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<taxonomicName id="E57E0F48D86C97395AC9FD66777B2D4D" ID-CoL="75MNQ" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dichanthelium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichanthelium lancearium" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7964" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lancearium">Dichanthelium lancearium</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="A988C6DB25C1B4B8BC554B418939828C" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dichanthelium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichanthelium lancearium" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7964" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lancearium">Dichanthelium lancearium</taxonomicName>
Taxon concept: [=
<taxonomicName id="9B44B1DBBA57012CE85DE1ED8AF0A72A" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Panicum lancearium" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="7964" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lancearium">Panicum lancearium</taxonomicName>
Trinius - RAB; &lt;
<taxonomicName id="A2E0673295EF4B867D678C717CB599BC" authority="B.F. Hansen &amp; Wunderlin" basionym-authority="(Desv. ex Ham.)" infraspecific-rank="ssp." lsidName="D. portoricense" pageId="0" pageNumber="7964" rank="subSpecies" species="portoricense" subSpecies="patulum">D. portoricense (Desv. ex Ham.) B.F. Hansen &amp; Wunderlin ssp. patulum</taxonomicName>
(Scribner &amp; Merrill) Freckmann &amp; Lelong - FNA; = Weakley]
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<paragraph id="59DB281CCB9BB04B5A2688E9540777AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="7964">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB07E55DBB470CC95DA266E379A57B4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="7964">Lake Waccamaw: Blomquist &amp; Correll 9383 (NCU!)</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="73EAFF41AD3C1F6EEF74AD339B973D08" pageId="0" pageNumber="7964">Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). May−Sep.</paragraph>
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Thomson, 1897
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<paragraph id="CD97B462A9F1C50F65F3DD594D2AA856" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">BMNH, det. Perkins, Broad, added here</paragraph>
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57.
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<figureCitation id="74278BC627AC0B3FCABD71827FC4AD8F" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Representative fruits, seeds and stone cells of South American morelloids A bilobed fruits in S. tripartitum with fully mature red berries at the base of the inflorescence and maturing green, yellow, and orange fruits more distally B orange-red fleshy berries of S. corymbosum in highly branched inflorescences C fully mature marbled fruits in S. physalifolium D immature ellipsoid fruits of S. antisuyo E fully mature fruits of S. antisuyo F immature green fruits amongst fully mature purple-black fruits in S. cochabambense G fully mature fruits of S. polytrichostylum H stone cells (also known as sclerotic granules or brachysclerids) found in the fruits of most species of the Morelloid clade (left side of photo) next to the teardrop shaped seeds (right side of photo; S. umalilaense Manoko) I stone cells visible in dried fruits of herbarium specimens (S. triflorum). (A Barboza 3563 B Saerkinen et al. 4604 B C Knapp et al. 10334 D Gonzales 10256 E Gonzales 10256 F Knapp et al. 10363 G Saerkinen et al. 5277 H Nijmegen accession A 24750133 I Podlech 8624 BM 000848286). Photos by P. Gonzales, S. Knapp, and T. Saerkinen." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897465" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 4I</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="AF2E9006E41EB76A3EB59D49484AD006" captionStart="Figure 172" captionStartId="F172" captionText="Figure 172. Solanum triflorum A flowering habit B fruiting habit C flowering branch D detail of adaxial leaf surface E detail of adaxial leaf surface F flower bud G flower H fruit (A, C, F, G Donat 55 B, D, E, H Baker 577). Illustration by R. Wise. Previously published in Saerkinen et al. (2018: 169) and Knapp et al. (2019: 118)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure172" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897633" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 172</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="18B2A8969E7CFE590FF919278EDBD3E0" captionStart="Figure 173" captionStartId="F173" captionText="Figure 173. Solanum triflorum A habit B flowering habit C flower bud and flower D flower (A Sersic 5040 B, D Knapp et al. 10488 C Barboza et al. 2345). Photos by G. Barboza, S. Knapp and A. Sersic. Partly previously published in Saerkinen et al. (2018: 170) and Knapp et al. (2019: 119)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure173" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897634" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 173</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0F936F7AF3EA9533C053DD81CE41D192" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="978F9B4A34E8D0E65701754D1D3E2FD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A3930FE8698F25A3820A2455AEE9E6E7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum subsp. var. var. majus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="triflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="majus">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. majus</taxonomicName>
Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 90. 1837, as &quot;
<emphasis id="F57EB18A9696D49E49C0FE4CCED63E75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">major</emphasis>
&quot;. Type. Canada. Saskatchewan: &quot;Carleton House Fort, Saskatchewan River&quot;,
<emphasis id="4F56FCD8661280AADE32D63FFDBA3752" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Richardson s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="D1E1DA74B362D21A343A78AA122A3EE9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="D9E97592BF1275B48F7B972BF34B543F" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 167: BM [BM000934745]; isolectotype: K [K001159656, large plants]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="470198FA88862CA4859B5EBFE75652D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B5ABA03209FD7A7397C90C87A8128AB8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum subsp. var. var. minus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="triflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="minus">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. minus</taxonomicName>
Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 90. 1837, as &quot;
<emphasis id="D9B0E948A23881B9EFFA75DEC0533323" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">minor</emphasis>
&quot;. Type. Canada. Saskatchewan: &quot;In the Garden (a weed) of Carleton House Fort, entrance of
<normalizedToken id="31CC41C8E8C9D54AD5632D7DBFD3376B" originalValue="Badger’s">Badger's</normalizedToken>
Hole, and Saskatchewan River to Edmonton House&quot; [protologue],
<emphasis id="C773E7AC4B20F153C5B82EB103AAE4DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. Drummond s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="35DCDC22B50D1ADEBB79A3C50442610F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="654C121FF3E7E209D785B2A617B56530" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 167: E [E00526685]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000934744], K [K001159656]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BFC1F28F165C1977A1E67A6B0D7F1FD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="863AC301D1E099795E7743D370E523AE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum mendocinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mendocinum">Solanum mendocinum</taxonomicName>
Phil., Anales Univ. Chile 21(2): 403. 1862. Type. Argentina. Mendoza: Mendoza, 1860-1861,
<emphasis id="4C4950D6D4E4ACE8B10D1E9E20658EBD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
W.
