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<mods:identifier id="AB056335B59018CD5D3EC240DFEA12B3" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168754733" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C0438CE743F212DD3E6FD03716D62150" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0438CE743F212DD3E6FD03716D62150" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="(Sampson, 1921)" baseAuthorityName="Sampson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">Cnestus improcerus (Sampson, 1921)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="F33" captionText="Figure 33. Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of Cnestus improcerus, 2.7 - 3.3 mm (A, B, I), C. mutilatus, 3.6 - 3.8 mm (C, D, J), C. nitidipennis, 2.8 - 3.2 mm (E, F, K), and C. protensus, 3.3 - 5.4 mm (G, H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.983.52630.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/470833" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 33A, B, I</figureCitation>
<treatment id="C0438CE743F212DD3E6FD03716D62150" ID-GBIF-Taxon="168754733" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C0438CE743F212DD3E6FD03716D62150" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0438CE743F212DD3E6FD03716D62150" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Curculionidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Scolytinae">
<subSubSection id="2B46F8723B61C478C7051C2156262DB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="61346C6523EAD397A4D5B0BA9B95F21F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="474CFD8CF913F798D6A98FDD0F5A7FB9" ID-CoL="WHZF" authority="(Sampson, 1921)" baseAuthorityName="Sampson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">Cnestus improcerus (Sampson, 1921)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="03E28665E11C52D8D34DE7E8D20AD7E8" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="F33" captionText="Figure 33. Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of Cnestus improcerus, 2.7 - 3.3 mm (A, B, I), C. mutilatus, 3.6 - 3.8 mm (C, D, J), C. nitidipennis, 2.8 - 3.2 mm (E, F, K), and C. protensus, 3.3 - 5.4 mm (G, H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.983.52630.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/470833" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 33A, B, I</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sampson" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">Xyleborus improcerus</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="A5F48D2FA81F711398EE1E4711BD121E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9D45F0DE64CFE36C1156EE4E4C300E9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="338C656DA3E847F67652A9DCE1CA878A" authorityName="Sampson" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">Xyleborus improcerus</taxonomicName>
Sampson, 1921: 33.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bright &amp; Skidmore" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">Xylosandrus improcerus</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="FAC20895CF61BE138624E937C926D8B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E71ED566B30D335D7EDCE635AB4D521B" authorityName="Bright &amp; Skidmore" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">Xylosandrus improcerus</taxonomicName>
(Sampson):
<bibRefCitation author="Beaver, RA" journalOrPublisher="South Pacific Journal of Natural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B15" refString="Beaver, RA, 1998. New synonymy, new combinations and taxonomic notes on Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Series B, Botanik und Zoologie 100B: 179-192." title="New synonymy, new combinations and taxonomic notes on Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Series B, Botanik und Zoologie 100 B: 179 - 192." year="1998">Beaver 1998</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="6C3D2F9F15B5FA8A0BEF779F117ED04E" author="Beaver, RA" journalOrPublisher="South Pacific Journal of Natural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B15" refString="Beaver, RA, 1998. New synonymy, new combinations and taxonomic notes on Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Series B, Botanik und Zoologie 100B: 179-192." title="New synonymy, new combinations and taxonomic notes on Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Series B, Botanik und Zoologie 100 B: 179 - 192." year="1998">Beaver 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 183.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sampson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">Cnestus improcerus</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="CEDCB24D8CB962B890F4A0FC91C79ED1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E9395023EFD35B071569228342CDC6F5" baseAuthorityName="Sampson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">Cnestus improcerus</taxonomicName>
(Sampson):
<bibRefCitation author="Dole, SA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="451 - 545" refId="B109" refString="Dole, SA, Cognato, AI, 2010. Revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Proceedings of the California of Science 61: 451 - 545" title="Revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." volume="61" year="2010">Dole and Cognato 2010</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="E463E106D6933B3095BEC78245207A9F" author="Dole, SA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="451 - 545" refId="B109" refString="Dole, SA, Cognato, AI, 2010. Revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Proceedings of the California of Science 61: 451 - 545" title="Revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." volume="61" year="2010">Dole and Cognato 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 529.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="B36E31989A67EAF2C8DC0781C561AFAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph id="672B86C14B9CCDE083AA350C897DB8A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E445BE2E989CF26464D241329D5C8E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="89C46B60FBF70B4335E2B121BCC66E1C" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
(NHMUK).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="29B3C7B2C05006CA41F653A9069E644D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="BA001D1CB7B1AAD2D2098AE31D994070" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D494A2C0AC5AE67983BF828BFA2F1ADC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
2.7-3.3 mm long (mean = 3.04 mm; n = 5); 1.67-1.74
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D2CBB68DD5723297095821AEEBAC9DA9" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc very short; procoxae widely separated; declivity bicolored, with the basal 1/2 black and the apical 1/2 with a pale translucent area; declivity flat; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae distinctly triangular; declivital posterolateral margin moderately carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae punctate, setose, and ground vestiture absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="similar species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Similar species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eggers" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus ater" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cnestus ater</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="D69BF8F52A0C50B6203E6DE0376D8D49" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="similar species">
<paragraph id="F9A28D79A09D8D4916C5BAC099FDE288" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Similar species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46BF217F542EC15139FE3BCDE5C9CFC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C71263AB730B441A53734B80546B3D82" baseAuthorityName="Eggers" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus ater" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ater">
<emphasis id="C9FDDFCF32ADE622A69EFE14345A8DCC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cnestus ater</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gravidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravidus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. gravidus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8E8872AFD0784A665C681BAB04DAF82F" lsidName="C. gravidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gravidus">
<emphasis id="0BD05F2025BF4F0D06E540F9EC50C689" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. gravidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. mutilatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mutilatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. mutilatus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="11D69BE78EC4CA266E418971485287D1" lsidName="C. mutilatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mutilatus">
<emphasis id="7697BADBF19B1C457B47EDAA6AA9F3BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. mutilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. testudo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="testudo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. testudo</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="341096ABEF83F2911756BA3B117EDEEC" lsidName="C. testudo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="testudo">
<emphasis id="30A98167B9F16EC8F6F74317260CE473" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. testudo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xylosandrus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="06D09AAD2F0CAD81E4A75155C3E7EFA1" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AA3A69151571624338D9A0FB92B22E7E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xylosandrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Borneo">'Borneo'</normalizedToken>
<subSubSection id="4E27723614A8AEC6EC114F1261F2FAB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0E6DA0C82233C6CAFBB6F91EDAE789C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F5BE8031D1671A64A0079BAAE584C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="550DEEFB2D02D2D8A614F53D8D52A330" originalValue="Borneo">'Borneo'</normalizedToken>
, Brunei, East &amp; West Malaysia, Thailand.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Host plants.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="A87D5DF8F621A4BB3047BB3038DFA128" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
<paragraph id="17D34D25BB5A6B298F1427FAD2664C88" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Host plants.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A568BDA273133F95276BADA8008AE0A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Recorded from
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Canarium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Canarium" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Canarium</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A3F98E4412D1627915059DD51F2EF3DA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Canarium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Canarium" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="85F343851279F674D4E1255558556519" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Canarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Burseraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A761C5AB561946B8831E5C68E796953C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Dipterocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dipterocarpus" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dipterocarpus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1D1AABB7F52C30C0E4064C44D36A32FC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Dipterocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dipterocarpus" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ECF4ABDD34AF5F74F385A9CA98289DF7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dipterocarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Dipterocarpaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Dipterocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1A14B4EED01BAED6EDCEAF0954A65D81" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dipterocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
