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<document id="925323F21090D286E284941572D5C92C" ID-DOI="10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834" ID-ISSN="2325-4467" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722893676415" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Tripodi, Amber D. &amp; Szalanski, Allen L." docDate="2015" docId="4A7B7945FFA3EB5A9AE3372D0F52F828" docLanguage="en" docName="JMelittology.2015.50.1-17.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Melittology 2015 (50)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20C606B715423E98DFED429F4976A416.4:JMelittology.2013-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="20C606B715423E98DFED429F4976A416" docStyleName="JMelittology.2013-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Bombus (Thoracobombus) pensylvanicus" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="B642013DFFAFEB569B63350C0C1CFE31" masterDocTitle="The bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) of Arkansas, fifty years later" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1722900214979" updateUser="GgImagineBatch" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9B511008D680B72F2D1708F59272FF76">The bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) of Arkansas, fifty years later</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AFC908C146D0F590D5A88D1555E92D40">Tripodi, Amber D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="49EA3E0B4E13EDCD46F46FF44C3BE8D8">Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA (aszalan @ uark. edu). &amp; Current address: USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, Utah 84322, USA (amber. tripodi @ ars. usda. gov).</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="934D6340AB2626CF876F41D3078AE6D0">Szalanski, Allen L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E1B8B97BBF5E301291AE5D92080B2A64">Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA (aszalan @ uark. edu).</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="4A7B7945FFA3EB5A9AE3372D0F52F828" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A7B7945FFA3EB5A9AE3372D0F52F828" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A7B7945FFA3EB5A9AE3372D0F52F828" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA3EB5A9AE3372D0F3CFC68" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9AE3372D0FADFC08" blockId="12.[384,945,545,570]" box="[384,945,545,570]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="99257F3FFFA3EB5A9AE3372D0FADFC08" box="[384,945,545,570]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9AE3372D0FADFC08" ID-CoL="MFS6" authority="(De Geer)" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[384,945,545,570]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus" subGenus="Thoracobombus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9AE3372D0DCAFC08" box="[384,470,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bombus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9A86372D0E92FC08" box="[485,654,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thoracobombus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A99FD372D0F2AFC08" box="[670,822,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
(De Geer)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A996C374D0F3CFC68" blockId="12.[527,800,577,601]" box="[527,800,577,601]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">‘American Bumble Bee’</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA3EB5A9BB3378D0E84FB2B" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9BB3378D0F58FAC8" blockId="12.[160,1175,641,1562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9BB3378D0DD8FCA8" ID-CoL="MFS6" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[208,452,641,665]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9BB3378D0DD8FCA8" box="[208,452,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bombus pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[as
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9A92378E0F2CFCA8" ID-CoL="FMX8" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[497,816,641,665]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanorum">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9A92378E0E1DFCA8" box="[497,513,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A996D378E0EB6FCA8" box="[526,682,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">americanorum</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
] was listed as the “most widespread and common species” in the state in
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A99DE37AD0811FC88" author="Chandler, L. &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr." box="[701,1037,673,697]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="46 - 53" refId="ref8888" refString="Chandler, L., &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr. 1965. The bumble bees of Arkansas (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombinae). Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 19: 46 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Chandler &amp; McCoy’s (1965)</bibRefCitation>
study. Its statewide occurrence is much reduced today, although it remains widespread (
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA3EB5A9F0037CD0CB1FCC8" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 1. County-level records for each species in Arkansas and a summary of all records over both time periods. Blue = historical records, orange = contemporary records, and green = records for both periods. 1. Bombus (Bombias) auricomus (Robertson). 2. B. (Pyrobombus) bimaculatus Cresson. 3. B. (Cullumanobombus) fraternus (Smith). 4. B. (C.) griseocollis (De Geer). 5. B. (P.) impatiens Cresson. 6. B. (Thoracobombus) pensylvanicus (De Geer). 7. B. (Psithyrus) variabilis (Cresson). 8. Summary of all counties that were sampled within each period." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The contemporary occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A993C37EE0F0BFCC8" ID-CoL="MFS6" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[607,791,737,761]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A993C37EE0E73FCC8" box="[607,623,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A991C37ED0F0BFCC8" box="[639,791,737,761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(50%) is about one-third lower than its historic occurrence (82%,
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA3EB5A994C360D0E6EFD28" box="[559,626,769,793]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 3. Proportions of sampled counties (i.e., proportions of occurrence) with records of each bumble bee species, in the historical (grey) and contemporary (black) periods in Arkansas." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Only a single record occurred in the period between our sampling intervals: Faulkner Co.,
<date id="B66CEE93FFA3EB5A99A7362D0F87FD08" box="[708,923,801,825]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1976-09-06">September 6, 1976</date>
. This state-level pattern reflects what has also been observed throughout the range of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A98B3364E0895FD68" ID-CoL="MFS6" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[976,1161,833,857]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A98B3364E0FFCFD68" box="[976,992,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9892364D0895FD68" box="[1009,1161,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and many sources consider
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9A8E366E0EB8FD48" ID-CoL="MFS6" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[493,676,865,889]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9A8E366E0DE1FD48" box="[493,509,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A996F366D0EB8FD48" box="[524,676,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a declining species (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A98BD366D0CC4FDA8" author="Cameron, S. A. &amp; J. D. Lozier &amp; J. P. Strange &amp; J. B. Koch &amp; N. Cordes &amp; L. F. Solter &amp; T. L. Griswold" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="662 - 667" refId="ref8811" refString="Cameron, S. A., J. D. Lozier, J. P. Strange, J. B. Koch, N. Cordes, L. F. Solter, &amp; T. L. Griswold. 2011. Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. 108 (2): 662 - 667." type="journal article" year="2011">
Cameron
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9F37366E089EFD48" box="[1108,1154,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A9B86368D0DFDFDA8" author="Colla, S. R. &amp; L. Packer" box="[229,481,897,921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1379 - 1391" refId="ref8971" refString="Colla, S. R., &amp; L. Packer. 2008. Evidence for decline in eastern North American bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with special focus on Bombus affinis Cresson. Biodiversity and Conservation 17 (6): 1379 - 1391." type="journal article" year="2008">Colla &amp; Packer, 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A9A8D368D0EA8FDA8" author="Colla, S. R. &amp; F. Gadallah &amp; L. Richardson &amp; D. Wagner &amp; L. Gall" box="[494,692,897,921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, &amp; L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
Colla
