FEA82D97350F" box="[129,1475,298,322]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFEA82B2F350F" box="[786,891,298,322]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFEA92B3A350F" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,299,322]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFEA92B3A350F" box="[786,878,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFEA82B89350F" box="[933,989,298,322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">76.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FEA82C67350F" box="[1033,1075,298,322]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">75.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FEA82C29350F" box="[1118,1149,298,322]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FEA82C86350F" box="[1193,1234,298,322]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FEA82D73350F" box="[1278,1319,298,322]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">63</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFEA82D2A350F" box="[1363,1406,298,322]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">90</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FEA82D97350F" box="[1450,1475,298,322]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FECE2D973529" box="[129,1475,332,356]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FECE2AB335CB" box="[129,743,332,390]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Body, width</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFECE2B2F3529" box="[786,891,332,356]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFECF2B2E3529" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,333,356]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFECF2B2E3529" box="[786,890,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFECE2B893529" box="[933,989,332,356]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">43.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FECE2C673529" box="[1033,1075,332,356]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">42.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FECE2C293529" box="[1118,1149,332,356]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FECE2C863529" box="[1193,1234,332,356]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FECE2D733529" box="[1278,1319,332,356]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">32</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFECE2D2A3529" box="[1363,1406,332,356]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">60</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FECE2D973529" box="[1450,1475,332,356]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FEEC2D9735CB" box="[129,1475,366,390]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFEEC2B2F35CB" box="[786,891,366,390]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFEED2B3A35CB" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,367,390]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFEED2B3A35CB" box="[786,878,367,390]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFEEC2B8935CB" box="[933,989,366,390]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">46.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FEEC2C6735CB" box="[1033,1075,366,390]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">46.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FEEC2C2935CB" box="[1118,1149,366,390]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FEEC2C8635CB" box="[1193,1234,366,390]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FEEC2D7335CB" box="[1278,1319,366,390]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">39</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFEEC2D2A35CB" box="[1363,1406,366,390]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">61</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FEEC2D9735CB" box="[1450,1475,366,390]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FE122D9735E5" box="[129,1475,400,424]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FE122AB33587" box="[129,743,400,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Body, length-width, ratio</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFE122B2F35E5" box="[786,891,400,424]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFE122B2E35EA" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,400,423]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFE122B2E35EA" box="[786,890,400,423]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFE122B8935E5" box="[933,989,400,424]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FE122C6735E5" box="[1033,1075,400,424]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FE122C2935E5" box="[1118,1149,400,424]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FE122C8635E5" box="[1193,1234,400,424]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FE122D7335E5" box="[1278,1319,400,424]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFE122D2A35E5" box="[1363,1406,400,424]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FE122D9735E5" box="[1450,1475,400,424]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FE332D973587" box="[129,1475,433,458]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFE332B2F3587" box="[786,891,433,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFE302B3A3584" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,434,457]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFE302B3A3584" box="[786,878,434,457]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFE332B893587" box="[933,989,433,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FE332C673587" box="[1033,1075,433,458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FE332C293587" box="[1118,1149,433,458]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FE332C863587" box="[1193,1234,433,458]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FE332D733587" box="[1278,1319,433,458]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFE332D2A3587" box="[1363,1406,433,458]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FE332D973587" box="[1450,1475,433,458]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FE512D9735A1" box="[129,1475,467,492]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FE512AB33640" box="[129,743,467,525]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Anterior pole to anterior end of macronucleus, % of body length</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFE512B2F35A1" box="[786,891,467,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFE562B2E35A6" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[787,890,468,491]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFE562B2E35A6" box="[787,890,468,491]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFE512B8935A1" box="[933,989,467,492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">28.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FE512C6735A1" box="[1033,1075,467,492]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">28.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FE512C2935A1" box="[1118,1149,467,492]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FE512C8635A1" box="[1193,1234,467,492]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FE512D7335A1" box="[1278,1319,467,492]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">22.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFE512D2A35A1" box="[1363,1406,467,492]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">32.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FE512D9735A1" box="[1450,1475,467,492]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FE772D973640" box="[129,1475,501,525]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFE772B2F3640" box="[786,891,501,525]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFE742B3A3640" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[787,878,502,525]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFE742B3A3640" box="[787,878,502,525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFE772B893640" box="[933,989,501,525]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">27.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FE772C673640" box="[1033,1075,501,525]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">26.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FE772C293640" box="[1118,1149,501,525]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FE772C863640" box="[1193,1234,501,525]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FE772D733640" box="[1278,1319,501,525]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">22.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFE772D2A3640" box="[1363,1406,501,525]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">30.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FE772D973640" box="[1450,1475,501,525]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FD952D973662" box="[129,1475,535,559]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FD952AB3361C" box="[129,743,535,593]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Anterior pole to posterior end of macronucleus, % of body length</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFD952B2F3662" box="[786,891,535,559]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFD9A2B2E3662" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[787,890,536,559]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFD9A2B2E3662" box="[787,890,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFD952B893662" box="[933,989,535,559]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">59.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FD952C673662" box="[1033,1075,535,559]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">58.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FD952C293662" box="[1118,1149,535,559]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FD952C863662" box="[1193,1234,535,559]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FD952D733662" box="[1278,1319,535,559]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">53.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFD952D2A3662" box="[1363,1406,535,559]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">64.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FD952D973662" box="[1450,1475,535,559]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FDBB2D97361C" box="[129,1475,569,593]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFDBB2B2F361C" box="[786,891,569,593]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFDB82B3A361C" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[787,878,570,593]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFDB82B3A361C" box="[787,878,570,593]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFDBB2B89361C" box="[933,989,569,593]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">54.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FDBB2C67361C" box="[1033,1075,569,593]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">54.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FDBB2C29361C" box="[1118,1149,569,593]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FDBB2C86361C" box="[1193,1234,569,593]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FDBB2D73361C" box="[1278,1319,569,593]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">45.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFDBB2D2A361C" box="[1363,1406,569,593]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">61.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FDBB2D97361C" box="[1450,1475,569,593]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FDD92D97363E" box="[129,1475,603,627]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FDD92AB336D8" box="[129,743,603,661]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Anterior pole to proximal end of adoral zone, distance</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFDD92B2F363E" box="[786,891,603,627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFDDE2B2E363F" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[787,890,603,627]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFDDE2B2E363F" box="[787,890,603,627]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFDD92B89363E" box="[933,989,603,627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">53.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FDD92C67363E" box="[1033,1075,603,627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">53.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FDD92C29363E" box="[1118,1149,603,627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FDD92C86363E" box="[1193,1234,603,627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FDD92D73363E" box="[1278,1319,603,627]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">42.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFDD92D2A363E" box="[1363,1406,603,627]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">60.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FDD92D97363E" box="[1450,1475,603,627]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FDFE2D9736D8" box="[129,1475,636,661]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFDFE2B2F36D8" box="[786,891,636,661]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFDFF2B3A36D9" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[787,878,637,660]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFDFF2B3A36D9" box="[787,878,637,660]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFDFE2B8936D8" box="[933,989,636,661]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">52.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FDFE2C6736D8" box="[1033,1075,636,661]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">51.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FDFE2C2936D8" box="[1118,1149,636,661]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FDFE2C8636D8" box="[1193,1234,636,661]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FDFE2D7336D8" box="[1278,1319,636,661]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">43.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFDFE2D2A36D8" box="[1363,1406,636,661]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">64.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FDFE2D9736D8" box="[1450,1475,636,661]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FD1C2D9736FA" box="[129,1475,670,695]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FD1C2AB33695" box="[129,743,670,728]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Anterior pole to proximal end of adoral zone, % of body length</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFD1C2B2F36FA" box="[786,891,670,695]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFD1D2B2E36FB" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[787,890,671,694]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFD1D2B2E36FB" box="[787,890,671,694]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFD1C2B8936FA" box="[933,989,670,695]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">70.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FD1C2C6736FA" box="[1033,1075,670,695]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">71.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FD1C2C2936FA" box="[1118,1149,670,695]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FD1C2C8636FA" box="[1193,1234,670,695]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FD1C2D7336FA" box="[1278,1319,670,695]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">46.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFD1C2D2A36FA" box="[1363,1406,670,695]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">75.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FD1C2D9736FA" box="[1450,1475,670,695]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FD422D973695" box="[129,1475,704,728]" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFD422B2F3695" box="[786,891,704,728]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFD432B3B3695" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[787,879,705,728]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFD432B3B3695" box="[787,879,705,728]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFD422B893695" box="[933,989,704,728]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">68.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FD422C673695" box="[1033,1075,704,728]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">68.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FD422C293695" box="[1118,1149,704,728]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FD422C863695" box="[1193,1234,704,728]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FD422D733695" box="[1278,1319,704,728]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">64.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFD422D2A3695" box="[1363,1406,704,728]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">73.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FD422D973695" box="[1450,1475,704,728]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FD602D9736B7" box="[129,1475,738,762]" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FD602AB336B7" box="[129,743,738,762]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Macronucleus, length</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFD602B2F36B7" box="[786,891,738,762]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFD612B2F36B7" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[787,891,739,762]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFD612B2F36B7" box="[787,891,739,762]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFD602B8936B7" box="[933,989,738,762]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FD602C6736B7" box="[1033,1075,738,762]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FD602C2936B7" box="[1118,1149,738,762]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FD602C8636B7" box="[1193,1234,738,762]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FD602D7336B7" box="[1278,1319,738,762]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">19.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFD602D2A36B7" box="[1363,1406,738,762]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">35.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FD602D9736B7" box="[1450,1475,738,762]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FC862D973751" box="[129,1475,772,796]" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FC862AB33773" box="[129,743,772,830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Macronucleus, width</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFC862B2F3751" box="[786,891,772,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFC872B2E3751" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,773,796]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFC872B2E3751" box="[786,890,773,796]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFC862B893751" box="[933,989,772,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FC862C673751" box="[1033,1075,772,796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">16.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FC862C293751" box="[1118,1149,772,796]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FC862C863751" box="[1193,1234,772,796]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FC862D733751" box="[1278,1319,772,796]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFC862D2A3751" box="[1363,1406,772,796]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">23.