), and an unidentified genus of
<taxonomicName family="Lauraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="ADF9C5E006685B193229E341B5B0CEFD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Browne, FG" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Forest Records" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 255" refId="B70" refString="Browne, FG, 1961b. The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Records 22: 1 - 255" title="The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae." volume="22" year="1961 b">Browne 1961b</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="58E6F13653C21F21731D6AEDA8FAFAF9" author="Browne, FG" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Forest Records" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 255" refId="B70" refString="Browne, FG, 1961b. The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Records 22: 1 - 255" title="The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae." volume="22" year="1961 b">Browne 1961b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="F6A308AB621F46577C6D71EB4FDA38DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="5844E4A23C350B12FC09060E1BC1925F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F1D46ACF1C0681D4CF987C3A4E63C95" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Reported by
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 1553" refId="B490" refString="Wood, SL, Bright, DE, 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 13: 1 - 1553" title="A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index." volume="13" year="1992">Wood and Bright (1992)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="7329D5A77BBD514C4D34E0B76E03F681" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 1553" refId="B490" refString="Wood, SL, Bright, DE, 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 13: 1 - 1553" title="A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index." volume="13" year="1992">Wood and Bright (1992)</bibRefCitation>
as occurring in India but no actual records have been found.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.983.52630.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/470833" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 33" startId="F33">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 33.</emphasis>
<caption id="D6F5735AC9C0D23417E9A14ED898A962" doi="10.3897/zookeys.983.52630.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/470833" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 33" startId="F33">
<paragraph id="74D912FF55E70A377AB3D0E31EC72D51" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5445D70FE03CD108369295818AE1AD27" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 33.</emphasis>
Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sampson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cnestus improcerus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09B73E2F940990B7A6DD3D591DD0534D" baseAuthorityName="Sampson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cnestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnestus improcerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improcerus">
<emphasis id="9D37020FB173650BB415CC01D276B866" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cnestus improcerus</emphasis>
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, 2.7-3.3 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, I</emphasis>
<emphasis id="208521E78A2278889DF95697A7F15963" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, I</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. mutilatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mutilatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. mutilatus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="58600E8A484DA4C498741FC53F42B367" lsidName="C. mutilatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mutilatus">
<emphasis id="6F7292CBDE36DCB31D0984E8FF70F6F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. mutilatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 3.6-3.8 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D, J</emphasis>
<emphasis id="36A8FA797C26B5FCAF415314D3EBF2F6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D, J</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. nitidipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitidipennis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. nitidipennis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92233A25EA299F1EF8628314979DB6F9" lsidName="C. nitidipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitidipennis">
<emphasis id="0F6F8F59569BF662C83EFB6FA39A1255" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. nitidipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2.8-3.2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F, K</emphasis>
<emphasis id="D8324AA49684D37EDB2AEB88A3448FF1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F, K</emphasis>
), and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. protensus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="protensus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. protensus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B8750A66127572DD7B075DBF5F884D" lsidName="C. protensus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="protensus">
<emphasis id="0A60D84E24E940CD4B736FD8F765ADB8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. protensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 3.3-5.4 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, H, L</emphasis>
<emphasis id="24A0E3258A713222D7AF2901A73932CD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, H, L</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>

View file

@ -1,127 +1,127 @@
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<paragraph pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<treatment id="C05A4D6F3FC52DDFAF68119F0321287D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159362416" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C05A4D6F3FC52DDFAF68119F0321287D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C05A4D6F3FC52DDFAF68119F0321287D" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" scope_class="Insecta" scope_family="Scirtidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subOrder="Polyphaga" scope_superFamily="Scirtoidea">
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<paragraph id="B458BBA348D6E4EE522722E72C6939BB" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName authority="Fleming, 1821" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scirtinae">Scirtinae Fleming, 1821</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E01DE58C1E47F3D1FDEAF3F51A2AA25F" authority="Fleming, 1821" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scirtinae">Scirtinae Fleming, 1821</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName family="Scirtesidae" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Scirtesidae</taxonomicName>
<subSubSection id="CDDFC005D5FD5E3B5FE528DB02816014" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="64224734FC8FDC301F18F4E3E50AAB7F" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="05918843DDC5072A7D95224F8BAD2E46" family="Scirtesidae" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Scirtesidae</taxonomicName>
Fleming, 1821: 50 [stem: Scirt-]. Type genus:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" genus="Scirtes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scirtes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scirtes</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="FE6A2A1CBA11522B07AE489EEBA9121D" class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" genus="Scirtes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scirtes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scirtes</taxonomicName>
Illiger, 1807. Comment: incorrect original stem formation, not in prevailing usage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName family="Cyphonidae" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Cyphonidae</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="BA99DD01ED1188105BD8EF086BD389B4" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="A7BA1A302C494A0BAD81C98DB7D0F93B" family="Cyphonidae" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Cyphonidae</taxonomicName>
Stephens, 1829a: 11 [stem: Cyphon-]. Type genus:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" genus="Cyphon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyphon</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DA1161A3442A5967F564A2A3240E80AF" class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" genus="Cyphon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyphon</taxonomicName>
Paykull, 1799.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName family="Elodiidae" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Elodiidae</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="196DA2E3483529AE144B3E6D376A050D" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="3B0ABDEF6B6678166D45C48B2F8C1545" family="Elodiidae" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="family">Elodiidae</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1839b: 41 [stem: Elod-]. Type genus:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" genus="Elodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elodes</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="ED634930F5C4E54CBC547D8394FC4812" class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" genus="Elodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elodes</taxonomicName>
Latreille, 1797. Comment: incorrect original stem formation, not in prevailing usage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="tribe" tribe="Atopidini">Atopidini</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="5AF4098E0C2FCE8E2E88F0B133DFEF9B" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="48F4C98C3F5EE3170099AFDA0E733FED" lsidName="" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="tribe" tribe="Atopidini">Atopidini</taxonomicName>
Pic, 1914: 16 [stem: Atopid-]. Type genus:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" genus="Atopida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopida" order="Coleoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atopida</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="97057C81171132E428E65D461E3F4548" genus="Atopida" lsidName="Atopida" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="genus">Atopida</taxonomicName>
A. White, 1846.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

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@ -1,108 +1,108 @@
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<taxonomicName id="81378F8B52A76AC231A5CEA0FA5C5559" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Plectranthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plectranthus fruticosus" order="Lamiales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fruticosus">Plectranthus fruticosus</taxonomicName>
(Wight ex Benth.) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 623. 1885, nom. illeg.
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Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot.
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Distribution.</paragraph>
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Illiger, 1807.

