From c4935ce6c2282d5ad5fda19f115dad4c52094004 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 12:38:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-01-17 12:32:51 --- .../87/03A1879DFFD0FFE95E7FF664FEA6A618.xml | 347 ++++----- .../48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAD3F8DF.xml | 111 +++ .../48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAE5F9FF.xml | 65 -- .../48/1F02481C414BFFCCFF45F987FAD3F8DF.xml | 87 --- .../87/506287BEFF90FFE5FE2BFE966A27932C.xml | 139 ++-- .../87/506287BEFF92FFDBFE68FDCA6AED908C.xml | 212 +++--- .../87/506287BEFF94FFE1FE38FEED6D6E9524.xml | 206 +++--- .../87/506287BEFF95FFE3FD96FAEB6C86904B.xml | 184 +++-- .../87/506287BEFF96FFE6FDDDFBCF6CB296E8.xml | 210 +++--- .../87/506287BEFFA5FFD3FE0EFE966D8C96E8.xml | 141 ++-- .../87/506287BEFFA8FFDDFEBEFBE06D5496E8.xml | 666 +++++------------- .../87/506287BEFFACFFD9FE36FE2B6C809536.xml | 163 +++-- .../87/506287BEFFAEFFDFFDCDFBC16A709556.xml | 172 ++--- 13 files changed, 1203 insertions(+), 1500 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAD3F8DF.xml delete mode 100644 data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAE5F9FF.xml delete mode 100644 data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFF45F987FAD3F8DF.xml diff --git a/data/03/A1/87/03A1879DFFD0FFE95E7FF664FEA6A618.xml b/data/03/A1/87/03A1879DFFD0FFE95E7FF664FEA6A618.xml index 8662c59d47b..5167390603c 100644 --- a/data/03/A1/87/03A1879DFFD0FFE95E7FF664FEA6A618.xml +++ b/data/03/A1/87/03A1879DFFD0FFE95E7FF664FEA6A618.xml @@ -1,84 +1,92 @@ - - - -Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana + + + +Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana - - -Author + + +Author -Bakker, R. T. -Geology Section, University Museum, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 +Bakker, R. T. +Geology Section, University Museum, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 - - -Author + + +Author -Williams, M. -Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, University Circle, Wade Oval, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 +Williams, M. +Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, University Circle, Wade Oval, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 - - -Author + + +Author -Currie, P. J. -Tvrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta TO] 0 Y 0 +Currie, P. J. +Tvrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta TO] 0 Y 0 -text - - -Hunteria +text + + +Hunteria - -1988 - -1 + +1988 + +1988-08-15 - -5 + +1 - -1 -30 + +5 + + +1 +30 -journal article -10.5281/zenodo.1037529 -53232463-edc9-496f-b9bf-12e4bc93871a -1037529 +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.1037529 +53232463-edc9-496f-b9bf-12e4bc93871a +1037529 -Nanotyrannus +Nanotyrannus , genus novum - + Type species — - + - + Gorgosaurus lancensis -Gilmore, 1946 +Gilmore, 1946 + + + + - -( - -Albertosaurus lancensis -in -Russell 1970 +( + + +Albertosaurus +lancensis + - +in +Russell 1970 ). @@ -92,7 +100,7 @@ Type Referred specimen — -DMNH +DMNH uncatalogued, three teeth broken off at the crown-root junction, found by D. Reinheimer in 1924, in the Lancian beds of Corson County, South Dakota, accompanied by five juvenile Tyrannosaurus @@ -104,13 +112,13 @@ teeth, also broken off at the crown-root junction. Diagnosis ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). Differs from all other tyrannosaurids in having the following derived features: muzzle width greatly constricted to only one fourth the width of the temporal region; extraordinarily wide basicranium between basitubera and basipterygoid processes; two large pneumatic foramina, placed one behind the other, near the midline of the basisphenoid. Differs from Daspletosaurus , Gorgosaurus and - + Alioramus and agrees with @@ -120,7 +128,7 @@ and Tarbosaurus spp. in having the derived features of a marked expansion of the width across the temple, relative to the skull length, and basitubera that are displaced forward towards the basipterygoid processes. Differs from all other tyrannosaurids, except -Alioramus +Alioramus , in retaining the primitive characters of a long, low snout and maxillary teeth that are strongly compressed side-to-side. Differs from all other tyrannosaurids in lacking strong ridges and striae along the dorsal surface of the nasal. Differs from @@ -164,7 +172,7 @@ and by the duckbills Lambeosaurus and Prosaurolophus. The Horseshoe Canyon Age is characterized by the ceratopsian -Anch- +Anch- ceratops and the hadrosaurs Saurolophus @@ -177,7 +185,7 @@ as a Gorgosaurus would give this genus a time range spanning all three faunal ages. No other genus of large dinosaur lasts from the Judithan through the Lancian. - + Figure 1 — @@ -186,7 +194,7 @@ would give this genus a time range spanning all three faunal ages. No other genu , the Cleveland Pygmy Tyrannosaur, shown in scale with an adult - + Tyrannosaurus rex and with the largest @@ -201,7 +209,7 @@ of Gorgosaurus -stembergi +stembergi , @@ -216,7 +224,7 @@ size of The most recent review of the tyrannosaurids in North America is that by -Russell (1970) +Russell (1970) , who recognizes two primitive genera, the gracile Albertosaurus and more robust @@ -234,7 +242,7 @@ Lambe 1916 belong within Albertosaurus -Osborn 1905 +Osborn 1905 ; @@ -251,14 +259,14 @@ youngest sample, that of the Horseshoe Canyon. Finally, in the latest sample, fr identified two genera — a small species which he called - + Albertosaurus lancensis -Gilmore 1946 +Gilmore 1946 , and the very large - + Tyrannosaurus rex, Osborn 1903 @@ -267,7 +275,7 @@ rex, Osborn 1903 the time range of Judithan through Lancian, and this anomalously great generic longevity remained unexplained. The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation has yielded two types of tyrannosaurid — Tarbosaurus -Maleev 1955 +Maleev 1955 , intermediate in structure between @@ -279,15 +287,15 @@ and , and - + Alioramus -Kurzanov 1976 +Kurzanov 1976 , a strange genus with a long snout ornamented with curious excrescences. - + Figure 2— Branching diagram of the tyrannosaurids and fheir close allies, with lateral views of the skulls shown in correct stratigraphic sequence. Nodes and the derived characters that define them: 1) Neotheropoda (Late Jurassic- Latest Cretaceous) — premaxillary tooth crowns strongly assymmetrical, with inner (lingual) face @@ -322,14 +330,14 @@ of the skull, as seen in side view; supraoccipital ' wedge with two tabs of bone wings very tall above the supraoccipital; large oval foramen in jugal. 12) Nanotyrannus (Latest Cretaceous, -Lanciat +Lanciat Faunal Age) —very wide basicranial boxwork with flat ventral floor; verv wide frontal-orbital region with very narrow snout; parietal wing of occiput with sharp angle between dorsal and lateral edges. 13) Rough-snouted tyrannosaurids (Late Cretaceous) — dorsal surface of nasals very rough, with irregular longitucinal striae and ridges. 14) Daspletosaurus -torosus +torosus (Late Cretaceous, Judithan Faunal Age) — snout and mandible short front-toback and deep; teeth large and reduced in number; lachrimal horn developed into blunt triangular apex. 15) Tyrannosaurids with anterior pneumatic foramina in basicranial boxwork (Late Cretaceous). 16) Ahoramus (Late Cretaceous, Nemegt Fauna) — multiple oval hornlets on nasals. 17) Massive snouted tyrannosaurids with anterior basicranial foramina (Late Cretaceous) — snouts and mandibles short and deep; tooth count reduced. 18) New genus and species from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation Late Cretaceous) — orbit closed off from below by prong of postorbital. 19) Tyrannosaurids with large anterior foramina. 20) @@ -376,17 +384,17 @@ and are confident that at least two species can be diagnosed ( -Fig. 11 +Fig. 11 ). In the Judith River sample there is a gorgosaur, represented by FMNH 308, with relatively small teeth and a high tooth count (15 in the maxilla). In addition, there is a Judith River gorgosaur, represented by USNM 12814 and AMNH 5336, with relatively large teeth and a low tooth count (13 in the maxilla' Both of these categories have robust cranial bones and occipital condyles that are depressed top-to-bottom, suggesting that move ment of the head on the neck was concentrated in a horizontal plane. Several additional Judithan gorgosaur specimens, such as ROM 1247 and AMNH 5664, have unusually delicate braincases and occipital condyles that are spherical and not depressed. -Russell (1970) +Russell (1970) identified these delicate gorgosaurs as juveniles of the robust species but they may, in fact, represent a distinct species, - + Gorgosaurus stembergi -Matthew and Brown 1922 +Matthew and Brown 1922 . Unfortunately the type specimen of @@ -408,7 +416,7 @@ nearly complete skull and much of the postcranium from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. This skull shows a mixture of features seen separately in -Alioramus +Alioramus , Gorgosaurus @@ -421,7 +429,7 @@ and much of the postcranium from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. This skull show Figure 3— Front and occipital views of the type of N - + anotyrannus lancensis @@ -450,7 +458,7 @@ The most outstanding feature of is the enormous lateral expansions of the basicranial boxwork, relative to the length of the skull ( - + Fig . 