<normalizedToken id="A352BF710D6EFED00D0728999BE5BD33" originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="96EC49726C0C7283290CD84804A53CCD" author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 194" refId="B112" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1989. Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte). Kurtziana 20: 181 - 194" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte)." volume="20" year="1989">Hunziker 1989</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 184 [superfluously by
<bibRefCitation id="072868A3CB520E34D278859850F0FCC9" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 260]: SGO [SGO000004580, acc. # 055499]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14B2E3A6C7A9DF811D0B8F63548EC4DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1D8DEE595048572A9C1426DF543161CC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calophyllum">Solanum calophyllum</taxonomicName>
Phil., Anales Univ. Chile 21(2): 403. 1862. Type. Argentina. Mendoza: Mendoza, 1860-1861,
<emphasis id="C2B000362D74DC75C6D86C26969EE9C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Philippi s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="6E72EA740CCF422B338B3BCDAAA93D12" author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 194" refId="B112" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1989. Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte). Kurtziana 20: 181 - 194" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte)." volume="20" year="1989">Hunziker 1989</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 184 [superfluously by
<bibRefCitation id="8A7402385A4FB610CDF9D9BA39CA2796" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="CA9FBC2D4C235ED3D71515B6B8A1BB40" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 167; cited as holotype in
<bibRefCitation id="C7A611E56E48FCBD5BEDEB75FB735856" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
]: SGO [SGO000004552]; isolectotype: G [G00343450]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71CB10EB166DEBC5955A688D50ED17F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C63951C21352C809E3341B8D541C7694" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrethrifolium">Solanum pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
Griseb., Abh.
<normalizedToken id="2336B968432EF49194947D80759F0B03" originalValue="Königl">Koenigl</normalizedToken>
. Ges. Wiss.
<normalizedToken id="6C2A46F3FC73F5E9C0749B849CC0DC7E" originalValue="Göttingen">Goettingen</normalizedToken>
24: 250. 1879. Type. Argentina.
<normalizedToken id="6A9982CABAF3E8BA29B745CA6DCF5424" originalValue="Tucumán">Tucuman</normalizedToken>
: Lules, Dec 1873,
<emphasis id="32968C8A9D35B25A9642011028F3F1D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. G. Lorentz &amp; G. Hieronymus 1132</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="8F5E34EC54A603329C7F0BC19F6F468F" author="Morton, CV" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B166" refString="Morton, CV, 1976. A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba." title="A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba." year="1976">Morton 1976</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 102: CORD [CORD00006111]; isolectotype: GOET [GOET003594]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D58A7598F21ADC9AF4EA7C4A31011E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="BF90E4B81D0A563FB7977F504DD0D070" authorityName="Kuntze" authorityYear="1898" baseAuthorityName="Griseb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum gaudichaudii subsp. var. var. pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="gaudichaudii" subSpecies="var." variety="pyrethrifolium">Solanum gaudichaudii Dunal var. pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
(Griseb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 226. 1898. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName id="CBE385AF9286B47BEFFD2C1DAB60967E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrethrifolium">Solanum pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
Griseb.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB842EDFAC3A416C4A04D6F3FBC9038A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="37FD64474D67503D0DBFDC724903A24F" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1914" baseAuthorityName="Phil." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum subsp. var. var. calophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="triflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="calophyllum">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. calophyllum</taxonomicName>
(Phil.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 23: 144. 1914. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName id="5D25A1EBA4D6A831922E55B2F39373C7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calophyllum">Solanum calophyllum</taxonomicName>
Phil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="65B01053BED06F59605ABCD3838EC434" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B5451C619D140398E74E566293C97313" authorityName="Bitter ex Probst" authorityYear="1932" baseAuthorityName="Griseb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum subsp. var. var. pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="triflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="pyrethrifolium">Solanum triflorum Nutt. var. pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
(Griseb.) Bitter ex Probst, Mitteil. Naturfor. Gesellsch. Solothurn 9: 41. 1932. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName id="53C64DDF75A5BD18D0D1249F79360380" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pyrethrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyrethrifolium">Solanum pyrethrifolium</taxonomicName>
Griseb.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="32A0A65D6D983C8C7C7EE057AF30F587" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="90AA516908B2A3AF2DAFDEDEE5C48686" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="0852483750A02DA7CA48D36DA0081D95">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC8934B895404A7158659DC0E8A8730F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation id="C2D1F1ED4B8D26F5B17DF908640D4CD9" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="Near Fort Mandan, Anon., Lewis, Clark" country="United States of America" county="McLean County" location="Fort Mandan" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North Dakota" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry id="2EC0E128B014ED0DC955C06BE9DB725B" name="United States of America">United States of America</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="603A6610B945BFD1F4F09E080B645692" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
[
<collectingCounty id="C9E15ED3186EFDA0917CF8157BD326FB">McLean County</collectingCounty>
]:
<collectorName id="F64FF1A773EDAF8945CB73B769C46FB3">
Near
<location id="C517B53E5A87D10706F2FA47272B5BDF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6EB55C22E93352647CFDD3B4C4D943D9:C517B53E5A87D10706F2FA47272B5BDF" country="United States of America" county="McLean County" name="Fort Mandan" stateProvince="North Dakota">Fort Mandan</location>
</collectorName>
,
<emphasis id="866930F06F922D1BFE474ACA64C648AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName id="AE263298C38E4324724AD1B45D29A5B0">Anon.</collectorName>
[
<collectorName id="F1D57C1F840F920DD48179C578696B9D">Lewis</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="603999565337FF32BEC84BAABC11580C">Clark</collectorName>
] s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="6A7CB90CBEA95B22FB2415752C36770C">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="9C15603A672B8E3A0833D76F03EC697B" author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 194" refId="B112" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1989. Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte). Kurtziana 20: 181 - 194" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte)." volume="20" year="1989">Hunziker 1989</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 189 [superfluously by
<bibRefCitation id="63B3F1BE5BD398869C506CE333A69F51" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 260]:
</materialsCitation>
<collectingCountry id="E8FD8E68FAD0B8EB5666AF03A22E1340" name="Philippines">PH</collectingCountry>
[00030496]).