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9956368E0E79FDA8" box="[565,613,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A99A2368D0F93FDA8" author="Grixti, J. C. &amp; L. T. Wong &amp; S. A. Cameron &amp; C. Favret" box="[705,911,897,921]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="75 - 84" refId="ref9575" refString="Grixti, J. C., L. T. Wong, S. A. Cameron, &amp; C. Favret. 2009. Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest. Biological Conservation 142 (1): 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="2009">
Grixti
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A986C368E0F22FDA8" box="[783,830,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Although there are indications of a range-wide decline of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A990036AE0F05FD88" ID-CoL="MFS6" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[611,793,929,953]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A990036AE0E6FFD88" box="[611,627,930,953]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A99E236AD0F05FD88" box="[641,793,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is likely that not all areas are reflecting the same shifts in abundance or occurrence. For example,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A98BA36CE088CFDE8" ID-CoL="MFS6" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[985,1168,961,985]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A98BA36CE0FF5FDE8" box="[985,1001,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A989B36CD088CFDE8" box="[1016,1168,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was abundant in the extreme south and western portions of its range (
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A98AE36ED0858FDC8" box="[973,1092,993,1017]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A9F2D36ED0CF9FA28" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A9A40310E0D7AFA2B" box="[291,358,1026,1050]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Texas</collectingRegion>
) in recent surveys, although it was absent from much of the northern and eastern areas in which it was expected to occur (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A9871312D0818FA08" author="Cameron, S. A. &amp; J. D. Lozier &amp; J. P. Strange &amp; J. B. Koch &amp; N. Cordes &amp; L. F. Solter &amp; T. L. Griswold" box="[786,1028,1057,1081]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="662 - 667" refId="ref8811" refString="Cameron, S. A., J. D. Lozier, J. P. Strange, J. B. Koch, N. Cordes, L. F. Solter, &amp; T. L. Griswold. 2011. Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. 108 (2): 662 - 667." type="journal article" year="2011">
Cameron
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A98E4312E0FA9FA08" box="[903,949,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9BC3314E0D4BFA68" ID-CoL="MFS6" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[160,343,1089,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9BC3314E0CACFA68" box="[160,176,1090,1113]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9BDC314D0D4BFA68" box="[191,343,1089,1113]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was absent from the northern region of
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A985D314D0F93FA68" box="[830,911,1089,1113]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Illinois</collectingRegion>
in recent surveys, although it was known from northern
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A993E316D0EB2FA48" box="[605,686,1121,1145]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Illinois</collectingRegion>
in historical records (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A98D5316D0896FA48" author="Grixti, J. C. &amp; L. T. Wong &amp; S. A. Cameron &amp; C. Favret" box="[950,1162,1121,1145]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="75 - 84" refId="ref9575" refString="Grixti, J. C., L. T. Wong, S. A. Cameron, &amp; C. Favret. 2009. Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest. Biological Conservation 142 (1): 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="2009">
Grixti
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9F66316E0829FA48" box="[1029,1077,1121,1145]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). With contemporary records occurring throughout the state and in each ecoregion, we found no geographic pattern in the occurrences of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A986731AE0FA0FA88" ID-CoL="MFS6" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[772,956,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A986731AE0F08FA88" box="[772,788,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A984731AD0FA0FA88" box="[804,956,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A9F7931AD088FFA88" box="[1050,1171,1185,1209]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
. This heterogeneity among regional studies highlights the utility of localized studies in determining the conservation status of species of interest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9BB3300D0E84FB2B" blockId="12.[160,1175,641,1562]" box="[208,664,1281,1306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
GLOSSA LENGTH: Long (6.41 ±
<quantity id="052A65B6FFA3EB5A9947300D0E90FB2B" box="[548,652,1281,1306]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.58">0.58 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA3EB5A9BB3302E0F52F828" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9BB3302E0FC0FB68" blockId="12.[160,1175,641,1562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ADULT ACTIVE PERIOD: Late season with a long active period (82 days). Majority: late June through mid-September; Earliest: May 13; Latest: October 16.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9BB3306E0F52F828" blockId="12.[160,1175,641,1562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
PREFERRED PLANTS:
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9ADB306E0E5AFB48" box="[440,582,1377,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Baptisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9ADB306E0E5AFB48" box="[440,582,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Baptisia alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(wild white indigo,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A982B306D0FABFB48" box="[840,951,1377,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A98AD306E088DFB48" authority="Schreb." authorityName="Schreb." box="[974,1169,1377,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Vernonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A98AD306E0833FB48" box="[974,1071,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vernonia</emphasis>
Schreb.
</taxonomicName>
(ironweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9A47308E0DB4FBAB" box="[292,424,1410,1434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9ADB308E0E5DFBA8" box="[440,577,1409,1433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadense">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9ADB308E0DD4FBA8" box="[440,456,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9AB7308D0E5DFBA8" box="[468,577,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">canadense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="BAC588C3FFA3EB5A992D308D0EB6FBA8" box="[590,682,1409,1433]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Canada</collectingCountry>
germander,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A985F308D0FA1FBA8" box="[828,957,1409,1433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A98AD308E0850FBA8" box="[974,1100,1409,1433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Monarda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fistulosa">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A98AD308E0FFBFBA8" box="[974,999,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9891308D0850FBA8" box="[1010,1100,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">fistulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(wild bergamot,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9A4230AD0DBEFB88" box="[289,418,1441,1465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9AD430AE0E57FB88" box="[439,587,1441,1465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Abelmoschus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculentus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9AD430AE0DD6FB88" box="[439,458,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9AB930AD0E57FB88" box="[474,587,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">esculentus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(okra,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A99C030AD0F3FFB88" box="[675,803,1441,1465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A985B30AD088CFB88" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[824,1168,1441,1465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carolinense">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A985B30AD0807FB88" box="[824,1051,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Solanum carolinense</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(Carolina horsenettle,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9ACD30CD0E2FFBE8" box="[430,563,1473,1497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A992830CE085BFBE8" authority="(Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng." authorityName="Spreng." baseAuthorityName="Willd." box="[587,1095,1473,1497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="discolor">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A992830CE0F1EFBE8" box="[587,770,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cirsium discolor</emphasis>
(Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.