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<treatment id="C08E0FD5F42477062E7ED10B31C5CC2C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152055201" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C08E0FD5F42477062E7ED10B31C5CC2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C08E0FD5F42477062E7ED10B31C5CC2C" lastPageId="115" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<treatment id="C08E0FD5F42477062E7ED10B31C5CC2C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152055201" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C08E0FD5F42477062E7ED10B31C5CC2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C08E0FD5F42477062E7ED10B31C5CC2C" lastPageId="115" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" scope_family="Chrysomelidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Cassidinae">
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<paragraph id="C3836F9456A496509C70C6A58656A5F7" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Fig. 119
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DAB531A425CEC03407A05123D7668E0D" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A49A5457C21C1D66805BB96900BAD6EA" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName id="E1BF0DF407B011F8AF45F312335BF326" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephalolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephalolia dilaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">Cephalolia dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E1BF0DF407B011F8AF45F312335BF326" genus="Cephalolia" lsidName="Cephalolia dilaticollis" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" rank="species" species="dilaticollis">Cephalolia dilaticollis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="DA3CF6AFAE74693FE17C0406B7250E59" author="Baly, JS" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="284" pageNumber="285" title="Catalogue of Hispidae in the collection of the British Museum. Part I" year="1858">Baly 1858</bibRefCitation>
: 46.
<bibRefCitation id="2E95CE50EC5B27A5A7E42218184CDBFE" author="Gemminger, M" journalOrPublisher="Williams and Norgate, London" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="3479 - 3822" title="Catalogus Coleopterum hucusque descriptorum, synonymicus et systematicus" year="1876">Gemminger and Harold 1876</bibRefCitation>
@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ and Horvitz 2011
: 40 (biology).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A287A0517B4F5903C3210078E580D140" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName id="C34AB76AED799FC16DA9DE7BE94E5B23" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephalolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephalolia laticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticollis">Cephalolia laticollis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C34AB76AED799FC16DA9DE7BE94E5B23" genus="Cephalolia" lsidName="Cephalolia laticollis" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" rank="species" species="laticollis">Cephalolia laticollis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="4BB10638D10D433C010D1186CC2ED3E6" author="Baly, JS" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="284" pageNumber="285" pagination="363 - 382" title="XXIV. Descriptions of new genera and species of Hispidae; with notes on some previously described species." volume="1869" year="1869">Baly 1869</bibRefCitation>
a: 368 (type: Upper Amazons; Peru, BMNH, not seen).
<bibRefCitation id="F548348A49C12CDDEF73293979AD6421" author="Gemminger, M" journalOrPublisher="Williams and Norgate, London" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="3479 - 3822" title="Catalogus Coleopterum hucusque descriptorum, synonymicus et systematicus" year="1876">Gemminger and Harold 1876</bibRefCitation>
@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ Baly.
: 524 (Baly species list).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE4E8656D9970D8926BD3D2094504B89" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName id="580C7045602B1E1137ACB8F1E96CF34D" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephalolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephalolia dilaticollis subsp. laticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="dilaticollis" subSpecies="laticollis">Cephalolia dilaticollis laticollis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="580C7045602B1E1137ACB8F1E96CF34D" genus="Cephalolia" lsidName="Cephalolia dilaticollis subsp. laticollis" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" rank="subSpecies" species="dilaticollis" subSpecies="laticollis">Cephalolia dilaticollis laticollis</taxonomicName>
Baly.
<bibRefCitation id="10F0CD9EE5A9305DED38A917CE2FB700" author="Uhmann, E" journalOrPublisher="Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica" pageId="294" pageNumber="295" pagination="209 - 256" title="Hispinen aus Costa Rica aus der Ausbeute des Herrn Ferd. Nevermann. 20. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hispinen (Col. Chrys.)." volume="1" year="1930 a">Uhmann 1930a</bibRefCitation>
: 224 (faunal list).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96449ABD800EECBEA4718FDB0632770D" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName id="79F34723352F1523635568B94BAD9D7D" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephalolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephalolia abscisa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscisa">Cephalolia abscisa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="79F34723352F1523635568B94BAD9D7D" genus="Cephalolia" lsidName="Cephalolia abscisa" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" rank="species" species="abscisa">Cephalolia abscisa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="14BAAE5E7DA12A4562C360922BB4ED18" author="Uhmann, E" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Entomologia Rio de Janiero" pageId="295" pageNumber="296" pagination="109 - 117" title="Amerikanische Hispinen. III. Die Gattung Cephalolia Chevr. (Col. Chrys.). 57. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hispinen." volume="6" year="1936 a">Uhmann 1936a</bibRefCitation>
: 112 (Lectotype: Costa Rica, Hamburg Farm, F. Nevermann [green printed lable]/ Ebene Limon, 15.II.1924/24.V.1931 [reversed green label]/ Holotyp [red printed label]/ Cephalolia abscisa Uh., DEI).
<bibRefCitation id="650A6ED28B90F7ED27915240B0EC860A" author="Uhmann, E" journalOrPublisher="Arbeiten ueber Morphologische und Taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem" pageId="295" pageNumber="296" pagination="93 - 102" title="Der Borstenkegel und das Pygidium bei Cephalolia-Arten. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). 96. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hispinen." volume="9" year="1942">Uhmann 1942</bibRefCitation>

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†Superfamily
@ -101,9 +101,9 @@
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Tillyard, 1924: 431 [stem: Permosyn-]. Type genus:
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Tillyard, 1924.
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View file

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Tribe
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Gistel, 1848: [4] [stem: Triboli-]. Type genus:
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W. S. MacLeay, 1825 [placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (ICZN 1988e)].