</paragraph>
<caption id="FE3F2FFA75581D47B9FD40BDFB92E7D1" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure172" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897633" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 172" startId="F172">
<paragraph id="5BB95941212DCCF0DFD07B605407A4B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="CEF3F3E702A87E136BAA36C99CDB1A2B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 172.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="066CD1B73AEADF7B42383E5EFEAD0346" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="8C656B3BB783AC7E7325B61C21ADF672" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="52E0DB52CBC894416B8910DCB7ADFB85" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
flowering habit
<emphasis id="A0B64FC85356BC0AAE774B57D87C34D7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
fruiting habit
<emphasis id="25398BEFCFEF625D270895CBB2A4BF5C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
flowering branch
<emphasis id="C282BC5437CF7EC748CDAC9228B78D18" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
detail of adaxial leaf surface
<emphasis id="9AB1235CEF9CE460C83F4048D2838173" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
detail of adaxial leaf surface
<emphasis id="3817D56560A8AB6CEC2F195FF86EA052" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
flower bud
<emphasis id="036F668017CE1BB2BEC0A0EBF8EC74EA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
flower
<emphasis id="9E7E69FD9BCF4D1A7FF021F90BA95E04" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
fruit (
<emphasis id="6AB09C6B5D57067840E953487D27A3BA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C, F, G</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1C9D50D67E15BCAA7C8D3D374CDEF8E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Donat 55</emphasis>
<emphasis id="BE6F425DAF95F662D7055C308F2450DF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, D, E, H</emphasis>
<emphasis id="ECAC3B6915BCC348EB39F3F4136EC00D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baker 577</emphasis>
). Illustration by R. Wise. Previously published in
<bibRefCitation id="69DB1C1DEC1C67513282E47E96AC74A7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="F3517A34D3593D4561A6568E83FFF1CA" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 169) and
<bibRefCitation id="5EF4A9C9A881D56C9FFBF57938CFB294" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
: 118).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFA83987786016EA7E3C796303C5241C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="52E6B832421B473E7B675DEE116CBF15" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D12DCA6BC6405E0494D93B364551F49E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Annual herbs to 0.4 m high, much branched at the base, to 0.7 m in diameter. Stems terete, green, decumbent and prostrate, forming adventitious roots at the nodes, not markedly hollow; new growth glabrous to sparsely pubescent with eglandular simple, uniseriate (3-)4-10-celled spreading trichomes 0.5-2 mm long, occasionally with a few glandular trichomes with a 1-many-celled apical gland; older stems glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate or trifoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple and shallowly lobed to deeply pinnatifid, the blades (1-)2-4(-5) cm long, 0.2-2.9 cm wide, narrowly elliptic to oblong or ovate-elliptic, widest in the lower half, membranous to somewhat fleshy, discolorous; adaxial surface glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem, scattered along lamina and more densely along the veins; abaxial surface more densely pubescent on veins and lamina; major veins 3-6 pairs, not clearly evident abaxially; base cuneate, decurrent on the petiole; margins almost entire to sinuate-lobate to deeply pinnatifid to near-pinnate, with 3-6 linear to triangular pairs of lobes; apex acute; petioles (0.5-)1-2(-2.4) cm long, pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences internodal, unbranched, 1-2 cm long, with 1-5(-6) flowers clustered near the tips (sub-umbelliform), glabrous to sparsely pubescent with spreading trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle 0.8-3.5 cm long, often with apical leafy
<normalizedToken id="F97C00D8DDAC2FFCF63F94BD34B86033" originalValue="“bracteoles”">&quot;bracteoles&quot;</normalizedToken>
(small, leaf-like structures amongst the pedicels); pedicels 3-12 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0(-0.5) mm apart. Buds narrowly ellipsoid or occasionally narrowly ovoid, the corolla exserted 1/5-2/5 from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, cosexual (hermaphroditic). Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 2.5-3.5(-7) mm long, 0.8-1(-4) mm wide, triangular-oblong with acute apices, densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those of the stem. Corolla 1-1.4 cm in diameter, white to lilac with a yellow-green central eye with black-purple colouration at the base, deeply stellate, lobed halfway to 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 4-5 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide, reflexed at anthesis, densely pubescent abaxially with short simple uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those on stems and leaves. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.6-1 mm long, adaxially sparsely pubescent with tangled simple, uniseriate trichomes; anthers 2.8-3.1(-4) mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, narrowly ellipsoid, pale yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.5-3.5 mm long, straight, not exserted beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes to 1/2 from the base; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 0.8-1(-2) cm in diameter, dark green at maturity, the pericarp thin, usually shiny, opaque, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 12-17 mm long, 0.5-1 mm in diameter at the base, 1-1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, spaced 0-0.5(-1) mm apart, reflexed and becoming woody, not persistent; fruiting calyx somewhat accrescent in fruit, but not becoming papery nor covering the berry, the tube 2.5-3 mm long, the lobes (4-)4.5-5.5(-8) mm long and 2.2-3.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed to spreading. Seeds 40-60 per berry, 2-2.5 mm long, 1.7-2 mm wide, subglobose, yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells 13-30, 1-1.5 mm in diameter, creamy white or pale tan. Chromosome number:
<emphasis id="6388BF6818249B59C0E0B7CD9E3BDFA0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 12 (
<bibRefCitation id="8F58D9A568960D04CA3DA3CCDAD7AC97" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.855389" author="Moyetta, NR" journalOrPublisher="Caryologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="333 - 345" refId="B169" refString="Moyetta, NR, Stiefkensa, LB, Bernardello, G, 2013. Karyotypes of South American species of the Morelloid and Dulcamaroid clades (Solanum, Solanaceae). Caryologia 66 (4): 333 - 345, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.855389" title="Karyotypes of South American species of the Morelloid and Dulcamaroid clades (Solanum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.855389" volume="66" year="2013">Moyetta et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, voucher
<emphasis id="443100D308804CF6CE7581598C03836C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chiapella et al. 1839</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="0A9CD765B734B678C3543F1BD55AF723" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure173" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897634" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 173" startId="F173">
<paragraph id="527A48809CB24C17350DCD53B68AD25A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="25E0A3586DCD404FA54B62AA647BEA1F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 173.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7448A885D76C76A7B502A249AC07742D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="6352263C10B0F55DE1CA64611C54BCD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3A71B26514D0C635697E319A7910B680" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habit
<emphasis id="E2ADB67742D51882CFDF170B55C1CA47" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
flowering habit
<emphasis id="301BD770396F959E7F34BEB4AF7FC00D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
flower bud and flower
<emphasis id="14DB67BAB8120F1F4884BC2FAEB10855" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
flower (
<emphasis id="C7ABE1DD908DFAF44C8938B8AE3D9417" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<emphasis id="352011FABA302D4F638882FBF90369F2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="5DEE3A6636487E9F13FB4EDC567AD524" originalValue="Sérsic">Sersic</normalizedToken>
5040
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="692961412CFEE90BB4E414D0F9C81042" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, D</emphasis>
Knapp et al. 10488
<emphasis id="50F98A64F38120F8861475194CDCAAA8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="5EB10E5D4D45EEAAC606303C020537B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 2345</emphasis>
). Photos by G. Barboza, S. Knapp and A.