3-5 @@ -460,7 +468,7 @@ of the basicranial boxwork, relative to the length of the skull ( , the width across the basitubera is only about 8% of the skull length (USNM 4735; -Fig. 4; +Fig. 4; Table 1 ). In daspletosaurs and in most gorgosaurs the basituberal width reaches 12% to nearly 15% of the skull length. In @@ -512,15 +520,15 @@ that the muscle attachment was fleshy rather than tendinous. In primitive theropods and most tyrannosaurs, the ventral surface of the basisphenoid is excavated by a huge central cavity (cav. in Fig. 5 ) bounded by the basipterygoidal web in front, the basituberal web behind, and the basicranial boxwork walls on either side. Foramina of various sorts penetrate the ceiling of this cavity. In primitive theropods the cavity is very deep and a pair of tiny vascular foramina penetrate the anterior part of the cavity, just anterior to the basituberal web, a condition retained in allosaurids, dromaeosaurids and acrocanthosaurs ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 , -9 +9 ). Among tyrannosaurids this primitive state is known only in Daspletosaurus ( -Fig. 8 +Fig. 8 ). In the long-snouted Mongolian tyrannosaurid - + Alioramus and in the new genus of tyrannosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon the paired foramina are displaced forward but are still relatively small. In gorgosaurs the foramina are anterior in position and greatly enlarged. These enlarged foramina lead to a complex sytstem of pneumatic spaces within the braincase. In @@ -528,9 +536,9 @@ and in the new genus of tyrannosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon the paired foram and Tyrannosaurus the foramina are still larger than those in gorgosaurs ( -Fig. 4-6 +Fig. 4-6 , -11 +11 ). Nanotyrannus @@ -538,7 +546,7 @@ the foramina are still larger than those in gorgosaurs ( has a unique foraminal pattern — there is one large foramen anteriorly almost on the ventral midline of the basisphenoid and a second large foramen, with an irregular outline, off-center further posteriorly in front of the basituberal web ( Fig. 3 , -4 +4 ). Preparation of the matrix filling the foramina is not yet complete, but one or both almost certainly lead inward to the pneumatic spaces. It is not obvious how the Nanotyrannus system could evolve from the gorgosaur pattern of bilaterally symmetrical and paired foramina. It is quite possible that the pneumatic system of @@ -559,13 +567,12 @@ evolved independently from the gorgosauralbertosaur-Tyrannosaurus clade. Skull L = -premax- -quadrate +premaxquadrate Skull length occ con-premax Bastub W BastubW/ skull L -Quadrato- jugal W (QQ) +Quadrato-jugal W (QQ) QQ/skull L Snout W @@ -578,7 +585,7 @@ mid-length -Nanotyrannus lancensis +Nanotyrannus lancensis CMNH 7541 572 @@ -614,7 +621,7 @@ libratus NMC 2120 - + Gorgosaurus stembergi AMNH 5664 @@ -700,7 +707,7 @@ sp. ROM 1247 -Daspletosaurus torosus +Daspletosaurus torosus NMC 8506 1,040 @@ -716,7 +723,7 @@ NMC 8506 - + Tyrannosaurus rex @@ -734,7 +741,7 @@ AMNH 5027 - + Tyrannosaurus rex @@ -752,7 +759,7 @@ l,300 - + Tyrannosaurus rex @@ -769,7 +776,7 @@ LACM 23844 Most Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaur families show trends for increasingly complex pneumatization of the braincase ( -Currie, 1985; Bakker, Currie, and Williams, in press +Currie, 1985; Bakker, Currie, and Williams, in press ). The functional significance of large pneumatopores is not simply to “lighten the skull” because hollow bones have evolved in some birds without the development of large pneumatic foramina. Furthermore, all modern crocodilians have skulls full of pneumatic spaces and yet the pneumatic foramina opening to the outer skull bones are all very small. Clearly large pneumatopores are not necessary for the development of thin-walled, hollow bones. The relatively huge foramina in Nanotyrannus @@ -791,10 +798,10 @@ Acinonyx jubatus ), incur great exercise heat loads in their heads during running or subduing struggling prey (Taylor et al., 1973). A relatively small brain, such as that possessed by tyrannosaurs, could reach lethal temperature more rapidly than a large brain. It may be the air from the throat was circulated up into the basicranium in tyrannosaurs, and the air was cooled before entry by evaporation along the walls of the mouth. Alternatively, the large foramina may be part of adaptations for increasing the sensitivity of the ears to certain frequencies ( -Currie, 1985 +Currie, 1985 ). These explanations are not mutually exclusive, and both cooling and auditory functions may be part of the adaptive design in tyrannosaurs. - + Figure 4 @@ -821,9 +828,9 @@ transverse web of bone between basipterygoid process or basisphenoid processes, In primitive theropods and in gorgosaurs the ceiling of the central basisphenoidal cavity is very tall and the cavity is very deep top-to-bottom. The cavity remains very deep in daspletosaurs and gorgosaurs, and in gorgosaurs the large pneumatic foramina face mostly inwards from their location on the steep inner surfaces of the boxwork walls ( -Fig. 4-6 +Fig. 4-6 , -8 +8 ). @@ -831,8 +838,7 @@ In primitive theropods and in gorgosaurs the ceiling of the central basisphenoid Figure 5 — -Posterior -and +Posterior and ventral views of the braincase of a @@ -869,9 +875,9 @@ and, to a lesser extent, in Nanotyrannus as well there are very large pneumatic chambers above the basisphenoidal floor, filling in the space that is occupied by the primitive open cavity in gorgosaurs ( -Fig. 3-6 +Fig. 3-6 , -9 +9 ). @@ -900,14 +906,14 @@ and daspletosaurs, again agreeing with ( Fig. 6 , -9 +9 ). Clearly the head was flexed far more sharply downwards in Nanotyrannus and -Tyrannosaurus +Tyrannosaurus than in more primitive tyrannosaurids. The type and paratype specimens of @@ -919,9 +925,7 @@ are badly broken but, as far as is known, approaches - -Tyrannosaurus - +Tyrannosaurus in these adaptations for head-neck flexure and is distinctly more advanced than Gorgosaurus @@ -941,11 +945,11 @@ and The orientation of the basitubera must change to maintain leverage when there is an evolutionary increase in the flexure at the head-neck joint. In an animal that frequently holds its head out straight, in line with the cervical vertebrae, such as a modern crocodilian, the basitubera must project directly downwards to maximize the leverage of the longus colli pull ing directly backwards ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 , 10 ). But, in an animal carrying its head flexed at nearly a right angle to the neck, such as an ostrich, the basitubera must be displaced forward along the basicranium to achieve the same leverage. With the head flexed at a right angle to the neck, the basitubera need not project downwards at all, because leverage of the longus colli is controlled entirely by the distance from the center of rotation of the condyle to the floor of the braincase at the base of the basitubera. In primitive tyrannosaurs, such as the gracile gorgosaurs, the basitubera are located far aft, beneath the occipital condyle, and project strongly downward ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 , 10 ). But in @@ -964,7 +968,7 @@ The occipital condyle, as seen from behind, is triangular, with rounded comers, , and resembles that of gracile gorgosaurs rather than the dorsal-ventrally depressed condyle of - + Tyrannosaurus rex @@ -975,7 +979,7 @@ and some robust gorgosaurs ( , 6 , -9 +9 ). The triangular shape suggests that side-to-side movement was more extensive when the head was extended in line with the neck than when it was sharply flexed downwards. @@ -1000,7 +1004,7 @@ and found in all genera of the family ( , 6 , -9 +9 ). The supraoccipital wedge received the insertion of the short rectus capitis (= rectus capitis posterior of human anatomy) running forward from the top of the axis neural spine; the two caps probably received two tendons of that muscle. Above and either side of the tandem caps in @@ -1023,7 +1027,7 @@ the outer corners of the parietal wings are rounded in contour and are ornamente the dorsal margin of the parietal wing meets the lateral margin at a sharply defined angle and the rugosities are poorly expressed, indicating a less tendinous attachment here. Right and left parietal wings meet above the supraoccipital wedge at the dorsal occipital midline and the bone here is thickened and striated in a vertical direction, indicating the attachment of a thick tendinous sheet that must have separated the right and left halves of the spinalis capitis-rectus capitis bundles. - + Figure 7 -—Sagittal sections through the posterior parts of the skulls in tyrannosaurs to show the arrangement of the braincase. @@ -1059,7 +1063,7 @@ In the width of the superior temporal fenestrae and of the entire temporal region is greatly expanded relative to the snout ( Fig. 3 , -11 +11 ). The breadth between the jaw joints, measured between quadratojugals, is 57% of the skull length; the breadth of the snout at the midpoint of the main antorbital fenestra is only 13% of the skull length, so that the quadratojugal width/snout width ratio is 4.3 ( Table 1 ). In the best preserved @@ -1083,11 +1087,11 @@ The seven best Judithan Age gorgosaur specimens are distorted in various directi Nanotyrannus ( -Fig. 11 +Fig. 11 , Table 1 ). All the available evidence indicates that dorsal-ventral compression, suffered by a theropod skull during the processes of burial and sediment compaction, does not expand the skull width at the rear. The type of - + Gorgosaurus stembergi @@ -1106,11 +1110,11 @@ and The type of -Daspletosaurus torosus +Daspletosaurus torosus , NMC 8506, is preserved with no visible distortion (Russell, pers. comm. 1988); the muzzle is wider than that of gorgosaurs, and the temporal region is expanded only slightly relative to muzzle breadth. In the gracile gorgosaur skull ROM 1247, moderate side-to-side compression has reduced the quadratojugal breadth to 26% of skull length; in life the ratio was probably about 37%. The robust, smalltoothed gorgosaur skull FMNH 308 was chosen by -Russell (1970) +Russell (1970) to illustrate the structure of common Judithan species G. limbatus, but this specimen is severely distorted side-toside, with the quadratojugal breadth only 25% of the skull length; in life the ratio was probably similar to that of ROM 1247. The robust, big-toothed gorgosaur skull AMNH 5458 (the specimen mounted in a running pose in the public gallery of the American Museum) shows a little evidence of modest lateral distortion and has a quadratojugal width 33% of skull length. @@ -1128,7 +1132,7 @@ skulls, AMNH 5027, LACM 23844, and Tyrrell Museum P 81.6, are undistorted or show slight to very slight dorsal-ventral compression and very slight front-to-back shear. Surely the natural shape of the skull will determine the pattern of postmortem distortion — after death, skulls that are relatively tall and narrow will tend to fall on their sides and be so buried, whereas skulls that are wide will tend to rest right-side-up on the substrate. - + Figure 8 @@ -1137,7 +1141,7 @@ Ventral view of the basicranium of the type of Daspletosaurus -torosus +torosus . Note the presence of a pair of small, anterior foramina within the central cavity. @@ -1184,14 +1188,14 @@ of visual field overlap lies in a plane that is tilted upwards and forwards rela the upward orientation of the orbits is less marked, and, because the muzzle is extremely constricted, a wide arc of overlap is possible in a plane almost parallel to the muzzle. - + Figure 9—Posterior-ventral views of the braincase in Tyrannosaurus - + rex and @@ -1199,8 +1203,11 @@ and Tarbosaurus (after + Maleev -, 1974). Note the great breadth between the basitubera. +, 1974 + +). Note the great breadth between the basitubera. @@ -1215,7 +1222,7 @@ agree with those of in being oriented nearly directly outwards and having much less of a backward orientation than that seen in gorgosaurs and daspletosaurs ( Fig. 3 , -11 +11 ). The area for muscle attachment in the superior temporal fossa is very great in Nanotyrannus @@ -1272,19 +1279,19 @@ and the other genera of the family. The postorbital bar in as in tyrannosaurids generally, is very wide front-to-back with a firm, interdigitating suture between postorbital and jugal ( Fig. 3 , -11 +11 ). The postorbital bar in all Jurassic theropods is much narrower. The postorbital bar in the troödont -Saurornithoides +Saurornithoides