diff --git a/data/28/1E/2F/281E2FB8BA0D5F9DB5E38051249F2B51.xml b/data/28/1E/2F/281E2FB8BA0D5F9DB5E38051249F2B51.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..74df8913357 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/28/1E/2F/281E2FB8BA0D5F9DB5E38051249F2B51.xml @@ -0,0 +1,706 @@ + + + +Revision of Afrotropical Suragina Walker, 1859 (Diptera, Athericidae) + + + +Author + +Muller, Burgert S. +0000-0002-7304-4050 +Department Terrestrial Invertebrates, National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa & Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Swart, Vaughn R. +0000-0001-7905-5298 +Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Snyman, Louwrens P. +0000-0002-5768-7216 +Invertebrate Zoology, Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103 A Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T 5 J 0 G 2, Canada & Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S 7 N 5 B 4, Canada + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2024 + +2024-12-23 + + +65 + + +2 + + +247 +327 + + + +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.140524 +BCB49D2E-F772-49EB-A17A-47EB21194212 + + + + + +Suragina +Walker, 1859 + + + + + + + + +Suragina +Walker, 1859: 110 + +. + + + + + + + +Type +species. + + + + +Suragina illucens +Walker, 1859 + +by monotypy. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Suragina + +is most similar to the genus + +Atrichops + +with which it shares elongated legs and the hind coxa with a stout apical point or spine-like projection on its anteroventral surface. Similarly, + +Atrichops + +is also haematophagous, with well-developed mandibles. However, + +Atrichops + +has a knoblike proepimeral process (somewhat reduced in Afrotropical species) that is absent in + +Suragina + +. Additionally, + +Suragina + +has its frons usually contrasting velvety-black on the upper half and silvery-grey on the lower half (especially evident in + +), whereas the frons in + +Atrichops + +is more concolorous. The antennal bases are comparatively widely separated in + +Suragina + +, and close together in + +Atrichops + +. + +Suragina + +typically has a tibial spur ratio of 0: 2: 2 (1: 2: +2 in +some specimens of + +S. binominata +( +Bequaert, 1921 +)) + +, while + +Atrichops + +has a ratio of 0: 1: 2. There is also a substantial difference in the morphology of the male terminalia, with + +Suragina + +having the gonostylus inserted apically and the parameral sheath simple apically, compared to + +Atrichops + +having the gonostylus inserted subapically, sometimes even medially on the gonocoxite (e. g. + +Atrichops intermedius + +Muller, + +2023 +in + + + +Muller et al. 2023 +) and the parameral sheath ending with outward projections. +Woodley (2017: 887) +provided a key to the known genera of Afrotropical +Athericidae +. + + + +Key to the Afrotropical species of +<taxonomicName id="462E4A06606C91AE6D969B88BE2D2495" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Athericidae" genus="Suragina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B96EFA85A22D84DE2CFBE2A4489013F7" italics="true">Suragina</emphasis> +Walker +</taxonomicName> +(excluding +<taxonomicName id="7E6E6B7F4F591A8FCE3975631D26C2BA" baseAuthorityName="Speiser" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Athericidae" genus="Suragina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="disciclara"> +<emphasis id="515D8340FC2A54299E4CD86234E9A36B" italics="true">S. disciclara</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="B5543910CC51A97533BF5F5F3E4BFEEF" baseAuthorityName="Lindner" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Athericidae" genus="Suragina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilitarsis"> +<emphasis id="8859DB078DDC2DFF8107D5A4F0C2B68A" italics="true">S. pilitarsis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1 +Scutum and pleura with ground colour mostly orange-yellow (e. g. Fig. +1 +), if scutum with prominent dark median vitta (e. g. Fig. +2 +) then pleura darker in colouration (Figs +14 +, +15 +) + +2 +
+Scutum and pleura with majority of surface brown to almost black (e. g. Figs +3 +, +6 +), limited orange-yellow colouration + +8 +
2 +Notopleural area posterior to postpronotal lobe and anterior to transverse suture orange-yellow (e. g. Fig. +2 +), at most with a thin brown band along posterior edge of postpronotal lobe, no pruinosity in area + +3 +
+Notopleural area posterior to postpronotal lobe and anterior to transverse suture with a brownish marking on surface (e. g. Fig. +4 +), appearing bluish- to silver-grey pruinose in dorsal view, brown in lateral view (dependent on viewing angle) + +5 +
3 +Scutum with a prominent dark median vitta (Fig. +2 +) + + + +S. binominata +(Bequaert) + + +(in part, ♀) +
+Scutum without a median vitta (Fig. +1 +) + +4 +
4 +Fore and hind tibiae dark brown to black; lateral margins of tergites 2–4 dark (Figs +16 +, +17 +) + + + +S. copelandi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. + +
+Fore and hind tibiae yellow to orange-yellow, some specimens with apical half of front tibia darker; lateral margins of tergites 2–4 concolorous with rest of abdomen or only lateral margin of tergite 2 a slightly darker colour (Figs +9 +, +10 +) + + + +S. agramma +(Bezzi) + + +
5Scutum with a prominent dark median vitta, sometimes with additional dark markings on pre- and postsutural lateral areas +6 +
+Scutum at most with two feint dorsocentral bluish-grey pruinose vittae (e. g. Fig. +5 +) + +7 +
6 +Scutum with additional dark markings on pre- and postsutural lateral areas in addition to notopleural marking (Fig. +4 +); fore tibia dark brown to almost black + + + +S. falsa +(Oldroyd) + + +
+Scutum without any additional pre- or postsutural dark markings apart from central vitta; fore and hind tibiae light brownish-yellow to orange-yellow (Figs +27 +, +28 +) + + + +S. monogramma +(Bezzi) + + +
7 +Wing stigma dark brown with similarly dark substigmal mark running down to base of cell + +m +3 + +(Fig. +48 +); prescutellar area orange-yellow without any pruinosity; Madagascan endemic + + + +S. milloti +(Séguy) + + +
+Wing stigma light brown, with only some darker suffusions over posterior cells (Fig. +50 +); prescutellar area with bluish-grey pruinosity similar to that of notopleuron (Fig. +5 +); mainland Africa + + + +S. mulanjeensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. + +
8 +Wing stigma dark brown with similarly dark, but irregularly shaped substigmal mark running down to base of cell + +m +3 + +; at least apical third of wing with brown suffused appearance, area between substigmal mark and suffusion appearing to form a hyaline band (e. g. Figs +39 +, +45–47 +) + +9 +
+Wing stigma variable, darker substigmal mark present or absent, if present, then brown suffusion runs up to or near it, not visually forming a clear hyaline band (e. g. Figs +38 +, +54 +) + +12 +
9 +Antennal 1 +st +flagellomere bilobate, c-shaped (Fig. +13 a +); Madagascan endemic + + + +S. bilobata +Muller + +, +sp. nov. + +
+Antennal 1 +st +flagellomere typical subreniform shape; mainland Africa + +10 +
10 +Upper occiput with a pair of well-developed dark markings that run down to occipital foramen (Fig. +7 +); mid femur dark brown, only yellow at extreme base and apex (Fig. +22 +); all abdominal tergites dark brown, without any posterior grey pruinose bands + + + +S. liberiaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. + +
Upper occiput with narrower dark markings, either subrectangular or subtriangular; mid femur yellow, at most brownish on extreme base; tergite 1 with subtriangular dark marking, appearance of other tergites variable +11 +
11 +Upper occiput with a pair of narrow subrectangular dark markings (Fig. +8 +); mid femur yellow (Figs +20 +, +21 +); abdominal tergites yellowish-brown to dark brown, tergite 1 with a subtriangular marking, tergite 2 in some specimens with a fenestrated appearance, at least tergites 3–5 with posterior grey pruinose bands + + + +S. freidbergi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. + +