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FC862D973751" box="[1450,1475,772,796]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FCA42D973773" box="[129,1475,806,830]" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFCA42B2F3773" box="[786,891,806,830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFCA52B3A3773" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,807,830]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFCA52B3A3773" box="[786,878,807,830]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFCA42B893773" box="[933,989,806,830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FCA42C673773" box="[1033,1075,806,830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FCA42C293773" box="[1118,1149,806,830]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FCA42C863773" box="[1193,1234,806,830]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FCA42D733773" box="[1278,1319,806,830]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFCA42D2A3773" box="[1363,1406,806,830]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">26.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FCA42D973773" box="[1450,1475,806,830]" gridcol="8" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FCC42D97372D" box="[129,1475,838,864]" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FCC42AB337CF" box="[129,743,838,898]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Somatic kineties, numberb</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFCC42B2F372D" box="[786,891,838,864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFCCA2B2E3712" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,840,863]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFCCA2B2E3712" box="[786,890,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFCC42B89372D" box="[933,989,838,864]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FCC42C67372D" box="[1033,1075,838,864]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FCC42C29372D" box="[1118,1149,838,864]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FCC42C86372D" box="[1193,1234,838,864]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FCC42D73372D" box="[1278,1319,838,864]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">16</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFCC42D2A372D" box="[1363,1406,838,864]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">20</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FCC42D97372D" box="[1450,1475,838,864]" gridcol="8" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FCEB2D9737CF" box="[129,1475,873,898]" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFCEB2B2F37CF" box="[786,891,873,898]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFCE82B3A37CC" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,874,897]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFCE82B3A37CC" box="[786,878,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFCEB2B8937CF" box="[933,989,873,898]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">23.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FCEB2C6737CF" box="[1033,1075,873,898]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FCEB2C2937CF" box="[1118,1149,873,898]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FCEB2C8637CF" box="[1193,1234,873,898]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FCEB2D7337CF" box="[1278,1319,873,898]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">19</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFCEB2D2A37CF" box="[1363,1406,873,898]" gridcol="7" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">26</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FCEB2D9737CF" box="[1450,1475,873,898]" gridcol="8" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FC092D9737EE" box="[129,1475,907,931]" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FC092AB33788" box="[129,743,907,965]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Preoral dome kineties, number</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFC092B2F37EE" box="[786,891,907,931]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFC0E2B2E37EE" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,908,931]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFC0E2B2E37EE" box="[786,890,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFC092B8937EE" box="[933,989,907,931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FC092C6737EE" box="[1033,1075,907,931]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FC092C2937EE" box="[1118,1149,907,931]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FC092C8637EE" box="[1193,1234,907,931]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FC092D7337EE" box="[1278,1319,907,931]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFC092D2A37EE" box="[1363,1406,907,931]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FC092D9737EE" box="[1450,1475,907,931]" gridcol="8" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FC2F2D973788" box="[129,1475,941,965]" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFC2F2B2F3788" box="[786,891,941,965]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFC2C2B3A3788" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,942,965]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFC2C2B3A3788" box="[786,878,942,965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFC2F2B893788" box="[933,989,941,965]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FC2F2C673788" box="[1033,1075,941,965]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FC2F2C293788" box="[1118,1149,941,965]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FC2F2C863788" box="[1193,1234,941,965]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FC2F2D733788" box="[1278,1319,941,965]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFC2F2D2A3788" box="[1363,1406,941,965]" gridcol="7" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">11</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FC2F2D973788" box="[1450,1475,941,965]" gridcol="8" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FC4D2D9737AA" box="[129,1475,975,999]" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FC4D2AB33044" box="[129,743,975,1033]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Adoral membranelles, number</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFC4D2B2F37AA" box="[786,891,975,999]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFC522B2E37AA" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,976,999]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFC522B2E37AA" box="[786,890,976,999]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFC4D2B8937AA" box="[933,989,975,999]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">28.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FC4D2C6737AA" box="[1033,1075,975,999]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">29.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FC4D2C2937AA" box="[1118,1149,975,999]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FC4D2C8637AA" box="[1193,1234,975,999]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FC4D2D7337AA" box="[1278,1319,975,999]" gridcol="6" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFC4D2D2A37AA" box="[1363,1406,975,999]" gridcol="7" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">35</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FC4D2D9737AA" box="[1450,1475,975,999]" gridcol="8" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FC732D973044" box="[129,1475,1009,1033]" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFC732B2F3044" box="[786,891,1009,1033]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFC702B3A3044" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,1010,1033]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFC702B3A3044" box="[786,878,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFC732B893044" box="[933,989,1009,1033]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">39.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FC732C673044" box="[1033,1075,1009,1033]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">39.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FC732C293044" box="[1118,1149,1009,1033]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FC732C863044" box="[1193,1234,1009,1033]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FC732D733044" box="[1278,1319,1009,1033]" gridcol="6" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">33</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFC732D2A3044" box="[1363,1406,1009,1033]" gridcol="7" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">46</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FC732D973044" box="[1450,1475,1009,1033]" gridcol="8" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FB912D973066" box="[129,1475,1043,1067]" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FB912AB33000" box="[129,743,1043,1101]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Longest adoral membranelle, width</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFB912B2F3066" box="[786,891,1043,1067]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFB912B2E3067" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,1043,1066]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFB912B2E3067" box="[786,890,1043,1066]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFB912B893066" box="[933,989,1043,1067]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FB912C673066" box="[1033,1075,1043,1067]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FB912C293066" box="[1118,1149,1043,1067]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FB912C863066" box="[1193,1234,1043,1067]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FB912D733066" box="[1278,1319,1043,1067]" gridcol="6" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFB912D2A3066" box="[1363,1406,1043,1067]" gridcol="7" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FB912D973066" box="[1450,1475,1043,1067]" gridcol="8" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FBB62D973000" box="[129,1475,1076,1101]" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFBB62B2F3000" box="[786,891,1076,1101]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFBB72B3A3001" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[787,878,1077,1100]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFBB72B3A3001" box="[787,878,1077,1100]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFBB62B893000" box="[933,989,1076,1101]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FBB62C673000" box="[1033,1075,1076,1101]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FBB62C293000" box="[1118,1149,1076,1101]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FBB62C863000" box="[1193,1234,1076,1101]" gridcol="5" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FBB62D733000" box="[1278,1319,1076,1101]" gridcol="6" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFBB62D2A3000" box="[1363,1406,1076,1101]" gridcol="7" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FBB62D973000" box="[1450,1475,1076,1101]" gridcol="8" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FBD42D973022" box="[129,1475,1110,1135]" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FBD42AB330DD" box="[129,743,1110,1168]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Perizonal stripe rows, number</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFBD42B2F3022" box="[786,891,1110,1135]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFBD52B2E3023" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[787,890,1111,1134]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFBD52B2E3023" box="[787,890,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFBD42B893022" box="[933,989,1110,1135]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FBD42C673022" box="[1033,1075,1110,1135]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FBD42C293022" box="[1118,1149,1110,1135]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FBD42C863022" box="[1193,1234,1110,1135]" gridcol="5" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FBD42D733022" box="[1278,1319,1110,1135]" gridcol="6" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFBD42D2A3022" box="[1363,1406,1110,1135]" gridcol="7" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FBD42D973022" box="[1450,1475,1110,1135]" gridcol="8" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FBFA2D9730DD" box="[129,1475,1144,1168]" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFBFA2B2F30DD" box="[786,891,1144,1168]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFBFB2B3A30DD" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[787,878,1145,1168]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFBFB2B3A30DD" box="[787,878,1145,1168]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFBFA2B8930DD" box="[933,989,1144,1168]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FBFA2C6730DD" box="[1033,1075,1144,1168]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FBFA2C2930DD" box="[1118,1149,1144,1168]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FBFA2C8630DD" box="[1193,1234,1144,1168]" gridcol="5" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FBFA2D7330DD" box="[1278,1319,1144,1168]" gridcol="6" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFBFA2D2A30DD" box="[1363,1406,1144,1168]" gridcol="7" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FBFA2D9730DD" box="[1450,1475,1144,1168]" gridcol="8" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FB182D9730FF" box="[129,1475,1178,1202]" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FB182AB33099" box="[129,743,1178,1236]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Perizonal stripe 4 to dome kinety 1, distance</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFB182B2F30FF" box="[786,891,1178,1202]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFB192B2E30FF" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[787,890,1179,1202]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFB192B2E30FF" box="[787,890,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFB182B8930FF" box="[933,989,1178,1202]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FB182C6730FF" box="[1033,1075,1178,1202]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FB182C2930FF" box="[1118,1149,1178,1202]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FB182C8630FF" box="[1193,1234,1178,1202]" gridcol="5" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">18.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FB182D7330FF" box="[1278,1319,1178,1202]" gridcol="6" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFB182D2A30FF" box="[1363,1406,1178,1202]" gridcol="7" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FB182D9730FF" box="[1450,1475,1178,1202]" gridcol="8" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FB3E2D973099" box="[129,1475,1212,1236]" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFB3E2B2F3099" box="[786,891,1212,1236]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFB3F2B3A3099" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[787,878,1213,1236]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFB3F2B3A3099" box="[787,878,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFB3E2B893099" box="[933,989,1212,1236]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FB3E2C673099" box="[1033,1075,1212,1236]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FB3E2C293099" box="[1118,1149,1212,1236]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FB3E2C863099" box="[1193,1234,1212,1236]" gridcol="5" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FB3E2D733099" box="[1278,1319,1212,1236]" gridcol="6" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFB3E2D2A3099" box="[1363,1406,1212,1236]" gridcol="7" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FB3E2D973099" box="[1450,1475,1212,1236]" gridcol="8" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FB5C2D9730BB" box="[129,1475,1246,1270]" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FB5C2AB33155" box="[129,743,1246,1304]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Dome kinety 1 to 2, distance</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFB5C2B2F30BB" box="[786,891,1246,1270]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFB5D2B2E30B8" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[787,890,1246,1270]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFB5D2B2E30B8" box="[787,890,1246,1270]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFB5C2B8930BB" box="[933,989,1246,1270]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FB5C2C6730BB" box="[1033,1075,1246,1270]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FB5C2C2930BB" box="[1118,1149,1246,1270]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FB5C2C8630BB" box="[1193,1234,1246,1270]" gridcol="5" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FB5C2D7330BB" box="[1278,1319,1246,1270]" gridcol="6" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFB5C2D2A30BB" box="[1363,1406,1246,1270]" gridcol="7" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FB5C2D9730BB" box="[1450,1475,1246,1270]" gridcol="8" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FB7D2D973155" box="[129,1475,1279,1304]" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFB7D2B2F3155" box="[786,891,1279,1304]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5AFA822B3A315A" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[787,878,1280,1303]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5AFA822B3A315A" box="[787,878,1280,1303]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFB7D2B893155" box="[933,989,1279,1304]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FB7D2C673155" box="[1033,1075,1279,1304]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FB7D2C293155" box="[1118,1149,1279,1304]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.1</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FB7D2C863155" box="[1193,1234,1279,1304]" gridcol="5" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FB7D2D733155" box="[1278,1319,1279,1304]" gridcol="6" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFB7D2D2A3155" box="[1363,1406,1279,1304]" gridcol="7" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FB7D2D973155" box="[1450,1475,1279,1304]" gridcol="8" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FAA32D973177" box="[129,1475,1313,1338]" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FAA32AB33177" box="[129,743,1313,1338]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">False kineties, number</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFAA32B2F3177" box="[786,891,1313,1338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFAA02B2E3174" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,1314,1337]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFAA02B2E3174" box="[786,890,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFAA32B893177" box="[933,989,1313,1338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">52.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FAA32C673177" box="[1033,1075,1313,1338]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">53.