<normalizedToken id="53ED53A09F9256CB977CE058ADE2685F" originalValue="Sérsic">Sersic</normalizedToken>
. Partly previously published in
<bibRefCitation id="A95D99264F0775ADBF143DE1E47371D8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="3190EFD8D8FEC6556CD3A56536198DF1" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 170) and
<bibRefCitation id="1D2E261C2915A43DA71E8EEDCDD97494" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
: 119).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="30F81C371F8784EF7A6D2AE2E0DD6DDA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5F5DCA5D4B341EE1AB683827067B50F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5339A45D6D8F3454B64D86D9311FB744" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5027617B7CDE89DE9568BA21B779D8C4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="E13CA57B116BC288678CF83C9067CD4F" captionStart="Figure 174" captionStartId="F174" captionText="Figure 174. Distribution map of Solanum triflorum in South America. For distribution in North America and the Eastern Hemisphere, see Knapp et al. (2019: 120) and Saerkinen et al. (2018: 171), respectively." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure174" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897635" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">174</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="417D931E7E17243BFA24CC45D082BC64" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="41522DA0879A477E57B51DAE586B14EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is native to the Americas with a disjunct (amphitropical) distribution between temperate South and North America (see
<bibRefCitation id="7493D2CD1FE917A5BBC15FEC8B1C1F1A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). In South America it is only known from Argentina (Provs. Buenos Aires, Chubut,
<normalizedToken id="6B10A02E2B66E01C576075E119362E9F" originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, La Pampa, Mendoza,
<normalizedToken id="499852283DD0BA32E2759BF97464AF6E" originalValue="Neuquén">Neuquen</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="A7880378010F647B484B5F6CF2C99791" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Negro, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz), largely in Patagonia. The species has been introduced outside its native range in temperate areas of Europe, South Africa and Australia (see
<bibRefCitation id="17C329D2837327B7362FD4C26794EF8A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="9D2430F223EBF92291F6AAB1E1886A38" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="9EC7592D7B3037B15C726BFD8015CB45" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure174" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897635" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 174" startId="F174">
<paragraph id="B93D0D9CF0BBE4E29C4EDA6DEBA8419A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="971B05FB51EDFF9A1367758FC121FB93" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 174.</emphasis>
Distribution map of
<taxonomicName id="B3F8DC7319B05285092FAC9282D06918" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="9D4940A2365F309D7324491976CFB371" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in South America. For distribution in North America and the Eastern Hemisphere, see
<bibRefCitation id="C0D5434A1DF3E1653E4C1F2D4F3BB07A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
: 120) and
<bibRefCitation id="6C19BD1B066EC8DC6F1D174CF4495C28" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="922A671C4CBAF2901055036A9E5AB7FE" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 171), respectively.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="872F3E3DB8030A8358D52F6FF6DA461D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="9C702C6428001FEBC66F34E8DD9EE915" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="918601E62504674C160765F4547AEEF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="CFF123268C0D94D9C296D583740FBCE9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="C1DF6F997FAB46C9E033F2BF83A2E3EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows broad ecological lability, growing along roadsides, sandy soils, in cultivation, and in salt plains (salinas) between (0-)700 and 2,900 m elevation..
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="347E0244936799C45F3F3A74A4D6C7E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph id="1501130A4DD4764A1C10990B36D74207" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B89BD738E879F7A0ADD3C06D35301AFA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Argentina.
<normalizedToken id="99CF12CE488D04BF93390BDA29916206" originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
: meloncillo (
<emphasis id="A0C0054D1B35090A07DF6D6278224D8A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kurtz 4612</emphasis>
). In North America berries eaten in times of famine and used medicinally (see
<bibRefCitation id="063A8CD6679DCC3EEB7B278D0F958089" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
); no uses have been recorded from South American specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="35F069269290DA6254B3BB757A8A0A82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph id="909D6268F7C4EBC84F2ED1AC06B91367" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C503A5A3E97FFE646A5A42C0431E482D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="757EDC7EA9E76D04F1474BF43F9052A7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="FB05F5D70E8DCBCA600B94EDCA9C8E13" author="Ibarrola, DA" journalOrPublisher="Nueva Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B116" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">IUCN 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern [LC]. EOO = 92,225,775 km2 [LC]; AOO = 3,708 km2 [EN]; calculated on global range.
<taxonomicName id="069191AA2B6DBF252618F1233326ECCA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="6103207E8A20C8694D900AC1FE3D3F31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is weedy and common where it occurs (
<bibRefCitation id="CA7863AC4867FE60E85E9AF4A3674A11" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="580A30D57B69D206713C0743338B86FC" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2A1EDEBC96D1C16038F63AF86E672823" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). In Patagonia it is common along roads and in highly disturbed sites.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FCBC2A88BE4365BAA42AE87AAEBFD8CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1F7BDF06A5551583487B8317A66B6C6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C728825111FB2BA87D7FAB2277FE44E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A646893614A9D17CC84C432231F3CA23" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="02D7908206B4CFB6C5BDB86A0AE36170" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctive species with a prostrate habit, fleshy, usually pinnatifid, leaves, and deeply stellate flowers with long, thin anthers. The inflorescences usually have a small bracetole at the apex and berry size varies from small (ca. 10 mm) to very large (ca. 20 mm), but usually a given plant has either small or large berries. Numerous stone cells are found in the berries, sometimes almost outnumbering seeds, and large berries can have as many as 30 stone cells.