+Upper occiput with a subtriangular pair of well-developed dark markings (Fig. +6 +); mid femur yellow, at most with extreme base dark; abdomen with orange-yellow appearance; elongated dark median and lateral markings on tergites 2 and 3, remaining tergites orange-yellow without external markings + + + +S. malavaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. + +
12Mid femur brown on at least two-thirds of surface, fore femur yellow on over two-thirds of surface +13 +
Fore and mid femora yellow, at most brown on extreme apex and base +14 +
13 +Wing with dark brown suffusion more pronounced on anterior half, lighter on posterior half (Fig. +53 +); postpronotal lobe pale yellow; fore femur yellow on at least basal half to two-thirds, remaining apical third to half dark brown + + + +S. semiobscura +Muller + +, +sp. nov. + +
+Wing with brownish suffusion uniformly distributed over anterior and posterior half (Fig. +38 +); postpronotal lobe dark brown, at most with a slight orange-yellow colouration on lateral margin; fore femur dark brown on basal third or almost entirely yellow with only extreme apex and base brown + + + +S. bezzii +(Curran) + + +
14All coxae orange-yellow; hind femur orange-yellow on majority of surface, with small anterior apical dark mark, hind tibia and tarsi orange-yellow; occiput with pair of narrow dark subtriangular markings; ♂ cercus orange-yellow (♀ unknown) + + +S. nigromaculata +(Brunetti) + + +
Fore coxa variable, mid and hind coxae brown with some greyish pruinosity on at least anterior surface; hind femur with middle third with some degree of light infuscation to being blackish-brown, hind tibia and tarsi with some degree of overall infuscation; ♂ ♀ cercus darkened +15 +
15 +Antenna with 1 +st +flagellomere brown (Figs +32 +, +33 +); postpronotal lobe and postalar callus pale orange-yellow, without pruinosity; at least tergites 1–5 with dark subtriangular medial markings; wing overall light brown suffused (Fig. +52 +) apparent darker suffused substigmal mark in ♂; Madagascan endemic + + + +S. pauliani +(Stuckenberg) + + +
+Antenna with 1 +st +flagellomere orange-yellow; postpronotal lobe orange-brown to brown with greyish pruinosity, or dark brown without pruinosity, postalar callus colour variable; abdominal tergite markings variable, if dark, subtriangular then wing without apparent dark substigmal mark in ♂ ♀; mainland Africa + +16 +
16 +Hind femur with median third only slightly infuscated, if at all; wing with light brown stigma, wing membrane lightly and evenly brown suffused (Figs +41 +, +42 +); abdominal tergites orange-yellow with blackish subtriangular median markings and similarly coloured lateral markings + + + +S. binominata +(Bequaert) + + +(in part, ♂) +
Hind femur with median third blackish; wing with dark brown stigma, wing membrane darker brown suffused on apical half, with some cells having a small hyaline patch at their centres; abdominal tergite colour variable, but never with subtriangular markings +17 +
17 +Upper occiput with narrow subrectangular markings not reaching down past upper third of occiput (Fig. +36 +); tergites 1–5 each with a median longitudinal blackish marking flanked for most part by bluish-grey pruinosity, additionally tergites 3–5 each with a grey pruinose posterior band + + + +S. zombaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. + +
+Upper occiput with wide subrectangular markings running down to occipital foramen; tergite 1 appearing orange-yellow without any pruinosity, tergites 2 and 3 with a light brown dorsal marking appearing to cover most of dorsal surfaces; tergites 4 and 5 orange-yellow, with tergites 6 and 7 appearing to have brownish posterior margins, all tergites without apparent pruinosity (Fig. +18 +) + + + +S. dimidiatipennis +(Brunetti) + + +
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/46/AA/75/46AA75DDC8A55CE38FAEE183DFDC2814.xml b/data/46/AA/75/46AA75DDC8A55CE38FAEE183DFDC2814.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..70bd578ff7e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/46/AA/75/46AA75DDC8A55CE38FAEE183DFDC2814.xml @@ -0,0 +1,782 @@ + + + +Revision of Afrotropical Suragina Walker, 1859 (Diptera, Athericidae) + + + +Author + +Muller, Burgert S. +0000-0002-7304-4050 +Department Terrestrial Invertebrates, National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa & Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Swart, Vaughn R. +0000-0001-7905-5298 +Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Snyman, Louwrens P. +0000-0002-5768-7216 +Invertebrate Zoology, Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103 A Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T 5 J 0 G 2, Canada & Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S 7 N 5 B 4, Canada + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2024 + +2024-12-23 + + +65 + + +2 + + +247 +327 + + + +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.140524 +BCB49D2E-F772-49EB-A17A-47EB21194212 + + + + + +Suragina zombaensis +Muller + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 35 +, +36 +, +54 +, +72 +, +74 +, +87 + + + + +Type material examined. + + + + +Holotype + +: +Malawi +• +1 ♂ +; +Zomba +; 1535 +Ad +; [ + +15°23.00'S +, +35°20.00'E + +]; + +24–27 Nov. 1980 + +; +J. G. H. Londt +& +B. R. Stuckenberg +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158422 +). + + + + + +Paratypes + +: +3 ♂ +4 ♀ +; Same data as holotype; ( + +: + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158420 +, +158421 +, +158450 +; + +: + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158417 +, +158418 +, +158419 +, +158451 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Ntchisi +Forest reserve +; 1334 +Ac +; + +13°22.00'S +, +34°00.00'E + +]; + +1500 masl + +; + +3–4 Dec. 1980 + +; +J. G. H. Londt +& +B. R. Stuckenberg +leg.; +Montane forest +, woodland; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158415 +) + +. + + +Holotype +and +paratypes +deposited in + +NMSA + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Suragina zombaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +has its thorax almost entirely brown with bluish-grey pruionosity, the scutellum with apical margin yellow. The males and females are similarly coloured (Figs +35 +, +36 +), except for the males having the lateral margins of tergites 3 and 4 yellow compared to dark brown in the female. Tergite +2 in +both sexes has dark vitta medially, flanked by brownish-yellow colouration, giving it a fenestrated appearance. The wing of + +S. zombaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +is most similar to that of + +S. dimidiatipennis + +, being brown suffused on apical half (Fig. +54 +vs Fig. +43 +). + +Suragina zombaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +(Figs +35 +, +36 +), however, differs from + +S. dimidiatipennis + +(Fig. +18 +) in being a much darker species, with mostly dark abdominal tergites with grey dusted apical margins, compared to + +S. dimidiatipennis + +having a mostly orange-yellow to brown abdomen without any dark markings. + +Suragina freidbergi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +is also similar to + +S. zombaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +(see + +S. freidbergi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +diagnosis). + + + + + + + +Suragina +Walker spp. + +male terminalia, ventral view ( +55–58 +) and epandrium with cerci, dorsal view ( +59–62 +): +55, 59 + +S. agramma +(Bezzi) ( +ICIPE +) + +56, 60 + +S. bezzii +(Curran) + +(SAM-DIP A 018382) +57, 61 + +S. binominata +(Bequaert) + +( +NMSA +- DIP 028165) +58, 62 + +S. copelandi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +BMSA +(D) 83425). Abbreviations: aed tn – aedeagal tine; cerc – cercus; ej apod – ejaculatory apodeme; epand – epandrium; goncx – gonocoxite; goncx apod – gonocoxal apodeme; gonst – gonostylus; pm – paramere; pm apod – parameral