is very similar to that of Nanotyrannus and the other tyrannosaurids ( -Barsbold, 1974 +Barsbold, 1974 ). Although the tyrannosaurid post' orbital bar is very wide, it is thin side-to-side and some bowing or twisting is possible about the postorbitabjugal sutural zone. Below the posterior-ventral edge of the orbit in Nanotyrannus , the jugal bears a Slight swelling with a lightly striated surface, indicating the presence in life of a low dermal horn. A horn in this location is present in allosaurs and most Cretaceous theropods of large size but appears to be absent in ceratosaurs and primitive theropods of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, such as Coelophysis and Syntarsus. - + Figure @@ -1292,12 +1299,12 @@ and the other tyrannosaurids ( Lateral, dorsal and ventral outlines of the skulls of tyrannosaurs drawn to the same length, except for -Alioramus +Alioramus . Deinonychid drawn to the same height as -Alioramus +Alioramus , @@ -1306,7 +1313,7 @@ Deinonychid drawn to the same height as and G . -stembergi +stembergi . Jurassic theropods — allosaurs and ceratosaur — drawn to a constant skull depth. The tarbosaur skull is labeled to show the features that distinguish an advanced tyrannosaur from a Jurassic allosaur. @@ -1316,9 +1323,9 @@ skull is labeled to show the features that distinguish an advanced tyrannosaur f Orbit and Muzzle. The lachrimal in Nanotyrannus was restored in plaster with a pre-orbital horn of a most unusual configuration ( -Plate 1-3 +Plate 1-3 ) — in side view, the horn has an evenly rounded, convex-up profile. When the plaster was removed, the dorsal surface of the lachrimal was seen to lack any clearcut horn-like growth, although further preparation is necessary to clean down to the bone. At present, it appears that the dorsal preorbital bar is neither greatly swollen nor highly rugose. Ceratosaurs and allosaurs have erect horns with strong rugosities ( -Fig. 11 +Fig. 11 ). All gorgosaurs and daspletosaurs have lachrimal horns with upper edges that are swollen side-to-side and bear coarse grooves and ridges. All the best preserved gorgosaur skulls — e.g. USNM 12814, AMNH 5336, 5664, FMNH 308 — have horns with apices that are displaced forward. Daspletosaurs and the new, unnamed tyrannosaur from the Horseshoe Canyon have horn apices that rise directly upwards. Tyrannosaurus and @@ -1359,7 +1366,7 @@ bears a depressed, smooth surface that forms the posteriondorsal corner of the a the entire preorbital part of the lachrimal is greatly swollen and the smooth depressed area has disappeared. In most theropods of a ceratosaur grade or higher, there is a pneumatic canal opening near the top of the posteriondorsal depressed area on the lachrimal. Nanotyrannus shows this condition. In - + Tyrannosaurus rex @@ -1367,7 +1374,7 @@ this foramen has become enclosed by swollen lachrimal bone on all sides, a condi Tarbosaurus but to a lesser extreme. - + Figure 12— Tyrannosaurid teeth. Left @@ -1381,9 +1388,9 @@ dentary tooth of indicated by arrows. Single heavy arrow shows termination of serrated keel. Double heavy arrow shows termination of unserrated keel. - + - + Figure 12 @@ -1411,15 +1418,15 @@ displays the weakest development of this character. shows only a set of shallow striae and ridges running fore-to-aft along the dorsal surface of the nasals ( Fig. 3 , -Plate 1-3 +Plate 1-3 ). Gorgosaurs, daspletosaurs, tarbosaurs and Tyrannosaurus show a much heavier ridge-and-furrow ornamentation that in life must have supported a very rough horny skin topography. The long-snouted Mongolian tyrannosaur - + Alioramus displays a grotesque set of oval hornlets on the nasal ( -Fig. 11 +Fig. 11 ). @@ -1432,11 +1439,11 @@ agrees with other tyrannosaurs in having a large external foramen, opening upwar The antorbital fenestrae of Nanotyrannus are very large but very close in pattern to those of the gracile gorgosaurs ( -Fig. 11 +Fig. 11 ). As in all tyrannosaurids, there is a small anterior, accessory fenestra, a character that links tyrannosaurs with dromaeosaurs, troödonts and allosaurs. The snout, in lateral view, is longer and lower in Nanotyrannus than in any other tyrannosaurid except - + Alioramus and approaches the condition seen in dromaeosaurs. @@ -1446,14 +1453,14 @@ and approaches the condition seen in dromaeosaurs. Jaw. In the type of Nanotyrannus the upper edge of the mandible and the lower teeth are hidden by the skull and upper teeth. On the outer surface of the mandible there is a clear line of separation between the dentarv in front and the surangular + angular behind ( -Plate 1 +Plate 1 ). This line of separation shows no evidence of suturing or firm connection whatever, and undoubtedly there was a loosely articulating intramandibular joint as is found in all other tyrannosaurids. The intramandibular joint in tyrannosaurids is constructed very much like that of troödonts, dromaeosaurs, allosaurs and ceratosaurs ( -Fig. 13 +Fig. 13 ): the dentary and splenial enclose a spacious intramandibular cavity, open to the rear; the angular sends a forwardly directed prong into the cavity; the angular prong. - + Figure 13— Construction of the intramandibular joint in a primitive neotheropod, @@ -1464,15 +1471,16 @@ Construction of the intramandibular joint in a primitive neotheropod, has no sutural connection to the inner walls of the intramandibular cavity and can twist and flex in all directions; the anterior edges of the surangular + prearticular have no firm suturing to the posterior edges of the splenial + dentary, so the intramandibular joint can permit a wide range of movement that could expand the gullet or adjust the pitch and position of the mandibular teeth relative to the upper teeth. The podokesaurid theropods of the Triassic and Early Jurassic lack an intramandibular joint and have, instead, a firm suturing of the posterior and anterior mandibular units. The Middle Jurassic megalosaurids probably lacked the joint also, but no complete megalosaurid lower jaw has been recovered. (We restrict the term “megalosaurid” to - + Megalosaurus - -bucklandi, -Poikilopleuron bucklandi - +bucklandi + +, +Poikilopleuron bucklandi + and closely allied species, as argued by -Waldman, 1974 +Waldman, 1974 ). @@ -1480,17 +1488,17 @@ and closely allied species, as argued by Nanotyrannus differs from all other tyrannosaurids, except possibly -Alioramus +Alioramus , in retaining the primitive theropod condition of maxillary teeth that are compressed strongly from side-to-side, very wide front-to back relative to the crown height, and very sharp ( -Fig. 12 +Fig. 12 ). None of the teeth in the type of Nanotyrannus can be seen from the inner surface, but the three loose teeth in the Denver Museum collection seem to match quite closely with those in the middle and anterior sector of the maxilla of the type ( -Fig. 12 +Fig. 12 ). These loose teeth supply most of the information on tooth shape for the genus. In the loose tooth that is from the mid-maxillary row, the keel along the anterior edge reaches almost as far towards the crown base as does the posterior keel. The entire posterior keel is serrated but the basal part of the anterior keel is free of serrations. The anterior keel moves toward the inside of the tooth as the keel passes to the base; the posterior keel moves towards the outside. In the loose tooth that is from the front of the maxillary row, the crown is concave on the inner surface and the anterior keel is displaced further towards the inner edge. The only other Late Cretaceous theropod with maxillary teeth of a form similar to that of Nanotyrannus is the “Jordan theropod” described cy Molnar (19/8), an animal that may be a large dromaeosaur. @@ -1501,12 +1509,12 @@ Gorgosaurs, daspletosaurs, , larbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus all have maxi liar7 teeth with cross sections that are much thicker side-to-sde relative to their length fore-to-aft in the upper part of the crown, and the crowns are much taller relative to the anterior-posterior length ( - + Fig . 12 ). The posterior maxillary teeth of - + Tyrannosaurus rex @@ -1515,7 +1523,7 @@ are very blunt and have an overall shape 1 i ke that of posterior teeth in and Daspletosaurus ; the crown crosssection is thick and nearly symmetrical. Clearly the function of these small teeth was different from that of the tall, strong anterior maxillary teeth — perhaps the posterior teeth were used to crack bones. In most of the other theropods — allosaurs, ceratosaurs, megalosaurs — the posterior maxillary teeth are shorter and blunter in the crown than are the anterior maxillary teeth, although the degree of heterodonty is not so marked as in -T rex +T rex . In Nanotyrannus the posterior maxillary teeth are much sharper and more compressesd sideto-side than those in the same loci in the other tyrannosaurids. @@ -1532,13 +1540,8 @@ indicate that the bite delivered a long, narrow wound; surely this genus could n Nanotyrannus is 15 maxillary and 4 premaxillary, as in - -Gorgosaurus - -stembergi -; - - +Gorgosaurus stembergi +; all other gorgosaurs have 13 maxillary teeth except for FMNH 308 which has 15 maxillary teeth. The high count in the latter specimen strongly suggests that it represents a species distinct from that of USNM 12814 and AMNH 5336. @@ -1553,9 +1556,9 @@ and have a large, massive first maxillary tooth. Incisiform premaxillary teeth with assymmetrical crowns are also present in ceratosaurids, allosaurids, dromaeosaurids (especially in Dromaeosaurus itself) and troödontids but are not developed in the primitive podokesaurs or megalosaurs. In all the theropods equipped with incisiform teeth, the right and left upper toothrows converge together to make a U-shaped symphysis as seen in dorsal or ventral view. Thus the incisor row is arrayed along a broad anterior arcade useful for cropping meat from bones or grooming skin and pelage. The podokesaurs and megalosaurs have V-shaped symphyses where the right and left tooth rows are nearly linear ( -Waldman, 1974 +Waldman, 1974 ). Incisiform teeth in a U-shaped arcade and an intramandibular joint define the Neotheropoda ( -Bakker, 1986 +Bakker, 1986 ). It is only among the tyrannosaurids that the premaxillary teeth become exceptionally crowded and very narrow across the buccal face. @@ -1564,7 +1567,7 @@ The maxillary tooth row is nearly straight in and the teeth are set in the maxilla at right angles to the row, probably the primitive condition for the family. Some gorgosaurs and all daspletosaurs, albertosaurs, tarbosaurs and Tyrannosaurus have tooth rows that are more strongly convex-down, as seen in lateral view, and the anterior maxillary teeth tend to be procumbent ( -Fig. 11 +Fig. 11 ), Procumbent teeth suggest that the bite was delivered as the head and neck lunged forward at the parts of the prey’s body that were gently curved — such as the flank