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FAA32C293177" box="[1118,1149,1313,1338]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FAA32C863177" box="[1193,1234,1313,1338]" gridcol="5" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FAA32D733177" box="[1278,1319,1313,1338]" gridcol="6" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">48</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFAA32D2A3177" box="[1363,1406,1313,1338]" gridcol="7" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">60</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FAA32D973177" box="[1450,1475,1313,1338]" gridcol="8" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FAC12D973116" box="[129,1475,1347,1371]" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FAC12AB33130" box="[129,743,1347,1405]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Paroral membrane 1, length (longer)</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFAC12B2F3116" box="[786,891,1347,1371]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFAC62B2E3116" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,1348,1371]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFAC62B2E3116" box="[786,890,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFAC12B893116" box="[933,989,1347,1371]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FAC12C673116" box="[1033,1075,1347,1371]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FAC12C293116" box="[1118,1149,1347,1371]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FAC12C863116" box="[1193,1234,1347,1371]" gridcol="5" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FAC12D733116" box="[1278,1319,1347,1371]" gridcol="6" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">18.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFAC12D2A3116" box="[1363,1406,1347,1371]" gridcol="7" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">30.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FAC12D973116" box="[1450,1475,1347,1371]" gridcol="8" gridrow="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FAE72D973130" box="[129,1475,1381,1405]" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFAE72B2F3130" box="[786,891,1381,1405]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFAE42B3A3130" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,1382,1405]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFAE42B3A3130" box="[786,878,1382,1405]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFAE72B893130" box="[933,989,1381,1405]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FAE72C673130" box="[1033,1075,1381,1405]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">24.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FAE72C293130" box="[1118,1149,1381,1405]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.5</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FAE72C863130" box="[1193,1234,1381,1405]" gridcol="5" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FAE72D733130" box="[1278,1319,1381,1405]" gridcol="6" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFAE72D2A3130" box="[1363,1406,1381,1405]" gridcol="7" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">27.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FAE72D973130" box="[1450,1475,1381,1405]" gridcol="8" gridrow="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FA052D9731D2" box="[129,1475,1415,1439]" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<th id="76C75DAB5D310027AEC8FA052AB3318C" box="[129,743,1415,1473]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Paroral membrane 2, length (shorter)</th> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFA052B2F31D2" box="[786,891,1415,1439]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFA0A2B2E31D2" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[786,890,1416,1439]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFA0A2B2E31D2" box="[786,890,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFA052B8931D2" box="[933,989,1415,1439]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">11.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FA052C6731D2" box="[1033,1075,1415,1439]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FA052C2931D2" box="[1118,1149,1415,1439]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.4</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FA052C8631D2" box="[1193,1234,1415,1439]" gridcol="5" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">11.8</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FA052D7331D2" box="[1278,1319,1415,1439]" gridcol="6" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFA052D2A31D2" box="[1363,1406,1415,1439]" gridcol="7" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14.0</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FA052D9731D2" box="[1450,1475,1415,1439]" gridcol="8" gridrow="35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +<tr id="351634D75D310027AEC8FA2B2D97318C" box="[129,1475,1449,1473]" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AD5BFA2B2B2F318C" box="[786,891,1449,1473]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AD5BFA282B3A318C" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[786,878,1450,1473]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AD5BFA282B3A318C" box="[786,878,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ADECFA2B2B89318C" box="[933,989,1449,1473]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13.2</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA40FA2B2C67318C" box="[1033,1075,1449,1473]" gridcol="3" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13.6</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AA17FA2B2C29318C" box="[1118,1149,1449,1473]" gridcol="4" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.3</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAE0FA2B2C86318C" box="[1193,1234,1449,1473]" gridcol="5" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AAB7FA2B2D73318C" box="[1278,1319,1449,1473]" gridcol="6" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10.7</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027AB1AFA2B2D2A318C" box="[1363,1406,1449,1473]" gridcol="7" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">14.9</td> +<td id="76C75DAB5D310027ABE3FA2B2D97318C" box="[1450,1475,1449,1473]" gridcol="8" gridrow="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td> +</tr> +</table> +</paragraph> +<tableNote id="76C0371B5D31FFD2AEC8FA5D28993256" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[129,1475,215,1473]" targetPageId="10"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AEC8FA5D297C31BC" blockId="10.[129,1437,1502,1563]" box="[129,296,1502,1521]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<superScript id="7C539BDD5D31FFD2AEC8FA5D28A731BC" attach="right" box="[129,243,1502,1521]" fontSize="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">aMeasurements</superScript> +in μm. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AEC8FA7628993256" blockId="10.[129,1437,1502,1563]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<superScript id="7C539BDD5D31FFD2AEC8FA762885324B" attach="right" box="[129,209,1523,1542]" fontSize="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">bExcluding</superScript> +perizonal stripe rows.Abbreviations:CV, coefficient of variation (%); M, median; Max, maximum;Min, minimum; +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AA78FA762C6B324B" box="[1073,1087,1524,1542]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N</emphasis> +, number of specimens examined;SD, standard deviation. +</paragraph> +</tableNote> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D31FFD2AFD2F9CE29543389" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AFD2F9CE29BB322B" blockId="10.[411,495,1612,1638]" box="[411,495,1612,1638]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AFD2F9CE29BB322B" box="[411,495,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AEC8F9F629543389" blockId="10.[129,778,1651,1988]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AEC8F9F6297E32C6" ID-CoL="42HT8" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[129,298,1652,1675]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AEC8F9F6297E32C6" box="[129,298,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Metopus striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +has been described several times based on live observation ( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AF77F91029A732E7" author="McMurrich JP" box="[318,499,1682,1706]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="830 - 2" refId="ref14246" refString="McMurrich JP. A new species of infusorian. Te American Naturalist 1884; 18: 830-2." type="journal article" year="1884">McMurrich 1884</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AC4AF9102AD032E7" author="Stokes AC" box="[515,644,1682,1706]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="71 - 319" refId="ref14864" refString="Stokes AC. A preliminary contribution toward a history of the fresh-water infusoria of the United States. Journal of the Trenton Natural History Society 1888; 1: 71-319." type="journal article" year="1888">Stokes 1888</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2ACDDF9102B5732E7" author="Kahl A" box="[660,771,1682,1706]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl 1927</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AEC8F93028E13287" author="Kahl A" box="[129,181,1714,1738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="399 - 650" refId="ref13905" refString="Kahl A. Urtiere oder Protozoa. I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). Spirotricha. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 1932; 25: 399-650." type="journal article" year="1932">1932</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AE82F930292C3287" author="Jankowski AW" box="[203,376,1714,1738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski 1964</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AFC7F9302A7E3287" author="Foissner W" box="[398,554,1714,1738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="71 - 117" refId="ref13335" refString="Foissner W. Taxonomische Studien uber die Ciliaten des Grossglocknergebietes IX. Ordnungen Heterotrichida Und Hypotrichida. Berichte der Naturwissenschaflich-Medizinischen Vereinigung in Salzburg 1980; 5: 71-117." type="journal article" year="1980">Foissner 1980</bibRefCitation> +). +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AC02F9302B503287" author="Jankowski AW" box="[587,772,1714,1738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski (1964</bibRefCitation> +, 2007) regarded it as the +<typeStatus id="549D88375D31FFD2AFCAF95329E532A4" box="[387,433,1745,1769]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus> +species of the subgenus +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2ACFCF95029453345" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Urostomides"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2ACFCF9502B5D32A4" box="[693,777,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Metopus</emphasis> +( +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AEC5F97229523345" box="[140,262,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Urostomides</emphasis> +) +</taxonomicName> +and the genus +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D31FFD2AFBDF9722A3A3345" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" box="[500,622,1776,1800]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AFBDF9722A3A3345" box="[500,622,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Urostomides</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, respectively. Recently, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AEAFF892299B3365" author="Bourland WA & Roterova J & Cepicka I" box="[230,463,1808,1832]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="194 - 232" refId="ref12718" refString="Bourland WA, Roterova J, Cepicka I. Morphologic and molecular characterization of seven species of the remarkably diverse and widely distributed metopid genus Urostomides Jankowski, 1964 (Armophorea, Ciliophora). European Journal of Protistology 2017; 61: 194-232. htps: // doi. org / 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.07.003" type="journal article" year="2017"> +Bourland +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AF07F892292A3365" box="[334,382,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis> +(2017) +</bibRefCitation> +redescribed the species in detail. Actually, the morphological and molecular indicators of the Chinese population closely resemble those of Idaho and +<collectingCountry id="F33176055D31FFD2AC80F8CC288A33CB" name="Czech Republic" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Czech Republic</collectingCountry> +strains ( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D31FFD2AF77F8EC2A4233CB" author="Bourland WA & Roterova J & Cepicka I" box="[318,534,1902,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="194 - 232" refId="ref12718" refString="Bourland WA, Roterova J, Cepicka I. Morphologic and molecular characterization of seven species of the remarkably diverse and widely distributed metopid genus Urostomides Jankowski, 1964 (Armophorea, Ciliophora). European Journal of Protistology 2017; 61: 194-232. htps: // doi. org / 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.07.003" type="journal article" year="2017"> +Bourland +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AFEEF8EC298E33CB" box="[423,474,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis> +2017 +</bibRefCitation> +). However, there exist two significant distinctions between these populations (see details below). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D31FFD2AA6AF9CE2D973365" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AA6AF9CE2C8C322B" blockId="10.[1059,1240,1612,1638]" box="[1059,1240,1612,1638]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AA6AF9CE2C8C322B" box="[1059,1240,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Improved diagnosis</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AD70F9F12D973365" blockId="10.[825,1476,1651,1832]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +Cell size 65–90 × 30–50 μm +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AA27F9F62CE532C6" box="[1134,1201,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">in vivo</emphasis> +, obpyriform to triangular. Sharpened at the posterior end or pulled out into a tapered tail. About 13–26 somatic kineties, of which 5–11 extend to the preoral dome. Four or five distinctly elongated caudal cilia at the rear end of the cell. Perizonal stripe without false kineties. Usually 40 adoral membranelles.Adoral zone makes about 180° turn around long axis. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D31FFD2AA08F8C52C9D3389" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AA08F8C52CED332C" blockId="10.[1089,1209,1863,1889]" box="[1089,1209,1863,1889]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D31FFD2AA08F8C52CED332C" box="[1089,1209,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Voucher slide</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D31FFD2AD70F8EC2C9D3389" blockId="10.[825,1474,1902,1988]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +One voucher slide (registration number: FXC2021120202-01) with protargol-stained specimens is deposited in the Ocean University of +<collectingCountry id="F33176055D31FFD2AD8AF82E2C563389" box="[963,1026,1964,1988]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry> +in Qingdao, +<collectingCountry id="F33176055D31FFD2AACDF82E2C913389" box="[1156,1221,1964,1988]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry> +. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<caption id="DF59661D5D30FFD3AE38FB2D29A43221" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971662" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971662/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[113,178,1199,1223]" targetBox="[117,1453,148,1168]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D30FFD3AE38FB2D29A43221" blockId="11.[113,1459,1199,1644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3AE38FB2D289D308A" bold="true" box="[113,201,1199,1223]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 8.</emphasis> +Morphogenesis of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D30FFD3AF37FB322BC2308A" authority="(McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[382,918,1199,1224]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3AF37FB322A61308A" box="[382,565,1200,1224]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Urostomides striatus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D30FFD3AC09FB322ABB3085" author="McMurrich JP" box="[576,751,1200,1224]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="830 - 2" refId="ref14246" refString="McMurrich JP. A new species of infusorian. Te American Naturalist 1884; 18: 830-2." type="journal article" year="1884">McMurrich, 1884</bibRefCitation> +) +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D30FFD3ACB5FB322BC2308A" author="Jankowski AW" box="[764,918,1199,1224]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski, 1964</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +after protargol staining (A–H, J, early dividers; I, a middle divider; K–N, late dividers). Asterisks mark the parental or anlagen of the proter’s paroral membrane (B, D, K, M). A, dorsal view, showing the beginning of somatic kineties’ (excluding the perizonal stripe rows) replication (arrowheads). B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same individual, indicating OOP1 (arrows) and OOP2 (arrowheads). D, E, ventral (D) and dorsal (E) view of the same divider, arrows mark the prospective the opisthe’s adoral membranelles formed by OOP1 (the circle in D and the triangle in D), and the right circle (D) marks the OOP2. F, detailed view, showing the kinetosomes formed by the posterior ends of perizonal rows 3 and 4 and adjacent dome kineties, which is the anlagen of opisthe’s paroral membrane (asterisks), and adoral membranelles continue to assemble (arrows). G, detailed view, showing the dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane commences to form the anlage of proter’s paroral (arrowheads). H, I, detailed view of the opisthes in different dividers, showing the assembly of the anlagen of opisthe's adoral zone of membranelles (arrows) and opisthes’ paroral membrane (arrowheads). J, detailed view, indicating the reorganization of proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same individual, indicating the anlage of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow) separating from the proter’s perizonal stripe rows 1 and 2 (arrowhead), and the reorganization of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads). M, N, partial ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, indicating proter’s paroral membrane composed of a single long row of dikinetids (asterisk), and the formation of the anterior part of opisthe’s adoral membranelles (arrow). Abbreviations: DK, dome kineties; DK1, dome kinety 1; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–C), 45 μm (D, E), 30 μm (K–N). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D30FFD4AE9DF9192CE9338F" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D30FFD3AE9DF9192AC332F8" blockId="11.[212,663,1691,1717]" box="[212,663,1691,1717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3AE9DF9192AC332F8" box="[212,663,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Morphological description of Chinese population</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D30FFD3AE38F9402C6A331D" blockId="11.[113,763,1730,1974]" lastBlockId="11.