</taxonomicName>
(field thistle,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9B9530EE0D66FBCB" box="[246,378,1506,1530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9AED30EE0DEEFBC8" box="[398,498,1506,1529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Salvia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="azurea">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9AED30EE0D81FBC8" box="[398,413,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9AC830EE0DEEFBC8" box="[427,498,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">azurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(azure blue sage,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A99A830ED0F50FBC8" box="[715,844,1505,1529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A980330EE0817FBC8" box="[864,1035,1505,1529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Silphium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolium">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A980330EE0F73FBC8" box="[864,879,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A981E30ED0817FBC8" box="[893,1035,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">integrifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(wholeleaf rosinweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9A4B330E0DB0F82B" box="[296,428,1538,1562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9ADD330E0E3FF828" box="[446,547,1537,1561]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9ADD330E0DCCF828" box="[446,464,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9ABE330D0E3FF828" box="[477,547,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">villosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(winter vetch,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A99B0330D0F5EF828" box="[723,834,1537,1561]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

198
data/4A/7B/79/4A7B7945FFA3EB5B9AD8334D0EC8FA48.xml Normal file
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<mods:title id="2F5C61B6D84E9D434D7EF7240467434E">The bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) of Arkansas, fifty years later</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4A7B7945FFA3EB5B9AD8334D0EC8FA48" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A7B7945FFA3EB5B9AD8334D0EC8FA48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A7B7945FFA3EB5B9AD8334D0EC8FA48" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA3EB5A9AD8334D0F56F848" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9AD8334D0F69F868" blockId="12.[443,885,1601,1626]" box="[443,885,1601,1626]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="99257F3FFFA3EB5A9AD8334D0F69F868" box="[443,885,1601,1626]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9AD8334D0F69F868" ID-CoL="MFXN" authority="(Cresson)" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[443,885,1601,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis" subGenus="Psithyrus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9AD8334D0E0DF868" box="[443,529,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bombus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9942334D0E96F868" box="[545,650,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Psithyrus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A99F9334D0EE1F868" box="[666,765,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">variabilis</emphasis>
(Cresson)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9A85336D0F56F848" blockId="12.[486,842,1633,1657]" box="[486,842,1633,1657]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">‘Variable Cuckoo Bumble Bee’</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA3EB5B9BB333AD0EC8FA48" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5B9BB333AD0F63FC08" blockId="12.[160,1168,1697,1786]" lastBlockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Prior to our examination, only a single record of this species in
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A98A533AD0829F888" box="[966,1077,1697,1721]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
existed in the literature.
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A9A1633CD0EADF8E8" author="Chandler, L. &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr." box="[373,689,1729,1753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="46 - 53" refId="ref8888" refString="Chandler, L., &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr. 1965. The bumble bees of Arkansas (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombinae). Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 19: 46 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Chandler &amp; McCoy (1965)</bibRefCitation>
listed a single record from
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A9F6133CD088CF8E8" box="[1026,1168,1729,1753]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Washington</collectingRegion>
County, but without including any additional collection information.
<specimenCount id="D4D403DAFFA3EB5B989E33ED0CFCFEC8" count="3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">Three specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A6935EE0D91FEC8" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[266,397,225,249]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A6935EE0D06FEC8" box="[266,282,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A4935ED0D91FEC8" box="[298,397,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B994B35ED0EAAFEC8" box="[552,694,225,249]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Washington</collectingRegion>
Co. during our target historical period were among the specimens in the UAAM collection (September, 1900;
<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B98B1340E0890FF28" box="[978,1164,257,282]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1906-08-15">August 15, 1906</date>
;
<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B9BC2342D0D44FF08" box="[161,344,289,313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1961-10-01">October 1, 1961</date>
), yet no specimens for our contemporary period were present (
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA2EB5B9F23342D089EFF08" box="[1088,1154,289,313]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 1. County-level records for each species in Arkansas and a summary of all records over both time periods. Blue = historical records, orange = contemporary records, and green = records for both periods. 1. Bombus (Bombias) auricomus (Robertson). 2. B. (Pyrobombus) bimaculatus Cresson. 3. B. (Cullumanobombus) fraternus (Smith). 4. B. (C.) griseocollis (De Geer). 5. B. (P.) impatiens Cresson. 6. B. (Thoracobombus) pensylvanicus (De Geer). 7. B. (Psithyrus) variabilis (Cresson). 8. Summary of all counties that were sampled within each period." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). However, three additional male specimens that were collected outside of our historical and contemporary periods are present in the UAAM.
<specimenCount id="D4D403DAFFA2EB5B984A346E0FC3FF48" box="[809,991,353,377]" count="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">Two specimens</specimenCount>
were collected in the northwest portion of the state (Franklin Co.,
<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B9869348D0FDFFFA8" box="[778,963,385,409]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-10-05">October 5, 1976</date>
and
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B9F61348D088CFFA8" box="[1026,1168,385,409]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Washington</collectingRegion>
Co.,
<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B9BB434AD0DA1FF88" box="[215,445,417,441]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1993-09-29">September 29, 1993</date>
); the other was collected in eastern
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B980334AD0FD3FF88" box="[864,975,417,441]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
(Desha Co.,
<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B9F0734AE0D30FFE8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1966-08-07">August 7, 1966</date>
).