<taxonomicName id="15AD5CB70C2250F4F885D78FFDF56596" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="1E3EA0C77BCC727D63A24A506B7C13A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is difficult to confuse with any other morelloid solanum. It was thought to be related to members of the Radicans clade based on morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="64FE584899DC91DEB2B7EE21E9F82FA8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.4910950302" author="Child, A" journalOrPublisher="Feddes Repertorium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 150" refId="B42" refString="Child, A, 1994. Taxonomic studies in Solanum L. 2. Two new infrageneric taxa for the subgenus Solanum. Feddes Repertorium 95 (3): 141 - 150, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.4910950302" title="Taxonomic studies in Solanum L. 2. Two new infrageneric taxa for the subgenus Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.4910950302" volume="95" year="1994">Child 1994</bibRefCitation>
) but molecular data refute this and place the species as the first branching species of the Black nightshade clade (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="ADB10596FA63E2732CDBAE8BCDCFE5A8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="945 - 958" refId="B206" refString="Saerkinen, T, Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, 2015b. True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum. Taxon 64 (5): 945 - 958, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" title="True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" volume="64" year="2015 b">
<normalizedToken id="F048C3882029F5CF8801677334DC987F" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2015b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="192FCE83662430DC589380247C8460FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Leaf shape can be quite variable in
<taxonomicName id="30CB78892221D0FBB56D72E44E12C7AA" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="B782C37DB78FCEF92B097064C6A7EC79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
although not within individual plants. Most plants have deeply dissected leaves, but some (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B1F47D54A24AF90B77565100E6CFB053" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10488</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="5739B6A2EAC0220B6F0B8F23917F834F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kurtz 5534b</emphasis>
from Prov. Mendoza, Argentina,
<emphasis id="E9832B07EDD55F767A3DBE5B722AC088" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chiapella et al. al. 1809</emphasis>
from Prov.
<normalizedToken id="A6D805BE51F609CED9DD3DE4FFC4A5BC" originalValue="Neuquén">Neuquen</normalizedToken>
, Argentina) have leaves that are only shallowly toothed. The glandular trichomes reported on leaves of
<taxonomicName id="8A19D79840C83D7A930D09EA35DFA58A" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="7BC933A222B8ECC14A511EC4E4573509" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A26543D06E33702994E8C0E96010971D" author="Subils, R" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="195 - 206" refId="B228" refString="Subils, R, 1989. Sobre el indumento de Solanum triflorum (Solanaceae) y su importancia taxonomica. Kurtziana 20: 195 - 206" title="Sobre el indumento de Solanum triflorum (Solanaceae) y su importancia taxonomica." volume="20" year="1989">Subils 1989</bibRefCitation>
) are very sparse and never give the plants a viscid, sticky feel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DC21C8416FDBDFD193A6215C749C9E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C7F405B40BEF4E0A68E1FA98643E4C2E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="69C23AA335895632B21A18824A56282E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a classic American Amphitropical Distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="34136C13552CFC689E8F8BCAC7706084" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342" author="Gray, A" journalOrPublisher="United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 77" refId="B97" refString="Gray, A, Hooker, JD, 1880. The vegetation of the Rocky Mountain region and a comparison with that of other parts of the world. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Bulletin 6: 1 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342" title="The vegetation of the Rocky Mountain region and a comparison with that of other parts of the world." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62342" volume="6" year="1880">Gray and Hooker 1880</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B0C6D6B69F888ABF756135A984C307E7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/403797" author="Raven, PH" journalOrPublisher="The Quarterly Review of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="151 - 177" refId="B186" refString="Raven, PH, 1963. Amphitropical relationships in the floras of North and South America. The Quarterly Review of Biology 38 (2): 151 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/403797" title="Amphitropical relationships in the floras of North and South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/403797" volume="38" year="1963">Raven 1963</bibRefCitation>
; AAD sensu
<bibRefCitation id="1E5EBB9C550DEB0DEE0DA8CFB3F35392" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1600 - 1650" refId="B218" refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" volume="104" year="2017">Simpson et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), with populations occuring in North and South America, but not between (see also
<taxonomicName id="DE22BF1049ECF21527E675C2D656C23C" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
<emphasis id="268BC1DFF09806D91D84FABA6F54EA31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Due to its weedy nature, it is often assumed to be introduced to North America (see discussion in
<bibRefCitation id="14BA56143FA0D20052C379F6849CABC7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
), but the amphitropical distribution pattern is found in other
<taxonomicName id="CAAAEFF5E8992DEA0DB59EB66E3E2B56" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
native to both regions such as
<taxonomicName id="AABF4C9F94F7E59E5A30845AB22056CE" class="Eudicots" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35E51256F3EB655086FA102152242CBC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation id="D6C83D0A099CEA51F210426647FFB24B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" author="Levin, RA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B141" refString="Levin, RA, Shak, JR, Miller, JS, Bernardello, G, Venter, AM, 2007. Evolutionary relationships in the tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). Acta Horticulturae (745): 225-240. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" title="Evolutionary relationships in the tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). Acta Horticulturae (745): 225 - 240." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" year="2007">Levin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
) and groups of solanums such as the Carolinense (subsection
<taxonomicName id="F4F5E857E496FF916129736129E63569" class="Eudicots" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Lathyrocarpum">Lycium Lathyrocarpum</taxonomicName>
G.Don,
<bibRefCitation id="CD931CD3EE7507952E37CCCF85FD4057" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X689302" author="Wahlert, GA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="843 - 887" refId="B243" refString="Wahlert, GA, Chiarini, FE, Bohs, L, 2015. A revision of Solanum section Lathryocarpum (the Carolinense clade, Solanaceae). Systematic Botany 40 (3): 843 - 887, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X689302" title="A revision of Solanum section Lathryocarpum (the Carolinense clade, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X689302" volume="40" year="2015">Wahlert et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
, as
<normalizedToken id="EFB92AA46C887C9A5315871FC0B2FE35" originalValue="“section”">&quot;section&quot;</normalizedToken>
) and Elaeagnifolium (
<bibRefCitation id="A0526462A395BD101E73497A633EE4C0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.84.12695" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B134" refString="Knapp, S, Sagona, E, Carbonell, AKZ, Chiarini, F, 2017. A revision of the Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade, subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 84: 1 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.84.12695" title="A revision of the Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade, subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.84.12695" volume="84" year="2017">Knapp et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) clades.