[810,1459,1691,1966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +Body size 65–90 × 30–45 μm +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3AFF8F94029A03294" box="[433,500,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in vivo</emphasis> +, 78 × 44 μm on average, length:width ratio 2.0: +<quantity id="4CDE9B705D30FFD3AF2BF96329DC32B4" box="[354,392,1761,1785]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="1.0"> +1 +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3AF3CF96029DC32B4" box="[373,392,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in</emphasis> +</quantity> +vivo on average, ranging from 1.6: 1 to 2.6: 1; about 76 × 44 μm in protargol-stained specimens. Outline broadly clavate, with a sharp or tail-like posterior end ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D30FFD3AE35F8BD28B3331A" box="[124,231,1855,1879]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A–D</figureCitation> +). Preoral dome rounded, distinctly wider than the posterior end, projects from the body proper, and occupies about 74% of body length ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D30FFD3AFE8F8FC2A5A33DB" box="[417,526,1918,1942]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A–D</figureCitation> +). Macronucleus more or less globular, about 17 μm in diameter +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3AC74F81C2AD533F8" box="[573,641,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in vivo</emphasis> +, located in mid-body; one globular micronucleus, about 4.7 μm in diameter +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3AD63F9392B3F329F" box="[810,875,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in vivo</emphasis> +, usually adjacent to macronucleus ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D30FFD3AA96F9392D73329F" box="[1247,1319,1723,1747]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7L</figureCitation> +). Contractile vacuole, terminal, obconical to rounded ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D30FFD3AA80F9582D7A32BF" box="[1225,1326,1754,1778]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A, G</figureCitation> +). Cytoplasm yellow to brownish ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D30FFD3ADB6F97B2C3C335C" box="[1023,1128,1785,1809]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7B–D</figureCitation> +). Cortical granules colourless +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3ABE9F9782B05337D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in vivo</emphasis> +, about 0.3 μm across ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D30FFD3AA74F89B2CF6337C" box="[1085,1186,1817,1841]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7F, G</figureCitation> +). Swims at moderate pace while rotating on long axis. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D30FFD4AD0FF8D5290E32EC" blockId="11.[810,1459,1691,1966]" lastBlockId="12.[129,778,1516,1979]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +Ordinary somatic and perizonal cilia, 8–14 μm long +<emphasis id="B952EA875D30FFD3AB23F8DA2DFF3322" box="[1386,1451,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in vivo</emphasis> +; four or five caudal cilia, 26–30 μm long ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D30FFD3AA92F8F52D1333C3" box="[1243,1351,1911,1935]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A, K</figureCitation> +). Somatic kineties, arranged in 19–26 rows (23 on average), including 8–11 (nine on average) dome kineties, composed of dikinetids. Dome kineties 1 and 2 widely spaced, about 8 μm apart in protargol-stained specimens. Perizonal stripe consists of four rows, without false kineties; proximal ends of perizonal rows 1 and 2 more or less at the same level, rows 3 and 4 slightly shorter proximally ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AEB7F90B291D32EC" box="[254,329,1673,1697]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7N</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<caption id="DF59661D5D37FFD4AE36FB0E2D1931F0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971664/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[127,192,1164,1188]" targetBox="[129,1468,146,1134]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D37FFD4AE36FB0E2D1931F0" blockId="12.[127,1459,1164,1469]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4AE36FB0E288230E9" bold="true" box="[127,214,1164,1188]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 9.</emphasis> +Photomicrographs of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4AFE1FB0F2B9430E8" authority="(McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[424,960,1165,1189]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4AFE1FB0F2A0B30E9" box="[424,607,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Urostomides striatus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D37FFD4AC22FB0F2B4D30E8" author="McMurrich JP" box="[619,793,1165,1189]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="830 - 2" refId="ref14246" refString="McMurrich JP. A new species of infusorian. Te American Naturalist 1884; 18: 830-2." type="journal article" year="1884">McMurrich, 1884</bibRefCitation> +) +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D37FFD4AD6FFB0F2B9430E8" author="Jankowski AW" box="[806,960,1165,1189]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski, 1964</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +after protargol staining (A–H, early dividers; I, a middle divider; J, a late divider). Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlage of the proter’s paroral membrane (B, H, I, J). A, dorsal view, arrowheads showing the proliferation of somatic kineties (excluding perizonal stripe rows). B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same divider, showing OOP2 formed by the parental perizonal stripe rows 1–4 (arrowheads in B) and OOP1 formed by dome kineties (arrowheads in C). D, details of OOP1 (arrowheads). E, ventral view, arrows mark OOP2 and arrowheads mark the dedifferentiation of parental paroral membrane. F, arrows indicate the formation of the opisthe’s paroral membrane. G, arrowheads show that the posterior ends of the parental perizonal rows 3 and 4 and some dome kineties are involved in the formation of the posterior end of new paroral membrane. H, detailed view, showing the dedifferentiation of both parental paroral membrane (asterisks) and parental adoral zone of membranelles (arrowheads). I, ventral view, indicating the assembly of the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads) and adoral membranelles (arrows). J, ventral view, showing the assembly of proter’s (arrows) and opisthe’s adoral membranelles (arrowheads). Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (B), 30 μm (I, J). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D37FFD4AED5F92A2A4B33F6" blockId="12.[129,778,1516,1979]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +Adoral zone, comprising about 40 (range 33–46) membranelles, commences at the right margin of ventral surface, extends obliquely to the left margin of dorsal surface, making about 180° turn, middle membranelles composed of three or four rows of basal bodies ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AFEDF8A42A793370" box="[420,557,1830,1854]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7E, H, I</figureCitation> +). Paroral membrane diplostichomonad, commences at level of proximal end of adoral zone, consisting of two rows of monokinetids with different lengths, the right file about 24 μm long, the left file about 13 μm long in protargol preparations ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AFF6F8212A5A33F6" box="[447,526,1955,1979]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7M</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D37FFD4AA4DFA6E2CA3324A" blockId="12.[825,1476,1516,1986]" box="[1028,1271,1516,1543]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4AA4DFA6E2CA3324A" box="[1028,1271,1516,1543]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +Morphogenesis ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AAE9FA6F2C82324B" box="[1184,1238,1516,1542]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1199,1223]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,148,1168]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[114,1458,144,1172]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Morphogenesis of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 after protargol staining (A–H, J, early dividers; I, a middle divider; K–N, late dividers). Asterisks mark the parental or anlagen of the proter’s paroral membrane (B, D, K, M). A, dorsal view, showing the beginning of somatic kineties’ (excluding the perizonal stripe rows) replication (arrowheads). B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same individual, indicating OOP1 (arrows) and OOP2 (arrowheads).D, E, ventral (D) and dorsal (E) view of the same divider, arrows mark the prospective the opisthe’s adoral membranelles formed by OOP1 (the circle in D and the triangle in D), and the right circle (D) marks the OOP2. F, detailed view, showing the kinetosomes formed by the posterior ends of perizonal rows 3 and 4 and adjacent dome kineties, which is the anlagen of opisthe’s paroral membrane (asterisks), and adoral membranelles continue to assemble (arrows).G, detailed view, showing the dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane commences to form the anlage of proter’s paroral (arrowheads). H, I, detailed view of the opisthes in different dividers, showing the assembly of the anlagen of opisthe's adoral zone of membranelles (arrows) and opisthes’ paroral membrane (arrowheads). J, detailed view, indicating the reorganization of proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same individual, indicating the anlage of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow) separating from the proter’s perizonal stripe rows 1 and 2 (arrowhead), and the reorganization of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads). M, N, partial ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, indicating proter’s paroral membrane composed of a single long row of dikinetids (asterisk), and the formation of the anterior part of opisthe’s adoral membranelles (arrow). Abbreviations: DK, dome kineties; DK1, dome kinety 1; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars:30 μm (A–C), 45 μm (D, E), 30 μm (K–N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971662/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs8</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AAA9FA6E2CB9324B" box="[1248,1261,1516,1542]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="12.[127,192,1164,1188]" captionTargetBox="[129,1468,146,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-316@12.[127,1471,144,1137]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 9. Photomicrographs of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 after protargol staining (A–H, early dividers; I, a middle divider; J, a late divider).Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlage of the proter’s paroral membrane (B, H, I, J). A, dorsal view, arrowheads showing the proliferation of somatic kineties (excluding perizonal stripe rows).B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same divider, showing OOP2 formed by the parental perizonal stripe rows 1–4 (arrowheads in B) and OOP1 formed by dome kineties (arrowheads in C). D, details of OOP1 (arrowheads). E, ventral view, arrows mark OOP2 and arrowheads mark the dedifferentiation of parental paroral membrane. F, arrows indicate the formation of the opisthe’s paroral membrane.G, arrowheads show that the posterior ends of the parental perizonal rows 3 and 4 and some dome kineties are involved in the formation of the posterior end of new paroral membrane. H, detailed view, showing the dedifferentiation of both parental paroral membrane (asterisks) and parental adoral zone of membranelles (arrowheads). I, ventral view, indicating the assembly of the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads) and adoral membranelles (arrows). J, ventral view, showing the assembly of proter’s (arrows) and opisthe’s adoral membranelles (arrowheads). Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (B), 30 μm (I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971664/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D37FFD4AD70F9912CE9338F" blockId="12.[825,1476,1516,1986]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +The divisional mode of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4AA73F9912D503266" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[1082,1284,1555,1579]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4AA73F9912D503266" box="[1082,1284,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Urostomides striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +basically matches that of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4ADCAF9B12CD73207" authority="(Kahl, 1927)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[899,1155,1586,1610]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4ADCAF9B12BA03207" box="[899,1012,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U. minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D37FFD4AA4AF9B02C2E3207" author="Kahl A" box="[1027,1146,1586,1610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D37FFD4AAC0F9B02CAE3207" box="[1161,1274,1586,1610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +However, there are several minor differences: (i) certain early dividers (like +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4ABD5F9D32B2132C5" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="12.[127,192,1164,1188]" captionTargetBox="[129,1468,146,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-316@12.[127,1471,144,1137]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 9. Photomicrographs of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 after protargol staining (A–H, early dividers; I, a middle divider; J, a late divider).Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlage of the proter’s paroral membrane (B, H, I, J). A, dorsal view, arrowheads showing the proliferation of somatic kineties (excluding perizonal stripe rows).B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same divider, showing OOP2 formed by the parental perizonal stripe rows 1–4 (arrowheads in B) and OOP1 formed by dome kineties (arrowheads in C). D, details of OOP1 (arrowheads). E, ventral view, arrows mark OOP2 and arrowheads mark the dedifferentiation of parental paroral membrane. F, arrows indicate the formation of the opisthe’s paroral membrane.G, arrowheads show that the posterior ends of the parental perizonal rows 3 and 4 and some dome kineties are involved in the formation of the posterior end of new paroral membrane. H, detailed view, showing the dedifferentiation of both parental paroral membrane (asterisks) and parental adoral zone of membranelles (arrowheads). I, ventral view, indicating the assembly of the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads) and adoral membranelles (arrows). J, ventral view, showing the assembly of proter’s (arrows) and opisthe’s adoral membranelles (arrowheads). Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (B), 30 μm (I, J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971664/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 9D, E</figureCitation> +) have not been observed in +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4AAE5F9F02D4B32C4" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1196,1311,1650,1673]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4AAE5F9F02D4B32C4" box="[1196,1311,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, namely, for +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4ABE5F9F02BD532E5" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4ABE5F9F02BD532E5" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +the opisthe’s proximal adoral membranelles are formed by dome kineties one-to-one but +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4AADFF9322D53328A" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1174,1287,1712,1735]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4AADFF9322D53328A" box="[1174,1287,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +might not; (ii) as concerns +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4ADD4F9522C5732AB" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[925,1027,1743,1767]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4ADD4F9522C5732AB" box="[925,1027,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, there is no stage recognized during which the newly built adoral membranelle-like structures derived from some scattered kinetosomes owing to the dedifferentiation of OOP2, like +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4ADFAF8AF2C773309" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[947,1059,1837,1860]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4ADFAF8AF2C773309" box="[947,1059,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AA7AF8AF2CD43308" box="[1075,1152,1837,1861]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 4K</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AAC4F8AF2C913309" box="[1165,1221,1837,1861]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5A, B</figureCitation> +). Besides, in +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4AB04F8AF2DE83309" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1357,1468,1837,1860]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4AB04F8AF2DE83309" box="[1357,1468,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, there is a stage during which the anlage of paroral membrane in both proter and opisthe is composed of a relatively long row of monokinetids (like +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AA68F8092C3733EE" box="[1057,1123,1931,1955]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5J</figureCitation> +). It is not sure that this stage also exists in +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D37FFD4ADD9F8292BA0338F" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[912,1012,1963,1986]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D37FFD4ADD9F8292BA0338F" box="[912,1012,1963,1986]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(might be +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D37FFD4AA2BF8282CF8338F" box="[1122,1196,1962,1986]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1199,1223]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,148,1168]" captionTargetId="figure-207@11.[114,1458,144,1172]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Morphogenesis of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 after protargol staining (A–H, J, early dividers; I, a middle divider; K–N, late dividers). Asterisks mark the parental or anlagen of the proter’s paroral membrane (B, D, K, M). A, dorsal view, showing the beginning of somatic kineties’ (excluding the perizonal stripe rows) replication (arrowheads). B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same individual, indicating OOP1 (arrows) and OOP2 (arrowheads).D, E, ventral (D) and dorsal (E) view of the same divider, arrows mark the prospective the opisthe’s adoral membranelles formed by OOP1 (the circle in D and the triangle in D), and the right circle (D) marks the OOP2. F, detailed view, showing the kinetosomes formed by the posterior ends of perizonal rows 3 and 4 and adjacent dome kineties, which is the anlagen of opisthe’s paroral membrane (asterisks), and adoral membranelles continue to assemble (arrows).G, detailed view, showing the dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane commences to form the anlage of proter’s paroral (arrowheads). H, I, detailed view of the opisthes in different dividers, showing the assembly of the anlagen of opisthe's adoral zone of membranelles (arrows) and opisthes’ paroral membrane (arrowheads). J, detailed view, indicating the reorganization of proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same individual, indicating the anlage of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow) separating from the proter’s perizonal stripe rows 1 and 2 (arrowhead), and the reorganization of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads). M, N, partial ventral (M) and dorsal (N) view of the same specimen, indicating proter’s paroral membrane composed of a single long row of dikinetids (asterisk), and the formation of the anterior part of opisthe’s adoral membranelles (arrow). Abbreviations: DK, dome kineties; DK1, dome kinety 1; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars:30 μm (A–C), 45 μm (D, E), 30 μm (K–N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971662/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8K</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D36FFD5AF58FF122C3E366D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D36FFD5AF58FF122A0E34E7" blockId="13.