apodeme; pm sh – parameral sheath. Scale bar (applicable to all illustrations): 0.6 mm. + + + + + +Description. + + +Measurements +( + +n = 2, + +n = 2): Wing span: + +7.7–8.7 mm +(avg. +8.2 mm +); + +8.7–9.8 mm +(avg. +9.3 mm +); body length: + +8.3–10.5 mm +(avg. +9.4 mm +); + +8.9–9.6 mm +(avg. +9.2 mm +); wing span to body length ratio (avg.): + +0.97; + +0.99. + + +Male +(Fig. +35 +). + + +Head +: Blackish-brown ground colour, with bluish-grey pruinosity on majority of head; eye bare; holoptic; ommatidia on lower and upper quarter of eye smaller than those on rest of eye; lateral edge of eye with slight indentation, and an apparent tubercle next to indentation; ocellar tubercle barely visible in profile, blackish-brown in colour with slight brownish- to bluish-grey pruinosity and short dark setulae; vertex blackish-brown with bluish-grey pruinosity and long dark setulose; anterior ocellus larger than posterior pair; ocellar tubercle in front of dorsal margin of eye, not placed as deeply towards middle of head as in + +; dorsal inner edge of eye abutting ocellar tubercle; occiput with same bluish-grey pruinosity as rest of head; paired narrow subrectangular black markings with short dark setulae on upper occiput, widening only slightly towards lateral margin of head in some specimens, abutting posterior margin of eyes, flanking vertex; upper occiput with pale setulae; lower occiput with long pale setulae, these continue ventrally on head to mouthparts that have similar long ventral setulae; frons bluish-grey pruinose, velvety-black from ocellar tubercle to before lower half of eye when viewed anteriorly, when viewed anteroventrally entire frons appears blackish-brown with a slight velvety appearance; frons widening from where eyes touch down to antennal base; frons with long dark setulae (setulae can appear pale depending on viewing angle); face and gena bluish-grey, lateral margins of face with long pale setulae, gena with long dark setulae; clypeus dark brown with bluish-grey pruinosity, bare; face separated anteriorly from clypeus by a deep transverse suture, similar to lateral sutures; face not appearing to bulge laterally when viewed in profile; clypeus visible in profile, face not; antennal bases separated ca 0.7 × width of scape, with slight longitudinal groove running between; scape dark brown and pedicel orange-brown, both with silvery pruinosity; 1 +st +flagellomere orange-yellow, with sparse silvery pruinosity; 2 +nd +flagellomere dark brown; scape 1.5 × length of pedicel; 1 +st +flagellomere reniform, ca 1.5 × size of pedicel; 2 +nd +flagellomere arista-like; pedicel with dark dorsal and ventral setulae, similar in size, scape with only dark dorsal setulae; palpus orange-yellow with dense bluish-grey pruinosity, with dark setulae throughout; palpus ca 0.5 × length of proboscis; proboscis slightly shorter than head height; proboscis brown to dark brown in colour, prementum brown, proboscis with long pale setulae basoventrally and dark setulae on rest of ventral and dorsal surfaces, except for short pale setulae apically. + + +Thorax +: Scutum brown, mostly with short dark setulae, with two dorsocentral whitish-brown pruinose vittae running from posterior half of postpronotal lobes to transverse suture; prescutellar area bluish-grey pruinose; pronotum brown with bluish-grey pruinosity and short pale setulae; postpronotal lobe orange-brown, appearing slightly browner dorsally, with sparse bluish-grey pruinosity, setulae pale; notopleuron bluish-grey pruinose with long pale setulae anteriorly and long dark setulae posteriorly; postalar wall dark brown and postalar callus orange-brown, both with slight bluish-grey pruinosity, supra-alar area with dark setulae, postalar callus with some short pale setulae interspersed between dark setulae; scutellum dark brown with a brownish- to orange-yellow apical margin with long dark setulae; majority of pleura brown with bluish-grey pruinosity, except for anepimeron, anatergite, katatergite and katepimeron orange-brown with bluish-grey pruinosity; proepisternum and proepimeron, katatergite and katepisternum with long pale setulae; anatergite and meron bare; anterior and posterior spiracles whitish-yellow, bare; postspiracular scale orange-brown; postscutellum orange-brown. + + +Legs +: Fore coxa yellowish-brown, mid and hind coxae brown, all three coxae with bluish-grey pruinosity, hind coxa much less pronounced; fore coxal setulae long pale on anterior surface, with dark setulae apically; mid coxal setulae long pale on anterior surface, dark apically; hind coxal setulae dark on anterior edge surrounding well-developed anterior apical point with some scattered short setulae, lateral apical edges with a mix of long pale and dark setulae; all trochanters yellowish-brown with short pale setulae; fore femur almost entirely yellow, except for brown apex; mid femur entirely yellow; hind femur yellow with brown to dark brown median band; fore and hind tibiae brown to dark brown, mid tibia yellow; fore and hind tarsi brown to dark brown, mid tarsi yellow except for terminal 3 segments that are brown; fore tarsal claws asymmetrical, outer claw much larger than inner claw, foreleg empodium ca 2 × size of inner pulvillus, outer pulvillus ca 2 × length of inner, approaching size of outer claw; fore femur overall with short pale setulae, with long pale setulae on posteroventral surface; mid femur with long pale setulae on ventral surface, otherwise with short pale setulae; hind femur with a mix of pale and dark setulae on dorsal and ventral surfaces, base of femur with pale setulae; fore tarsi covered with long sensory setulae along antero- and posteroventral surfaces, sensory setulae ca 2 × as long as tarsal segment is wide; hind leg overall stouter than remaining legs; hind tarsal segments 0.9–1.0 × as long as hind tibia; tibial spur formula 0: 2: 2. + + +Wing +: Brown suffused on majority of surface; dark brown stigma over area of veins + +R +1 + +and + +R +2 + 3 + +and cell + +r +1 + +, difficult to discern due to surrounding brown suffusion on apical half of wing; preapical parts of cells +br +, +bm +hyaline, most of cell +cua +and anal lobe, and apical two-thirds of discal cell only lightly brown suffused; some specimens with cells + +r +2 + 3 + +and + +m +4 + +having a small hyaline marking in each of their centres; veins dark brown; costa without distinct downward flexure over stigma; cell +cua +closed at wing margin, cell + +m +3 + +open, veins + +M +1 + +, + +M +2 + +, + +M +3 + +present; haltere stalk (except for yellow basal half) and knob dark brown, with a few short dark setulae. + + + + + + + +Suragina +Walker spp. + +male terminalia, ventral view ( +63–66 +) and epandrium with cerci, dorsal view ( +67–70 +): +63, 67 + +S. freidbergi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +BMSA +(D) 92376) +64, 68 + +S. malavaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +ICIPE +) +65, 69 + +S. milloti +(Séguy) ( +CSCA +) + +66, 70 + +S. monogramma +(Bezzi) + +( +NMSA +- DIP 028180). Scale bar (applicable to all illustrations): 0.6 mm. + + + +Abdomen +: Overall brownish-yellow colour; tergite 1 light brownish-yellow with a dark brown subtriangular dorsal marking surrounded by bluish-grey pruinosity up to lateral margins; tergites 2 and 3 with a dark brown longitudinal rectangular marking, otherwise brownish-yellow, tergite 3 also with a grey pruinose posterior band; tergite 4 with a dark brown subtriangular marking running towards a dark posterior band with greyish pruinosity; tergite 5 entirely dark brown with posterior grey pruinose band; remaining tergites dark brown; tergite 1 medially without a longitudinal suture; tergites with dark setulae dorsally, and long pale setulae laterally up to margins; sternites mostly yellowish, except sternites 4 and 5 dark brown; sternites with short and long pale setulae. + + +Terminalia +(Figs +72 +, +74 +): Epandrium and cercus dark brown with dark setulae; gonocoxite, hypoproct