<taxonomicName id="EC64AC36DF820E855E42D7C133BBB02B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum elaeagnifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elaeagnifolium">
<emphasis id="8DB14F6276DA148DCEEE020C92B61775" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum elaeagnifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cav. (Elaeagnifolium clade,
<bibRefCitation id="A4EDD7A3C8C97FDF740B4881B4ABCDDD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.84.12695" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B134" refString="Knapp, S, Sagona, E, Carbonell, AKZ, Chiarini, F, 2017. A revision of the Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade, subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 84: 1 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.84.12695" title="A revision of the Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade, subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.84.12695" volume="84" year="2017">Knapp et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) has an almost identical amphitropical distribution (AAD sensu
<bibRefCitation id="D3B4FFCF57D10CCD73FE2B5C17D24A8F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1600 - 1650" refId="B218" refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" volume="104" year="2017">Simpson et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), and is similarly weedy; it has also been assumed to be introduced to North America. Distribution of these disjunct group is more likely to be the result of long distance dispersal than of vicariance (
<bibRefCitation id="809273CDE9EA889DC5C55D2CFD38FF3C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369" author="Guilliams, CM" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1717 - 1728" refId="B98" refString="Guilliams, CM, Hasenstab-Lehmann, KE, Mabry, ME, Simpson, MG, 2017. Memoirs of a frequent flyer: Phylogenomics reveals 18 long-distance dispersals between North America and South America in the popcorn flowers (Amsinckiinae). American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1717 - 1728, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369" title="Memoirs of a frequent flyer: Phylogenomics reveals 18 long-distance dispersals between North America and South America in the popcorn flowers (Amsinckiinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700369" volume="104" year="2017">Guilliams et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), with dispersal after being eaten and passing through an
<normalizedToken id="9E931A500B8A4AD38E43AB6292D6EDF7" originalValue="animal’s">animal's</normalizedToken>
gut (endozoochory) being less common than disperal via attachment to an animal fur or feathers (epizoochory) (
<bibRefCitation id="2735000372D107E4E7CB2F17624D4A9D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178" author="Schenk, JJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1756 - 1764" refId="B210" refString="Schenk, JJ, Saunders, K, 2017. Inferring long-distance dispersal modes in American amphitropically disjunct species through adaptive dispersal structures. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1756 - 1764, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178" title="Inferring long-distance dispersal modes in American amphitropically disjunct species through adaptive dispersal structures." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700178" volume="104" year="2017">Schenk and Saunders 2017</bibRefCitation>
). In the case of
<taxonomicName id="AAD35270CB22A2697C6536D30D352648" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
, soft juicy berries make endozoochory more likely as a distribution mechanism, although there is no information on frugivores or fruit dispersal for
<taxonomicName id="47911B4A045805FB86E3662CB22C8E8A" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="9E4612D51B6D405B0AD7256ACA71C21A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The distribution of
<taxonomicName id="A19ADF9DB39D371CFA21011D3E0AE273" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="695BAAF24697F30F921E31EF923447D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in temperate areas, but also at higher elevations in deserts and into the more boreal regions of North America places it in the temperate AAD category of
<bibRefCitation id="D295C8693424DF06C5DD8CBB5D276D9A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1600 - 1650" refId="B218" refString="Simpson, MG, Johnson, LA, Villaverde, T, Guilliams, CM, 2017. American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1600 - 1650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" title="American amphitropical disjuncts: Perspectives from vascular plant analyses and prospects for future research." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700308" volume="104" year="2017">Simpson et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
; annuals like
<taxonomicName id="80092546631681EB41D9C06AC2C52D95" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="DC0425BE270F6D385CC070D035C4B142" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
predominate in this category. Amongst temperate AAD species the most common direction for distribution is from North to South America, but we suspect that like
<taxonomicName id="2F4363F5C875FC05FFA283D2BA1ECDBE" family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D846822EA2ED11B1765BDCB4C5FFD94A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292" author="Frost, LA" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1708 - 1716" refId="B90" refString="Frost, LA, McAdams Tyson, S, Lu-Irving, P, O'Leary, N, Olmstead, RG, 2017. Origins of North American Verbenaceae: More than one way to skin a cat. American Journal of Botany 104 (11): 1708 - 1716, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292" title="Origins of North American Verbenaceae: More than one way to skin a cat." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1700292" volume="104" year="2017">Frost et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="40E6EF6940E1B79E60472AC9ED467947" class="Eudicots" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="119CF1D98099725B81F87ADB136AAD1A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="89AEAF3F2BCBC6A00E869BC0B56BCC5F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" author="Levin, RA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B141" refString="Levin, RA, Shak, JR, Miller, JS, Bernardello, G, Venter, AM, 2007. Evolutionary relationships in the tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). Acta Horticulturae (745): 225-240. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" title="Evolutionary relationships in the tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). Acta Horticulturae (745): 225 - 240." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.9" year="2007">Levin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), most
<taxonomicName id="B3EE4E6E3190EC2524C85DE31063F39C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="035007F7873142EA972C596F45193301" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
disjunctions will have a South America to North America directionality. To date, only North American populations of
<taxonomicName id="6E2DECDA97E3D2E094FE0035B0485D42" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="C920955CA696E68BDC70F01461439F64" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been included in molecular phylogenetic studies (
<bibRefCitation id="FF659727CFF96D9F557AB69633F4B3E2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="945 - 958" refId="B206" refString="Saerkinen, T, Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, 2015b. True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum. Taxon 64 (5): 945 - 958, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" title="True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5" volume="64" year="2015 b">
<normalizedToken id="CD050320D4DAEE2B247B3BA9A5257AC7" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2015b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66EFBDD07A9DA86C055D5A998F6D3EED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="9290FB4EDA1EE57B479AB69ED21F6905" author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 194" refId="B112" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1989. Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte). Kurtziana 20: 181 - 194" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte)." volume="20" year="1989">Hunziker (1989)</bibRefCitation>
inadvertently lectotypifed (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="BCBA1B44E6BFF222AE000863C0E6ABDF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" author="Prado, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination=": 651" refId="B185" refString="Prado, J, Hirai, RY, Moran, RC, 2015. (046-048) Proposals concerning inadvertent lectotypifications (and neotypifications). Taxon 64 (3): 651, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" title="(046 - 048) Proposals concerning inadvertent lectotypifications (and neotypifications)." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" volume="64" year="2015">Prado et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="BB0A905B378BC3AB9A8A19B44934342E" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. triflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="triflorum">
<emphasis id="7B79C8A05DFB24872B7209B101987082" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. triflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a note added in proof referring to a photocopy of the holotype from PH.
<bibRefCitation id="AC676CEF3E646F8B0A098A4A8305A054" author="Barboza, GE" editor="Anton, AM" journalOrPublisher=") Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 264" refId="B10" refString="Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264" title="Grupo VII. Moreloide." volumeTitle="Barboza GE (Coord." year="2013">Barboza et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="CBBA1848F8BC700961CF697F82D327CE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="D592C82E44872005334EE6996B42B7FF" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018)
</bibRefCitation>
superfluously lectotypified the synonyms
<taxonomicName id="F8904F872A9A5F58FDDB709C9872BEFA" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. mendocinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mendocinum">
<emphasis id="A898DBF8A58CB2C266EC1437094A1912" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. mendocinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="24B1E35EAF6D9CA1A97607A041481303" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. calophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="calophyllum">
<emphasis id="C518D575E6BC6751C37191DC62E5DD71" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. calophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
respectively; these names had also been inadvertently lectotypified by
<bibRefCitation id="893031323CC2EFAF51A17A0899CBAD38" author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 194" refId="B112" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1989. Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte). Kurtziana 20: 181 - 194" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae XXVIII. Novedades sobre las especies argentinas de Solanum (Primera parte)." volume="20" year="1989">Hunziker (1989)</bibRefCitation>
via citation of a single specimen in a single herbarium.