[113,764,144,551]" box="[273,602,144,170]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AF58FF122A0E34E7" box="[273,602,144,170]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Phylogenetic analyses of two isolates</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D36FFD5AE38FF342C3E366D" blockId="13.[113,764,144,551]" lastBlockId="13.[810,1459,144,544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +Partial SSU rRNA gene sequences of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AC57FF3428AC34A3" authority="(Kahl, 1927)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AC57FF342AAE3483" box="[542,762,182,206]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D36FFD5AE30FF5428A434A3" author="Kahl A" box="[121,240,214,238]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D36FFD5AEB5FF54293834A0" box="[252,364,214,238]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +(GenBank: OR658907) and +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5ACDFFF5429A23540" authority="(McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5ACDFFF542AAE34A0" box="[662,762,214,237]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. striatus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D36FFD5AE31FF77296F3540" author="McMurrich JP" box="[120,315,245,269]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="830 - 2" refId="ref14246" refString="McMurrich JP. A new species of infusorian. Te American Naturalist 1884; 18: 830-2." type="journal article" year="1884">McMurrich, 1884</bibRefCitation> +) +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D36FFD5AF02FF7729A23540" author="Jankowski AW" box="[331,502,245,269]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski, 1964</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +(GenBank: OR658908) are both 1604 bp long, with a guanine-cytosine (GC) content of 43.08% and 43.64%, respectively. All available SSU rRNA gene sequences of the genus +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AF97FED12A0C3526" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" box="[478,600,339,363]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AF97FED12A0C3526" box="[478,600,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Urostomides</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +form a strongly supported clade (ML 94/BI 1.00), which divides into two subclades ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D36FFD5AEA2FE10296335E7" box="[235,311,402,426]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[112,177,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,659,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-263@13.[110,1460,651,1785]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Phylogenetic tree based on the small subunit rRNA gene sequences, revealing the positions of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb.nov.and U. striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964.Bold font is used for the sequences from the current investigation.GenBank accession numbers AJ009658 and AJ009662 are deposited as Caenomorphidae gen. sp. in the NCBI database.Bootstrap values for ML and posterior probabilities for Bayesian inference (BI) are shown as numbers next to nodes, respectively.Full support (ML/BI, 100/1.00) is indicated by black circles in both studies.Asterisks indicate where ML and BI disagree. The scale bar represents five changes per 100 nucleotide positions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971666/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10</figureCitation> +). One comprises +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AC4BFE102AA035E7" box="[514,756,402,426]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="campanula"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AC4BFE102AA035E7" box="[514,756,402,426]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Urostomides campanula</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AE38FE30288A3584" authorityName="Bourland et al." authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[113,222,433,457]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="caducus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AE38FE30288A3584" box="[113,222,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. caducus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AF57FE3329EA3585" box="[286,446,433,457]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AF57FE3329CC3584" box="[286,408,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Urostomides</emphasis> +sp. +</taxonomicName> +, fully supported in both analyses. The other comprises +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AFC5FE5329A335A5" box="[396,503,464,488]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="darwini"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AFC5FE5329A335A5" box="[396,503,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. darwini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AC4AFE532A2635A5" box="[515,626,465,488]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="spinosus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AC4AFE532A2635A5" box="[515,626,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. spinosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AC37FE532A8335A5" authorityName="Bourland et al." authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[638,727,464,488]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="pullus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AC37FE532A8335A5" box="[638,727,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. pullus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5ACADFE532892364A" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5ACADFE532892364A" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AE9DFE7229123645" authorityName="Bourland et al." authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[212,326,496,520]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="denarius"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AE9DFE7229123645" box="[212,326,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. denarius</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AF1DFE7229843645" authorityName="Levander" authorityYear="1894" box="[340,464,496,520]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="bacillatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AF1DFE7229843645" box="[340,464,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. bacillatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AF97FE722A11364A" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[478,581,496,519]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AF97FE722A11364A" box="[478,581,496,519]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5ACC9FE7228DB366B" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5ACC9FE722AAE3645" box="[640,762,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Urostomides</emphasis> +sp. +</taxonomicName> +, with low support in ML and strong support in BI (ML 61/ BI 0.99). +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5ADD9FF122C3334E5" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[912,1127,144,168]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5ADD9FF122C3334E5" box="[912,1127,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +clusters together with +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AB13FF132DE734E5" authorityName="Bourland et al." authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1370,1459,144,168]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="pullus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AB13FF132DE734E5" box="[1370,1459,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. pullus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<accessionNumber id="9475AB765D36FFD5AD78FF2D2BFC348A" box="[817,936,175,199]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KY025572" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">KY025572</accessionNumber> +) with high nodal support (ML 99/BI 1.00) (genetic distance = 0.0036; Supporting Information, +<tableCitation id="C6A4032E5D36FFD5AB76FF4D2DF734AA" box="[1343,1443,207,231]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1932) comb. nov. and U. striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 based on protargol-stained specimens." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table S1</tableCitation> +); however, the SSU rRNA gene sequence of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AA95FF6D2D67354B" authorityName="Bourland et al." authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1244,1331,238,262]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="pullus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AA95FF6D2D67354B" box="[1244,1331,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. pullus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is just about 1200 bp long, possibly resulting in the above considerably ‘similar’ comparisons with +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AA00FEAF2CEA3509" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1097,1214,301,324]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AA00FEAF2CEA3509" box="[1097,1214,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(about 1600 bp long). The clade composed of the populations of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AAA6FECF2D023529" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[1263,1366,333,356]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AAA6FECF2D023529" box="[1263,1366,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is statistically supported in both analyses (ML 87/BI 0.99); the genetic distances between our strain and nine other populations of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AD63FE292BC7358F" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[810,915,427,450]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AD63FE292BC7358F" box="[810,915,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">U. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +are similar ( +<geoCoordinate id="EE1250525D36FFD5AA53FE282C0C358F" box="[1050,1112,426,450]" degrees="0.000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="0.0">0.000</geoCoordinate> +<geoCoordinate id="EE1250525D36FFD5AA10FE282CF0358F" box="[1113,1188,426,450]" degrees="0.005" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-0.005">–0.005</geoCoordinate> +; Supporting Information, +<tableCitation id="C6A4032E5D36FFD5AD63FE4B2BD035AC" box="[810,900,457,481]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1932) comb. nov. and U. striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 based on protargol-stained specimens." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table S1</tableCitation> +). The +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AD83FE4B2C3D35AC" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="2016" box="[970,1129,457,481]" family="Apometopidae" pageId="13" pageNumber="17" rank="family">Apometopidae</taxonomicName> +/ +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5AA38FE4B2CBF35AC" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" box="[1137,1259,457,481]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D36FFD5AA38FE4B2CBF35AC" box="[1137,1259,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Urostomides</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +clade then clusters with the +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D36FFD5ADDCFE6B2C51364C" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1927" box="[917,1029,489,513]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="family">Metopidae</taxonomicName> ++ Clevelandellida clade with high supportive value (ML 97/BI 1.00) +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/8F/87/038F87835D3AFFD1ADC9F8C32AF236D0.xml b/data/03/8F/87/038F87835D3AFFD1ADC9F8C32AF236D0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..86b1a382b91 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/8F/87/038F87835D3AFFD1ADC9F8C32AF236D0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,567 @@ +<document id="58A6FC5BA8573C4ECD8BC5E453EEFDBC" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae055" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971642" ID-ZooBank="21D6089-A15B-4EAA-B261-24F283E86EBF" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1741163559100" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Feng, Xiaochen, Zhuang, 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& Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[896,1255,1857,1884]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3AFFD9ADC9F8C32C0D3316" bold="true" box="[896,1113,1857,1884]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D3AFFD9AA2DF8C32C8B3316" author="Kahl A" box="[1124,1247,1857,1883]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D3AFFD9AAA5F8C02D093311" box="[1260,1373,1858,1884]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +</emphasis> +</heading> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D3AFFD9AA42F8E92C8733C8" box="[1035,1235,1899,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3AFFD9AA42F8E92C8733C8" blockId="1.[810,1460,1899,1993]" box="[1035,1235,1899,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3AFFD9AA42F8E92C8733C8" bold="true" box="[1035,1235,1899,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2"> +( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3AFFD9AA5CF8E92C3B33CB" box="[1045,1135,1899,1926]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figure 6" captionStart-6="Figure 7" captionStartId-0="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionStartId-1="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionStartId-2="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionStartId-3="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionStartId-4="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionStartId-5="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionStartId-6="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox-0="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetBox-1="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetBox-2="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetBox-3="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetBox-4="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetBox-5="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetBox-6="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId-0="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetId-1="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetId-2="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetId-3="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetId-4="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetId-5="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetId-6="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionTargetPageId-5="7" captionTargetPageId-6="9" captionText-0="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." captionText-1="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." captionText-2="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." captionText-3="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." captionText-4="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." captionText-5="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." captionText-6="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs 1–7</figureCitation> +; +<tableCitation id="C6A4032E5D3AFFD9AA32F8EE2C9C33C8" box="[1147,1224,1899,1926]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1932) comb. nov. and U. striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 based on protargol-stained specimens." pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Table 1</tableCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D3AFFDAAD63F8102A8D31B6" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3AFFD9AD63F8102C2A3384" blockId="1.[810,1460,1899,1993]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2"> +1927 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D3AFFD9AD26F8112C9433E7" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[879,1216,1938,1962]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="variety" species="bacillatus" status="var. nov." variety="minima"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3AFFD9AD26F8112C6533E7" box="[879,1073,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Metopus bacillatus</emphasis> +var. +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3AFFD9AA3CF8112C9433E7" box="[1141,1216,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">minima</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D3AFFD9AA9BF8102D4333E7" box="[1234,1303,1938,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="variety">var. n.</taxonomicNameLabel> +—Kahl, Arch. Protistenkd., 57, fig. 17 on p. 152. +</paragraph> +<caption id="DF59661D5D39FFDAAEC8FBF02C71315A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" targetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAEC8FBF02C71315A" blockId="2.[129,1454,1138,1303]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAEC8FBF0288C30C7" bold="true" box="[129,216,1138,1162]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 1.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D39FFDAAE94FBF02A7430C6" authority="(Kahl, 1927)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[221,544,1138,1163]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAE94FBF029CB30C7" box="[221,415,1138,1162]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D39FFDAAFE2FBF02A4C30C6" author="Kahl A" box="[427,536,1138,1163]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D39FFDAAC6CFBF02AD830C7" box="[549,652,1138,1162]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAEC8FAC52A9231F1" blockId="2.[129,778,1350,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +1932 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D39FFDAAEF5FAC5293F3113" ID-CoL="42HSC" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[188,363,1351,1374]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="sp. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAEF5FAC5293F3113" box="[188,363,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Metopus minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D39FFDAAF3AFAC529953113" box="[371,449,1351,1374]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +( +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D39FFDAAF9AFAC528A73133" authority="Kahl, 1927" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1927" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="variety" species="bacillatus" variety="minima"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAF9AFAC52ADF3113" box="[467,651,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Metopus bacillatus</emphasis> +var. +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAACF7FAC52B5D3113" box="[702,777,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">minima</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D39FFDAAEC8FAE428A73133" author="Kahl A" box="[129,243,1382,1406]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +)—Kahl, Tierwelt Dtl., 21, fig. 70 on p. 414 (justified emendation of spelling to agree with genus gender when elevated to species’ rank, erroneous designation as ‘spec. n’.). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAEC8FA462A8D31B6" blockId="2.[129,778,1350,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +1962 +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D39FFDAAE8BFA4629233196" ID-CoL="42HSC" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[194,375,1476,1499]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAE8BFA4629233196" box="[194,375,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Metopus minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Vuxanovici, Nota II. Stud. Cercet. Biol., Ser. biol. anim., 14, fig. 31 on p. 343 (misdated 1935). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D39FFDAAFD2F9992AEA32BB" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAFD2F99929BB3278" blockId="2.[129,777,1563,1782]" box="[411,495,1563,1589]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAFD2F99929BB3278" box="[411,495,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAEC8F9C32AEA32BB" blockId="2.[129,777,1563,1782]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D39FFDAAEC8F9C328A23214" author="Kahl A" box="[129,246,1601,1625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl (1927</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D39FFDAAF48F9C329613214" author="Kahl A" box="[257,309,1601,1625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="399 - 650" refId="ref13905" refString="Kahl A. Urtiere oder Protozoa. I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). Spirotricha. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 1932; 25: 399-650." type="journal article" year="1932">1932</bibRefCitation> +) briefly described the live morphology of this species. Additionally, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D39FFDAAF17F9E22A753235" author="Vuxanovici A" box="[350,545,1632,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="331 - 50" refId="ref15074" refString="Vuxanovici A. Contribute la sistematica ciliatelor. Nota II. Studii si cercetari de biologie Seria biologie animala 1962; 14: 331-50." type="journal article" year="1962">Vuxanovici (1962)</bibRefCitation> +illustrated +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D39FFDAACDDF9E32B5D3235" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" box="[660,777,1633,1656]" class="Heterotrichea" family="Metopidae" genus="Metopus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Heterotrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAACDDF9E32B5D3235" box="[660,777,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">M. minimus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +witharoundposteriorbodyend.Subsequently, +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D39FFDAAC1CF9022B5D32D5" author="Jankowski AW" box="[597,777,1664,1688]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="185 - 330" refId="ref13675" refString="Jankowski AW. Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelebionts, mainly of the oder Heterotrichida. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1964; 107: 185-330." type="journal article" year="1964">Jankowski(1964)</bibRefCitation> +regarded it as a junior synonym of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D39FFDAAFA9F9222A1D32FA" authorityName="Jankowski" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[480,585,1696,1719]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="striatus"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAFA9F9222A1D32FA" box="[480,585,1696,1719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">M. striatus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Nevertheless, due to lack of detailed morphological and molecular data, the taxonomic classification of this species remained unresolved. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D39FFDAAF22F8972BA231B6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAF22F8972A4B3362" blockId="2.[363,543,1813,1839]" box="[363,543,1813,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAF22F8972A4B3362" box="[363,543,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Improved diagnosis</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAEC8F8BE2BA231B6" blockId="2.[129,777,1852,1970]" lastBlockId="2.[825,1474,1350,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +Cells 40–70 × 25–40 μm +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAFDEF8BE298F331E" box="[407,475,1852,1875]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">in vivo</emphasis> +, shape typically obpyriform with a round posterior end. Preoral dome massive, approximately three-quarters of the length of body. Usually five elongated caudal cilia. Cortical granules colourless, globular, densely spaced in rows. Four perizonal stripe rows of which rows 1–3 arranged in about 52 false kineties. A total of 16–20 somatic kineties, usually including seven dome kineties. Adoral zone composed of 28 membranelles on average. Paroral membrane diplostichomonad, left file shortened anteriorly. Sapropelic freshwater habitat. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D39FFDAAA74F9992B2B3358" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAA74F9992CE93278" blockId="2.[825,1474,1563,1813]" box="[1085,1213,1563,1589]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAA74F9992CE93278" box="[1085,1213,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Voucher slides</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAAD70F9C02B2B3358" blockId="2.[825,1474,1563,1813]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<materialsCitation id="3B4E3CC85D39FFDAAD70F9C02B9232FA" collectionCode="FXC" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="FXC2021043001-01, FXC2021043001-02" specimenCount="2"> +Two slides with protargol-stained voucher specimens (registration numbers: +<specimenCode id="DB809EEE5D39FFDAAD9FF9E22CF93235" box="[982,1197,1632,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FXC2021043001-01</specimenCode> +, +<specimenCode id="DB809EEE5D39FFDAAAF3F9E22C8A3235" box="[1210,1246,1632,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-02</specimenCode> +) are deposited in the Laboratory of Systematic Taxonomy at the Ocean University of China, China +</materialsCitation> +. +<materialsCitation id="3B4E3CC85D39FFDAAD98F91D2B2E3358" collectionCode="FXC" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="FXC2021043001, FXC2021043002, FXC2021043003" specimenCount="3"> +Another slide with voucher specimens (registration numbers: +<specimenCode id="DB809EEE5D39FFDAAD98F93C2CDE329B" box="[977,1162,1726,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FXC2021043001</specimenCode> +- +<specimenCode id="DB809EEE5D39FFDAAAD8F93C2CFE329B" box="[1169,1194,1726,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">03</specimenCode> +) is deposited in the Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, +<collectingCountry id="F33176055D39FFDAAD70F97F2B2E3358" box="[825,890,1789,1813]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">China</collectingCountry> +</materialsCitation> +. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="C33C651E5D39FFD1ADA9F8B72AF236D0" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDAADA9F8B72D4F3302" blockId="2.[825,1475,1845,1970]" box="[992,1307,1845,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAADA9F8B72D4F3302" box="[992,1307,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description of Chinese population</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D39FFDBAD70F8D92BFF331A" blockId="2.[825,1475,1845,1970]" lastBlockId="3.[810,1459,1667,1973]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +Body size 40–70 × 25–40 μm, 53 × 31 μm on average +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAB37F8DE2D96333E" box="[1406,1474,1884,1907]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">in vivo</emphasis> +( +<emphasis id="B952EA875D39FFDAAD0DF8F92B0333DF" box="[836,855,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">N</emphasis> += 17); in protargol-stained 57–95 × 32–60 μm, about 76 × 44 μm on average in protargol-stained specimens. Length:width ratio 1.7: 1 on average +<emphasis id="B952EA875D38FFDBAFA3F9062A7D32D6" box="[490,553,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">in vivo</emphasis> +, ranging from 1.4: 1 to 2.4: 1. Body shape obpyriform in ventral view, slightly dorsoventrally flattened, posterior body end rounded ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBAC15F9402AFC3297" box="[604,680,1730,1754]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1A</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBACFAF9402ABD3294" box="[691,745,1730,1754]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2A, B</figureCitation> +). Preoral dome massive, thick, overhangs left cell margin, occupies about three-quarters of body length +<emphasis id="B952EA875D38FFDBAC45F8832A1F3355" box="[524,587,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">in vivo</emphasis> +( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBAC12F8832AF33354" box="[603,679,1793,1817]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1A</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBACFBF8832ABD3355" box="[690,745,1793,1817]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2A, B</figureCitation> +). Macronucleus single, globular to ellipsoidal, usually in preoral dome, 18 × 15 μm on average +<emphasis id="B952EA875D38FFDBAFEAF8C229B6331A" box="[419,482,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">in vivo</emphasis> +and 24 × 17 μm on average in protargol-stained specimens, containing 0.4–3 μm diameter nucleoli; one globular micronucleus, about 4 μm in diameter both +<emphasis id="B952EA875D38FFDBAEEEF81C28B133F8" box="[167,229,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">in vivo</emphasis> +and in protargol-stained specimens, usually adjacent to macronucleus ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBADA0F9012C6D32D6" box="[1001,1081,1667,1691]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1C</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBAA0EF9012CD032D6" box="[1095,1156,1667,1691]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2H, F</figureCitation> +). Contractile vacuole round, terminal or sub-terminal ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBAA73F9212CDD32F6" box="[1082,1161,1699,1723]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1A</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBAADEF9212CE332F6" box="[1175,1207,1699,1723]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2D</figureCitation> +). Cytoplasm colourless, containing numerous globular (about 1.5 μm across) or polygonal (about 2 μm long) granules ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBAAC7F9632D5F32B4" box="[1166,1291,1761,1785]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig 2A, B, E</figureCitation> +). Cortical granules globular and colourless +<emphasis id="B952EA875D38FFDBAA01F8832CD33355" box="[1096,1159,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">in vivo</emphasis> +, about 0.8 μm across, densely arranged in rows ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBADA1F8A22C603375" box="[1000,1076,1824,1848]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1E</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D38FFDBAA08F8A22C2E337A" box="[1089,1146,1824,1848]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2C, E</figureCitation> +). Swims slowly while rotating on long axis. +</paragraph> +<caption id="DF59661D5D38FFDBAE38FA9429CC320B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" targetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D38FFDBAE38FA9429CC320B" blockId="3.[113,1448,1302,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D38FFDBAE38FA94289D3163" bold="true" box="[113,201,1302,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2.</emphasis> +Photomicrographs of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D38FFDBAFD2FA942A8A3163" authority="(Kahl, 1927)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[411,734,1302,1326]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D38FFDBAFD2FA942A0A3163" box="[411,606,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D38FFDBAC20FA942A833163" author="Kahl A" box="[617,727,1302,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D38FFDBACAAFA942B1E3163" box="[739,842,1302,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual. B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles. H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area. L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks). Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D38FFDFAD0FF8DC2931335A" blockId="3.[810,1459,1667,1973]" lastBlockId="7.[113,763,1634,1972]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4"> +Ordinary somatic cilia 6–9 μm long, and perizonal stripe cilia only slightly longer, 8–12 μm long. Excluding perizonal stripe rows, 16–20 somatic kineties in total, including six to eight dome kineties; all somatic kineties composed of dikinetids with both basal bodies bearing cilia, kineties converge posteriorly on a small terminal glabrous area ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3FFFDCAF88F8222A4433F4" box="[449,528,1952,1977]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 1D</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3FFFDCAC52F8232A6533F4" box="[539,561,1953,1977]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2I</figureCitation> +). Approximately five elongated caudal cilia, 25–36 μm long ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3FFFDCAA9BF8E02D743337" box="[1234,1312,1890,1914]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 1A</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3FFFDCAB64F8E02D1F3337" box="[1325,1355,1890,1914]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2A</figureCitation> +). Perizonal stripe composed of four rows of densely spaced dikinetids with both basal bodies ciliated, dikinetids in rows 1–3 arranged in about 52 false kineties; row 4 shorter than other rows at both ends; rows 1–3 narrowly-spaced, forming a wider gap with row 4 ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAEC7F92228A232F4" box="[142,246,1696,1721]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1B, G</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAF49F923290132F5" box="[256,341,1697,1721]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2F, L, M</figureCitation> +). The space between dome kineties 1 and 2 distinctly wider than the space between dome kinety 1 and perizonal stripe row 4, 10.4 μm and 4.2 μm apart on average, respectively ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAEAFF97C297B335A" box="[230,303,1790,1815]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1F</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAF70F97D2900335A" box="[313,340,1791,1815]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2F</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<caption id="DF59661D5D3FFFDCAEC8FA542B1C336F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" targetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3FFFDCAEC8FA542B1C336F" blockId="4.[129,1475,1494,1826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3FFFDCAEC8FA54288C31A3" bold="true" box="[129,216,1494,1518]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3.</emphasis> +Early dividers of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D3FFFDCAF35FA542AEB31A3" authority="(Kahl, 1927)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[380,703,1494,1518]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3FFFDCAF35FA542A6A31A3" box="[380,574,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D3FFFDCAC03FA542AE331A3" author="Kahl A" box="[586,695,1494,1518]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D3FFFDCAC8DFA542B7F31A3" box="[708,811,1494,1518]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +after protargol staining. Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads). H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow). The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below). Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="DF59661D5D3EFFDDAE38F992295B33D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" targetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3EFFDDAE38F992295B33D8" blockId="5.[113,1455,1552,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3EFFDDAE38F992289D3265" bold="true" box="[113,201,1552,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4.</emphasis> +Photomicrographs of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D3EFFDDAFD2F9922A8A3264" authority="(Kahl, 1927)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[411,734,1552,1577]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3EFFDDAFD2F9922A0A3265" box="[411,606,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D3EFFDDAC20F9922A833264" author="Kahl A" box="[617,727,1552,1577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D3EFFDDACAAF9922B1E3265" box="[739,842,1552,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +in early divisional stages after protargol staining. A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium. Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="DF59661D5D3DFFDEAEC8FA282C7D3307" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" targetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3DFFDEAEC8FA282C7D3307" blockId="6.[129,1473,1450,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3DFFDEAEC8FA28288D318F" bold="true" box="[129,217,1450,1474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5.</emphasis> +Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D3DFFDEAA93FA2828A93193" authority="(Kahl, 1927)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3DFFDEAA93FA282DC8318F" box="[1242,1436,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D3DFFDEAEC1FA4428A23193" author="Kahl A" box="[136,246,1478,1502]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D3DFFDEAF4BFA44293D3193" box="[258,361,1478,1502]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +after protargol staining. Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe. E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe. Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads). Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="DF59661D5D3CFFDFAE38FAB828A5327F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" targetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3CFFDFAE38FAB828A5327F" blockId="7.[113,1449,1338,1586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3CFFDFAE38FAB8289D311F" bold="true" box="[113,201,1338,1362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6.