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View file

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<mods:namePart id="93F599FEDB31E66E07D3D5E9F5D33C40">Krishnan, Remya</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Khanduri, Priyanka</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart id="99020A0943EC58EDED5B7A6CAFDAE741">Khanduri, Priyanka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Tandon, Rajesh</mods:namePart>
<mods:namePart id="DB1E391D8AF51E1FCB72C6846B2318C9">Tandon, Rajesh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157501056" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C0C8517B158A9068D479626F3E7020E5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0C8517B158A9068D479626F3E7020E5" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName LSID="F87B58FA-0C49-5D9C-B147-6696BCE259DB" authority="R. Krishnan, P. Khanduri &amp; R. Tandon" authorityName="R. Krishnan, P. Khanduri &amp; R. Tandon" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Zeylanidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zeylanidium manasiae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manasiae" status="sp. nov.">Zeylanidium manasiae R.Krishnan, P.Khanduri &amp; R.Tandon</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="28">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Zeylandium manasiae A habit showing mature fruits B floral bud enclosed in spathella and subtended by two bracts C flower showing andropodium, tepals and unequal stigmatic lobes D longitudinal section of the ovary, showing unequal locules E capsule. Illustration by Rajesh Tandon." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308584" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Figs 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Zeylandium manasiae A habitat and habit showing plants on exposed rock surface (arrows) B habit of the plant showing solitary horizontally appressed flowering shoots C ventral surface of the thalli with haptera (arrows) D thalli bearing floriferous shoots on margins and point of branching E a young flower bud covered by bracts F floriferous shoot with flower subtended by two bracts. A pair of leaves can also be seen (arrows) G flower with spathella removed showing an anther and two tepals (arrows) H longitudinal section of floral bud enclosed in a spathella (sp). The ovary is bilocular and divided into two unequal halves by an apical septum (arrows). Numerous anatropous ovules (ov) are borne on a swollen placenta (p). One of the anthers in section shows a copious amount of dyad pollen I forked andropodium with two anthers J a mature capsule K a dehisced capsule showing persistent valve L comparative fruit morphology of congenerics. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae M Comparative morphology of stigma. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae. Scale bars: 2 mm (B); 3 mm (C); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E); 2 mm (F); 0.5 mm (G); 0.2 mm (H); 0.5 mm (I); 1 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 5 mm (L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308585" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs A seed with reticulate spermoderm pattern B dyad pollen with micro-echinate ornamentation over the apertural (ap) and non apertural regions (np). Scale bars: 50 μm (A); 5 μm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308586" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">, 4</figureCitation>
<treatment id="C0C8517B158A9068D479626F3E7020E5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157501056" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C0C8517B158A9068D479626F3E7020E5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0C8517B158A9068D479626F3E7020E5" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" scope_family="Podostemaceae">
<subSubSection id="48D4894C5C4DC5FE2158B1DE3BC9694F" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D63888565D4350BC16F3F4374EA14230" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="A11C6E8D0F4A3B77DCD7A568B9C37675" ID-CoL="7Z7C5" LSID="F87B58FA-0C49-5D9C-B147-6696BCE259DB" authority="R. Krishnan, P. Khanduri &amp; R. Tandon" authorityName="R. Krishnan, P. Khanduri &amp; R. Tandon" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Zeylanidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zeylanidium manasiae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manasiae" status="sp. nov.">Zeylanidium manasiae R.Krishnan, P.Khanduri &amp; R.Tandon</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B2250C648D241DDCC850990556DD26FB" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="C2A8673C09B17B7C20CE631DAB92ED7A" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Zeylandium manasiae A habit showing mature fruits B floral bud enclosed in spathella and subtended by two bracts C flower showing andropodium, tepals and unequal stigmatic lobes D longitudinal section of the ovary, showing unequal locules E capsule. Illustration by Rajesh Tandon." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308584" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Figs 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1C71347BB3B066E537404C38D1C95271" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Zeylandium manasiae A habitat and habit showing plants on exposed rock surface (arrows) B habit of the plant showing solitary horizontally appressed flowering shoots C ventral surface of the thalli with haptera (arrows) D thalli bearing floriferous shoots on margins and point of branching E a young flower bud covered by bracts F floriferous shoot with flower subtended by two bracts. A pair of leaves can also be seen (arrows) G flower with spathella removed showing an anther and two tepals (arrows) H longitudinal section of floral bud enclosed in a spathella (sp). The ovary is bilocular and divided into two unequal halves by an apical septum (arrows). Numerous anatropous ovules (ov) are borne on a swollen placenta (p). One of the anthers in section shows a copious amount of dyad pollen I forked andropodium with two anthers J a mature capsule K a dehisced capsule showing persistent valve L comparative fruit morphology of congenerics. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae M Comparative morphology of stigma. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae. Scale bars: 2 mm (B); 3 mm (C); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E); 2 mm (F); 0.5 mm (G); 0.2 mm (H); 0.5 mm (I); 1 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 5 mm (L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308585" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="8EAB4050A919F5ED3DB3C1A9BA943689" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs A seed with reticulate spermoderm pattern B dyad pollen with micro-echinate ornamentation over the apertural (ap) and non apertural regions (np). Scale bars: 50 μm (A); 5 μm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308586" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">, 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
<subSubSection id="D1508A8087FB31A41E8E14426F78BA84" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="5804D42D26AAF34571C74C0B80539C42" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6EAADDF640D24162F0982F42AA5E24EC" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
It can be distinguished from the closely related
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. lichenoides" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lichenoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Z. lichenoides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2DD3F5C82269072900321B9377812615" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. lichenoides" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lichenoides">
<emphasis id="E224BDFAF7DD59BF7F0307B109FA9666" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Z. lichenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the position of floriferous shoots along the margins of thallus, two bracts per floriferous shoot, unequal stigmatic lobes, larger fruits, ellipsoidal capsule and larger seeds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
<subSubSection id="3F1323F4A1F531D7CF3ACD460812C9FB" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1E327B9B2459DC125D0EB7073E1CE2E6" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="881A6142C71FFD5342EF206043F3D52B" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
INDIA. Kerala: Idduki district, Thommenkuthu Waterfalls, River Kaliyar,
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="21.59" value="9.955997">9°57'21.59&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="01.87" value="76.833855">76°50'01.87&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="7340E8B387C22534B7F35DE448DD26B7" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="21.59" value="9.955997">9°57'21.59&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="26EF715132D30E5B74BD203E594760F4" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="01.87" value="76.833855">76°50'01.87&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 64 m alt., 31 Dec 2015,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R. Krishnan &amp; P. Khanduri</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0338A75EF938D96DA47044FC6C7ED198" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">R. Krishnan &amp; P. Khanduri</emphasis>
8010 (holotype: DUH accession no. 14378!; isotypes: CALI accession no. 7000!, DUH accession no. 14379!)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
<subSubSection id="253CEB3E743AD26F444D28E46452F5E5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="638F58CCF6ADC2F0E6EEB88A327A34EF" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D797A16CDFB0E8205E5B00939900978" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="28">
Herbs rheophtytic, annual. Thallus 3.79
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0DD4ABA03199D9A51A18429E602FC514" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.44 mm wide, green to yellow, ribbon-shaped, dorsiventrally flattened, dichotomously branched, attached to the substrate by disc-shaped haptera, 1.14
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A46FF77DE52CD1DF2F2B90B918C998E2" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.92 mm diam. Leaves produced at the margins and sinuses/branch points of the thallus, in pairs, caducous; blades 2.5-6.75
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="389A320A153B9F9945EF4A323CBDAF59" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.26
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E78BE5AC855027CEBEB367AC135AB509" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.03 mm, subulate, flattened, lacking a midrib. Floriferous shoots produced both marginally and at the branch points of the thallus, solitary, horizontally appressed to the thallus, composed of 2 subulate bracts subtending a single flower, successive shoots 3.56
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="3E4155BD357051374AF89C53C83101E4" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.87 mm apart; bracts 2.25-8.20 mm long, caducous, with long caducous apices. Spathella 1.98
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5C9152E7543ADC67DA7CAFE1DDBEE7DF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.30 mm long, obovoid, membranous, non-vascularised, persistent, enveloping the flower at pre-anthesis, rupturing longitudinally or irregularly at anthesis. Flowers green, bisexual, zygomorphic, achlamydeous, erect; pedicel measuring 8.32