or belly. Procumbent teeth used in this way could bite a chunk of bone and flesh off the rib cage or abdominal wall. The sharp but delicate Nanotyrannus teeth, set vertically in the jaw, would be better designed for biting objects with less gently curved surfaces. @@ -1577,7 +1580,7 @@ ANCESTRY AND EVOLUTION OF In order to determine the primitive state of characters within the tyrannosaurids, we must know what groups are the sister clades of the family ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). Dromaeosaurs differ from Jurassic dinosaurs and agree with tyrannosaurs, ornithomimids, troödontids and acrocanthosaurs and possible oviraptorids in possessing the derived characters of a tall, flat, wide ascending process of the astragulus and a dorsal column that is shortened relative to the pelvis. But dromaeosaurs are more primitive than the other groups in lacking extensive pneumatization of the otic region, and in retaining a primitive paroccipital process that is shallow top-to-bottom at its root. Therefore we take dromaeosaurs as the primitive sister group of the clade tyrannosaurs + troödonts + ornithomimids + oviraptorids + acrocanthosaurs. The four Late Cretaceous families — tyrannosaurs, oviraptorids, troödonts and ornithomimids — all share the derived character of a metatarsus that is more elongated and more compact from side-to-side than in acrocanthosaurs and thus probably comprise a clade with an origin in the early Late Cretaceous. Currie (1986) has shown that ornithomimids and troödonts share unusual basicranial characters and probably are more closely related to each other than either is to tyrannosaurs. From the foregoing analysis, it follows that for tyrannosaurs the most primitive sister group among Cretaceous theropods is the dromaeosaurs. Although troödonts and ornithomimids are closer cladistically to tyrannosaurids than are dromaeosaurs, in jaws and dentition and snout the dromaeosaurs probably are better guides for reconstructing the primitive tyrannosaurid condition. Omithomimids — ostrich dinosaurs — have muzzle and jaws very highly modified as toothless beaks and hence offer little clue to the primitive condition in tyrannosaurs. Troödonts are highly modified in a different direction — the teeth have relatively huge serrations on the trailing edge, unlike the more normal theropod serration pattern seen in tyrannosaurs. Dromaeosaurs show a basic, primitive theropod pattern of compressed, recurved teeth with fine serrations. @@ -1587,7 +1590,7 @@ The teeth of are very similar to those of dromaeosaurs in degree of lateral compression. All other tyrannosaurs, with the possible exception of -Alioramus +Alioramus , have maxillary teeth that are thicker side-to-side, and therefore, on dental evidence alone, @@ -1621,11 +1624,11 @@ The type of Nanotyrannus is the smallest adult tyrannosaurid skull known, only 572 mm long, fully 13% shorter than the types of - + Alioramus and - + Gorgosaurus stembergi (Table 1). And the degree of coossification in the dorsal temporal region in @@ -1633,11 +1636,11 @@ and Nanotyrannus confirms that the type was fully adult, while, on the other hand, the types of - + G. stembergi and - + Alioramus remotus may well be subadult in size. Could @@ -1677,7 +1680,7 @@ and Neoteny is a possible mechanism for producing a delicate adult horn from an ancestral state that was more swollen and more coarsely sculpted. However, the type of -Gorgosaurus stembergi +Gorgosaurus stembergi , although probably far from adult size, already has a swollen and rough-textured lachrimal horn. Lachrimal horns of various shapes have evolved many times independently among large theropods (but, strangely enough, never among theropods with skulls less than 300 mm long) and the primitive state for the Family diff --git a/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAD3F8DF.xml b/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAD3F8DF.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..371124b43d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAD3F8DF.xml @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ + + + +Review of the Oriental lantern-fly genus Egregia Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2011, with a new species from Sumatra (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) + + + +Author + +Constant, Jérôme + +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy + + +2014 + +2014-08-05 + + +92 + + +92 + + +1 +9 + + + +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.92 +ccac3aa8-23c4-4ab2-bcb0-4d32fafdf5d1 +2118-9773 +3836859 +9AD31876-2799-46C1-AEF7-C624FA7C96B7 + + + + + +Genus + +Egregia + +Chew +Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2011 + + + + + + + +Type-species: + +Egregia marpessa +Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2011 + +by original designation. + + + + + + +Identification key to the species of + +Egregia + + + + + + + + +- In lateral view, cephalic process slightly curved postero-dorsally at apex and narrower than eye ( +Fig. 14 +); hind wings with dark purple basal patch covering less than half of surface and prolonged by lines of spots along costal half ( +Figs 9–10 +) ………… + +Egregia brevirostris +( +Lallemand, 1959 +) + + + + + +- In lateral view, cephalic process strongly curved postero-dorsally at apex and broader than eye ( +Fig. 23 +); hind wings with red basal patch covering about half of surface and without additional spots ( +Figs 19–20 +) …………………………………………………………… + +Egregia laprincesse + +sp. nov. + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAE5F9FF.xml b/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAE5F9FF.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 91106cb5139..00000000000 --- a/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFE34FA0AFAE5F9FF.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ - - - -Review of the Oriental lantern-fly genus Egregia Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2011, with a new species from Sumatra (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) - - - -Author - -Constant, Jérôme - -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy - - -2014 - -2014-08-05 - - -92 - - -1 -9 - - - -journal article -21979 -10.5852/ejt.2014.92 -ccac3aa8-23c4-4ab2-bcb0-4d32fafdf5d1 -2118-9773 -3836859 -9AD31876-2799-46C1-AEF7-C624FA7C96B7 - - - - - -Genus - -Egregia - -Chew -Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2011 - - - - - - - -Type-species: - -Egregia marpessa -Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2011 - -by original designation. - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFF45F987FAD3F8DF.xml b/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFF45F987FAD3F8DF.xml deleted file mode 100644 index cdd1778775b..00000000000 --- a/data/1F/02/48/1F02481C414BFFCCFF45F987FAD3F8DF.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,87 +0,0 @@ - - - -Review of the Oriental lantern-fly genus Egregia Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2011, with a new species from Sumatra (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) - - - -Author - -Constant, Jérôme - -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy - - -2014 - -2014-08-05 - - -92 - - -1 -9 - - - -journal article -21979 -10.5852/ejt.2014.92 -ccac3aa8-23c4-4ab2-bcb0-4d32fafdf5d1 -2118-9773 -3836859 -9AD31876-2799-46C1-AEF7-C624FA7C96B7 - - - - - - -Identification key to the species of - -Egregia - - - - - - - - - - -- In lateral view, cephalic process slightly curved postero-dorsally at apex and narrower than eye ( -Fig. 14 -); hind wings with dark purple basal patch covering less than half of surface and prolonged by lines of spots along costal half ( -Figs 9–10 -) ………… - -Egregia brevirostris -( -Lallemand, 1959 -) - - - - - -- In lateral view, cephalic process strongly curved postero-dorsally at apex and broader than eye ( -Fig. 23 -); hind wings with red basal patch covering about half of surface and without additional spots ( -Figs 19–20 -) …………………………………………………………… - -Egregia laprincesse - -sp. nov. - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF90FFE5FE2BFE966A27932C.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF90FFE5FE2BFE966A27932C.xml index 89753107e45..021ccfcdcbd 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF90FFE5FE2BFE966A27932C.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF90FFE5FE2BFE966A27932C.xml @@ -1,85 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - + Eryphanis zolvizora chachapoya Blandin @@ -765,12 +772,12 @@ are given in Appendix 2. Among them, a male in MJP, labelled “Rio Perené (Jun of E. z. -opimus +opimus from Chanchamayo (in ZMHB) has the HW projection as well developed as in E. z. chachapoya ssp. nov. (estimated value of -P index +P index : 5.8). The inner projection of the distal white stripe on VFW is well developed. The ring of the VHW costal ocellus is whitish and contrasts strongly with the brown median area, and the diameter of the Cu1-Cu2 VHW ocellus is 10.5 mm . These features are comparable with @@ -841,16 +848,16 @@ The FWL varies from . Diagnostic characters correspond to those of the males ( Fig. 7B ). The violet iridescence is limited but bright. The underside is lighter than in males. The dorsal branches of the sterigma inner projections are generally shorter than in - + E. z. zolvizora and E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi , and they are more separated from the internal side of the arch; nevertheless, there are individual variations, and one specimen has the sterigma similar to that of - + E. z. zolvizora specimens ( @@ -886,7 +893,7 @@ ssp. nov. is distributed from Junín Department (central Peru) to Amazonas and S This taxon is created for populations from central to northern Peru, which are clearly distinct from - + E. z. zolvizora and @@ -894,7 +901,7 @@ and ssp. nov. considering wing characters as well as genitalia. Wing characters are closer to the Ecuadorian E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi , but the male genitalia are clearly distinct. diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF92FFDBFE68FDCA6AED908C.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF92FFDBFE68FDCA6AED908C.xml index cd56047d6b0..0b14493fb46 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF92FFDBFE68FDCA6AED908C.