and hypandrium with pale setulae; gonostylus almost parallel shaped with truncated apex, outer edge of gonostylus with short setulae, inner edge with protrusion with 4 setulae, apex of gonostylus sparsely covered in microtrichia; gonocoxite widening and appearing more rounded on apical half, apex somewhat flattened, gonocoxite outer and ventral medial surface with long setulae, inner and median surface of upper half with short setulae, lower ventral surface comparatively less setulose; gonocoxite with microtrichia between setulae; parameral apodeme with truncated apex, not reaching base of gonocoxite in ventral view, parameral sheath including parameral apodeme ca 0.7 × length of gonocoxite; gonocoxal apodeme similar in length to gonocoxite and slightly shorter than ejaculatory apodeme; aedeagal tine curvature barely extending down past gonocoxites, apex of tines extending out slightly past parameral sheath; endoaedeagal process apically truncated and widened. + + + + + + + +Suragina +Walker spp. + +male terminalia, ventral view ( +71, 72 +) and epandrium with cerci, dorsal view ( +73, 74 +): +71, 73 + +S. mulanjeensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +NMSA +- DIP 162049) +72, 74 + +S. zombaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +NMSA +- DIP 158450). Scale bar (applicable to all illustrations): 0.6 mm. + + + +Female +(Fig. +36 +): Similar to + +except for the following: + + +Head +: Dichoptic; ommatidia of similar size except for those on upper quarter that are somewhat smaller; lateral edge of eye without any indentation, but also with apparent tubercle as in + +; anterior ocellus similar in size to posterior pair; ocellar tubercle placed deeper in front of dorsal margin of eye compared to + +; dorsal inner edge of eye separated from ocellar tubercle by paired silver-grey markings, appearing to extend down from vertex; upper occiput with some short dark setulae below black rectangular markings ( + +without); frons bluish-grey pruinose between lower half of eye down to antennal base, velvety-black from ocellar tubercle to lower half of eye when viewed anteriorly; frons running almost parallel down to antennal base; frons densely covered with dark setulae on velvety-black upper half, with dark setulae on lateral margins of lower half; face separated anteriorly from clypeus by transverse suture, (less prominent than in + +); antennal bases separated ca 0.6–0.8 × width of scape, with slight longitudinal groove running between; scape 1.7 × length of pedicel; 1 +st +flagellomere ca 2 × size of pedicel; proboscis ca same length as head height. + + +Thorax +: Overall similar to + +; scutum similar to that of + +, except two dorsocentral vittae are bluish-grey pruinose compared to whitish-brown in + +. + + +Legs +: Similar to + +in colour; fore tarsal claws symmetrical; overall leg setation similar to + +except generally shorter and coxal setulae all pale except for dark setulae surrounding anterior apical point of hind coxa; hind tarsal segments 0.98–1.01 × as long as hind tibia + + +Wing +(Fig. +54 +): Similar to + +. + + +Abdomen +: Tergite 1 with a narrower, rectangular ( + +subtriangular) dark brown marking, more widely bluish-grey pruinose than in + +, medially with a longitudinal suture; tergite 2 with similar dark longitudinal marking, but surrounded by bluish-grey pruinosity instead of brownish-yellow ground colour; tergites 3–5 dark brown, posterior margins with similar grey pruinose bands as in + +; tergite 1 with long pale setulae on pruinose surface, and short dark setulae on dark brown surfaces, tergites 2–5 with short pale setulae on posterior pruinose bands and short dark setulae on rest of surface; tergites 6 and 7 with short dark setulae; tergites 1–5 with long pale setulae on lateral margins, tergites 6 and 7 with dark setulae laterally; sternites all yellow, compared to sternites 5 and 6 dark brown in + +. + + +Terminalia +(Fig. +87 +): Cercus yellowish-brown with some greyish pruinosity, with pale setulae; genital fork with distal apodeme ending broadly truncated; median lobe with narrow emargination; paired apical lobes with somewhat slender appearance, inner surface with clustered microtrichia at apex; arms gradually rounded; three ovate and sclerotised spermathecae. + + + + + + + +Suragina +Walker spp. + +female genital fork and spermathecae, ventral view: +75 + +S. agramma +(Bezzi) ( +ICIPE +) + +76 + +S. bezzii +(Curran) + +(SAM-DIP- 018403) +77 + +S. bilobata +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +( +CSCA +) +78 + +S. binominata +(Bequaert) + +( +NMSA +- DIP 158411) +79 + +S. copelandi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +BMSA +(D) 84686) +80 + +S. freidbergi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +BMSA +(D) 92158) +81 + +S. liberiaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +NMSA +- DIP 158442) +82 + +S. malavaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +ICIPE +) +83 + +S. milloti +(Séguy) ( +CSCA +) + +84 + +S. monogramma +(Bezzi) + +( +BMSA +(D) 129988) +85 + +S. mulanjeensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +NMSA +- DIP 158392) +86 + +S. semiobscura +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +ICIPE +) +87 + +S. zombaensis +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +paratype ( +NMSA +- DIP 1584719). Scale bar (applicable to all illustrations): 0.1 mm. + + + + + +Etymology. + + +Named after the +type +locality, the +Zomba +Plateau, +Malawi +. Feminine adjective in the nominative singular case. + + + + + + +Distribution of + +Suragina +Walker spp. + +within the Afrotropical Region. + + + + + +Distribution. + + +Malawi +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/50/AE/AD/50AEAD430D13552497579AA544512AEB.xml b/data/50/AE/AD/50AEAD430D13552497579AA544512AEB.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d7099b10373 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/50/AE/AD/50AEAD430D13552497579AA544512AEB.xml @@ -0,0 +1,751 @@ + + + +Revision of Afrotropical Suragina Walker, 1859 (Diptera, Athericidae) + + + +Author + +Muller, Burgert S. +0000-0002-7304-4050 +Department Terrestrial Invertebrates, National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa & Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Swart, Vaughn R. +0000-0001-7905-5298 +Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Snyman, Louwrens P. +0000-0002-5768-7216 +Invertebrate Zoology, Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103 A Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T 5 J 0 G 2, Canada & Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S 7 N 5 B 4, Canada + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2024 + +2024-12-23 + + +65 + + +2 + + +247 +327 + + + +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.140524 +BCB49D2E-F772-49EB-A17A-47EB21194212 + + + + + +Suragina bezzii +( +Curran, 1928 +) + + + + + +Figs 11 +, +12 +, +38 +, +57 +, +56 +, +60 +, +76 + + + + + + + +Atrichops bezzii + +Curran, 1928: 172 +. + + + + + + + + +Suragina bezzii + + +: + +Stuckenberg 1980: 312 + +. + + + + + + + +Atrichops varicolor + +Brunetti, 1929: 2 +. syn. nov. + + + + + + + + +Suragina varicolor + + +: + +Stuckenberg 1980: 313 + +. + + + + + + + +Synonymy of + +Suragina varicolor +( +Brunetti, 1929 +) + +. + + + +Images of both the +holotypes +of + +S. bezzii + +and + +S. varicolor + +, as well as identified material from +Uganda +, +Kenya +and +Burundi +were examined and compared. There is no marked difference between the two species, apart from slight variation in colour intensity due to different preservation methods. Thus, + +S. varicolor + +is hereby designated as junior synonym of + +S. bezzii + +. + + + + + +Type +material examined. + + + +[ + +from digital photographs] + +Holotype + +: + +; [ +Democratic Republic of Congo +] + +• + +Bengamisa +, +Belgian Congo +; [ + +0°58.21'N +, +25°12.64'E + +]; + +29 Sep. 1914 + +; ( + +AMNH + +). Type photos accessible at: +https://emu-prod.amnh.org/imulive/iz/iz.html#details=ecatalogue.10021491 + +. + + + + + +Other +type +material examined. + + + + +S. varicolor + + +syn. nov. +type [from digital photographs]: + +Holotype + +: +Uganda +• +1 ♀ +; +Southern Region +; +Kampala +; [ + +0°18.8167'N +, +32°34.8667'E + +]; + +13 Aug. 1911 + +; +Presented +by the +Imperial Bureau of Entomology +, +British Museum +1929–48; ( + +NHMUK +014064157 + +). + + + + + +Other material examined. + + +Burundi +• + +1 ♀ +; +Ruvubu National Park +, nr. +Ruvubu River +; [ + +3°10.00'S +, +30°20.00'E + +]; + +1382 masl + +; + +21 Feb. – 8 Mar. 2010 + +; +R. Copeland +leg.; edge of forest; +Malaise trap +. +Kenya + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Western Province +; +Kakamega +Forest +, nr. +Rondo Guest House +; + +00°13.6602'N +, +34°53.1198'E + +; + +1630 masl + +; + +22 Oct. – 5 Nov. 2006 + +; +R. Copeland +leg.; across small permanent stream; +Malaise trap +; ( + +ICIPE + +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Western Province +; +Kakamega +Forest +, nr. +Rondo Guest House +; + +00°13.6602'N +, +34°53.1198'E + +; + +1630 masl + +; + +24 Sep. – 8 Oct. 2006 + +; +R. Copeland +leg.; across small permanent stream; +Malaise trap +; ( + +ICIPE + +). +Uganda + +• + +1 ♂ +48 ♀ +; +Kibale +National Park +, +Kanyawara +, +Makerere University Biological Field Station +; + +00°33.823'N +, +30°21.490'E + +; + +1505 masl + +; + +12–26 Oct. 2008 + +; +S van Noort +leg.; UG 08 - KF 3 - M 13; +Malaise trap +; primary mid-altitude +Rainforest +( + +: SAM-DIP-A 018410; + +: SAM-DIP-A 018378, A 018379, A 018380, A 018381, A 018383, A 018384, A 018386, A 018387, A 018388, A 018389, A 018391, A 018392, A 018393, A 018394, A 018395, A 018396, A 018397, A 018398, A 018399, A 018400, A 018401, A 018402, A 018403, A 018404, A 018405, A 018406, A 018407, A 018408, A 018409, A 018411, A 018412, A 018413, A 018414, A 018416, A 018417, A 018418, A 018419, A 018420, A 018421, A 018422, A 018423, A 018424, A 018425, A 018426, A 018427, A 018428, A 018429, A 018432) + +. + + +The female material from +Kibale +National Park agrees entirely with that of the original type description as well as with the publically available photos of the +holotype +female. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Suragina bezzii + +has an overall dark appearance (Figs +11 +, +12 +), with its entire thorax dark brown to blackish with varying levels of bluish-grey pruinosity throughout. The wings are light brown suffused with a dark brown stigma and a brown suffused substigmal marking (Fig. +38 +). The abdomen has tergite 2 with a fenestrated appearance and the tergites 4–6 orange, contrasting with the otherwise dark brown abdomen. The species is most similar to + +S. semiobscura +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +but differs from it by having the postpronotal lobes dark brown as opposed to pale yellow. + +Suragina semiobscura +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +, most strikingly, has the upper half of the wing dark brown suffused, the lower half appearing lighter, creating a two-toned appearance (Fig. +53 +) compared to that of + +S. bezzii + +that has the wing uniformly brown suffused. + + + + +Remarks. + + +Curran (1928: 172) +remarked that it was possible that the “ black undescribed ” specimen mentioned by +Bezzi (1926: 304) +is in fact + +S. bezzii + +. That is however just conjecture at this point in time as no further information is available regarding the whereabouts of the specimen mentioned by Bezzi, nor was it ever described. There are several dark species from west and central African countries. Bezzi’s comment: “ This last species, like + +A. disciclara +Speiser, 1914 + +, shows a deep longitudinal median furrow on the fore part of the frons. ” is not diagnostic, as all known Afrotropical + +Suragina + +have a longitudinal median groove or “ furrow ” running up from between the antennal bases, with varying degrees of depth. + + + + +Description. + + +Measurements +( + +n = 1, + +n = 5): Wing span: + +7.4 mm +; + +8.6–9.1 mm +(avg. +8.4 mm +); body length: + +9.3 mm +; + +9.0– +9.8 mm +(avg. +9.5 mm +); wing span to body length ratio (avg.): + +0.80; + +0.94. + + +Male +(Fig. +11 +). + + +Head +: Black ground colour, with bluish-grey pruinosity on majority of head; eye bare; holoptic; ommatidia of similar size; lateral edge of eye with slight indentation; ocellar tubercle barely visible in profile, black in colour (appears to be rubbed bare in both sexes due to degradation from preservation method); vertex with slight grey pruinosity, otherwise appearing black in colour and dark setulose; anterior ocellus similar in size to posterior pair; ocellar tubercle in front of dorsal margin of eye, not placed as deeply towards middle of head as in + +; dorsal inner edge of eye abutting ocellar tubercle; occiput with same bluish-grey pruinosity as rest of head; paired large rectangular black markings with dark setulae on upper occiput widening towards lateral margin of head, abutting posterior margin of eyes, flanking vertex; upper occiput with similar dark setulae; lower occiput with long pale setulae medially, dark setulae laterally; genal area bluish-grey with dark setulae, these dark setulae continue ventrally on head to mouthparts that have similar dark ventral setulae; frons bluish-grey pruinose, velvety-black from ocellar tubercle to lower half of eye; frons widening from velvety-black patch towards antennal base; frons bare; face with pale setulae; clypeus black with bluish-grey pruinosity, bare; face separated anteriorly from clypeus by a deep transverse suture, similar to lateral sutures; face not appearing to bulge laterally when viewed in profile; clypeus visible in profile, face not; antennal bases separated ca 0.5 × width of scape, with slight longitudinal groove running between; scape, pedicel dark brown with whitish pruinosity; 1 +st +flagellomere orange, with some slight darker markings and with similar pruinosity as other segments, 2 +nd +flagellomere dark brown; scape and pedicel of similar size; 1 +st +flagellomere reniform, ca 1.5 × size of pedicel; 2 +nd +flagellomere arista-like; pedicel with dark dorsal and ventral setulae, similar in size, scape with only dark dorsal setulae; palpus black on majority of surface with scattered white pruinosity, orange-yellow on basal third, with dark setulae throughout; palpus ca 0.5 × length of proboscis; proboscis ca same length as head height; proboscis mostly brown, basally more orange-yellow, entire structure interspersed with some dark setulae and some shorter pale setulae. + + +Thorax +: Scutum rubbed bare due to degradation from preservation method ( + +with two feint dorsocentral bluish-grey pruinose vittae running from pronotum and joining before scutellum), otherwise dark brown with bluish-grey pruinosity; pronotum bluish-grey pruinose with long pale setulae; postpronotal lobe same dark brown as rest of scutum, slight bluish-grey pruinose, setation unknown, anterolateral margin of lobe lighter yellowish- to orange-brown ( + +colouring more apparent); notopleuron appearing slight bluish-grey pruinose when viewed in profile, however, when viewed dorsally pruinosity shifts into a silver-grey pruinose appearance, running up towards edge of mesonotum (notopleuron mostly rubbed bare except for anterior edge with long dark setulae); postalar wall and postalar callus dark brown with slight bluish-grey pruinosity, anterior of postalar callus orange-yellow; scutellum dark brown with bluish-grey pruinosity, entire margin orange-yellow from base to apex; supra-alar area, postalar wall and postalar callus with patches of dark setulae (less apparent and numerous than in + +); majority of pleura bluish-grey pruinose, except for anterior of anepimeron and meron shiny blackish-brown; all pleura that are bluish-grey pruinose have pale setulae (only some remnant setulae remain due to damage from preservation method), except for katatergite that has long dark