</paragraph>
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96
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<paragraph pageNumber="529">&quot;Habitat in Europae maritimis, salsis.&quot; RCN: 1687.</paragraph>
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157: 93. 1984): Herb. Linn. No. 291.1 (
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.
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of
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Linnaeus.
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Current name:
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L.
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(
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Brothers
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1
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 11 - 18. Pherotilla gen. n. 11 - 14 P. mlanjeana (Bischoff) 11 - 12 male, dorsal &amp; lateral views 13 - 14 female, lateral &amp; dorsal views 15 - 18 P. oceanica (Mickel) 15 - 16 male, dorsal &amp; lateral views 17 - 18 female, lateral &amp; dorsal views. Scales = 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.46.5733.figures11-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/66882" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">, 11-18</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 31–38" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 31 - 38. Rhopalomutillinae, hypopygium (S 8): left = lateral view, anterior to left; centre = ventral view, anterior to left; right = posterior view. 31 - 32 Rimulotilla gen. n. 31 Ri. tongaana (Peringuey) 32 Ri. conifera (Bischoff) 33 - 34 Pherotilla gen. n. 33 P. mlanjeana (Bischoff) 34 P. oceanica (Mickel) 35 - 37 Rhopalomutilla Andre 35 Rh. clavicornis (Andre) 36 Rh. carinaticeps Bischoff 37 Rh. anguliceps Andre 38 Bischoffiella cristata (Bingham)." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.46.5733.figures31-38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/66885" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">, 33-34</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 39–46" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 39 - 46. Rhopalomutillinae, male genitalia: upper = dorsal view; middle = left volsella, exterolateral view; bottom = sagittal view, penis valves and right paramere (right volsella not shown). 39 - 40 Rimulotilla gen. n. 39 Ri. tongaana (Peringuey) 40 Ri. conifera (Bischoff) 41 - 42 Pherotilla gen. n. 41 P. mlanjeana (Bischoff) 42 P. oceanica (Mickel) 43 - 45 Rhopalomutilla Andre 43 Rh. clavicornis (Andre) 44 Rh. carinaticeps Bischoff 45 Rh. anguliceps Andre 46 Bischoffiella cristata (Bingham)." figureDoi="10.3897/JHR.46.5733.figures39-46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/66886" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">, 41-42</figureCitation>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
species.
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Rhopalomutilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomutilla mlanjeana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mlanjeana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhopalomutilla mlanjeana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bischoff, 1920: 180, male &amp; female (name determined under Article 61.4 of the Code (
<bibRefCitation author="Hammer, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B16" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. ITZN, London, i-xxx, 306 pp." title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" year="1957">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
))
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MALE. Head transverse with vertex evenly rounded in anterior view; no genal carina; mandible tridentate; scutellum pulvinate, evenly swollen; S6 with posterior margin deeply notched laterally; S8 strongly sculptured with prominent peg-like process laterally and posterior margin broadly and unevenly emarginate; penis valves asymmetrical with right valve larger than left (sometimes symmetrical), each elongate without any setae along posterodorsal margin, outer surface smoothly convex; paramere without cluster of very strong setae arising under a flange dorsobasally but often with a few slightly stronger long setae near base. FEMALE. Head rounded in anterodorsal view, about as wide as long; mesosoma squat, lateral margin with several teeth or tubercles, strongly convex anteriorly, with gradual concave narrowing between metathoracic spiracle and propodeal spiracle, lateral margins of propodeum diverging posteriorly; disc of propodeum posteriorly indistinct, without any median tubercle and with strong tooth at lateral angle; metasoma slightly elongate with T1 broad; pygidial plate oval, bounded by carina ventrolaterally, surface covered by dense recumbent setae, posterior margin convex between weak apical teeth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
MALE. Body black (seldom with tegula and/or legs brown); wings hyaline basally (sometimes almost entirely infuscated).
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Head</emphasis>
: transverse with vertex more or less evenly rounded without any elevation behind ocelli, posterodorsal margin of head in anterior view more or less evenly curved; antennal scrobe above with transverse carina separated from secretory tubercle; clypeus with ventral marginal teeth; genal carina completely absent, postgena slightly convex; postmandibular carina weak and short or moderate and long (rarely absent), pleurostomal carina absent (sometimes a ridge from posterior mandibular articulation to margin of proboscidal fossa slightly posterior to half its length); mandible tridentate with middle apical tooth smaller than other two, ventral basal lamella gradually narrowed apicad.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mesosoma</emphasis>
: mesoscutum anteroadmedian lines separated by a longitudinal ridge; notaulus incomplete anteriorly; parapsidal line very short and incomplete posteriorly; tegula evenly convex or slightly recurved posteriorly; scutellum pulvinate, evenly swollen without any posterior tubercle; metanotal dorsellum variable in form and sculpture; propodeum with disc and declivity very weakly differentiated, evenly merging; lateral face of pronotum fairly strongly tapered, anteroventral margin a weak ridge continuous with undeveloped anteroventral tooth (sometimes tooth moderately developed); mesepisternum with transverse depression moderately developed to imperceptible; mesosternum with a short crenulate transverse carina on each side about halfway between anterior margin and mid coxa or without any distinct projections.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Legs</emphasis>
: pubescence denser on tibiae and tarsi; claws deeply cleft apical to broad lamellate base; fore tibia without any apical secretory structure (sometimes with a vertically elongate preapical groove/pore on inner
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
anterior) surface); mid and hind tibiae with preapical dorsal and lateral spines few and difficult to distinguish.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Metasoma</emphasis>
: fairly slender; T2 widest beyond midlength; T2 and S2 without any traces or with dispersed traces of lateral felt lines; pygidium (T7) with apical margin convex, edges not recurved (sometimes slightly so, rarely flangelike); S1 without any tooth; S6 with posterior margin deeply notched on each side; hypopygium (S8) strongly sculptured with prominent peg-like process laterally and posterior margin broadly and unevenly emarginate.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Genitalia</emphasis>
: basal ring moderate; paramere curved with narrow apex, without any differentiated very strong setae except some
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">times</pageBreakToken>
with a few long thicker setae along basodorsal margin; penis valves asymmetrical (sometimes symmetrical) with right valve slightly larger than left, without any setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
FEMALE.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Head</emphasis>
: rounded in anterodorsal view; sides produced far behind eye, poorly to fairly well differentiated from posterodorsal margin of head; posterodorsal margin convex, without any distinct depression at each side; clypeus with a median tooth above small triangular area, a broad smooth ventral concavity, an acute lamellate tooth at each side of concavity; gena broad, without or with a weak posterior ridge; postmandibular carina irregular running from mandibular base to level posterior to posterior margin of oral fossa then obsolete; pleurostomal carina forming a ridge from posterior mandibular articulation to margin of oral fossa; mandible evenly curved, with inner margin expanded into an obtuse triangular lamella about one-third length from base, apically weakly bidentate; maxillary palp two- or unsegmented, weakly fusiform; labial palp two- or unsegmented, slightly broadened apically; antennal scape with a lamellate rounded tooth posterolaterally, flat anteromesal surface delimited dorsally by a weak carina basally or not at all; pedicel sometimes with ventral tuft of fine setae.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mesosoma</emphasis>