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A2134CD0E1DFFE8" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[322,513,449,473]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A2134CD0E1DFFE8" box="[322,513,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bombus variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not recovered in our surveys or in
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B98A434CD088CFFE8" author="Warriner, M. D." box="[967,1168,449,473]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="43 - 50" refId="ref10712" refString="Warriner, M. D. 2011. Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of remnant grasslands in Arkansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 84 (1): 43 - 50." type="journal article" year="2011">Warriner’s (2011)</bibRefCitation>
extensive
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B9A7034ED0D9EFFC8" box="[275,386,481,505]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
grassland surveys. With so few records, there is no suggestion of a change in the occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A89370E0E76FC28" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[490,618,513,537]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A89370E0DE6FC28" box="[490,506,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9964370D0E76FC28" box="[519,618,513,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
between the historic (2.6%) and contemporary periods (0%,
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA2EB5B9A59372D0D67FC08" box="[314,379,545,569]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 3. Proportions of sampled counties (i.e., proportions of occurrence) with records of each bumble bee species, in the historical (grey) and contemporary (black) periods in Arkansas." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), and its status in the state remains unclear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA2EB5B9BB2374D086FFA28" blockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Records for this species are both temporally and spatially sporadic throughout eastern North America (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B9AA1376D0EA9FC48" author="Williams, P. H. &amp; R. W. Thorp &amp; L. L. Richardson &amp; S. R. Colla" box="[450,693,609,633]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref10861" refString="Williams, P. H., R. W. Thorp, L. L. Richardson, &amp; S. R. Colla. 2014. Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press; Princeton, NJ; 208 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Williams
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9955376E0E79FC48" box="[566,613,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). The species is a member of the social parasite subgenus
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9AE6378D0E6EFCA8" authority="Lepeletier" authorityName="Lepeletier" box="[389,626,641,665]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Psithyrus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9AE6378D0DF2FCA8" box="[389,494,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Psithyrus</emphasis>
Lepeletier
</taxonomicName>
, whose host is
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9851378E0FF0FCA8" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[818,1004,641,665]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9851378E0F5EFCA8" box="[818,834,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9837378D0FF0FCA8" box="[852,1004,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its unusual life history may help explain its rarity. Lacking a foraging worker caste, species of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9BC237CD0D16FCE8" box="[161,266,705,729]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Psithyrus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9BC237CD0D16FCE8" box="[161,266,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Psithyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are nest-bound and less likely to be encountered in typical field surveys. Also, as obligate nest parasites, their abundance is bound to be lower than that of their host. Still, there are indications that
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B99EA360E0F15FD28" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[649,777,769,793]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B99EA360E0E85FD28" box="[649,665,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B99C5360D0F15FD28" box="[678,777,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is declining and deserves further study. Its host,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A3F362E0E0EFD08" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[348,530,801,825]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A3F362E0D70FD08" box="[348,364,802,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A19362D0E0EFD08" box="[378,530,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is also suspected to be on the decline (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B9883362D0CC5FD68" author="Cameron, S. A. &amp; J. D. Lozier &amp; J. P. Strange &amp; J. B. Koch &amp; N. Cordes &amp; L. F. Solter &amp; T. L. Griswold" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="662 - 667" refId="ref8811" refString="Cameron, S. A., J. D. Lozier, J. P. Strange, J. B. Koch, N. Cordes, L. F. Solter, &amp; T. L. Griswold. 2011. Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. 108 (2): 662 - 667." type="journal article" year="2011">
Cameron
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9F36362E089EFD08" box="[1109,1154,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B9B80364D0DBCFD68" author="Colla, S. R. &amp; F. Gadallah &amp; L. Richardson &amp; D. Wagner &amp; L. Gall" box="[227,416,833,857]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, &amp; L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
Colla
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A44364E0D4FFD68" box="[295,339,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
), and an obligate parasite is likely to follow the same population trends as its host. Across its range,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9958366E0EA6FD48" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[571,698,865,889]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9958366E0E57FD48" box="[571,587,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9934366D0EA6FD48" box="[599,698,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has dramatically declined both in abundance relative to other species of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9952368D0E9BFDA8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[561,647,897,921]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9952368D0E9BFDA8" box="[561,647,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bombus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in geographic persistence, leading to a recommendation that it be classified as “critically endangered” (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B98F536AD0844FD88" author="Colla, S. R. &amp; F. Gadallah &amp; L. Richardson &amp; D. Wagner &amp; L. Gall" box="[918,1112,929,953]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, &amp; L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
Colla
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B98BF36AE0816FD88" box="[988,1034,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). As in the case of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A2536CE0DDBFDE8" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[326,455,961,985]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A2536CE0D4AFDE8" box="[326,342,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A0736CD0DDBFDE8" box="[356,455,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we urge that studies aiming to determine the conservation status of this rarer species take into consideration the inherent difficulties in accurately sampling species with low detectability before drawing conclusions on its stability.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA2EB5B9BB2312D0EB2FA08" blockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" box="[209,686,1057,1081]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">GLOSSA LENGTH: Unknown, not reported.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA2EB5B9BB2314E086CFA68" blockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" box="[209,1136,1089,1114]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
ADULT ACTIVE PERIOD: Unknown, records in
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B99B0314D0F5EFA68" box="[723,834,1089,1113]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
from August–September.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA2EB5B9BB2316E0EC8FA48" blockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" box="[209,724,1121,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">PREFERRED PLANTS: Unknown, not observed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA4EB5D9A1D35ED0F25FF28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA4EB5D9A1D35ED0FAEFEC8" blockId="11.[382,946,225,250]" box="[382,946,225,250]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="99257F3FFFA4EB5D9A1D35ED0FAEFEC8" box="[382,946,225,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9A1D35ED0FAEFEC8" ID-CoL="68NPK" authority="(De Geer)" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[382,946,225,250]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseocollis" subGenus="Cullumanobombus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A1D35ED0DC8FEC8" box="[382,468,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bombus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A8735ED0EACFEC8" box="[484,688,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cullumanobombus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D99A335ED0F2BFEC8" box="[704,823,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">griseocollis</emphasis>
(De Geer)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA4EB5D9A94340D0F25FF28" blockId="11.[503,825,257,281]" box="[503,825,257,281]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">‘Brown-belted Bumble Bee’</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA4EB5D9BB3344D0E86FC2B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA4EB5D9BB3344D0D56FFC8" blockId="11.[160,1169,321,826]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9BB3344D0DB5FF68" ID-CoL="68NPK" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[208,425,321,345]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseocollis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9BB3344D0DB5FF68" box="[208,425,321,345]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bombus griseocollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widely distributed species in both eastern and western North America (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA4EB5D9A07346D0E34FF48" author="Koch, J. &amp; J. Strange &amp; P. H. Williams" box="[356,552,353,377]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref9961" refString="Koch, J., J. Strange, &amp; P. H. Williams. 2012. Bumble Bees of the Western United States. USDA Forest Service and the Pollinator Partnership; Washington, D. C.; 143 pp." type="book" year="2012">
Koch