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF92FFDBFE68FDCA6AED908C.xml @@ -1,85 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - + - + Eryphanis zolvizora greeneyi Penz & DeVries, 2008 @@ -101,7 +108,7 @@ Penz & DeVries, 2008 - + Eryphanis greeneyi Penz & DeVries, 2008 @@ -145,39 +152,36 @@ HW projection strongly pronounced ( - + ECUADOR : -♂ +♂ , three labels: // Ecuador, Napo , Yanayacu Biological Station , - + 5km -W of +W of Cosanga -Cosanga , May 2007 // reared on -Chusquea scandens, H. F. Greeney +Chusquea scandens +, H. F. Greeney // - -Eryphanis -grteeneyi Penz and DeVries - -HOLOTYPE -// ( +Eryphanis +grteeneyi Penz and DeVries HOLOTYPE// ( BMNH ). + Paratypes @@ -186,8 +190,10 @@ grteeneyi Penz and DeVries Detailed information in Penz (2008) -. ECUADOR: -5 ♂♂ +. +ECUADOR +: +5 ♂♂ , Napo Prov. , @@ -199,45 +205,59 @@ Detailed information in ( MECN ); + Provincia Napo ( AMNH -); +); + + Rio Blanco , -near Baños +near Baños , (DeVries Collection, USA); -Balzapampa +Balzapampa , Ecuador ( FLMNH -). -4 ♀♀ +). + + +4 ♀♀ , Napo , Yanayacu Biological Station ( BMNH -); +); + + Napo Prov. , Yanayacu Biological Station ( MECN -); +); + + Napo , Biol. Yanayacu ( AMNH -); +); + + Provincia Napo , -San Isidro -(DeVries Collection, USA). +San Isidro +(DeVries Collection, USA) + +. + @@ -272,7 +292,7 @@ ssp. nov.; the androconial patch is a bright creamy, pale citrus yellow ( ). The underside is close to that of E. z. -opimus +opimus as it is generally lighter, with a more yellowish tint, than in E. z. chachapoya @@ -297,7 +317,7 @@ ssp. nov. ( ). The valva axis has no swelling, and the dorsal ridge bears a row of more than 6 spines, decreasing in size more or less regularly towards the extremity; in that way, E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi strongly differs from E. z. chachapoya @@ -306,7 +326,7 @@ ssp. nov., while it is similar to Colombian and Venezuelan subspecies. The gnath ssp. nov., but its size probably falls within the range of individual variations in E. z. -opimus +opimus . @@ -321,7 +341,7 @@ from Yanayacu, the three lower spots are crescentic and just touch; in others, t ). As Baeza lies fairly close to Yanayacu, it is assumed that this phenotype falls within the variation of E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi . @@ -340,7 +360,7 @@ The FWL varies from in a female from Valladolid). The violet iridescence is limited but bright on both the FW and HW. The underside is lighter than in males. The dorsal branches of the sterigma are close to the internal side of the arch. Moreover, they have marked irregular outlines; in that way, E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi differs from other subspecies. @@ -354,7 +374,7 @@ differs from other subspecies. E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi appears to fly throughout the year, with May being the commonest month of capture. @@ -369,9 +389,9 @@ appears to fly throughout the year, with May being the commonest month of captur Ecuador . -Eryphanis +Eryphanis z. -greeneyi +greeneyi extends throughout eastern Ecuador @@ -404,7 +424,7 @@ between the Río Blanco and Río Verde and extends to the extreme south of The taxon - + Eryphanis greeneyi , described as a distinct species, was based on @@ -428,13 +448,13 @@ Two males labelled ‘Caqueta’ in the Le Crom collection were probably collect 2000 m (J.F. Le Crom, pers. comm). No other - + E. zolvizora specimen is known from eastern slopes of the Colombian Cordillera Oriental. These two males are somewhat darker than most other Colombian specimens. Geographically, they are closest to E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi from Ecuador diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF94FFE1FE38FEED6D6E9524.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF94FFE1FE38FEED6D6E9524.xml index 1bd5765c941..d93cdec1f4e 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF94FFE1FE38FEED6D6E9524.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF94FFE1FE38FEED6D6E9524.xml @@ -1,85 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - + - + Eryphanis zolvizora zolvizora (Hewitson, 1877) @@ -98,22 +105,22 @@ A-B, 7A, 10A, 15A - + Pavonia zolvizora Hewitson, 1877 . Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of W. Wilson Saunders and William C. Hewitson . Vol. IV, London, John Van Voorst, ( -Morphinae +Morphinae : -Pavonia +Pavonia II, plate [6]). - + Caligo zolvizora – @@ -129,7 +136,7 @@ II, plate [6]). - + Pavonia zolvizora – @@ -141,7 +148,7 @@ II, plate [6]). - + Eryphanis zolvizora zolvizora – @@ -169,7 +176,7 @@ II, plate [6]). - + Eryphanis zolvizora – @@ -225,7 +232,7 @@ Figs Type material - + Lectotype @@ -233,21 +240,23 @@ Figs -♂ +♂ , two white labels, printed and written in black: // Bolivia -(Buckley) [hand written] Hewitson Coll. 79-69. -Pavonia +( +Buckley +) [hand written] Hewitson Coll. 79-69. +Pavonia [printed] -zolvizora Hew. +zolvizora Hew. 2 [hand written]// B.M. Type No. Rh [printed] 6110 -Pavonia zolvizora -♂ -Hew. [hand written]// ( +Pavonia zolvizora +♂ Hew. [hand written]// ( BMNH ). + Paralectotype @@ -255,11 +264,12 @@ Hew. [hand written]// ( -♂ +♂ , one label, hand written in black: //Hewitson 1// ( BMNH ). + @@ -357,7 +367,7 @@ of the dorsal surface is a lighter brown than in males, with a distal violet tin - + Eryphanis z. zolvizora has been collected from January to May and from September to November. @@ -372,7 +382,7 @@ has been collected from January to May and from September to November. Bolivia . For a long time, the distribution of - + E. z. zolvizora was poorly known, as most specimens had been essentially collected near the roads from @@ -396,7 +406,7 @@ to m . We suppose that - + E. z. zolvizora exists locally in all cloud forests along the northern part of the Bolivian Andes. Referring to @@ -404,11 +414,11 @@ exists locally in all cloud forests along the northern part of the Bolivian Ande , Penz (2008) suggests that perhaps - + E. zolvizora ( - + E. z. zolvizora according to our conception) reaches southern @@ -430,11 +440,11 @@ ssp. nov. Nevertheless, it should be noted that there is no information about po The species name - + zolvizora (originally described in the genus - + Pavonia ) was authored by Hewitson in his @@ -453,7 +463,7 @@ Lamas 1995 ). The date of publication of - + zolvizora is variously given as @@ -506,11 +516,11 @@ Lamas were issued, unpaginated ( 1286 pp – including blank pages and 300 plates), in a series of unnumbered parts. The text for - + zolvizora is on the reverse of the page with - + Pavonia seleucida which has ‘Published @@ -524,7 +534,7 @@ January 1 ’ printed at the bottom. Two copies of ‘ Illustrations’ inspected by the authors (at the USNM Library available online (www.biodiversitylibrary.org) and in the UMO Library, Oxford), have the text preceded by two plates. However, two copies inspected at the BMNH, including Lord Rothschild’s bequest copy, have the text before the plates. The first plate is of - + P. seleucida (with the page note ‘W.C. Hewitson del et lith @@ -533,7 +543,7 @@ Oct. 1876 ’), the second of - + P. zolvizora (with the page note ‘W.C. Hewitson del et lith @@ -542,7 +552,7 @@ Nov. 1876 ’). The original copy acquired by the BMNH has the date of publication of the text of - + P. zolvizora pencilled in as ‘ @@ -566,15 +576,15 @@ Griffin 1932 ). This date for plates and text would suggest that they belong to Vol. V, but in the Systematic Index for all five volumes - + Pavonia I ([pl. 5], - + P. seleucida ) and II ([pl. 6], - + P. zolvizora ) are clearly part of Vol. IV, supposedly published @@ -584,21 +594,21 @@ I ([pl. 5], . However, in Vol. 5, under ‘CORRECTIONS’ it states that ‘ -An index +An index is given by which the binder will be able to arrange the plates ’. It is possible that some copies of The Illustrations were bound in the order that they were issued or acquired by the different libraries, which could account for - + Pavonia being included in Vol. V, rather than in Vol. IV where the Index indicates it was intended to be published. In summary, as the plates and parts in the various volumes of the 4 sets examined were not bound in order as they were issued, but according to the order laid down by Hewitson, it seems to us to be correct to regard - + P. zolvizora as part of Vol. IV (as in all 4 copies examined), and we regard the name - + P. zolvizora to have been published on the @@ -616,7 +626,7 @@ Lamas The specimen identified as the type of - + E. zolvizora at the BMNH, a male collected by C. Buckley ( @@ -624,7 +634,7 @@ at the BMNH, a male collected by C. Buckley ( ), has no precise locality, being labelled as follows: “ Bolivia (Buckley) Hewitson Coll. 79-69. -Pavonia zolvizora Hew. +Pavonia zolvizora Hew. 2”. Following Kirby’s catalogue of Hewitson’s Butterflies at the BMNH ( Kirby 1879: 110 ), it is known that there is another specimen labelled ‘Hewitson 1’, part of the type series at the BMNH; it was found during recent curation conducted by BH. Therefore, these two specimens are diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF95FFE3FD96FAEB6C86904B.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF95FFE3FD96FAEB6C86904B.xml index b22a385044f..5d288b52028 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF95FFE3FD96FAEB6C86904B.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF95FFE3FD96FAEB6C86904B.xml @@ -1,85 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - + Genus - + Eryphanis Boisduval, 1870 @@ -88,7 +95,7 @@ Boisduval, 1870 The arrangements of the taxonomy of the - + Eryphanis zolvizora group made in this revision are listed @@ -101,69 +108,54 @@ and : - + Eryphanis zolvizora (Hewitson, 1877) - + zolvizora zolvizora (Hewitson, 1877) -zolvizora - -opimus +zolvizora opimus Staudinger, 1887 + -zolvizora - -greeneyi -Penz & DeVries, 2008 - -, +zolvizora greeneyi +Penz & DeVries, 2008, stat. rev. - - - - -zolvizora + +zolvizora i nca -i -nca - Blandin ssp. nov. - -zolvizora -chachapoya - + +zolvizora chachapoya + Blandin ssp. nov. - -zolvizora -casagrande - + +zolvizora casagrande + Bristow ssp. nov. - -zolvizora -reyi - + +zolvizora reyi + Bristow, Neild, De Sousa & Huertas ssp. nov. - -zolvizora -isabelae - + +zolvizora isabelae + Neild & De Sousa ssp. nov. diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF96FFE6FDDDFBCF6CB296E8.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF96FFE6FDDDFBCF6CB296E8.xml index 31821037c5a..b920b60c754 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF96FFE6FDDDFBCF6CB296E8.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFF96FFE6FDDDFBCF6CB296E8.xml @@ -1,85 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - + Eryphanis zolvizora inca Blandin @@ -182,7 +189,7 @@ area. ). - + Paratypes @@ -196,24 +203,18 @@ area. S. Domingo , Carabaya -[Peru] - -6000 ft. - -[ +[Peru] 6000 ft. [ 13°50’S 69°40’W ], Janv.01 [ - Jan. 1901 - ] Wet season (Ockenden) // BMNH (E) #806244 // B.M.(N.H) Rhopalocera VIAL No. 8223 // ( BMNH ); - + ♂ , // S. Domingo @@ -221,20 +222,14 @@ Jan. Carabaya [ Peru -], - -4500 ft. - -[ +], 4500 ft. [ 13°50’S 69°40’W -], -01 [1901] -, Dry season, [Ockenden] // BMNH (E) #808079 // B.M.(N.H) Rhopalocera VIAL No. 8576 // ( +], 01 [1901], Dry season, [Ockenden] // BMNH (E) #808079 // B.M.