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A57C1D70B6D3361992BCB055938E5158" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.32 mm long in a mature flower; tepals 2, one on either side of the andropodium, 0.83
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="408C44ACB4B41FAFDF9FC87FC6CD35CD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.21 mm long, filiform; stamens 2, borne on an andropodium, 0.74
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B8D81B25F592609863D34485EA2007CE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.15 mm long at anthesis, elongating to 3.67
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="28CA5790148960181673AB8153B7FF4C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.74 mm long at post-anthesis, branched approximately
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="EAFD37B4C8A649BF0D53C62A64745BF1" originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
from the apex, each branch measuring 0.13
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7A3A610D8AD987E8B6F8D7B9F4E83A08" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.04 mm long at anthesis, elongating to 0.80
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="919F7837DA4A1D41B5272218493DA2DD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.10 mm long at post-anthesis, anthers 0.50
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="DDE6A8218014A64DC9240E4E0D00C1AC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.06
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D0CF91F9735F0BF5828D923C17D26609" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.37
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="67B45EE63EE33012A1DFAC8BFBF73CD6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.12 mm, quadrangular, base bilobed, lobes subequal, dehiscence introrsely rimose; 4273
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F638EC8408CD1D075F990FF39FD268B4" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
941 pollen dyads per flower, 30.25
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="46264D1F9E078152090956B2633C6304" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.42
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9D6514B721E5802CA3B6575991C64E5B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
19.62
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7B202BCA43392027887873CF22DA238C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
1.99
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1D0220D817C5E0D22728FB9E08C36227" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, tricolpate, microechinate; gynoecium bicarpellate, syncarpic, ovary 2.07
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1DA631B6FF12405F63FEFA888F982D89" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.28 mm long, ellipsoidal, anisolobous, membranous septum separating two unequal locules, ovules 78
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BD1E85A12DB43A523F8F0C548D0BFF64" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
14, anatropous, borne on a swollen axile placenta, style absent, stigma bifid, stigmatic lobes unequal, subconical, the longer 0.48
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A4A35111C1E6082DBA6B0EF0621B58D2" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.06
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="366CDC58828DAD252568CBC40FAE1AED" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.10
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BAA4A5FCA9A915DA4F89F15ADF0A6FE7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01 mm, the shorter 0.42
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="FA8719DE5B19D512428FF63E5F326DA5" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.06
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="1AA1961DA8D3C6787F28BE29B82EDAE6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.08
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C533B6C245742062E9C41A6C952DBFE3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01 mm. Capsule dehiscent,
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="29" start="start">loculicidal</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="F486851B1316EB07AD0ADFF745ED5C6F" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" start="start">loculicidal</pageBreakToken>
capsule measuring 1.96
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F5BA2130463EBD94D9157EA32694AB7D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.25
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F69D48529571A812F72782A6FCEBD5E6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.84
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="61FBE298F60E2DE8E6250AC4BDB089D9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.10 mm and pedicel elongates to 15.55
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="36A10AADB9FA0904D9BE2F40F3107D49" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.21 mm, bivalved, brown, ellipsoidal, longitudinally ridged, ridges 6, 3 on each valve, one valve persistent, the other deciduous. Seeds 60
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="522043F68B8A630B96313C0F7780029E" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
15.50 per capsule, 248.75
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="E109DBD6EB6FBE3485F961DF3E3C3B72" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
12.70
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="965160B444070C27D71EF15F79ABB5D2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
136
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BAD127C5B3107BE4D12E39CA60A71D04" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
8.90
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="65ED1A9DEAC4C7A8D4D663BA13A6E6D3" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, spermoderm reticulate, cells rectangular with wavy striations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="anatomy">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Anatomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="E862E4B886617C888DAFDD8F493A7AE9" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="anatomy">
<paragraph id="7B2AF484D2AE31991A54D0437A049E75" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Anatomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10DB9660C99C51CF4E110D95B52B63E6" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
Floral parts of
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. manasiae" order="Santalales" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Z. manasiae</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2AE49AD4BA60473150999C38623ED9AF" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. manasiae" order="Santalales" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis id="6E20880D972DE0AB4118FB71C027002E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Z. manasiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were anatomically investigated. The spathella is non-vascularised and consists of thick-walled polygonal cells. The anthers are of bithecous type, have secretory tapetum and each locule contains pollen dyads. The ovary is pluriovulate and divided into two unequal locules by an apical septum. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic and tenuinucellate that are borne on a bulbous axile placenta (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Zeylandium manasiae A habit showing mature fruits B floral bud enclosed in spathella and subtended by two bracts C flower showing andropodium, tepals and unequal stigmatic lobes D longitudinal section of the ovary, showing unequal locules E capsule. Illustration by Rajesh Tandon." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308584" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">2H</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A578EC0D59467CAC88F6906FDAEAA8EE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Zeylandium manasiae A habit showing mature fruits B floral bud enclosed in spathella and subtended by two bracts C flower showing andropodium, tepals and unequal stigmatic lobes D longitudinal section of the ovary, showing unequal locules E capsule. Illustration by Rajesh Tandon." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308584" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">2H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3248096" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308584" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName genus="Zeylandium" lsidName="Zeylandium manasiae" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Zeylandium manasiae</emphasis>
<caption id="E641F9B7C07D4E351564A557B0A75938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3248096" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308584" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="5E276626F703551920D84B7634258FB0" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="9E9D3F17E7BE3AF117DF1920F8A87222" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A06D3795E15963DCBE50BD82CFA578BB" genus="Zeylandium" lsidName="Zeylandium manasiae" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis id="20AA6939AA66F61934D11533490AD7BE" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Zeylandium manasiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3DE049018155025BABD78D2E240B1E1D" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
habit showing mature fruits
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
<emphasis id="FF856D3B81D1D97D27EAC8CD35B35BEE" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
floral bud enclosed in spathella and subtended by two bracts
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="863832DBD9C30C8EC637AFBE92767506" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
flower showing andropodium, tepals and unequal stigmatic lobes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
<emphasis id="36AE778E30DE59DE040BE1C53546CD98" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
longitudinal section of the ovary, showing unequal locules
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">E</emphasis>
<emphasis id="90403C90F6AFB692122BEB34E022848D" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">E</emphasis>
capsule. Illustration by Rajesh Tandon.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="palynology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Palynology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="D5FB889EE3CF42A3AA86C43211A3EFF8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="palynology">
<paragraph id="9A647F4AC87497B39B8ABC1F1C520049" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Palynology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23151CF2526E622822D8B282CF071B62" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
The dyads of
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. manasiae" order="Santalales" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Z. manasiae</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DADA3299D9D4D62F7494F75488E2B9FF" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. manasiae" order="Santalales" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis id="BE71E6289C39617D4D7C967686A7D914" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Z. manasiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are of the acalymmate type and measure 30.25
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7065457CCB560BD7B620E13B62C92656" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.41
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F241DF6B95D06FEE62554C2475D2ED49" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in length and 19.62