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9AC8346E0DC6FF48" box="[427,474,353,377]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA4EB5D9956346D0F3AFF48" author="Williams, P. H. &amp; R. W. Thorp &amp; L. L. Richardson &amp; S. R. Colla" box="[565,806,353,377]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref10861" refString="Williams, P. H., R. W. Thorp, L. L. Richardson, &amp; S. R. Colla. 2014. Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press; Princeton, NJ; 208 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Williams
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D99C5346E0EC9FF48" box="[678,725,353,377]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Within
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA4EB5D98F8346D0810FF48" box="[923,1036,353,377]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
, the occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9A69348E0DBDFFA8" ID-CoL="68NPK" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[266,417,385,409]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseocollis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A69348E0D06FFA8" box="[266,282,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A49348D0DBDFFA8" box="[298,417,385,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">griseocollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has greatly increased between the historic (36%) and contemporary periods (56%,
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA4EB5D9AC134AD0DFAFF88" box="[418,486,417,441]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 3. Proportions of sampled counties (i.e., proportions of occurrence) with records of each bumble bee species, in the historical (grey) and contemporary (black) periods in Arkansas." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
<specimenCount id="D4D403DAFFA4EB5D996734AE0EA6FF88" box="[516,698,417,441]" count="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">Two specimens</specimenCount>
in UAAM were captured in the period between the sampling periods in this study: Johnson Co., July, 1978 and Cleburne Co.,
<date id="B66CEE93FFA4EB5D9BC334ED0D5AFFC8" box="[160,326,481,505]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1969-04-19">April 19, 1969</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA4EB5D9BB3370D0E86FC2B" blockId="11.[160,1169,321,826]" box="[208,666,513,538]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
GLOSSA LENGTH: Short (4.91 ±
<quantity id="052A65B6FFA4EB5D9945370D0E92FC2B" box="[550,654,513,538]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.50 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA4EB5D9BB3372E085FFD0B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA4EB5D9BB3372E0FC9FC68" blockId="11.[160,1169,321,826]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ADULT ACTIVE PERIOD: Early season with a short active period (60 days). Majority: early June through early August; Earliest: April 18; Latest: October 15.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA4EB5D9BB3376E085FFD0B" blockId="11.[160,1169,321,826]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
PREFERRED PLANTS:
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9ADC376D0EC2FC48" box="[447,734,609,633]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Cephalanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9ADC376D0EC2FC48" box="[447,734,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cephalanthus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(common buttonbush,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9F6B376D0898FC48" box="[1032,1156,609,633]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9BC3378E0D22FCA8" box="[160,318,641,665]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Pycnanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuifolium">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9BC3378E0CACFCA8" box="[160,176,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9BA3378D0D22FCA8" box="[192,318,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tenuifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(narrowleaf mountainmint,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D99F7378D0F09FCA8" box="[660,789,641,665]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9849378E0FABFCA8" box="[810,951,641,665]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadense">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9849378E0F26FCA8" box="[810,826,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9829378D0FABFCA8" box="[842,951,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">canadense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="BAC588C3FFA4EB5D98AB378D0838FCA8" box="[968,1060,641,665]" name="Canada" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Canada</collectingCountry>
german- der,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9BB537AD0D4BFC88" box="[214,343,673,697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9A0937AE0E04FC88" box="[362,536,673,697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Liatris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pycnostachya">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A0937AE0D65FC88" box="[362,377,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9AEB37AD0E04FC88" box="[392,536,673,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">pycnostachya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(prairie blazing star,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D987437AE0F87FC8B" box="[791,923,674,698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D98CC37AE0807FC88" box="[943,1051,674,697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Carduus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nutans">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D98CC37AE0FDDFC88" box="[943,961,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D98AC37AE0807FC88" box="[975,1051,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">nutans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(nodding plumeless thistle,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9A1437CE0DE7FCEB" box="[375,507,706,730]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D997337CD0FAAFCE8" authority="(Pennell) Woodson" authorityName="Woodson" baseAuthorityName="Pennell" box="[528,950,705,729]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Asclepias" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtella">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D997337CD0ED7FCE8" box="[528,715,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Asclepias hirtella</emphasis>
(Pennell) Woodson
</taxonomicName>
(green milkweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9BC337EE0D5DFCCB" box="[160,321,738,762]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9A3637EE0E0EFCC8" authority="Walter" authorityName="Walter" box="[341,530,737,761]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Asclepias" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A3637EE0D74FCC8" box="[341,360,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A1537ED0DA0FCC8" box="[374,444,737,761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">viridis</emphasis>
Walter
</taxonomicName>
(green antelopehorn,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D987437EE0FA4FCCB" box="[791,952,738,762]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D98AF37EE082EFCC8" box="[972,1074,737,761]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D98AF37EE0FC2FCC8" box="[972,990,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">V</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D988F37ED082EFCC8" box="[1004,1074,737,761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">villosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(winter vetch,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9B93360D0D43FD28" box="[240,351,769,793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9A17360E0E68FD28" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." box="[372,628,769,793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Centaurea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stoebe">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A17360E0E32FD28" box="[372,558,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Centaurea stoebe</emphasis>
Lam.
</taxonomicName>
(spotted knapweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9810360E0FEBFD2B" box="[883,1015,770,794]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9F6F360E088CFD28" box="[1036,1168,769,793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Monarda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fistulosa">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9F6F360E0839FD28" box="[1036,1061,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9F55360D088CFD28" box="[1078,1168,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">fistulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(wild bergamot,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9A07362D0DF9FD08" box="[356,485,801,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D9A94362E0EBDFD08" box="[503,673,801,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Silphium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolium">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9A94362E0E1AFD08" box="[503,518,802,825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA4EB5D9970362D0EBDFD08" box="[531,673,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">integrifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(wholeleaf rosinweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA4EB5D98D0362E082BFD0B" box="[947,1079,802,826]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

226
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<treatment id="4A7B7945FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0E02F8CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A7B7945FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0E02F8CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A7B7945FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0E02F8CB" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0F59FDE8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0F85FD88" blockId="10.[407,921,929,954]" box="[407,921,929,954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="99257F3FFFA5EB5C9AF436AD0F85FD88" box="[407,921,929,954]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0F85FD88" ID-CoL="MFJS" authority="(Smith)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[407,921,929,954]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus" subGenus="Cullumanobombus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0DF1FD88" box="[407,493,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bombus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A9E36AD0ED5FD88" box="[509,713,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cullumanobombus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C99BB36AD0F27FD88" box="[728,827,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
(Smith)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9A8836CD0F59FDE8" blockId="10.[491,837,961,985]" box="[491,837,961,985]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">‘Southern Plains Bumble Bee’</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA5EB5C9BB3310E0E02F8CB" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB3310E084CFB88" blockId="10.[160,1169,1025,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