(N.H) Rhopalocera VIAL No. 8576 // ( BMNH ); - + ♂ , // S. Domingo @@ -242,16 +237,10 @@ Jan. Carabaya [ Peru -], - -4500 ft. - -, [ +], 4500 ft., [ 13°50’S 69°40’W -], -01 [1901] -. Dry season. [Ockenden] // BMNH (E) # 808078 // ( +], 01 [1901]. Dry season. [Ockenden] // BMNH (E) # 808078 // ( BMNH ); @@ -290,11 +279,7 @@ Jan. Jun. 1901 -] Dry [dry season] (Ockenden) - -1000 ft - -[ +] Dry [dry season] (Ockenden) 1000 ft [ 13°27’S 70°18’W ] // BMNH (E) # 808081 // ( @@ -321,9 +306,9 @@ Jan. Río Marcapata , Cusco -, -Pérou -[Peru] // PBB 2115 // ( +, Pérou [ +Peru +] // PBB 2115 // ( MNHN , PBB @@ -339,11 +324,7 @@ Jan. Cusco , Peru -], - -1700 m - -, [ +], 1700 m, [ 12°52’S 73°30’W ], @@ -367,12 +348,8 @@ leg. (Cusco) // ( , Cusco [ -Peru -], - -1400 m - -, [ +Peru +], 1400 m, [ 13°03’S 71°33’W ], @@ -397,9 +374,7 @@ leg. // ( route [road] Ollantaytambo-Quillabamba , Cusco -, -Pérou -[ +, Pérou [ Peru ], M. Cabrera @@ -419,10 +394,7 @@ leg. // Peru , Machu Picchu -] alt. - -2000m - +] alt. 2000m 10/7/1934 @@ -470,11 +442,7 @@ leg. // Junín , Pérou [ Peru -] - -2200 m - -, [ +] 2200 m, [ 11°29’2.02”S 74°47’39.25’’W ], @@ -523,13 +491,13 @@ FWL is . The hindwing projection (average P = 4.4; n = 13; cf. Table 3 ) is more pronounced than in - + E. z. zolvizora , and less pronounced than in specimens from northern Peru ( E. z. chachapoya ssp. nov.). On the DFW the R5-M1 orange mark is more or less faded, sometimes missing. The other orange marks are generally large; the violet iridescence is more pronounced on FW and HW than in - + E. z. zolvizora and in @@ -537,7 +505,7 @@ and in ssp. nov.; the androconial patch is a creamy, pale citrus yellow ( Fig. 4C ). The background colour of the ventral surface, as in - + E. z. zolvizora , is less dark than in @@ -545,13 +513,13 @@ ssp. nov.; the androconial patch is a creamy, pale citrus yellow ( ssp. nov.; on the VFW, the isolated white spot in the cell is of medium size, more or less oval, or irregular; there is no white spot in the angle formed by the cubital vein of the cell and Cu2, or it is very small; the inner margin of the distal white stripe on VFW, between Cu2 and 2A, generally forms a small, blunt tooth ( Fig. 4C ). On the VHW, the white stripes extend far beyond the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus, notably the distal one, which reaches vein 2A; in the cell the dark brown lines are generally developed as in - + E. z. zolvizora , but the dark brown curved line above the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus is sometimes absent; the costal ocellus is circled by a brown incomplete ring, a little paler than the median area and without white scales; the black ring is generally complete ( Fig. 4C ). On average, the VHW Cu1-Cu2 ocellus is as large as in - + E. z. zolvizora (Φ average value: diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFA5FFD3FE0EFE966D8C96E8.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFA5FFD3FE0EFE966D8C96E8.xml index a1a197c9e9b..e6c08a4729a 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFA5FFD3FE0EFE966D8C96E8.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFA5FFD3FE0EFE966D8C96E8.xml @@ -1,85 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - + Eryphanis zolvizora isabelae Neild & De Sousa @@ -460,7 +467,7 @@ series: , // Mexico // Druce Coll. ex Kaden Coll. // - + Eryphanis zolvizora Hew. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919 @@ -504,7 +511,7 @@ have five submarginal orange spots which meet at the veins (but these are separa ssp. nov. and E. z. -opimus +opimus . The length of the DHW androconial patch is on average longer than in all other subspecies, with a mean of 9.0 mm (n = 6; cf. Table 4 @@ -513,7 +520,7 @@ E. z. ), while it is a bright creamy white in all other subspecies, except in some rare individuals. Ground colour of the ventral surface as in other subspecies of the Northern Andes (except some darker specimens in E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi ). The white patch on the FWV cell next to the base of Cu1-Cu2 is roughly subtriangular or in the form of an inverted heart-shape; it is distinctly larger (50%-100%) than in any other subspecies ( Fig. 6C-D @@ -524,14 +531,14 @@ E. z. ). On the VHW, the black designs in the cell and the curved line anterior to the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus are fainter than in E. z. -opimus +opimus , but almost similar to those of E. z. reyi ssp. nov. In most specimens, the anterior VHW ocellus is encircled by an outer pale/ off-white circle, contrasting with the background more than in E. z. -opimus +opimus ; the black ring is complete ( Fig. 6C-D @@ -546,14 +553,14 @@ ssp. nov. in which it is usually broken at the costal margin. On average, the VH ssp. nov. and perhaps of E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi , but smaller than in all other subspecies. The valva is regular, without swelling; the ridge bears a row of more than 6 spines, the size of which varies more or less regularly ( Fig. 14D-F ); the gnathos is generally slightly smaller than in E. z. -opimus +opimus ; there is no noticeable difference with E. z. reyi @@ -574,7 +581,7 @@ ssp. nov. ( ). The inward projections of the sterigma are narrower than in E. z. -opimus +opimus and E. z. reyi diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFA8FFDDFEBEFBE06D5496E8.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFA8FFDDFEBEFBE06D5496E8.xml index bc413ffbb14..514e50a562c 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFA8FFDDFEBEFBE06D5496E8.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFA8FFDDFEBEFBE06D5496E8.xml @@ -1,88 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - -Eryphanis zolvizora reyi -Bristow, Neild, De Sousa & Huertas - +Eryphanis zolvizora reyi Bristow, Neild, De Sousa & Huertas ssp. nov. @@ -100,22 +104,15 @@ Bristow, Neild, De Sousa & Huertas - -Diagnosis - +Diagnosis HW projection poorly developed; no orange mark between veins R5-M1 ( Fig. 6A-B ). The white spot near the middle of the VFW cell is relatively equidimensional, isolated, medium to large ( Fig. 6A-B -). On the VFW, the white vertical stripes in cell Cu2-2A are generally connected by a thin black horizontal line, thus distinguishing -E. z. reyi -ssp. nov. from - -E. z. -opimus - +). On the VFW, the white vertical stripes in cell Cu2-2A are generally connected by a thin black horizontal line, thus distinguishing E. z. reyi ssp. nov. from +E. z. opimus ; the black ring of the anterior VHW ocellus is often broken at the costal margin ( Fig. 6A ). The valva is regular, without swelling; the ridge bears a row of more than 6 spines, the size of which varies more or less regularly ( @@ -125,33 +122,22 @@ E. z. - -Etymology - +Etymology We name this subspecies to honour the memory of the Venezuelan Lepidopterist Rafael Fernando Rey Cárdenas ( 1958-2010 ). He was an adept field collector, with a special interest in butterflies of the family -Pieridae +Pieridae . He placed great emphasis on collecting in the State of Táchira, around San Cristóbal , as well as in El Tamá National Park, where he discovered a remarkable new montane species of - -Catasticta - +Catasticta ( - -C. revancha - +C. revancha – see Rey & Pyrcz 1996 -). Fernando Rey also generously contributed to AN’s research for the book series - -The Butterflies of -Venezuela - -( +). Fernando Rey also generously contributed to AN’s research for the book series The Butterflies of Venezuela ( Neild 1996 ; 2008 @@ -160,17 +146,13 @@ The Butterflies of - -Type material - +Type material ( 30 specimens ) - Holotype - @@ -205,9 +187,7 @@ col.// ( - Paratypes - VENEZUELA @@ -217,21 +197,11 @@ col.// ( Anzoategui , Qda Guazó -, -Venezuela -, -Lara -, - -1440 m - -, [ +, Venezuela, Lara, 1440 m, [ 9°36’N 69°53’W ], - -13-16 VI 72 - +13-16 VI 72 , [ 13-16 Jun. 1972 @@ -243,7 +213,7 @@ col.// ( // ( MIZA ); - + ♀ , // Anzoategui @@ -251,13 +221,7 @@ col.// ( Qda Guazó , Venezuela -, -Lara -, - -1440 m - -, [ +, Lara, 1440 m, [ 9°36’N 69°53’W ], @@ -274,17 +238,13 @@ col.// ( MIZA ); - + ♂ , // Barinas , -La Mina above San Isidro -, - -1450 m - -, [ + +La Mina above San Isidro, 1450 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -294,26 +254,17 @@ col.// ( Mar. 1988 ], leg - Romero - // ( AN -); - - +); + ♂ , // Barinas , San Isidro -, -Las Minas -, - -1475 m - -, [ +, Las Minas, 1475 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -328,19 +279,13 @@ col.// ( JCSC ); - + ♂ , // Barinas , San Isidro -, -Las Minas -, - -1500 m - -, [ +, Las Minas, 1500 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -353,17 +298,13 @@ col.// ( JCSC ); - + ♀ , // Barinas , Qda. La Soledad -, -Via Barinitas -– -Sto. Domingo -, [ +, Via Barinitas – Sto. Domingo, [ 8°49’N 70°31’W ], @@ -376,7 +317,7 @@ col.// ( JCSC ); - + ♂ , // Barinas @@ -386,9 +327,7 @@ col.// ( 8°49’N 70°31’W ], - -5-IV-1985 - +5-IV-1985 [ 5 Apr. 1985 @@ -397,7 +336,7 @@ col.// ( MCC ); - + ♂ , // Barinas @@ -406,38 +345,31 @@ col.// ( , Mina , - -1500 -m - -. [ + +1500 m +. + +[ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], - -04-X- 2009 - +04-X- 2009 [ 4 Oct. 2009 ] // ( MCC -); +) - +; + ♂ , // Barinas , San Isidro -, -Mina -, - -1500 m - -. [ +, Mina, 1500 m. [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -450,20 +382,13 @@ m MCC ); - + ♂ , // Barinas , San Isidro -, -Mina -, - -1500 -m - -. [ +, Mina, 1500 m. [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -476,19 +401,13 @@ m MCC ); - + ♂ , // Barinas , San Isidro -, -Mina -, - -1500 m - -. [ +, Mina, 1500 m. [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -501,19 +420,13 @@ m MCC ); - + ♀ , // Barinas , San Isidro -, -Mina -, - -1500 m - -. [ +, Mina, 1500 m. [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -526,7 +439,7 @@ m MCC ); - + ♀ , // VENEZUELA @@ -534,11 +447,7 @@ m Barinas , La Chimenea -, - -1500m - -, [ +, 1500m, [ 8°49N 70°31’W ] @@ -553,19 +462,13 @@ col.// ( MIZA ); - + ♂ , // Barinas , San Isidro -, -Vallée du Río Santo Domingo -, - -1500 m - -, [ +, Vallée du Río Santo Domingo, 1500 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -584,19 +487,13 @@ col.// ( PBB 2324 ); - + ♂ , // Barinas , San Isidro -, -Vallée du Río Santo Domingo -, - -1500 m - -, [ +, Vallée du Río Santo Domingo, 1500 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -615,19 +512,11 @@ col.