</emphasis> +Photomicrographs of +<taxonomicName id="4C264D165D3CFFDFAFD2FAB82A8A311F" authority="(Kahl, 1927)" authorityName="Feng & Zhuang & Li & Hu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[411,734,1338,1362]" class="Armophorea" family="Apometopidae" genus="Urostomides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Metopida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minimus" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3CFFDFAFD2FAB82A0A311F" box="[411,606,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Urostomides minimus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D3CFFDFAC20FAB82A83311F" author="Kahl A" box="[617,727,1338,1362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="121 - 203" refId="ref13884" refString="Kahl A. Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 1927; 57: 121-203." type="journal article" year="1927">Kahl, 1927</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26157FC5D3CFFDFACAAFAB82B1E311C" box="[739,842,1338,1362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively. C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids. I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3CFFDFAEC4F89C2D7532BA" blockId="7.[113,763,1634,1972]" lastBlockId="7.[810,1460,1634,1783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8"> +Adoral zone comprises about 28 (range 24–35) membranelles, begins at mid-line of ventral surface and extends spirally and anteriad to left margin of dorsal surface, making a <180° turn, adoral membranelles typically rhomboidal, those at mid-portion widest, about 6.4 μm long, composed of three or four rows of basal bodies ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAD97F9E02C243237" box="[990,1136,1634,1658]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1C, F, G</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAAC9F9E02C8C3234" box="[1152,1240,1634,1658]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2F, J, M</figureCitation> +). Paroral membrane diplostichomonad, viz.twoparallelunequalfilesofmonokinetids, commences at the proximal end of the adoral zone, the right file about 25 μm long, the left file about half the length of the right one in protargol-stained specimens ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAAD3F95D2CB332BA" box="[1178,1255,1759,1783]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1138,1162]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,151,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-311@2.[129,1473,144,1111]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). A, ventral view of a representative individual, showing body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia.B, partial perizonal stripe rows and dome kinety 1. C, details of adoral membranelles, paroral membrane, and nuclear apparatus. D, detailed view of the posterior end of body (arrowheads). E, detailed view of cortical granules. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and macronucleus. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; DK7, dome kinety 7; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; PM, paroral membrane; PS1, 4, perizonal stripe 1 and 4. Scale bars: 30 μm (A, F, G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971644/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1C</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAAB8F95D2D4532BA" box="[1265,1297,1759,1783]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[116,1444,146,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-235@3.[114,1458,144,1274]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. from life (A, B, bright field; C–E, differential interference contrast), and after protargol staining (F–M). A, ventral view of an archetypal individual.B, arrow shows the proximal end of adoral zone. C, densely aligned cortical granules (arrowheads). D, contractile vacuole and long caudal cilia (arrowhead). E, right-side view of part of cell, showing cortical granules (arrowhead) and cytoplasmic inclusions (arrow). F, M, ventral (F) and dorsal (M) view of the same specimen, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles (arrows), paroral membrane (asterisks), perizonal stripe, and dome kineties (arrowheads). G, details of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and the proximal adoral membranelles.H, macronucleus and micronucleus (asterisk). I, posteroventral view, showing the barren field in the posterior end of body (asterisk). J, details of midventral adoral membranelles. K, conjugants, showing that the role of the preoral dome’s lateral edges as a fusion area.L, ventral view, indicating proximal part of perizonal stripe (arrowhead) and adoral zone of membranelles, dome kinety 1 (arrow), and paroral membrane (asterisks).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronucleus; PoK, postoral kineties; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B), 40 μm (F, K, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971646/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2G</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3CFFDFADBBF8952CBF337F" blockId="7.[810,1459,1815,1972]" box="[1010,1259,1815,1842]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3CFFDFADBBF8952CBF337F" box="[1010,1259,1815,1842]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8"> +Morphogenesis ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAAC7F89A2CB4337F" box="[1166,1248,1815,1842]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 4" captionStart-2="Figure 5" captionStart-3="Figure 6" captionStart-4="Figure 7" captionStartId-0="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionStartId-1="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionStartId-2="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionStartId-3="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionStartId-4="9.[113,178,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox-0="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetBox-1="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetBox-2="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetBox-3="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetBox-4="[126,1455,766,1643]" captionTargetId-0="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetId-1="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetId-2="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetId-3="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetId-4="figure-310@9.[114,1458,763,1646]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionText-0="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." captionText-1="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." captionText-2="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." captionText-3="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." captionText-4="Figure 7. Morphology of Urostomides striatus (McMurrich, 1884) Jankowski, 1964 from life (A–D, bright field; F, G, K, L, differential interference contrast) and after protargol staining (E, H, I, J, M, N). A, ventral view of a representative individual showing general body shape, contractile vacuole, and caudal cilia. B–D, different shapes of the posterior end (circles). E, details of membranelles at mid-portion of the adoral zone. F, cortical granules. G, posterior portion of cell showing macronucleus, cortical granules from the lateral view (arrows) and contractile vacuole (asterisk). H, I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) view of the same individual, showing remaining somatic kineties, adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane (arrows indicate these two rows), and the perizonal stripe.J, ventral view of one individual, showing dome kinety 1, remainging somatic kineties and paroral membrane (arrowhead). K, detailed view of paroral membrane (arrowheads) and caudal cilia (arrows). L, nuclear apparatus (asterisk indicates micronucleus).M, details of the proximal end of paroral membrane (arrows indicate the two rows of paroral membrane). N, detailed view of the proximal end of the perizonal stripe rows (arrowheads). Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; PS, perizonal stripe; PS1, perizonal stripe row 1; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 40 μm (A), 35 μm (B–D, H, I, J)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971659" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14971659/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 3–7</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D3CFFDFAD63F8BC2DF433F9" blockId="7.[810,1459,1815,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D3CFFDFAD63F8BC2C9E331B" box="[810,1226,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Temporal relationship of divisional processes</emphasis> +We separate the divisional stages mainly in accordance with +<bibRefCitation id="EFB74B645D3CFFDFAAD5F8DF2DE73338" author="Vdacny P & Foissner W" box="[1180,1459,1885,1909]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="39 - 57" refId="ref14944" refString="Vdacny P, Foissner W. A huge diversity of metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in soil from the Murray River floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec. Acta Protozoologica 2017; 56: 39-57." type="journal article" year="2017">Vďačný and Foissner (2017)</bibRefCitation> +viz., early dividers ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFADA4F8FE2C7D33D8" box="[1005,1065,1916,1941]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 3</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAA7DF8FF2C1533D8" box="[1076,1089,1917,1941]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAA05F8FE2CDD33D9" box="[1100,1161,1916,1940]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5A–D</figureCitation> +), middle dividers ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAB02F8FE2DF933D9" box="[1355,1453,1916,1940]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 5E, F</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAD63F81E2B3433FE" box="[810,864,1948,1972]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">6A, B</figureCitation> +), late dividers ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFADB3F81E2CC533FE" box="[1018,1169,1948,1972]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 5G, H, J–L</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D3CFFDFAAD2F81E2C8E33F9" box="[1179,1242,1948,1972]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">6C–H</figureCitation> +), and post-dividers. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D33FFD0AEC8FF12294935EE" blockId="8.[129,778,144,419]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D33FFD0AEC8FF12294A34E5" box="[129,286,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Body variations</emphasis> +Dividers in most stages can be easily distinguished by their different body shapes and decreased swimming speed. Kineties proliferate and the preoral dome changes during the divisional process, with the alteration of body shape from obpyriform in early dividers to elliptical in middle dividers ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AE86FEAF29583508" box="[207,268,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AF5EFEAF29703508" box="[279,292,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AF66FEAE29F43509" box="[303,416,300,324]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5A, B, D–F</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AFE5FEAF29B03509" box="[428,484,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6A, B</figureCitation> +). Late dividers first undergo a period when the opisthe is slightly longer than the proter, then both become nearly the same size before cell division ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ACFDFEE9289135EF" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5G, H, J–L</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AE99FE08295835EF" box="[208,268,394,418]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6C–F</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D33FFD0AEC8FE4029B93043" blockId="8.[128,778,450,1978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D33FFD0AEC8FE402A0F3597" box="[129,603,450,474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Development of adoral zone of membranelles</emphasis> +Stomatogenesis is pleurotelokinetal, i.e. partial somatic kineties, especially including all four perizonal stripe rows for this species, contribute to the formation of new adoral membranelles. The process initiates in the posterior body, where some somatic kineties, at least including almost all dome kineties, duplicate to form opisthe’s oral primordium 1 (hereafter designated as OOP1), serving as the precursor of the proximal part of new adoral zone of membranelles (less than +<quantity id="4CDE9B705D33FFD0AFD5FD3F29843699" box="[412,464,700,725]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity> +number) ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AC0BFD3E2AC63698" box="[578,658,700,725]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3D</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ACD4FD3F2A8F3699" box="[669,731,701,725]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4C, D</figureCitation> +; left circle in +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AE9EFD5E294936B9" box="[215,285,732,756]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3E</figureCitation> +). Subsequently, the proliferation of basal bodies occurs in perizonal stripe rows 1–4, and basal bodies in the posterior portion of each row align longitudinally, forming four conspicuous and relatively ordered ‘columns’ ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AC2BFCB82AE6371F" box="[610,690,826,850]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3C</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ACF6FCB82AAC371C" box="[703,760,826,850]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4C, E</figureCitation> +), and then these four ‘columns’ gradually disengage the parental perizonal rows 1–4, forming a separate field (right circle in +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ACAAFCFA28C937FD" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3E</figureCitation> +; +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AEE5FC1A294F37FD" box="[172,283,920,944]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3G–K</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AF63FC1A290F37FD" box="[298,347,920,944]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4F–I</figureCitation> +). Remarkably, these four columns, a substantial part of which develop into opisthe’s oral primordium 2 (hereafter designated as OOP2), play a vital role in shaping the adoral membranelles of the opisthe. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D33FFD0AED5FB9729463165" blockId="8.[128,778,450,1978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +With the preliminary completion of assembly of the posterior adoral membranelles, OOP2, mainly composed of dikinetids and triads, starts contributing to the formation of anterior adoral membranelles of the opisthe. Initially, the basal bodies in the anterior end of the rightmost column, derived from perizonal row 4, assemble more than two membranelle-like structures. Simultaneously, remaining basal bodies migrate posteriorly and integrate into elongating existing membranelles ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AC31FB7228F2316A" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3E, G, H, I, K</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AEFBFA922955316A" box="[178,257,1296,1320]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4C, E–I</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D33FFD0AED5FAAD29E532B3" blockId="8.[128,778,450,1978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +Notably, in later stages, at least three columns of OOP2 reorganize, forming a distinct anarchic field filled with disordered kinetosomes ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AF5BFAEC293431CB" box="[274,352,1390,1414]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4K</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AF24FAEF29DF31C8" box="[365,395,1389,1413]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5A</figureCitation> +). Moreover, in late early dividers and subsequent middle dividers, some kinetosomes undergo rearrangement, resulting in an increase in the number of opisthe’s adoral membranelles to reach the average number at the interphasic stage (about 28). Also, a proportion of kinetosomes migrate in different directions, with two results: elongation of the newly formed membranelles to the species-specific length and generating two opisthe’s postoral kineties (ventral kinety terminating anteriorly at the posterior border of the general oral region). This process maintains the number of interphase opisthe’s somatic kineties, as two parental somatic kineties have been involved in the formation of opisthe’s perizonal stripe rows 4 and 5. ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AEA8F967296032B3" box="[225,308,1765,1790]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4M</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AF76F967292C32B0" box="[319,376,1765,1789]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5D, E</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AFCAF96729F432B0" box="[387,416,1765,1789]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6A</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D33FFD0AED5F8872CFC34AA" blockId="8.[128,778,450,1978]" lastBlockId="8.[825,1474,144,231]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +The dedifferentiation of the parental adoral zone commences in the late early dividers, completing as division progresses, with the reorganization of its kinetosomes occurring concomitantly ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AEC2F8E128A83336" box="[139,252,1891,1915]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4K, M</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AF41F8E129F83336" box="[264,428,1891,1915]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5A, D, E, G, J, K</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AFF1F8E12A443336" box="[440,528,1891,1915]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6A, C–E</figureCitation> +). Additionally, there are late stages during which a number of kinetidal fragments exist near the proximal portion of proter’s adoral membranelles ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AC96F8202B3A34EA" box="[735,878,144,1978]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5G, J</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AD32FF122BE134E5" box="[891,949,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6C–E</figureCitation> +). Before cytokinesis, the proter’s and opisthe’s adoral membranelles are rectangular, rather than rhomboidal at interphase ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ADFDFF4D2C0534AB" box="[948,1105,206,231]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5G, H, J–L</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA15FF4D2CC334AA" box="[1116,1175,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6C–F</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D33FFD0AD70FE8A2C1D379C" blockId="8.