In their museum survey,
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C9962310D0F20FA28" author="Chandler, L. &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr." box="[513,828,1025,1049]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="46 - 53" refId="ref8888" refString="Chandler, L., &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr. 1965. The bumble bees of Arkansas (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombinae). Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 19: 46 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Chandler &amp; McCoy (1965)</bibRefCitation>
noted
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98F2310E0808FA28" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[913,1044,1025,1049]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98F2310E0FBDFA28" box="[913,929,1026,1049]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98D2310D0808FA28" box="[945,1044,1025,1049]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as “widespread”, and it was recorded in as many counties as
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C984A312E0FDDFA08" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[809,961,1057,1081]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseocollis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C984A312E0F25FA08" box="[809,825,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9829312D0FDDFA08" box="[842,961,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">griseocollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA5EB5C98B0312D0804FA08" box="[979,1048,1057,1081]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 3. Proportions of sampled counties (i.e., proportions of occurrence) with records of each bumble bee species, in the historical (grey) and contemporary (black) periods in Arkansas." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F59312D0D1FFA68" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9F59312D0D1FFA68" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bombus fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains widely distributed across
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C99FF314D0F11FA68" box="[668,781,1089,1113]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
, and its occurrence has remained stable between the historic (36%) and contemporary periods (33%,
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA5EB5C98CB316D0FF5FA48" box="[936,1001,1121,1145]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 3. Proportions of sampled counties (i.e., proportions of occurrence) with records of each bumble bee species, in the historical (grey) and contemporary (black) periods in Arkansas." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Although
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F1A316E0D1FFAA8" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9F1A316E0895FA48" box="[1145,1161,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9BC3318D0D1FFAA8" box="[160,259,1153,1177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have a wide geographic distribution, it is relatively less abundant than its congeners (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C9AE231AD0E22FA88" author="Colla, S. R. &amp; F. Gadallah &amp; L. Richardson &amp; D. Wagner &amp; L. Gall" box="[385,574,1185,1209]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, &amp; L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
Colla
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9AA431AE0DEEFA88" box="[455,498,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C992B31AD0F17FA88" author="Grixti, J. C. &amp; L. T. Wong &amp; S. A. Cameron &amp; C. Favret" box="[584,779,1185,1209]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="75 - 84" refId="ref9575" refString="Grixti, J. C., L. T. Wong, S. A. Cameron, &amp; C. Favret. 2009. Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest. Biological Conservation 142 (1): 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="2009">
Grixti
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C99F131AE0EA2FA88" box="[658,702,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). There are some indications that
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9BC331CE0D3DFAE8" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[160,289,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9BC331CE0CACFAE8" box="[160,176,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9BDD31CD0D3DFAE8" box="[190,289,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be declining and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has classified the species as endangered (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C99F731ED0F9CFAC8" author="Hatfield, R. &amp; S. Jepsen &amp; R. Thorp &amp; L. Richardson &amp; S. Colla" box="[660,896,1249,1273]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref9661" refString="Hatfield, R., S. Jepsen, R. Thorp, L. Richardson, &amp; S. Colla. 2014. Bombus fraternus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. [www. iucnredlist. org; last accessed March, 2015]." type="journal volume" year="2014">
Hatfield
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C986331EE0F2CFAC8" box="[768,816,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
), but its relative rarity makes it difficult to be certain of its status. Throughout its range,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98D2300E082FFB28" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[945,1075,1281,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98D2300E0FDDFB28" box="[945,961,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98B3300D082FFB28" box="[976,1075,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has declined in relative abundance and in geographic persistence, but its relative abundance over all museum records was only 0.32% (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C99EB304D0F5AFB68" author="Colla, S. R. &amp; F. Gadallah &amp; L. Richardson &amp; D. Wagner &amp; L. Gall" box="[648,838,1345,1369]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, &amp; L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
Colla
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C99AE304E0EE4FB68" box="[717,760,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, an
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C9895304D085BFB68" box="[1014,1095,1345,1369]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Illinois</collectingRegion>
study designated
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9A4A306E0DB6FB48" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[297,426,1377,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A4A306E0D25FB48" box="[297,313,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A24306D0DB6FB48" box="[327,426,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as declining after finding that it was absent from the southern region of the state where it was formerly present, but its relative abundance ranged from 0.2–1.9% over all studied records spanning 1900 to 2007 (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C981F30AD0858FB88" author="Grixti, J. C. &amp; L. T. Wong &amp; S. A. Cameron &amp; C. Favret" box="[892,1092,1441,1465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="75 - 84" refId="ref9575" refString="Grixti, J. C., L. T. Wong, S. A. Cameron, &amp; C. Favret. 2009. Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest. Biological Conservation 142 (1): 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="2009">
Grixti
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98AA30AE0FEAFB88" box="[969,1014,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB330CD0E86FBEB" blockId="10.[160,1169,1025,1786]" box="[208,666,1473,1498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
GLOSSA LENGTH: Short (4.69 ±
<quantity id="052A65B6FFA5EB5C994530CD0E92FBEB" box="[550,654,1473,1498]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="0.37">0.37 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB330EE0FA2F828" blockId="10.[160,1169,1025,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ADULT ACTIVE PERIOD: Late season with a long active period (92 days). Majority: early July through early October; Earliest: April 6; Latest: October 3.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB3332E0E02F8CB" blockId="10.[160,1169,1025,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
PREFERRED PLANTS:
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9AD2332D0EE7F808" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[433,763,1569,1593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incarnata">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9AD2332D0E9BF808" box="[433,647,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Passiflora incarnata</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(purple passionflower,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F75332D0CCAF86B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Passifloraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9B8F334E0D86F868" box="[236,410,1601,1625]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Silphium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolium">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9B8F334E0CE7F868" box="[236,251,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A6F334D0D86F868" box="[268,410,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">integrifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(wholeleaf rosinweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C99D5334E0F26F86B" box="[694,826,1602,1626]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9833334D083FF868" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[848,1059,1601,1625]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9833334D0FB0F868" box="[848,940,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Solidago</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(goldenrod,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9BB6336E0D45F84B" box="[213,345,1634,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9A08336E0E83F848" authority="Michx." authorityName="Michx." box="[363,671,1633,1657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Liatris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pycnostachya">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A08336E0E54F848" box="[363,584,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Liatris pycnostachya</emphasis>
Michx.
</taxonomicName>
(prairie blazing star,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98F4336E0807F84B" box="[919,1051,1634,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F4E336D0D11F8A8" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Silphium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9F4E336D088CF848" box="[1069,1168,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Silphium</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(rosinweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9AC6338E0E35F8AB" box="[421,553,1666,1690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C995F338D0F96F8A8" authority="(Michx.) Britt." authorityName="Britt." baseAuthorityName="Michx." box="[572,906,1665,1689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristosa">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C995F338D0EC3F8A8" box="[572,735,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bidens aristosa</emphasis>
(Michx.) Britt.