// ( PBB 2325 ); - + ♂ , // Barinas -, -Barinitas -, [ -La Mina de San Isidro -, - -1450 m - -, [ +, Barinitas, [La Mina de San Isidro, 1450 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -640,19 +529,11 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♀ , // Barinas -, -Barinitas -, [ -La Mina de San Isidro -, - -1450 m - -, [ +, Barinitas, [La Mina de San Isidro, 1450 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -665,19 +546,11 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♂ , // Barinas -, -Barinitas -, [ -La Mina de San Isidro -, - -1450 m - -, [ +, Barinitas, [La Mina de San Isidro, 1450 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -690,19 +563,11 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♀ , // Barinas -, -Barinitas -, [ -La Mina de San Isidro -, - -1450 m - -, [ +, Barinitas, [La Mina de San Isidro, 1450 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -715,19 +580,11 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♀ , // Barinas -, -Barinitas -, [ -La Mina de San Isidro -, - -1450 m - -, [ +, Barinitas, [La Mina de San Isidro, 1450 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -740,19 +597,11 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♀ , // Barinas -, -Barinitas -, [ -La Mina de San Isidro -, - -1450 m - -, [ +, Barinitas, [La Mina de San Isidro, 1450 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -765,19 +614,11 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♂ , // Barinas -, -Barinitas -, [ -La Mina de San Isidro -, - -1400 m - -, [ +, Barinitas, [La Mina de San Isidro, 1400 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -790,19 +631,11 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♀ , // Barinas -, -Barinitas -, [ -La Mina de San Isidro -, - -1400 m - -, [ +, Barinitas, [La Mina de San Isidro, 1400 m, [ 8°50’N 70°34’W ], @@ -815,21 +648,15 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♀ , // Mérida , - + Páramo El Molino -, -SE of Sta Cruz de Mora -, - -1600 m - -, [ +, SE of Sta Cruz de Mora, 1600 m, [ 8°16’N 71°34’W ] @@ -844,19 +671,13 @@ col.// ( AN ); - + ♂ , // Táchira , Sierra de El Tamá -, -Via Delicia -, - -1900 m - -, [ +, Via Delicia, 1900 m, [ 7°36’N 72°26’W ], @@ -869,25 +690,17 @@ col.// ( R ); - + ♂ , // Táchira , Sierra de El Tamá -, -Via Delicia -(Pabellón), - -1700 m - -, [ +, Via Delicia (Pabellón), 1700 m, [ 7°36’N 72°26’W ], - -IV-1990 - +IV-1990 [ Apr. 1990 @@ -896,28 +709,19 @@ col.// ( R ). - - - + COLOMBIA : ♂ , Santander -, -El Cerro-La Luchata -, +, El Cerro-La Luchata, 29/06/2006 -, -06°37’75’’N -73°18’88’’W -, - -1950-2050 m - +, 06°37’75’’N 73°18’88’’W, +1950-2050 m , posada on vegetación bosque primero, @@ -930,46 +734,41 @@ leg., Proyecto YARE ( IAvH ); - + ♂ , as preceding specimen , but -30/06/2006 + +30/06/ +2006 + ; - + ♂ , Santander -, -Charalá -, - -2000 m - -, - -juillet 2008 - +, Charalá, 2000 m, +juillet 2008 ( MNHN ) . + + + + - -Description - - - -Male +Description +Male The FWL varies from 58 to 62 mm @@ -984,14 +783,9 @@ FWL is . The hindwing projection (average P = 3.6; n = 15; cf. Table 3 ) is rather similar to that of - -E. z. zolvizora - -and - -E. z. -opimus - +E. z. zolvizora +and E. z. +opimus . There is no orange mark between veins R5-M1 ( Fig. 6A-B ). The @@ -1001,39 +795,20 @@ and some of the have five submarginal orange spots which are contiguous at the veins ( Fig. 6A-B ). However, the form and size of these spots are variable and in some specimens they are indistinct and disjunct. The violet iridescence on the dorsal surface is stronger than in - -E. z. -opimus - -, but it is usually a little weaker than in -E. z. isabelae -ssp. nov., especially on the DFW ( +E. z. opimus +, but it is usually a little weaker than in E. z. isabelae ssp. nov., especially on the DFW ( Fig. 6A-B ). The bright creamy, pale citrus androconial patch is shorter, on average, than in - -E. z. -opimus - -and -E. z. isabelae -ssp. nov. (cf. +E. z. opimus +and E. z. isabelae ssp. nov. (cf. Table 4 -); it should be noted that, in one specimen from the Sierra de El Tamá, the colour of the patch is a pale greyish-brown, as in -E. z. isabelae -ssp. nov. Ground colour of the ventral surface as in other subspecies of the Northern Andes, except some darker specimens of - -E. z. -greeneyi - +); it should be noted that, in one specimen from the Sierra de El Tamá, the colour of the patch is a pale greyish-brown, as in E. z. isabelae ssp. nov. Ground colour of the ventral surface as in other subspecies of the Northern Andes, except some darker specimens of +E. z. greeneyi ( Fig. 6A-B -). The shape of the isolated white spot near the middle of the VFW cell is irregular but relatively equidimensional, and its size varies from medium to large; in this way, -E. z. reyi -ssp. nov. ( +). The shape of the isolated white spot near the middle of the VFW cell is irregular but relatively equidimensional, and its size varies from medium to large; in this way, E. z. reyi ssp. nov. ( Fig. 6A-B -) is clearly different from -E. z. isabelae -ssp. nov. ( +) is clearly different from E. z. isabelae ssp. nov. ( Fig. 6C-D ) and other subspecies. On the VFW, the white spot at the basal angle of cell Cu1-Cu2 is generally very small ( Fig. 6A @@ -1041,57 +816,31 @@ ssp. nov. ( Fig. 6B ). On the VFW, the white vertical stripes in cell Cu2-2A are generally connected by a thin black horizontal line ( Fig. 6A-B -), which immediately distinguishes -E. z. reyi -ssp. nov. from - -E. z. -opimus - -, in which this bridge is absent. On the VHW, the white stripes extend far posterior to the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus. On the VHW, the black markings in the cell and the curved line anterior to the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus are fainter than in - -E. z. -opimus - +), which immediately distinguishes E. z. reyi ssp. nov. from E. z. +opimus +, in which this bridge is absent. On the VHW, the white stripes extend far posterior to the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus. On the VHW, the black markings in the cell and the curved line anterior to the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus are fainter than in E. z. +opimus ( Fig. 6A-B -). In most specimens, the anterior HWV ocellus is encircled by an outer pale/off white circle, contrasting with the background more than in - -E. z. -opimus - +). In most specimens, the anterior HWV ocellus is encircled by an outer pale/off white circle, contrasting with the background more than in E. z. +opimus ; in addition, the black ring is often broken at the costal margin ( Fig. 6A -), a difference with - -E. z. -opimus - -and -E. z. isabelae -ssp. nov. On average, the VHW Cu1-Cu2 ocellus (Φ average value: +), a difference with E. z. +opimus +and E. z. isabelae ssp. nov. On average, the VHW Cu1-Cu2 ocellus (Φ average value: 9.5 mm ; n = 15; cf. Table 5 -) is probably a little smaller than in - -E. z. -opimus - +) is probably a little smaller than in E. z. +opimus . The valva is similar to those of other subspecies of the Northern Andes ( Fig. 14A-C -); the gnathos is clearly smaller than in -E. z. chachapoya -ssp. nov. and generally slightly smaller than in - -E. z. -opimus - +); the gnathos is clearly smaller than in E. z. chachapoya ssp. nov. and generally slightly smaller than in E. z. +opimus . - -Female - +Female Female FWL length varies from 63 to 66.5 mm @@ -1099,27 +848,13 @@ Female FWL length varies from 64.8 mm ; n= 8). The principal diagnostic characters are the same as in males ( Fig. 8A -). On the VFW, the black line at the base of VFW cell M3- Cu1 is well-defined, while it is absent or nearly so in females of -E. z. isabelae -ssp. nov. The forewing band is composed of five well developed, crescentic, submarginal orange spots which are contiguous at the veins. There is a violet-blue dorsal iridescence on both the FW and HW, almost similar to that of - -E. z. -opimus - -, but usually not so extensive or as blue as that of -E. z. isabelae -ssp. nov. The genitalia of the two females we have dissected exhibit some differences. In one specimen (El Molino, +). On the VFW, the black line at the base of VFW cell M3- Cu1 is well-defined, while it is absent or nearly so in females of E. z. isabelae ssp. nov. The forewing band is composed of five well developed, crescentic, submarginal orange spots which are contiguous at the veins. There is a violet-blue dorsal iridescence on both the FW and HW, almost similar to that of E. z. +opimus +, but usually not so extensive or as blue as that of E. z. isabelae ssp. nov. The genitalia of the two females we have dissected exhibit some differences. In one specimen (El Molino, Mérida -), the sterigma is close to that of the females of - -E. z. -opimus - -and -E. z. casagrande -ssp. nov., as well those of -E. z. isabelae -ssp. nov. females: the inward projections are short and not very wide, and the dorsal branches are large. In the other specimen (Barinitas, +), the sterigma is close to that of the females of E. z. +opimus +and E. z. casagrande ssp. nov., as well those of E. z. isabelae ssp. nov. females: the inward projections are short and not very wide, and the dorsal branches are large. In the other specimen (Barinitas, Barinas ; Fig. 15L @@ -1128,17 +863,13 @@ ssp. nov. females: the inward projections are short and not very wide, and the d - -Flight periods - +Flight periods Dated specimens are for March to June, and September to November. - -Distribution - +Distribution Colombia @@ -1157,38 +888,27 @@ at almost in north-western Venezuela , from approximately - -1400 to 1900 -m - +1400 to 1900 m on either side of the Cordillera. - -Remarks - +Remarks Specimens of this taxon were discovered during an expedition by the MIZA in 1972 to the Cordillera de Mérida , in north-western Venezuela -, where a series of males and females were collected. More recently, -E. z. reyi -ssp. nov. was observed at sunny intervals resting on herbaceous vegetation, by one of the authors (BH) and colleagues in the pristine forest (surrounded by regenerated forest) at La Luchata, in the Serranía de los Yariguíes, Santander, during field expeditions of the YARE Project, and +, where a series of males and females were collected. More recently, E. z. reyi ssp. nov. was observed at sunny intervals resting on herbaceous vegetation, by one of the authors (BH) and colleagues in the pristine forest (surrounded by regenerated forest) at La Luchata, in the Serranía de los Yariguíes, Santander, during field expeditions of the YARE Project, and 2 specimens were collected (see details in Huertas & Donegan 2006 ). La Luchata is the type locality of another recently described butterfly ( - -Huertas -et al -. 2009 - +Huertas et al. 2009 ). diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFACFFD9FE36FE2B6C809536.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFACFFD9FE36FE2B6C809536.xml index f10eb46b94d..25dcd5318ed 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFACFFD9FE36FE2B6C809536.