: squat, no longer than wide or only slightly so; anterodorsal margin indistinct with fairly short anterior face at an obtuse angle to dorsal face and merging with it; humeral angle dentate or tuberculate; lateral margin uneven and tuberculate, anteriorly strongly convex, gradually converging to notch at base of propodeum then diverging to posterolateral angle with strong tooth; disc of propodeum posteriorly poorly discernible, fairly smooth and without any median tubercle; posterior face of propodeum strongly oblique; lateral face of pronotum flattened with no (or a weak) anterior oblique carina, a curved low ridge running along anteroventral margin, ventral margin fairly straight, anteroventral extremity obtuse; mesepisternum strongly convex, with or without a vertical ridge above or anterodorsal to mid coxa.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Legs</emphasis>
: fore leg with femur flattened below, tibia with preapical elongate to oval secretory pore on inner (anterior) surface, tibial calcar with blade smooth on margin; mid and hind femora flat to weakly longitudinally concave below, each with a basally broad preapical lamella anteroventrally; mid and hind tibiae with preapical dorsal spines very strong and easy to distinguish, preapical lateral spines strong and fairly easy to distinguish.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metasoma</emphasis>
: fairly slender; T1 with anterior face meeting dorsal face at a rounded right angle, dorsal face long, very broad and transverse, almost as wide as T2, sides broadly convex anteriorly then convex and somewhat diverging posteriorly; T2 about as long as T3-T6, broad deep basal depression strongly convex posteriorly, sides beyond basal depression diverging then convex and converging, small indefinite felt-line patch anterolaterally (sometimes absent), posterior margin straight to weakly concave; T3 with posterior margin straight (sometimes very weakly concave medially); T5 without (seldom with) a tuft of fine setae at posterolateral angle; pygidium (T6) with pygidial plate oval, with a strong lateral bounding carina ventrally, sculpture concealed by dense setae, apical margin convex between two blunt teeth; S1 with a short median carina anterior to a broad flattened triangular area bounded by ridges and elevated anteriorly, narrow lateral marginal depression on each side posteriorly; S4 with posterolateral angle simple (seldom produced); S5 with posterolateral angle not (seldom scarcely) produced,
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">without</pageBreakToken>
(sometimes with) a tuft of setae posterolaterally; S6 entirely slightly convex, apex acute, sides weakly angled to carinate, no flattened strong setae.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="967810" doi="10.3897/JHR.46.5733.figures11-18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/66882" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="Figures 11–18" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 11-18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brothers" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Pherotilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pherotilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pherotilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. n.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">11-14</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mlanjeana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="mlanjeana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mlanjeana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bischoff)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">11-12</emphasis>
male, dorsal &amp; lateral views
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">13-14</emphasis>
female, lateral &amp; dorsal views
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15-18</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. oceanica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="oceanica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. oceanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mickel)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15-16</emphasis>
male, dorsal &amp; lateral views
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">17-18</emphasis>
female, lateral &amp; dorsal views. Scales = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="species included">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Species included.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Pherotilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pherotilla japhia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japhia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pherotilla japhia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Cameron, 1902), male, comb. n.;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mlanjeana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="mlanjeana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mlanjeana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bischoff, 1920), male &amp; female, comb. n.;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. oceanica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="oceanica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. oceanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mickel, 1935), male &amp; female, comb. n.;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rufitincta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="rufitincta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. rufitincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hammer, 1957), male &amp; female, stat. n., comb. n.;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. striganovae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="striganovae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. striganovae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lelej, 2012), male &amp; female, comb. n.; five undescribed species, four male only, one male &amp; female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Southern to eastern Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania), southern to southeastern Asia (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
From the Greek verb
<normalizedToken originalValue="φέρω">φέρω</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">phero</emphasis>
), to carry (referring to their phoretic copulation), combined with -
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">tilla</emphasis>
, a common suffix derived from the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Mutilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mutilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mutilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; gender feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Both sexes have already been described for only one of the Afrotropical species (
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mlanjeana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="mlanjeana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mlanjeana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); although only a single female specimen is known to me, I have designated this as the type species since the male is more typical for the genus than the most commonly collected Afrotropical species (
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rufitincta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="rufitincta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. rufitincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for which several specimens of both sexes are known). This is the only genus of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schuster" authorityYear="1949" family="Mutillidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhopalomutillinae">Rhopalomutillinae</taxonomicName>
which is found outside the Afrotropical Region, occurring also in the Oriental Region, for which there is no evident explanation since we know nothing about their ecology. Although two species have been described from far south-east Asia (
<taxonomicName lsidName="Rh. oceanica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="oceanica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rh. oceanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mickel, 1935 from Borneo and
<taxonomicName lsidName="Rh. javana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="javana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rh. javana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Pagden, 1949 from Java), these differ only in coloration and I have seen several specimens from neighbouring islands with intermediate colour patterns but essentially identical morphology (including the male genitalia), so have concluded that only one variably coloured species is involved, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="Rh. javana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="javana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rh. javana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">syn. n.</emphasis>
should be synonymized with
<taxonomicName lsidName="Rh. oceanica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="oceanica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rh. oceanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; a detailed justification will be provided in a subsequent paper.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>