</taxonomicName>
(bearded beggarticks,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9BC333AE0D38F88B" box="[160,292,1698,1722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9A5533AD0EDCF888" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[310,704,1697,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Cephalanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A5533AD0E51F888" box="[310,589,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cephalanthus occidentalis</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(common buttonbush,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98B333AD0850F888" box="[976,1100,1697,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F3D33AD0DAEF8E8" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9F3D33AD0D27F8E8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Solidago altissima</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="BAC588C3FFA5EB5C9AA133CD0E02F8E8" box="[450,542,1729,1753]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Canada</collectingCountry>
goldenrod,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C99D333CE0F28F8EB" box="[688,820,1730,1754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C982A33CD088CF8E8" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[841,1168,1729,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Verbesina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginica">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C982A33CD0807F8E8" box="[841,1051,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Verbesina virginica</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(white crownbeard,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9AEE33EE0E0DF8CB" box="[397,529,1762,1786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:url id="BD2B2A90B47A5D101134E3CBBB1C0DCB">http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="C6CD150A31178B5BAE83E0BA72EE1B07">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5CAACEFBB788996424049C0CF066FD6D" type="DOI">10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="038A2E01085C9D54906FA74D07E69403" type="ISSN">2325-4467</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
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<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA6EB5F9AF8312D0F0DFA68" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA6EB5F9AF8312D0F89FA08" blockId="9.[411,917,1057,1082]" box="[411,917,1057,1082]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="99257F3FFFA6EB5F9AF8312D0F89FA08" box="[411,917,1057,1082]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F9AF8312D0F89FA08" ID-CoL="MFJ3" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[411,917,1057,1082]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus" subGenus="Thoracobombus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9AF8312D0DEDFA08" box="[411,497,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bombus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9962312D0EB6FA08" box="[513,682,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Thoracobombus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F99DA312D0F0CFA08" box="[697,784,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">fervidus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA6EB5F997C314D0F0DFA68" blockId="9.[543,785,1089,1113]" box="[543,785,1089,1113]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">‘Yellow Bumble Bee’</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA6EB5C9BB3318D0E31FD48" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA6EB5F9BB3318D0FEAF808" blockId="9.[160,1168,1153,1785]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9BB3318D0D9FFAA8" author="Franklin, H. J." box="[208,387,1153,1177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="177 - 486" refId="ref9455" refString="Franklin, H. J. 1912. The Bombidae of the New World. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 38 (3 - 4): 177 - 486." type="journal article" year="1912">Franklin (1912)</bibRefCitation>
reported
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F9A9A318E0E73FAA8" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[505,623,1153,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9A9A318E0E15FAA8" box="[505,521,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F997B318D0E73FAA8" box="[536,623,1153,1177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as absent throughout “the greater part of
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA6EB5F9F0B318E0CE8FA88" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
”, but, lacking deposited specimens, its presence could not be confirmed by
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9BC331CD0DC1FAE8" author="Chandler, L. &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr." box="[160,477,1217,1241]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="46 - 53" refId="ref8888" refString="Chandler, L., &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr. 1965. The bumble bees of Arkansas (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombinae). Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 19: 46 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Chandler &amp; McCoy (1965)</bibRefCitation>
. Although
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F990F31CE0EFFFAE8" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[620,739,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F990F31CE0E60FAE8" box="[620,636,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F99EF31CD0EFFFAE8" box="[652,739,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has intermittently been reported in the state (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9A7231ED0DA7FAC8" author="Franklin, H. J." box="[273,443,1249,1273]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="177 - 486" refId="ref9455" refString="Franklin, H. J. 1912. The Bombidae of the New World. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 38 (3 - 4): 177 - 486." type="journal article" year="1912">Franklin, 1912</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9AA531ED0E6AFAC8" author="Warriner, M. D." box="[454,630,1249,1273]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="43 - 50" refId="ref10712" refString="Warriner, M. D. 2011. Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of remnant grasslands in Arkansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 84 (1): 43 - 50." type="journal article" year="2011">Warriner, 2011</bibRefCitation>
), and niche modeling suggests that the northwestern portion of the state could be marginally suitable for the species (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9F69300D0D1EFB08" author="Williams, P. H. &amp; R. W. Thorp &amp; L. L. Richardson &amp; S. R. Colla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10861" refString="Williams, P. H., R. W. Thorp, L. L. Richardson, &amp; S. R. Colla. 2014. Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press; Princeton, NJ; 208 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Williams
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9F1E300E0CAFFB08" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
), its presence here is dubious. A recent survey of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F983C302D0FA9FB08" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[863,949,1313,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F983C302D0FA9FB08" box="[863,949,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bombus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in remnant grasslands throughout the state reported
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F992B304E0EA0FB68" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[584,700,1345,1369]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F992B304E0E44FB68" box="[584,600,1346,1369]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9906304D0EA0FB68" box="[613,700,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Boone and Franklin Counties in 2003 (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9BCB306D0D45FB48" author="Warriner, M. D." box="[168,345,1377,1401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="43 - 50" refId="ref10712" refString="Warriner, M. D. 2011. Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of remnant grasslands in Arkansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 84 (1): 43 - 50." type="journal article" year="2011">Warriner, 2011</bibRefCitation>
), the first such sightings since it was reported 90 years prior (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9F47306D0CC6FBA8" author="Franklin, H. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="177 - 486" refId="ref9455" refString="Franklin, H. J. 1912. The Bombidae of the New World. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 38 (3 - 4): 177 - 486." type="journal article" year="1912">Franklin, 1912</bibRefCitation>
). The Boone County specimen was the only state record of this species with a deposited voucher specimen. Another historical specimen identified as
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F989D30AE0868FB88" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[1022,1140,1441,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F989D30AE0812FB88" box="[1022,1038,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9F7E30AD0868FB88" box="[1053,1140,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is among the specimens in the UAAM collection: a male collected
<date id="B66CEE93FFA6EB5F98EE30CD085DFBE8" box="[909,1089,1473,1497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1963-10-01">
October 1,
<quantity id="052A65B6FFA6EB5F9F6F30CD085DFBE8" box="[1036,1089,1473,1497]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.98602" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="1963.0">1963</quantity>
</date>
in Columbia County in the southern extreme of the state. These
<specimenCount id="D4D403DAFFA6EB5F980730EE0808FBC8" box="[868,1044,1505,1529]" count="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
deposited in the UAAM collection as
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F9A87330E0E46F828" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[484,602,1537,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9A87330E0DE8F828" box="[484,500,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9960330D0E46F828" box="[515,602,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were both males, yet investigations of genitalic characters by the authors revealed that they are actually
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F985A332E0FF3F808" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[825,1007,1569,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F985A332E0F55F808" box="[825,841,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9834332D0FF3F808" box="[855,1007,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA6EB5C9BB3334D088BFD28" blockId="9.[160,1168,1153,1785]" lastBlockId="10.[160,1175,225,889]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Males of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F9A20334E0DA7F868" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[323,443,1601,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9A20334E0D4FF868" box="[323,339,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9A07334D0DA7F868" box="[356,443,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