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5CE9C512D95C2A780281CBB496F8E4DD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
1.99
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="82569F5B7BE9A9010BA15A70A1A40717" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in width. Individual pollen grains
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="30" start="start">are</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="9B766D7C7E2F2ABE3B5617643E2253A0" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" start="start">are</pageBreakToken>
sub-prolate in shape with tricolpate aperture. The exine wall has microechinate ornamentation. The echinations on the apertural surface are larger than those on the non-apertural surface (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Zeylandium manasiae A habitat and habit showing plants on exposed rock surface (arrows) B habit of the plant showing solitary horizontally appressed flowering shoots C ventral surface of the thalli with haptera (arrows) D thalli bearing floriferous shoots on margins and point of branching E a young flower bud covered by bracts F floriferous shoot with flower subtended by two bracts. A pair of leaves can also be seen (arrows) G flower with spathella removed showing an anther and two tepals (arrows) H longitudinal section of floral bud enclosed in a spathella (sp). The ovary is bilocular and divided into two unequal halves by an apical septum (arrows). Numerous anatropous ovules (ov) are borne on a swollen placenta (p). One of the anthers in section shows a copious amount of dyad pollen I forked andropodium with two anthers J a mature capsule K a dehisced capsule showing persistent valve L comparative fruit morphology of congenerics. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae M Comparative morphology of stigma. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae. Scale bars: 2 mm (B); 3 mm (C); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E); 2 mm (F); 0.5 mm (G); 0.2 mm (H); 0.5 mm (I); 1 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 5 mm (L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308585" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">3B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6ACE41583A2CD9492F8B08B47C433B52" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Zeylandium manasiae A habitat and habit showing plants on exposed rock surface (arrows) B habit of the plant showing solitary horizontally appressed flowering shoots C ventral surface of the thalli with haptera (arrows) D thalli bearing floriferous shoots on margins and point of branching E a young flower bud covered by bracts F floriferous shoot with flower subtended by two bracts. A pair of leaves can also be seen (arrows) G flower with spathella removed showing an anther and two tepals (arrows) H longitudinal section of floral bud enclosed in a spathella (sp). The ovary is bilocular and divided into two unequal halves by an apical septum (arrows). Numerous anatropous ovules (ov) are borne on a swollen placenta (p). One of the anthers in section shows a copious amount of dyad pollen I forked andropodium with two anthers J a mature capsule K a dehisced capsule showing persistent valve L comparative fruit morphology of congenerics. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae M Comparative morphology of stigma. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae. Scale bars: 2 mm (B); 3 mm (C); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E); 2 mm (F); 0.5 mm (G); 0.2 mm (H); 0.5 mm (I); 1 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 5 mm (L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308585" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">3B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3248098" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308585" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName genus="Zeylandium" lsidName="Zeylandium manasiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Zeylandium manasiae</emphasis>
<caption id="DE8AC4BF0DE90A76DC6E0B859039CC21" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3248098" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308585" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="6B441FE9F7986538802658C9A21102F1" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="406D44FE1FA63D1D0C84780767C71276" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E480139A6E8FCBD211DEEB5C66B25ABA" genus="Zeylandium" lsidName="Zeylandium manasiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis id="EF9A803444E92AED9B01F0D06648977A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Zeylandium manasiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">A</emphasis>
<emphasis id="956B7FEADCD043ACF676E671B0880471" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">A</emphasis>
habitat and habit showing plants on exposed rock surface (arrows)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">B</emphasis>
<emphasis id="328DD42E1B974F080D4BB6C236ABD0B4" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">B</emphasis>
habit of the plant showing solitary horizontally appressed flowering shoots
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="D04358D75DAC7636A536821E35715F7C" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
ventral surface of the thalli with haptera (arrows)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">D</emphasis>
<emphasis id="DD4ABB97B60E67A1ACE9FA8C04F704B6" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">D</emphasis>
thalli bearing floriferous shoots on margins and point of branching
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">E</emphasis>
<emphasis id="98BC3EEFC1893E09367340714DEE4111" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">E</emphasis>
a young flower bud covered by bracts
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">F</emphasis>
<emphasis id="69718A0A4D8BA87DFAA3229605A9BD12" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">F</emphasis>
floriferous shoot with flower subtended by two bracts. A pair of leaves can also be seen (arrows)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">G</emphasis>
<emphasis id="49CD7473053FF06EF7B93A76B9641DAE" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">G</emphasis>
flower with spathella removed showing an anther and two tepals (arrows)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">H</emphasis>
<emphasis id="4A500FBAA5F7FE7FCFCFEE7A6907F3AB" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">H</emphasis>
longitudinal section of floral bud enclosed in a spathella (sp). The ovary is bilocular and divided into two unequal halves by an apical septum (arrows). Numerous anatropous ovules (ov) are borne on a swollen placenta (p). One of the anthers in section shows a copious amount of dyad pollen
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">I</emphasis>
<emphasis id="735C9A708C3929FBF58F213045C62657" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">I</emphasis>
forked andropodium with two anthers
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">J</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1CF7590A830B721F282279B10568015C" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">J</emphasis>
a mature capsule
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">K</emphasis>
<emphasis id="298D8A839F41BB9E3976BEAF1F027CC0" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">K</emphasis>
a dehisced capsule showing persistent valve
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">L</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6EF4CFE098E6D00C9C3FB2DF32876D58" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">L</emphasis>
comparative fruit morphology of congenerics. (Left to right)
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. maheshwarii" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="maheshwarii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. maheshwarii</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5A143550676E29D62946BD05886800E7" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. maheshwarii" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="maheshwarii">
<emphasis id="FF2E66EC85182818C14D3ECA10710B30" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. maheshwarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. lichenoides" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lichenoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. lichenoides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2A56BDD1EFB87F2C228B66EAC1D9060E" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. lichenoides" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lichenoides">
<emphasis id="21E9DDC8AA0061C3800350543516D543" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. lichenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. olivaceum" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="olivaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. olivaceum</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F69B9C1E9F32D7936367C6F3C1DC3DD3" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. olivaceum" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="olivaceum">
<emphasis id="81DEDFEF65FD5E516FB6A013A85636B9" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. olivaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. manasiae" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. manasiae</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="AE1523166AAC1CFF8937A8A1394FE2F4" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. manasiae" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis id="C3B78D6D79E435353E0142B86BFB990A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. manasiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M</emphasis>
<emphasis id="D13AB20095E21D2DB8F67398EFAF34C5" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">M</emphasis>
Comparative morphology of stigma. (Left to right)
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. maheshwarii" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="maheshwarii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. maheshwarii</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="550393B7A0F14CCE54DD79EDD21D3B7D" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. maheshwarii" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="maheshwarii">
<emphasis id="6EDFD17B7C03863CDFAA4DE903F7EA3D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. maheshwarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. lichenoides" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lichenoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. lichenoides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F35F0477837D385CAAAA5DCEF68C50F0" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. lichenoides" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lichenoides">
<emphasis id="F6F5DFBD6B96D276E85B2771A7F08E3E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. lichenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. olivaceum" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="olivaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. olivaceum</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="261C18CCA5FA740981496F65F3CCBF41" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. olivaceum" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="olivaceum">