setulae; anatergite and meron bare; proepisternum and proepimeron with long pale setulae; anterior and posterior spiracles whitish-yellow and surroundings yellowish-brown, bare; postspiracular scale dark brown. + + +Legs +: All coxae entirely blackish-brown with only some scattered white pruinosity; fore coxa with mostly pale setulae except for some dark setulae apically; mid coxa with long dark setulae on anterior surface, posterior margin appearing bare; hind coxa with a mix of long pale and dark setulae on anterior edge surrounding well-developed anterior apical point, lateral apical edges with long dark setulae; all trochanters reddish dark brown, all trochanters with short pale setulae; fore femur almost entirely yellow, except for blackish-brown apex and base; mid femur missing; hind femur dark brown except for yellow basal and apical quarters; fore tibia and 1 +st +and 2 +nd +tarsal segments dark brown almost black, rest of for tarsi missing; mid tibia and tarsi missing; hind tibia and basitarsus blackish-brown, with base and apex of hind tibia yellowish-brown, rest of hind tarsi missing; fore and hind femora rubbed clean, setation unknown; fore tibia with short dark setulae; hind tibia with dark setulae that are at least as long as segment is wide; hind leg overall stouter than remaining legs; combined length of hind tarsal segments subequal to hind tibia; tibial spur formula 0: 2: 2; fore tibial spur weaker than that of hind tibia. + + +Wing +(Fig. +38 +): Light brown suffused on majority of surface except for cell +cua +and anal lobe; dark brown stigma over cell + +r +1 + +; darker suffused substigmal marking running down from stigma over crossvein +r – m +, bases of discal cell, cell + +m +3 + +and apex of cell +br +; veins dark brown, with additional darker brown suffusion around vein +CuA +; costa without distinct downward flexure over stigma; cell +cua +closed at wing margin, cell + +m +3 + +open, veins + +M +1 + +, + +M +2 + +, + +M +3 + +present; haltere stalk dirty yellow, knob darker yellowish-brown, with a few short and dark setulae. + + +Abdomen +: Tergite 1 entirely blackish-brown, with dark setulae (pale setulae in + +); tergite 2 pale, with dark brown median marking, giving it a fenestrated appearance; tergite 3 dark brown, tergites 4 and 5 orange, with tergite 5 with dark brown posterior band; tergite 6 with orange markings anteriorly, otherwise dark brown; remaining tergites dark brown; all tergites rubbed bare except for tergite 1; tergite 1 medially without a longitudinal suture; sternites 1–3 cream coloured, sternite 3 with posterior margin brown; rest of sternites orange-yellow; all sternites with pale setulae. + + +Terminalia +(Figs +56 +, +60 +): Epandrium and cercus dark brown with dark setulae; gonocoxite, hypoproct and hypandrium with pale setulae; gonostylus tapering with truncated apex, outer edge of gonostylus with short setulae, inner edge with a protrusion with 4 setulae, apical third of gonostylus with microtrichia; gonocoxite widening and appearing more rounded on apical half, apex somewhat flattened, gonocoxite outer and ventral surface down to parameral apodeme with long setulae, inner surface of upper half with short setulae, lower half with long inward-facing setulae; parameral apodeme well-developed, not reaching base of gonocoxite in ventral view, parameral sheath including parameral apodeme ca 0.7 × length of gonocoxite; gonocoxal apodeme about same length as gonocoxite and slightly shorter than ejaculatory apodeme; aedeagal tine curvature extending down past gonocoxites; endoaedeagal process apically truncated and widened. + + +Female +(Fig. +12 +). + + + + +Redescription. + + +(Based on + +holotype +photographs and additional + +material from +Uganda +.) +Head +: Black ground colour, with bluish-grey pruinosity on majority of head; eye bare; dichoptic; ommatidia of similar size; lateral edge of eye without any indentation; ocellar tubercle barely visible in profile, dark setulose (rubbed bare in + +due to damage from preservation method), bluish-grey pruinose medially when viewed dorsally, otherwise appearing black; vertex grey pruinose and dark setulose; anterior ocellus similar in size to posterior pair; ocellar tubercle placed deeper in front of dorsal margin of eye compared to + +; dorsal inner edge of eye separated from ocellar tubercle by paired silver-grey markings; occiput with same bluish-grey pruinosity as rest of head; paired large rectangular black markings on upper occiput widening towards lateral margin of head with dark setulae, abutting posterior margin of eyes, flanking vertex; rest of upper occiput with pale setulae; lower occiput with long pale setulae medially and laterally; genal area with dark setulae, rest of ventral head setulae pale, these continue ventrally on head to mouthparts that have long pale ventral setulae and some shorter dark setulae; frons bluish-grey pruinose between lower half of eye down to antennal base, velvety-black from ocellar tubercle to lower half of eye; frons widening only slightly from velvety-black patch towards antennal bases; frons with dark setulae on velvety-black area; face, gena and clypeus with bluish-grey pruinosity; face sparsley populated with long pale setulae; clypeus black with bluish-grey pruinosity, bare; face separated anteriorly from clypeus by transverse suture, (less prominent than in + +) similar to lateral sutures; antennal bases separated ca 0.5 × – 0.75 × width of scape, with slight longitudinal groove running between; scape dark brown with whitish pruinosity and with yellowish lateral margins; pedicel dark brown with whitish pruinosity; 1 +st +flagellomere orange to orange-brown with similar pruinosity as other segments, scape ca 1.5–2 × length of pedicel; 1 +st +flagellomere ca 2 × size of pedicel; 2 +nd +flagellomere, brown, arista-like; pedicel with dark dorsal and ventral setulae, similar in size, scape with only dark dorsal setulae; palpus black on majority of surface with scattered white pruinosity, orange-yellow on at most basal half, with dark setulae throughout; palpus ca 0.5 × length of proboscis; proboscis ca same length as head height; proboscis mostly brown, basally more orange-yellow, entire structure interspersed with some pale and dark setulae of varying length. + + +Thorax +: Scutum shining black with two feint dorsocentral bluish-grey pruinose vittae running from pronotum to before scutellum; pronotum bluish-grey pruinose with long pale setulae; postpronotal lobe dark brown, slight bluish-grey pruinose with long pale setulae, anterolateral margin of lobe lighter yellowish- to orange-brown (more apparent than in + +); scutum with paired, black almost velvety, rectangular marking behind postpronotal lobe (not visible in + +due to damage); notopleuron with same colouration as in + +, however, + +notopleuron with scattered pale setulae interspersed with some dark setulae, anteriorly with pale setulae compared to dark group of setulae in + +; postalar wall and postalar callus dark brown with slight bluish-grey pruinosity, anterior of postalar callus orange-yellow; supra-alar area, postalar wall and postalar callus with patches of dark setulae (more apparent and numerous than in + +); scutellum dark brown with bluish-grey pruinosity, apical margin orange-yellow; scutum generally with short dark setulae with postsutural setulae longer than presutural setulae, especially prescutellar setulae; majority of pleura bluish-grey pruinose, except for anterior of anepimeron and meron shiny blackish-brown; all pleura that are bluish-grey pruinose have some pale setulae; katatergite with long pale setulae, in contrast to + +that has long dark setulae; anatergite and meron bare; proepisternum and proepimeron with long pale setulae; anterior and posterior spiracles yellowish-brown to whitish-yellow (due to damage from preservation method) and surroundings yellowish-brown, bare; postspiracular scale dark brown. + + +Legs +: All coxae brown to blackish-brown with some