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFACFFD9FE36FE2B6C809536.xml @@ -1,85 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - + Eryphanis zolvizora casagrande Bristow @@ -304,7 +311,7 @@ A male labelled “EKWADOR [sic], Prov. ssp. nov. Other features are consistent with the above diagnosis. Keith Willmott (pers. comm.) commented that the locality may be not reliable, and we suspect an inversion of labels with the E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi -like specimen, in the same collection, which bears a label from the western El Oro Province @@ -346,7 +353,7 @@ is paratype 62 mm . The values of the -P index +P index are estimated at 5.5 mm in the @@ -356,12 +363,12 @@ and in the Ecuadorian specimen from Las Gralarias. These values are close to those observed in E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi ; possibly, the HW projection should be more pronounced than in E. z. -opimus +opimus . There is no R5-M1 orange mark on DFW; the orange DFW band is either moderate (HT; Fig. 5C @@ -370,14 +377,14 @@ E. z. ssp. nov. may differ from E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi , where the spots are often separated. The iridescence is extremely faint. The androconial patch of the holotype is less lemon-coloured than in E. z. -opimus +opimus ( Fig. 5C @@ -402,17 +409,17 @@ ssp. nov. The isolated white spot in the VFW cell is quite large and semicircula ; thus, there is no indication of a difference with either E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi or E. z. -opimus +opimus . Genitalia are similar to those of E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi and other subspecies from the Northern Andes, while they strongly differ from the genitalia of E. z. chachapoya @@ -427,7 +434,7 @@ ssp. nov. ( , is the circular orange spot with a large dark brown core in space M3-Cu1 of the dorsal forewing band ( Fig. 5D ). This is unique amongst all the - + E. zolvizora specimens examined. However, a smaller dark brown point is present in one male from the Río Aguacatal (eastern slope of the Colombian western cordillera), collected by Fassl (USNM), a male from “Cali” in MNHN (PBB 1406), and two males of @@ -453,14 +460,14 @@ female FWL is ). The dorsal branches of the inward projections of the sterigma are similar to those of E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi , as they have irregular outlines, but they are more distant from the internal side of the arch, as in E. z. chachapoya ssp. nov. and E. z. -opimus +opimus ( Fig. 15J @@ -515,7 +522,7 @@ is an anomaly and may be from a higher altitude along the road to Quito. Specimens of - + E. zolvizora from south-western @@ -527,7 +534,7 @@ are characterized by a wide ‘bridge’ in space Cu2-2A on the VFW formed by a ssp. nov. differs from its near neighbours E. z. -opimus +opimus in the Cauca @@ -536,7 +543,7 @@ Valley, , and E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi in the Oriente of Ecuador @@ -549,18 +556,18 @@ ssp. nov., but suggesting a closer affinity with ssp. nov. than E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi . However, the male genitalia are similar to those of E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi . There are specimens of - + E. zolvizora collected in the 19 @@ -572,7 +579,7 @@ century labelled from the western Ecuadorian village of ‘Balzapamba’. Like m and are in fact E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi . diff --git a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFAEFFDFFDCDFBC16A709556.xml b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFAEFFDFFDCDFBC16A709556.xml index 747a9bea572..d6f90defe11 100644 --- a/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFAEFFDFFDCDFBC16A709556.xml +++ b/data/50/62/87/506287BEFFAEFFDFFDCDFBC16A709556.xml @@ -1,85 +1,92 @@ - - - -Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? + + + +Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? - - -Author + + +Author -Blandin, Patrick -F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +Blandin, Patrick +F79EECF9-4E10-4826-BA99-01DE1EB0DD0E +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France E-mail: patrick. blandin @ yahoo. fr (corresponding author) & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 79 EECF 9 - 4 E 10 - 4826 - BA 99 - 01 DE 1 EB 0 DD 0 E +patrick.blandin@yahoo.fr - - -Author + + +Author -Bristow, Roger -E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D -2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +Bristow, Roger +E9AD6AA1-2C47-4358-B606-0A84042D872D +2 Sid Bank, Sid Lane, Sidmouth, Devon EX 10 9 AW, UK E-mail: devonbristows @ btinternet. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: E 9 AD 6 AA 1 - 2 C 47 - 4358 - B 606 - 0 A 84042 D 872 D +devonbristows@btinternet.com - - -Author + + +Author -Neild, Andrew -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 +Neild, Andrew +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474 +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 - - -Author + + +Author -Sousa, Juan Carlos De -68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 -Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. 4579, Aragua, Venezuela E-mail: mesosemia @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 68 F 7180 E- 1695 - 4716 - B 794 - 1900 B 02881 D 8 +Sousa, Juan Carlos De +68F7180E-1695-4716-B794-1900B02881D8 +Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Apdo. - - -Author + + +Author -Gareca, Yuvinka -17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 -Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. América), Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: yuvinkagar @ yahoo. com & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 17 D 6 BF 6 C-A 94 B- 4057 - 8057 - 454 C 3 DF 0 CEA 2 +Gareca, Yuvinka +17D6BF6C-A94B-4057-8057-454C3DF0CEA2 +Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d’Orbigny, Entomologia, CP 4324, Av. Potosi N ° 1458 (esq. Av. - - -Author + + +Author -Huertas, Blanca -268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A -The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A +Huertas, Blanca +268E6AD0-5E7A-4073-B530-6CE39D963474&F96FCD0A-4A22-4782-B077-4588E193134A +The Natural History Museum, Entomology Department, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD, London, UK E-mails: andrew. neild @ blueyonder. co. uk, B. Huertas @ nhm. ac. uk & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 268 E 6 AD 0 - 5 E 7 A- 4073 - B 530 - 6 CE 39 D 963474 & urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: F 96 FCD 0 A- 4 A 22 - 4782 - B 077 - 4588 E 193134 A -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2014 - -71 + +2014 + +2014-12-31 - -1 -66 + +71 + + +71 + + +1 +66 -journal article -22020 -10.5852/ejt.2014.71 -376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac -2118-9773 -3834958 -F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2014.71 +376ad5e1-afef-42db-b017-593e1bcd01ac +2118-9773 +3834958 +F667B43B-86A3-4D7D-9A22-021E52CDA30F - + - + Eryphanis zolvizora opimus Staudinger, 1887 @@ -101,7 +108,7 @@ - + Eryphanis opimus Staudinger, 1887: 217 @@ -111,7 +118,7 @@ - + Eryphanis zolvizora opimus – @@ -139,7 +146,7 @@ - + Eryphanis opimus ( @@ -189,13 +196,13 @@ HW projection only poorly developed; a faint orange spot between the R5-M1 veins COLOMBIA : -♂ +♂ , dirty white, rectangular label: // Manizales , Cauca [handwritten in dark brown ink, followed by an indecipherable abbreviation: S?hl.]// ( -ZMHB +ZMHB ). @@ -206,16 +213,19 @@ HW projection only poorly developed; a faint orange spot between the R5-M1 veins + COLOMBIA : -♂ +♂ , dirty white, rectangular label: // Manizales , Cauca [handwritten in dark brown ink, followed by an indecipherable abbreviation: S?hl.]// ( ZMHB -). +) + +. @@ -247,7 +257,7 @@ The FWL varies from ); it is possible that there is no significant difference with other populations from the Northern Andes, except E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi . In some specimens, there is a faint orange spot between the R5-M1 veins, making a very weak projection of the proximal branch of the submarginal band ( Fig. 5E @@ -260,7 +270,7 @@ and . The violet iridescence is a little more pronounced than that of E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi , but less than in E. z. reyi @@ -277,7 +287,7 @@ ssp. nov. ( ); in space Cu2-2A, the inner margin of the distal white stripe forms a projection that does not reach the black border of the proximal white stripe, and is often less pronounced than in E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi ( Fig. 5E-F @@ -290,7 +300,7 @@ E. z. ) is larger, on the average, than that of E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi and E. z. reyi @@ -299,7 +309,7 @@ ssp. nov., and much larger than in ssp. nov. Genitalia exhibit weak individual variations ( Fig. 13G-I ). The valva is regular, without a swelling; the ridge bears a row of more than 6 spines, the size of which varies more or less regularly; the gnathos is larger than those in - + E. z. zolvizora , and sometimes smaller than in @@ -325,7 +335,7 @@ Ost; and ‘Colombie’). The FWL varies from ). On the dorsal surface, the FW band is composed of five narrow crescentic orange spots that just touch each other (the band is slightly narrower than that of most E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi females). There is the faintest hint of a sixth orange spot between the R5-M1 nerves ( Fig. 7F @@ -336,7 +346,7 @@ ssp. nov. and ssp. nov. The dorsal branches of the inward projections of the sterigma have a regular outline, in this way being different from E. z. -greeneyi +greeneyi and more similar to E. z. chachapoya @@ -351,7 +361,7 @@ ssp. nov. females (cf. ) are weak. Female genitalia of E. z. -opimus +opimus do differ markedly from those of other Northern Andean females, except one female of E. z. reyi @@ -381,7 +391,7 @@ ssp. nov. which has thicker inward projections and shorter dorsal branches (cf. Valley, and from Río Aguacatal (this name has often been misspelt on data labels as Aquatil, Aquatal, Aguatal, Aguaca, and similar), on eastern slopes of the western cordillera. It is unfortunate that, of the many specimens of E. z. -opimus +opimus that we have seen, only five reliable localities can be confirmed in the Cauca @@ -392,7 +402,7 @@ Valley: Calima Valley, on the west side of the valley (i.e. east side of the wes , on the east side of the valley (i.e. west side of central cordillera). Fassl (1915a: 10) shows - + opimus on both sides of the western cordillera at heights between @@ -401,7 +411,7 @@ on both sides of the western cordillera at heights between 2500 m, but we have not seen any - + E. zolvizora specimen from these altitudes on the west side of the western cordillera, although specimens labelled ‘Cali, 1000 m’ in the MNHN and MPM were probably collected along the road from Cali to Buenaventura on the Pacific slope, as well as the ‘Buenaventura-Queremal’ male in the IAvH. Reliable altitudes range from @@ -417,7 +427,7 @@ specimen from these altitudes on the west side of the western cordillera, althou The taxon - + E. opimus was described by @@ -431,13 +441,13 @@ was described by ). After Stichel (1904) , it was considered as a subspecies of - + E. zolvizora , until Penz (2008) revised its status. The name - + opimus has always been used for Colombian specimens (