<emphasis id="A3CD255E1F7D8DC1BB7F0ACC174BEA09" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. olivaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. manasiae" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. manasiae</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0DDF3BCE7F7A5795DAB548C242CCDDC4" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. manasiae" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis id="A167CEFDAF439F2B18952079FBCF6A52" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. manasiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars: 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">B</emphasis>
<emphasis id="59058DC52C205E06693CB7597840A108" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">B</emphasis>
); 3 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6CBAC75AB6DA6F51D133D973A8310385" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
); 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">D</emphasis>
<emphasis id="984528E673CBF4B91570C884D1A6842A" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">D</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">E</emphasis>
<emphasis id="14E360C5EB666F45DB7A29F2FAF197FA" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">E</emphasis>
); 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">F</emphasis>
<emphasis id="5B21064AAFCB8D510952872B12494D5C" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">F</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">G</emphasis>
<emphasis id="55D10135D4287AF7484F2BC265582478" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">G</emphasis>
); 0.2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">H</emphasis>
<emphasis id="2A87410D62053FE3DC062304F03F44AA" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">H</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">I</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E331B6CCD8D615950ED9D2F9C3A57E75" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">I</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">J</emphasis>
<emphasis id="727AB4643C4C54204818B8077D7730CE" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">J</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">K</emphasis>
<emphasis id="430CEEFF76576EE8B9CF31BDD44177CD" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">K</emphasis>
); 5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">L</emphasis>
<emphasis id="BFE4621FD9D07DF376A3267081640208" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">L</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="additional specimens seen (paratypes)">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Additional specimens seen (paratypes).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="963B5105D87B32E7222A205B0251C4F6" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="additional specimens seen (paratypes)">
<paragraph id="DAAA4F84F8CFD61CAFC8157EC9D7605A" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Additional specimens seen (paratypes).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4071A74552B0C1346F31EE2837A19F05" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
INDIA. Kerala: Idduki district, Thommenkuthu Waterfalls, River Kaliyar,
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="9.9">9°54'00&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="76.76667">76°46'00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="B7AE757C3E6D994E5E90DAD4EA345BE3" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="9.9">9°54'00&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="3D957ECAFE374DADAF25774D9E5EEDCE" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="76.76667">76°46'00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 64 m alt., 23 Dec 2016,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">R. Krishnan</emphasis>
<emphasis id="C813342445E50CCB17B9F3C6DF3DD99B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">R. Krishnan</emphasis>
8080, (DUH accession no. 14380!). The same locality, 25 Dec 2016,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">R. Krishnan</emphasis>
<emphasis id="C0285F18F770F68DB5779ECC636647CF" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">R. Krishnan</emphasis>
8081 (DUH accession no.14381!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="B23CFEC9AB4919A7396E9810BEF10B0A" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="F349378E15C4F0BC5D7E01B3EDD8C67F" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5CD77217F787EC9D4547592E58A09A27" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
The specific epithet
<normalizedToken originalValue="manasiae">
<normalizedToken id="1A762ECE7F3CE516ED6F854CD60DA1A6" originalValue="manasiae">
'
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">manasiae</emphasis>
<emphasis id="984BF0570019A6806BB2DFE59B12BD3D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">manasiae</emphasis>
</normalizedToken>
' honours the late Dr. Manasi Ram
<normalizedToken originalValue="née">nee</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="97A874BF635E2F4150D37D1012C10B4D" originalValue="née">nee</normalizedToken>
Ghosh for her contributions to the study of embryology and systematics of
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Santalaceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A88705C202C61FA3950ACEBBA0DBA600" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Santalaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Ghosh, M" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" refId="B9" refString="Ghosh, M, 1956. Morphological and Embryological Studies in the Santalaceae. PhD Thesis, University of Delhi, India." title="Morphological and Embryological Studies in the Santalaceae. PhD Thesis, University of Delhi, India." year="1956">Ghosh 1956</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="1D620843F2777801B58BB73602B8C38D" author="Ghosh, M" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" refId="B9" refString="Ghosh, M, 1956. Morphological and Embryological Studies in the Santalaceae. PhD Thesis, University of Delhi, India." title="Morphological and Embryological Studies in the Santalaceae. PhD Thesis, University of Delhi, India." year="1956">Ghosh 1956</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" genus="Trapa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trapa" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Trapa</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8E9E2EB52D0B576AE46D83B0C8C20307" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" genus="Trapa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trapa" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E4EDB283C4A7276E1250A5CDA97329E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Trapa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lythraceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AD35F1D9EC18DD6FEC141675C100F244" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lythraceae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Ghosh, M" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="24 - 26" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24053819" refId="B8" refString="Ghosh, M, 1954. The embryology and systematic position of Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Current Science 23 (1): 24 - 26, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24053819" title="The embryology and systematic position of Trapa bispinosa Roxb." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24053819" volume="23" year="1954">Ghosh 1954</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="E2F9E992EE188DB8BA1138D9E77A8B6B" author="Ghosh, M" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" pagination="24 - 26" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24053819" refId="B8" refString="Ghosh, M, 1954. The embryology and systematic position of Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Current Science 23 (1): 24 - 26, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24053819" title="The embryology and systematic position of Trapa bispinosa Roxb." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24053819" volume="23" year="1954">Ghosh 1954</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName authorityName="R. Krishnan, P. Khanduri &amp; R. Tandon" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Zeylanidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zeylanidium manasiae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Zeylanidium manasiae</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="5757E15626F298D615563F5B5526E0B0" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="64A6E49DDEDF2040D2634A0C26646682" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FBE7185AF11ED543467BB0AC5279D4CE" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="880B7F5CCF1CCF1FAC184AD6F5D473DC" authorityName="R. Krishnan, P. Khanduri &amp; R. Tandon" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Zeylanidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zeylanidium manasiae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis id="7ED72C32EF352D99F214F7938C73FDEF" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Zeylanidium manasiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is highly endemic and is known from only one location so far, i.e. Thommenkuthu waterfalls (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Zeylandium manasiae (red dot). Thommenkuthu Waterfalls, Idukki, Kerala (Map constructed using ArcGIS 9.2 software)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308583" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="490BE48FE99499FC59140596A1E05BC6" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Zeylandium manasiae (red dot). Thommenkuthu Waterfalls, Idukki, Kerala (Map constructed using ArcGIS 9.2 software)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308583" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">1</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Zeylandium manasiae A habitat and habit showing plants on exposed rock surface (arrows) B habit of the plant showing solitary horizontally appressed flowering shoots C ventral surface of the thalli with haptera (arrows) D thalli bearing floriferous shoots on margins and point of branching E a young flower bud covered by bracts F floriferous shoot with flower subtended by two bracts. A pair of leaves can also be seen (arrows) G flower with spathella removed showing an anther and two tepals (arrows) H longitudinal section of floral bud enclosed in a spathella (sp). The ovary is bilocular and divided into two unequal halves by an apical septum (arrows). Numerous anatropous ovules (ov) are borne on a swollen placenta (p). One of the anthers in section shows a copious amount of dyad pollen I forked andropodium with two anthers J a mature capsule K a dehisced capsule showing persistent valve L comparative fruit morphology of congenerics. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae M Comparative morphology of stigma. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae. Scale bars: 2 mm (B); 3 mm (C); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E); 2 mm (F); 0.5 mm (G); 0.2 mm (H); 0.5 mm (I); 1 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 5 mm (L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308585" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">3A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="7211947D02DD36A4164608D5BEF80255" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Zeylandium manasiae A habitat and habit showing plants on exposed rock surface (arrows) B habit of the plant showing solitary horizontally appressed flowering shoots C ventral surface of the thalli with haptera (arrows) D thalli bearing floriferous shoots on margins and point of branching E a young flower bud covered by bracts F floriferous shoot with flower subtended by two bracts. A pair of leaves can also be seen (arrows) G flower with spathella removed showing an anther and two tepals (arrows) H longitudinal section of floral bud enclosed in a spathella (sp). The ovary is bilocular and divided into two unequal halves by an apical septum (arrows). Numerous anatropous ovules (ov) are borne on a swollen placenta (p). One of the anthers in section shows a copious amount of dyad pollen I forked andropodium with two anthers J a mature capsule K a dehisced capsule showing persistent valve L comparative fruit morphology of congenerics. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae M Comparative morphology of stigma. (Left to right) Z. maheshwarii, Z. lichenoides, Z. olivaceum and Z. manasiae. Scale bars: 2 mm (B); 3 mm (C); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E); 2 mm (F); 0.5 mm (G); 0.2 mm (H); 0.5 mm (I); 1 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 5 mm (L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.124.33453.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/308585" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">3A</figureCitation>