superficially resemble some of the variants of male
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F9F5C334E0D0DF848" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9F5C334E0853F868" box="[1087,1103,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9F02334E0D0DF848" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the two species can be difficult to distinguish (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F98FE336D0857F848" author="Mitchell, T. B." box="[925,1099,1633,1657]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10149" refString="Mitchell, T. B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United States [Volume 2]. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station [Technical Bulletin 152]; Raleigh, NC; 557 pp." type="book" year="1962">Mitchell, 1962</bibRefCitation>
). Although
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9B9D338D0DB3F8A8" author="Mitchell, T. B." box="[254,431,1665,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10149" refString="Mitchell, T. B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United States [Volume 2]. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station [Technical Bulletin 152]; Raleigh, NC; 557 pp." type="book" year="1962">Mitchell (1962)</bibRefCitation>
suggests a number of external characters that can be helpful,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F9BC333AE0D49F888" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[160,341,1697,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9BC333AE0CACF888" box="[160,176,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9BDE33AD0D49F888" box="[189,341,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F9AF333AE0E18F888" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[400,516,1697,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9AF333AE0DBCF888" box="[400,416,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F9ACE33AD0E18F888" box="[429,516,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males can only be reliably distinguished by comparing their genitalia. The most obvious difference is in the penis valves (
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F98B033CE080CF8E8" box="[979,1040,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9F7A33CD0CC4F8C8" author="Michener, C. D." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10107" refString="Michener, C. D. 2007. The Bees of the World [2 nd Edition]. John Hopkins University Press; Baltimore, MD; xvi + [i] + 953 pp., + 20 pls." type="book" year="2007">Michener, 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA6EB5F9B8633ED0D93F8C8" author="Mitchell, T. B." box="[229,399,1761,1785]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10149" refString="Mitchell, T. B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United States [Volume 2]. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station [Technical Bulletin 152]; Raleigh, NC; 557 pp." type="book" year="1962">Mitchell, 1962</bibRefCitation>
). The enlarged apices of the penis valves of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA6EB5F98C833EE087FF8C8" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[939,1123,1761,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F98C833EE0FA7F8C8" box="[939,955,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA6EB5F98A833ED087FF8C8" box="[971,1123,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are long and slender, while the apices of those of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C99AA35EE0F5CFEC8" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[713,832,225,249]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C99AA35EE0EC5FEC8" box="[713,729,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C998A35ED0F5CFEC8" box="[745,832,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more truncate, with the breadth and width about equal. Additionally, the interior process of the gonostylus of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9BC3342E0D4BFF08" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[160,343,289,313]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9BC3342E0CACFF08" box="[160,176,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9BDC342D0D4BFF08" box="[191,343,289,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is flattened and broad, unlike that of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C987B342E0F92FF08" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[792,910,289,313]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C987B342E0F34FF08" box="[792,808,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9854342D0F92FF08" box="[823,910,289,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98C6342D0846FF08" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[933,1114,289,313]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98C6342D0846FF08" box="[933,1114,289,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bombus fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not observed in 2011–2013 standardized surveys that we conducted throughout the northwestern portion of
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C9AAA346D0E26FF48" box="[457,570,353,377]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
, despite intensive sampling each season (number of observations = 1693). The North American distribution of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9817348E0FF5FFA8" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[884,1001,385,409]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9817348E0F98FFA8" box="[884,900,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98F1348D0FF5FFA8" box="[914,1001,385,409]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be primarily western and northeastern (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C993B34AD0F06FF88" author="Koch, J. &amp; J. Strange &amp; P. H. Williams" box="[600,794,417,441]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref9961" refString="Koch, J., J. Strange, &amp; P. H. Williams. 2012. Bumble Bees of the Western United States. USDA Forest Service and the Pollinator Partnership; Washington, D. C.; 143 pp." type="book" year="2012">
Koch
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C99FD34AE0ED0FF88" box="[670,716,417,441]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C984534AD0809FF88" author="Williams, P. H. &amp; R. W. Thorp &amp; L. L. Richardson &amp; S. R. Colla" box="[806,1045,417,441]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref10861" refString="Williams, P. H., R. W. Thorp, L. L. Richardson, &amp; S. R. Colla. 2014. Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press; Princeton, NJ; 208 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Williams
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98F434AE0FD9FF88" box="[919,965,417,441]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). To date, there are no deposited specimens of
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C993834CE0ECEFFE8" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[603,722,449,473]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C993834CE0E77FFE8" box="[603,619,450,473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C991834CD0ECEFFE8" box="[635,722,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C980F34CD0FC2FFE8" box="[876,990,449,473]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
. Although we cannot discount its occasional presence in
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C99F034ED0F18FFC8" box="[659,772,481,505]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
, it seems more likely that records of this species in
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C9A0D370D0DC1FC28" box="[366,477,513,537]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
are based on misidentifications of males, rather than true occurrences. The
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C9A16372D0DFFFC08" box="[373,483,545,569]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
Natural Heritage Commission lists
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98EF372E081DFC08" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[908,1025,545,569]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervidus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98EF372E0F80FC08" box="[908,924,546,569]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98C9372D081DFC08" box="[938,1025,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fervidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a species of concern within the state, with a ranking of S1, an “extremely rare” species at risk of statewide extirpation, known from Boone and Franklin Counties (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C98F6376D0836FC48" author="ARNC &amp; Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission" box="[917,1066,609,633]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref8594" refString="ARNC [Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission]. 2014. Research &amp; Data on Endangered Species in Arkansas. [http: // www. naturalheritage. com / research-data. aspx; last accessed March, 2015]." type="url" year="2014">ARNC, 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Investing in the conservation of species that are not true residents of an area, such as vagrants or marginal species (
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9AFB37AE0DACFC88" box="[408,432,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">i.e</emphasis>
., ones that occasionally occur in an area at the extreme of the species’ range margin) is an inefficient approach to conservation that squanders scarce resources (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C9A7C37ED0E45FCC8" author="Rodrigues, A. S. &amp; K. J. Gaston" box="[287,601,737,761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="674 - 682" refId="ref10342" refString="Rodrigues, A. S., &amp; K. J. Gaston. 2002. Rarity and conservation planning across geopolitical units. Conservation Biology 16 (3): 674 - 682." type="journal article" year="2002">Rodrigues &amp; Gaston, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Because there are no vouchered specimens of this species collected in
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C9AD2360D0E3DFD28" box="[433,545,769,793]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
, we recommend that this state ranking be re-assessed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB3362D0E84FD0B" blockId="10.[160,1175,225,889]" box="[208,664,801,826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
GLOSSA LENGTH: Long (6.50 ±
<quantity id="052A65B6FFA5EB5C9947362D0E90FD0B" box="[548,652,801,826]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="0.74">0.74 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB3364E0E92FD68" blockId="10.[160,1175,225,889]" box="[208,654,833,858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ADULT ACTIVE PERIOD: Not in the state.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB3366E0E31FD48" blockId="10.[160,1175,225,889]" box="[208,557,865,889]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PREFERRED PLANTS: Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>