[825,1474,264,1604]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D33FFD0AD70FE8A2D3C356D" box="[825,1384,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Development of perizonal stripe and paroral membrane</emphasis> +The anlage of opisthe’s paroral membrane emerges in late early dividers when four perizonal stripe rows lengthen to the right of the newly formed adoral membranelles ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AAADFEE42D663533" box="[1252,1330,358,382]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4L</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AB77FEE42D093533" box="[1342,1373,358,382]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5A</figureCitation> +). Its posterior part is formed by several dome kineties (at least DK1–3) and parental perizonal rows 3 and 4 ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA83FE272D4D35F0" box="[1226,1305,421,445]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4L</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AB6EFE262D1135F1" box="[1319,1349,420,444]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5A</figureCitation> +). And then in middle dividers ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA41FE462C2D3596" box="[1032,1145,452,476]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4L, M</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AACCFE462C8A3596" box="[1157,1246,452,476]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5A, D, E</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AAA2FE462D5C3591" box="[1259,1288,452,476]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6A</figureCitation> +), its anterior part is derived from the kinetids in the posterior half of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which finally form the majority of the new paroral membrane. Regarding the parental paroral membrane, it begins to dedifferentiate in early dividers to form the anlage of proter’s paroral membrane ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA82FDE22D413634" box="[1227,1301,608,633]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3I</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AB6BFDE32D6D3634" box="[1314,1337,609,633]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4I</figureCitation> +), and subsequently maintains two loose rows of kinetids ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AB5EFD022D3136D5" box="[1303,1381,640,664]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3K</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AB3BFD022DC436D5" box="[1394,1424,640,664]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4K</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ABD4FD022BD136FA" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5A, D, E, G</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ADD9FD1D2BBF36FA" box="[912,1003,671,695]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6A, C, D</figureCitation> +). Till late dividers, the anlagen of both proter and opisthe transform into a single long row of monokinetids (about 40 μm) successively ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA15FD5C2CF436BB" box="[1116,1184,734,758]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5J</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AAE3FD5C2C9236BB" box="[1194,1222,734,758]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6E</figureCitation> +), and then both become a single row of dikinetids ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA0DFD7F2CD93758" box="[1092,1165,765,789]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5K</figureCitation> +). In very late dividers, proter’s paroral membrane comprises two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths ahead of opisthe’s paroral, while opisthe’s paroral still looks like a single row of dikinetids ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AAAFFCD92D66373E" box="[1254,1330,859,883]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6G</figureCitation> +). It is equally reasonable that the special configuration of paroral membrane of daughter cells, i.e. two rows of monokinetids, is entirely obtained after cytokinesis. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D33FFD0AD1CFC5B2CC73209" blockId="8.[825,1474,264,1604]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +The proliferation of the parental perizonal stripe first occurs in early dividers, slightly later than that of other somatic kineties ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ADD6FB952BA63062" box="[927,1010,1047,1071]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3C</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA48FB952C753062" box="[1025,1057,1047,1071]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5C</figureCitation> +). As above mentioned, the four stripe rows perform two functions, i.e. contributing to the formation of the new adoral membranelles and the new paroral membrane. Besides, after these stripe rows participate in the formation of oral apparatus, integrated perizonal rows 3 and 4 migrate leftward to become opisthe’s perizonal rows 1 and 2. And then the posterior half of the original dome kineties 1 and 2 shift and transform into opisthe’s perizonal rows 3 and 4. Eventually, in later stages, these newly formed four stripe rows completely disconnect from the proter’s rows 3–4 and dome kineties 1–2 ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA5AFAD22CCE3125" box="[1043,1178,1360,1384]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5E, H, J</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AAE1FAD22D503124" box="[1192,1284,1360,1385]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6A, C–E</figureCitation> +). Specifically, the number of the opisthe’s somatic kineties remains unchanged, maybe because the kinetofragments beside the opisthe’s adoral zone generate new postoral kineties ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AAF7FA2C2D47318A" box="[1214,1299,1454,1479]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4M</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AB56FA2C2D0D318B" box="[1311,1369,1454,1478]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5D, E</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AB2CFA2C2DD7318B" box="[1381,1411,1454,1478]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6A</figureCitation> +). The proter’s perizonal stripe undergoes replication and rearrangement at its initial position. Before separation, basal bodies of both proter’s and opisthe’s perizonal stripe transform into normal dikinetids ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA4DF9AE2C073209" box="[1028,1107,1580,1604]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5K</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA29F9AE2CD63209" box="[1120,1154,1580,1604]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6H</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D33FFD0AD70F9E72BE433FB" blockId="8.[825,1475,1637,1974]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D33FFD0AD70F9E72C853230" box="[825,1233,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Development of remaining somatic kineties</emphasis> +The replication of somatic kineties, excluding the perizonal stripe, commences in very early dividers, and each pair of dikinetids forms a triad or tetrad ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AD0DF9412BFB3296" box="[836,943,1731,1755]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3A, B</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ADF2F9412BA03296" box="[955,1012,1731,1755]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4A, B</figureCitation> +). Meanwhile, these triads and tetrads are arranged longitudinally, without equidistant spaces; even sometimes, several dikinetids, triads, or tetrads are aligned much more closely ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ADDBF8A32C643374" box="[914,1072,1825,1849]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3C–G, I, J</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA77F8A32C2A3374" box="[1086,1150,1825,1849]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4C, D</figureCitation> +). Intriguingly, somatic kineties (excluding perizonal rows) of early late dividers, appear to form monokinetidal kineties ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AA7AF8E22CE5333A" box="[1075,1201,1888,1912]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5G, H, J</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AAF3F8E22D5E333A" box="[1210,1290,1888,1912]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6D, E, F</figureCitation> +). Before the cytokinesis, these kinetids become dikinetids via proliferation ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0ABD1F8FD2B2733FB" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 5K, L</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D33FFD0AD37F81C2BCB33FB" box="[894,927,1950,1974]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6H</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AE38FF122A163568" blockId="9.[113,763,144,387]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AE38FF12294734E5" box="[113,275,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nuclear division</emphasis> +The macronucleus gradually increases in size in early dividers ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AF63FF2D2924348A" box="[298,368,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1494,1518]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,150,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[129,1473,145,1466]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Early dividers of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the parental paroral membrane or anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (C, E, G, I, K). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the kinetidal proliferation in somatic kineties (arrowheads). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same specimen, indicating the formation of OOP1 (arrows) at the posterior end of dome kineties, disorganization of perizonal stripe and the proliferation of kinetids in it (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, and right circle marks OOP2, which are derived from the posterior portions of four perizonal stripe rows; arrows and left circle indicate the development of the OOP1. G, the OOP2 becomes enlarged with the proliferation of kinetids (arrowheads).H, adoral membranelle-like structures increase in number and the OOP2 continues to organize (arrowhead). I, J, ventral (I) and dorsal (J) view of the same individual, arrowheads indicate that perizonal stripe rows continue to duplicate posteriorly; arrow indicates further development of the OOP1. K, ventral view, showing the parental perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and further development of the OOP1 (arrow).The hollow boxes represent AZM that has not begun to differentiate, and the solid boxes represent the AZM that is beginning to differentiate (the same below).Abbreviations:AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 35 μm (A, B, G), 30 μm (C–F, I–K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971648/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 3J</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AF34FF2D29C6348A" box="[381,402,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4J</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AFD6FF2D29E9348A" box="[415,445,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5C</figureCitation> +), assuming a conspicuous oblong shape in middle division ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AFF1FF4D2A5734AB" box="[440,515,206,231]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 5F</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AC59FF4D2A7834AA" box="[528,556,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6B</figureCitation> +). In late dividers, it becomes dumb bell-shaped ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AFD5FF6C29BA354B" box="[412,494,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 5H</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AFB3FF6C2A61354B" box="[506,565,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6C–F</figureCitation> +). Finally, it divides into two new macronuclei during cytokinesis. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AEC4FEAF2A3735CE" blockId="9.[113,763,144,387]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +The micronucleus was observed in only a few dividers. In early division, the micronucleus divides into two daughter micronuclei united by a thin strand ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AFAFFEE92A7D35CE" box="[486,553,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1552,1576]" captionTargetBox="[118,1455,162,1521]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1524]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. in early divisional stages after protargol staining.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same individual, showing have proliferated somatic kineties (arrows) excluding perizonal stripe rows and have not proliferated perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead). C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) view of the same divider, indicating OOP1, forming the posterior part of prospective adoral membranelles in the future (arrows in C), the proliferation of four perizonal stripe rows (arrowhead) and proliferated remaining somatic kineties (arrow in D). E–H, showing the process of the formation of oral primordium.Arrowheads (E) mark the elongation of the parental perizonal stripe rows, arrows (F) indicate OOP1, arrowhead (F) and arrows (G, H) mark OOP2, and arrowheads (G, H) show new membranelle-like strucutures formed by OOP2. I, arrows indicate the parental perizonal rows which continue to proliferate posteriorly excluding OOP2, and double-arrowhead marks dedifferentiation of the parental paroral membrane. J, nuclear apparatus, asterisks mark two daughter micronuclei connected by a fibre bundle. K, details of the dedifferentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (doublearrowhead) and the reorganization of OOP2 (arrows). L, showing that the posterior ends of several dome kineties and perizonal rows 3 and 4 are involved in the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrowheads). M, arrows mark the dedifferentiation of parental perizonal rows 1 and 2, which form the anlagen of the opisthe’s paroral membrane, and arrowhead shows the reorganization of the parental adoral membranelles. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–D, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971650/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 4J</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AC7DFEE92A0635CE" box="[564,594,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5C</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AF6BFE262A1D35F0" blockId="9.[113,762,419,669]" box="[290,585,419,445]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="B952EA875D32FFD1AF6BFE262A1D35F0" box="[290,585,419,445]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +Reorganization ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AF88FE262A7435F0" box="[449,544,419,445]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 5I, M</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AC63FE212A1435F0" box="[554,576,419,445]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6I</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8B9936955D32FFD1AE38FE4B2AF236D0" blockId="9.[113,762,419,669]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +Only a limited number of reorganizers were observed; however, it is evident that reorganization occurs in a manner similar to that of the proter during binary fission, i.e. (i) the paroral membrane reconfigures, and its species-specific pattern, viz. two single rows of monokinetids, is obtained from a single row of dikinetids at early stages of this process; and (ii) the perizonal stripe and adoral zone of membranelles are renewed ( +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1AC46FD072A2136D0" box="[527,629,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[134,1470,149,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-7@6.[130,1474,144,1422]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Morphogenesis (A–D, early dividers; E, F, a middle divider; G–L, late dividers) and reorganization (I, M) of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining.Asterisks mark the anlagen of proter’s paroral membrane (A, D). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing newly formed anlage for the opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow), and the kinetidal reorganization in the OOP2 (arrowheads). C, micronuclear fission and macronucleus of the same specimen as in Figure 5J, arrowheads mark a distinctly narrowed strand. D, continual formation of both the adoral zone of membranelles and paroral membrane (arrows) of the opisthe.E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of the same individual, showing the differentiation of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead) and proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead), and the formation of opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). G, H, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) view of the same divider, indicating somatic kineties composed of analogous monokinetids, and the assembly of proter’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead). J, showing the assembly of proter’s paroral membrane (arrowhead), some kinetosomes adjacent to opisthe’s adoral membranelles (double-arrowhead) and opisthe’s paroral membrane (arrow). K, L, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) view of the same specimen, showing the formation of oral apparatus and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids in both proter and opisthe.Arrow shows opisthe’s paroral membrane. I, M, ventral (I) and dorsal (M) view of the same individual, showing the reorganized paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the adoral membranelles (double-arrowheads).Abbreviations: DK1, dome kinety 1; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; OAZM, opisthe’s adoral zone of membranelles; PAZM, proter’s adoral zone of membranelles; PPS, proter’s perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 30 μm (A, B, D, E–I, M), 45 μm (J–L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971654/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 5I, M</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="131D2A105D32FFD1ACC9FD072AC236D0" box="[640,662,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[124,1447,156,1307]" captionTargetId="figure-253@7.[114,1458,144,1310]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrographs of Urostomides minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. after protargol staining (A, B, a middle divider; C–H, late dividers; I, a reorganizer).A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen of proter’s (arrowhead) and opisthe’s (arrow) paroral membrane, respectively.C, detailed view indicating the connection of somatic kineties (arrowheads). D, showing the assembly process of the proter’s (arrowhead) and the opisthe’s paroral membrane (double-arrowhead), and the proter’s adoral membranelles (arrows). E, F, ventral (E) and partial dorsal (F) view of the same individual, indicating that the anlage of paroral membrane of proter (arrow) assembles faster than opisthe's (arrowheads). G, arrowheads indicate the proter’s paroral membrane is composed of two rows of monokinetids with similar lengths. H, a proter just before separation, arrows denote somatic kineties composed of dikinetids.I, arrow marks the reorganized paroral membrane. Abbreviations: PS, perizonal stripe; PS4, perizonal stripe row 4; SK, somatic kineties.Scale bars: 40 μm (A, B), 30 μm (D), 45 μm (E, F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971657/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6I</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file