). According to a previous report, rocks of this waterfall are hornblende biotite gneiss type (
<bibRefCitation author="Girija, KD" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" refId="B10" refString="Girija, KD, 2008. Ecological and phytochemical studies in the family Podostemaceae. PhD Thesis, Mahatma Gandhi University, India." title="Ecological and phytochemical studies in the family Podostemaceae. PhD Thesis, Mahatma Gandhi University, India." year="2008">Girija 2008</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F3B4EA742599C5B48E87F23A55A31F78" author="Girija, KD" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" refId="B10" refString="Girija, KD, 2008. Ecological and phytochemical studies in the family Podostemaceae. PhD Thesis, Mahatma Gandhi University, India." title="Ecological and phytochemical studies in the family Podostemaceae. PhD Thesis, Mahatma Gandhi University, India." year="2008">Girija 2008</bibRefCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)01003-3" author="Mathew, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Botany" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" pagination="73 - 78" refId="B22" refString="Mathew, CJ, Satheesh, VK, 1996. Zeylanidium maheshwarii - a new species of the family Podostemaceae from India. Aquatic Botany 54 (1): 73 - 78, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)01003-3" title="Zeylanidium maheshwarii - a new species of the family Podostemaceae from India." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)01003-3" volume="54" year="1996">Mathew and Satheesh (1996)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="05262F357A5784F4191C2D12DAB689E5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)01003-3" author="Mathew, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Botany" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" pagination="73 - 78" refId="B22" refString="Mathew, CJ, Satheesh, VK, 1996. Zeylanidium maheshwarii - a new species of the family Podostemaceae from India. Aquatic Botany 54 (1): 73 - 78, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)01003-3" title="Zeylanidium maheshwarii - a new species of the family Podostemaceae from India." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)01003-3" volume="54" year="1996">Mathew and Satheesh (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, water in Kaliyar River is well-oxygenated hard water with low chloride content.
<taxonomicName authorityName="R. Krishnan, P. Khanduri &amp; R. Tandon" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Zeylanidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zeylanidium manasiae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Zeylanidium manasiae</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7CB6F95E7BE1014E94A13C54CA4EF978" authorityName="R. Krishnan, P. Khanduri &amp; R. Tandon" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Zeylanidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zeylanidium manasiae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manasiae">
<emphasis id="E933506E2AC33E70EC44A72BEBEBF8B8" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Zeylanidium manasiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows along with
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. lichenoides" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lichenoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. lichenoides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B3076CFB6C19F88818B0CE792722665A" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. lichenoides" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lichenoides">
<emphasis id="94DC245588899CDB2730CED30EF61F76" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. lichenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. sessile" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sessile">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. sessile</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8CB4D25EC6642024790C11AA47B0EE76" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Santalaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Z. sessile" order="Santalales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sessile">
<emphasis id="1191C84A484D8B811DCB2D51B9133B2E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Z. sessile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Diatoms (
<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cymbellaceae" genus="Cymbella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cymbella" order="Cymbellales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Cymbella</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="308968C715B1D95334B3D718036507C8" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cymbellaceae" genus="Cymbella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cymbella" order="Cymbellales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="891D03F7C22ACFAC12D24566244232D4" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Cymbella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.Agardh species) were also observed forming colonies on the spathella of some of the plants.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="ACC016D95859A3A40C19517D669D039E" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="conservation status">
<paragraph id="6DE344847B21856D4EFDBA5BFB28B336" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B6D31629B1AF5F384C194E4C24728341" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
This species is currently known to occur from a single location in Kerala and, hence, we suggest its placement in the Data Deficient category of
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B12" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2017">IUCN (2017)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="700EFF4C8382F0E51111AAD4EE704D10" author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B12" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2017">IUCN (2017)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Flowering and fruiting occurs from December to January when the water level recedes to partly expose the rocks.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="7B7D56848416B5FA8E1FA6B374709EA6" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="phenology">
<paragraph id="5DB64164161ADF5C814BBE14D361B6D9" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F761A7239D017C17D23A19F672F50CF7" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Flowering and fruiting occurs from December to January when the water level recedes to partly expose the rocks.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -1,138 +1,138 @@
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Subfamily
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Ithycerinae
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schönherr">Schoenherr</normalizedToken>
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, 1823
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<taxonomicName genus="Ithycerides" lsidName="Ithycerides" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" rank="genus">Ithycerides</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schönherr">Schoenherr</normalizedToken>
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, 1823: column 1136 [stem: Ithycer-]. Type genus:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ithyceridae" genus="Ithycerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ithycerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ithycerus</taxonomicName>
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, 1823.
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<taxonomicName family="Pachyrhinchidae" lsidName="" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" rank="family">Pachyrhinchidae</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="ACF11F3ACA5109BFE0C792FE2198EEED" family="Pachyrhinchidae" lsidName="" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" rank="family">Pachyrhinchidae</taxonomicName>
Kirby, 1837: 203 [stem: Pachyrhynch-]. Type genus:
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Kirby, 1837 [preoccupied genus name, not
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Germar, 1824 [
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:
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<taxonomicName id="353C2213BC97F02C353BAF402E3B675B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
:
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<taxonomicName id="2F8448E89CD81CAF20990D623BAF6DE4" lsidName="" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" rank="tribe" tribe="Otiorhynchini">Otiorhynchini</taxonomicName>
]; syn. of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ithyceridae" genus="Ithycerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ithycerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ithycerus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schönherr">Schoenherr</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="6412879FA0AE4844EADB83FC5A56B0F6" class="Insecta" family="Ithyceridae" genus="Ithycerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ithycerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ithycerus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="48A82273F2A8AA8B4E3F5FD7652EBA1F" originalValue="Schönherr">Schoenherr</normalizedToken>
, 1823]. Comment: permanently invalid (Art. 39): based on preoccupied type genus; incorrect original stem formation, not in prevailing usage.
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<taxonomicName genus="Gobicarini" lsidName="Gobicarini" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" rank="genus">†Gobicarini</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="84789941B8AFA8D44F2FB4DBF1D47074" pageId="249" pageNumber="250">
<taxonomicName id="363F1E8191D66A2D609BF4C49510F93B" genus="Gobicarini" lsidName="Gobicarini" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" rank="genus">†Gobicarini</taxonomicName>
Legalov, 2009c: 291 [stem: Gobicar-]. Type genus:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Gobicar" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gobicar" order="Coleoptera" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gobicar</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="95C51942A329C65DE9B9E06EA054C381" genus="Gobicar" lsidName="Gobicar" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" rank="genus">Gobicar</taxonomicName>
Gratshev and Zherikhin, 1999.
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