bluish-grey pruinosity; fore coxa with mostly pale setulae except for some dark setulae apically; mid coxa with long dark setulae on anterior apical surface, otherwise with pale setulae, and sparsley setulose along posterior margin ( + +with only dark setulae); hind coxa with dark setulae on anterior edge surrounding well-developed anterior apical point, lateral apical edges with long pale setulae; all trochanters reddish dark brown, some more yellowish apically, all trochanters with short pale setulae; fore femur in most specimens yellow with extreme base and apex dark brown, some individuals with fore femur dark brown on basal half and apical quarter to third with remainder of segment yellow; mid femur dark brown except for ca apical third that is yellow; hind femur dark brown except for yellow basal and apical quarters; fore tibia and tarsi dark brown to blackish; mid tibia and tarsi yellow, tarsi appearing somewhat darker yellow; hind tibia and basitarsus blackish-brown, with apex of tibia yellowish-brown in some specimens; fore tarsal claws and pulvilli symmetrical, pulvilus and empodium of similar size; fore tarsi with long, somewhat curved along antero- and posteroventral surfaces, sensory setulae ca 2 × as long as tarsal segment is wide; fore femur dorsally with short dark setulae, except for several scattered short pale setulae, apically and medioventrally with long pale setulae, and with a group of 1–3 dark setulae located in middle of femur; mid femur covered in short pale setulae, but with longer pale setulae ventrally and short dark setulae apically; hind femur with mix of short pale and dark setulae, with apex having somewhat longer pale and dark setulae ventrally; hind leg overall stouter than remaining legs; all tibiae with short dark setulae; hind tarsal segments 0.9–1.0 × as long as hind tibia; tibial spur formula 0: 2: 2. + + +Wing +: Light brown suffused on majority of surface, except for cells +bm +and +cua +, and anal lobe, overall appearing darker on apical half; dark brown stigma over cell + +r +1 + +; darker suffused substigmal marking running down from stigma over crossvein +r – m +, bases of discal cell, cell + +m +3 + +and apex of cell +br +; veins dark brown, with additional darker brown suffusion around vein +CuA +; costa without distinct downward flexure over stigma; cell +cua +closed at wing margin or at a short distance from wing margin; cell + +m +3 + +open, veins + +M +1 + +, + +M +2 + +, + +M +3 + +present; haltere stalk dirty yellow, knob darker yellowish-brown, with a few short and dark setulae. + + +Abdomen +: Tergite 1 dark to blackish-brown, with basal margin of some specimens more orange-brown, tergite 1 with pale setulae; tergite 2 mostly pale to orange-yellow, with brown to dark brown median marking running down to brown to dark brown band along posterior margin of tergite, giving it a fenestrated appearance, lateral margins of tergite similar brown colour to rest of tergite; tergites 3 and 4 dark brown with tergite 4 with some specimens also having orange markings posteriorly, tergites 5–7 orange, each with a dark brown posterior band; lateral margins of tergites 4–7 with blackish markings; some specimens have tergite 7 entirely dark brown; dark brown parts of tergites with pale setulae, and orange parts with dark setulae; tergite 1 medially with a longitudinal suture; sternites 1 and 2 cream coloured, sternites 3 and 4 dark brown with posterior margins darker; rest of sternites orange-yellow, ending in dark brown terminalia; all sternites with pale setulae. + + +Terminalia +(Fig. +76 +): Cercus dark brown with pale setulae; genital fork has distal apodeme slender, forked; median lobe with deep apical emargination, paired apical lobes with a slender appearance, inner surface inward projecting with clustered microtrichia at apex, arms gradually rounded; three ovate-shaped and sclerotised spermathecae. + + + + +Distribution. + + +Burundi +(new record), +Democratic Republic of Congo +, +Kenya +(new record), +Uganda +(new record). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/5D/7C/DA/5D7CDADCA59D536AAF70F9A5416032B8.xml b/data/5D/7C/DA/5D7CDADCA59D536AAF70F9A5416032B8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c028ec521f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/5D/7C/DA/5D7CDADCA59D536AAF70F9A5416032B8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1259 @@ + + + +Revision of Afrotropical Suragina Walker, 1859 (Diptera, Athericidae) + + + +Author + +Muller, Burgert S. +0000-0002-7304-4050 +Department Terrestrial Invertebrates, National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa & Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Swart, Vaughn R. +0000-0001-7905-5298 +Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa + + + +Author + +Snyman, Louwrens P. +0000-0002-5768-7216 +Invertebrate Zoology, Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103 A Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T 5 J 0 G 2, Canada & Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S 7 N 5 B 4, Canada + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2024 + +2024-12-23 + + +65 + + +2 + + +247 +327 + + + +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.140524 +BCB49D2E-F772-49EB-A17A-47EB21194212 + + + + + +Suragina binominata +( +Bequaert, 1921 +) + + + + + +Figs 2 +, +14 +, +15 +, +41 +, +42 +, +57 +, +61 +, +78 + + + + + + + +Atherix longipes + +Loew, 1863: 12 +(Junior homonym, preoccupied. by + +Ath. longipes +Bellardi, 1861 + +). + + + + + + + + + +Atrichops binominata + +Bequaert, 1921: 6 +(replacement name for + +Ath. longipes +Loew + +); + +Bezzi 1926: 310 + +. + + + + + + + + +Suragina binominata + + +: + +Stuckenberg 1960: 285 + +, fig. 87; + +Stuckenberg 1980: 312 + +. + + + + + + + +Atrichops bivittata + +Bezzi, 1926: 308 +; syn. nov. + + + + + + + + +Suragina bivittata + + +: + +Stuckenberg 1960: 286 + +, fig. 87; + +Stuckenberg 1980: 312 + +. + + + + + + + +Synonymy of + +Suragina bivittata +Bezzi. + + + + + + +Suragina binominata + +is only known from the male +holotype +of + +Atherix longipes +Loew, 1863 + +. + +Stuckenberg (1960: 285) + +briefly discussed the possibility that + +S. bivittata + +is a junior synonym of + +S. binominata + +. + + + +He stated that out of a series of +four females +of + +S. bivittata + +which he had collected from near the Nhlavini River ( +KwaZulu-Natal +, +South Africa +), +one female +matched the female description of + +S. binominata + +by +Bezzi (1926: 310) +perfectly, with the others being very similar as well, taking into account the known degrees of variation within the species. Stuckenberg compared these to the type female of + +S. bivittata + +and found no significant differences between the female specimens of the two species. Additionally, Bezzi’s descriptions of both the species’ female specimens are based on material collected at the same locality, only seven days apart, which, coupled with Bezzi never stating that he did examine the +holotype +of + +Ath. longipes + +, complicated matters. Stuckenberg further stated that + +S. bivittata + +could only be synonymised with + +S. binominata + +after future examination and comparison of the male +holotype +of + +Ath. longipes +Loew, 1863 + +with his described males of + +S. bivittata + +. Here we compare the type male of + +Ath. longipes + +with that of the males of + +S. bivittata + +as described by +Stuckenberg (1960) +. There are no significant differences between the males or females of the two species, apart from minor colour differences that fall within the known variation previously exhibited by + +S. bivittata + +. Thus, we designate + +S. bivittata + +as a junior synonym of + +S. binominata + +. + + + + +Type material examined. + + +[ + +from digital photographs] + +Holotype + +: +South Africa +• +1 ♂ +; +Free State +; +Bloemfontein +; [ + +29°07.00'S +, +26°13.00'E + +]; +Tollin +leg.; ( + +MLUH + +). + + + + + +Other type material examined. + + + +Atherix bivittata + + +syn. nov. +type +: +South Africa + +• + +1 ♀ +; [ + +KwaZulu-Natal + +], +Bulwer +, +Greene +; [ + +29°47.85'S +, +29°46.16'E + +]; + +Sep. 1916 + + +. + + + + +Other material examined. + + + +Malawi +• +1 ♀ +; [Southern Region]; +Mulanje +Mt. +[ +Mulanje +Massif] nr +Likabula +; [ + +15°56.983'S +, +35°35.617'E + +]; + +26–28 Oct. 1983 + +; +A. Freidberg +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 194746 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; [Southern Region]; +Mulanje District +; +Mulanje +mnt. [ +Mulanje +Massif], +Likabula +; + +15°56.2667'S +, +35°30.0667'E + +; + +786 masl + +; + +12–15 Nov. 2016 + +; +A. H. Kirk-Spriggs +& +B. S. Muller +leg.; +Malaise trap +, stream, montane evergreen forest; ( + +BMSA + +(D) 92592). +South Africa + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Gauteng +; +Pretoria +; [ + +25°45.441'S +, +28°12.618'E + +]; + +4 Oct. 1910 + +; +Hardenberg +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 028192 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Eastern Cape +; +Hillside Farm +, +Pot River +nr. +Maclear +; [ + +31°19.933'S +, +28°26.742'E + +]; + +21 Jan. 1963 + +; +B. R. Stuckenberg +& +P. Stuckenberg +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 028163 +) + +• + +5 ♀ +; +Western Cape +; +Littlestone Cottage +, +Robinson’s Pass +, R 328; + +33°57.756'S +, +22°05.184'E + +; + +99 masl + +; + +7–8 Dec. 2022 + +; +B. S. Muller +& +M. J. J. Magoai +leg.; on rock face over stream pool, hand collected; ( + +BMSA + +(D) 119797, 124009, 124055, 124083, 124088) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Western Cape +; +Knysna +, +Caplant +; [ + +33°56.879'S +, +23°09.575'E + +]; + +Mar. 1913 + +; +Brauns +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 028161 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +North West Province +; +Ottoshoop +; [ + +25°48.929'S +, +26°46.154'E + +] + +Apr. 1916 + +; +H. G. Breyer +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 028190 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Mpumalanga +; + +20 km +E Nelspruit + +, +Noordkaap River +; 2530 +Db +[ + +25°36.579'S +, +30°58.579'E + +]; + +23 Sep. 1980 + +; +R. M. Miller +leg.; + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158408 + +) • + +2 ♀ +; +Mpumalanga +; +Echo +caves; [ + +24°33.733'S +, +30°36.208'E + +]; + +6 Mar. 2000 + +; +M. Picker +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158446 +, +158447 +) + +• + +9 ♀ +; +Mpumalanga +; K. N. P. [Kruger National park] +Survey +, +Skukuza +; [ + +24°59.75'S +, +31°35.52'E + +]; + +21–24 Nov. 1972 + +; +J. van Reenen +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 028164 +, +028167 +, +158434 +, +158435 +, +158436 +, +158437 +, +158438 +, +158439 +, +158440 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +North West Province +; +Rietspruit +, +Marico +[Sehubyane stream]; [ + +25°02.85'S +, +26°23.90'E + +]; + +Jan. 1918 + +; +J. C. Faure +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 028200 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +Mpumalanga +; +Mariepskop State Forest +, +Klaserie river +at:; + +24°35.5667'S +, +30°56.1333'E + +; + +736 masl + +; + +24–26 Jan. 2017 + +; +B. S. Muller +& +A. H. Kirk-Spriggs +leg.; +Streambed +& marginal vegetation, +Legogote Sour Bushveld +; +Malaise trap +; ( + +BMSA + +(D) 125145) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +KwaZulu-Natal +; +Ashburton +; [ + +29°40.335'S +, +30°27.119'E + +]; + +18 Dec. 1990 + +; +R. M. Miller +leg.; at light; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158441 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +KwaZulu-Natal +; +Ashburton +; [ + +29°40.335'S +, +30°27.119'E + +]; + +15 Dec. 1991 + +; +R. M. Miller +leg.; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158410 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +KwaZulu-Natal +; +Ashburton +; [ + +29°40.335'S +, +30°27.119'E + +]; + +17 Apr. 1992 + +; +R. M. Miller +leg.; on window; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158409 +) + +• + +4 ♂ +4 ♀ +; +KwaZulu-Natal +; +Nhlavini River +, +Ixopo Dist. +; [ + +30°07.783'S +, +30°12.614'E + +]; + +17 Mar. 1957 + +; +B. R. Stuckenberg +leg.; ( + +: + +NMSA + +- +DIP 028165 +, +158427 +, +158428 +, +158430 +; + +: + +NMSA + +- +DIP 158429 +, +158431 +, +158432 +, +158433 +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; +KwaZulu-Natal +; +Ukulinga Research Farm +, + +10 km +SE Pietermaritzburg + +; [ + +29°37.76'S +, +30°24.29'E + +]; + +20–26 Nov. 1985 + +; +R. M. Miller +leg.; grassland impoundment, +Malaise trap +; ( + +NMSA + +- +DIP 194744 +) + +. + + + + +Comment. + + +Holotype + +: middle left leg missing, left wing missing, left fore tibia and tarsi missing, right fore apical tarsus missing. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + +A variably coloured species with the scutum ranging from orange-yellow to brown ground colour with darker pleura and heavily patterned tergites. + +Suragina binominata + +males are most similar to the +holotype +male of + +Suragina nigromaculata +( +Brunetti, 1929 +) + +in general appearance, but differ from it in having the lateral margins of all abdominal tergites dark brown compared to + +S. nigromaculata + +that has darkened lateral margins only on tergites 1 and 2. Additionally, males of + +S. binominata + +have the scutellum bicoloured, being orange-yellow apically and dark brown on basal half. Conversely, the +holotype +male of + +S. nigromaculata + +has the scutellum almost entirely orange-yellow except for the basal margin, being somewhat darker in appearance. The females of + +S. binominata + +have the scutellum similar to that of the +holotype +male of + +S. nigromaculata + +, but its scutum has a much more prominent central black vitta (Fig. +2 +) and similar abdominal markings to that of the + +S. binominata + +male. + + + + +Redescription. + + +Measurements +( + +n = 1, + +n = 5): Wing span: + +5.7 mm +; + +5.8–6.9 mm +(avg. +6.6 mm +); body length: + +7.5 mm +; + +6.7–7.7 mm +(avg. +7.3 mm +); wing span to body length ratio (avg.): + +0.76; + +0.91. + + +Male +(Fig. +14 +). + + + + + + + +Suragina +Walker spp. + +lateral habitus: + +S. binominata +(Bequaert) + +: +14 +♂ holotype ( +MLUH +) +15 +♀ ( +BMSA +(D) 124083); + +S. copelandi +Muller + +, +sp. nov. +: +16 +♂ holotype ( +BMSA +(D) 83426) +17 +♀ paratype ( +BMSA +(D) 84688). +14 +Copyright ZNS Halle, January 30, 2024. Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + +Head +: Brown colour, with silver-grey pruinosity on majority of head; eye bare; holoptic; ommatidia of similar size; lateral edge of eye with slight indentation; ocellar tubercle slightly more elevated than frons, with some dark setulae and surface colour dark brown with slight pruinescence; vertex silver-grey pruinose with long pale setulae; ocellar tubercle in front of dorsal margin of eye ( + +unknown); dorsal inner edge of eye without discernible paired dark markings; occiput with same silver-grey pruinosity as rest of head, except for paired subrectangular dark brown, almost black markings with pale setulae on upper occiput, abutting posterior margin of eyes, flanking vertex and running down to occipital foramen; upper occiput with short pale setulae, lower occiput with long pale setulae, these continue ventrally on head to mouthparts that have dark ventral setulae; frons silver-white running up to narrow area before eyes converge when viewed dorsally, at which point frons is velvety-black in appearance; lower part of frons dark brown when viewed anteriorly; frons at narrowest ca 0.5 × width of anterior ocellus, widening towards antennal bases; frons bare; face and gena silver-grey with pale setulae, clypeus dark brown with silver-grey pruinosity, bare; face separated from clypeus by a prominent, deep suture on anterior and lateral edges; face not appearing to bulge laterally when viewed in profile; clypeus visible in profile, face not; antennal bases separated ca 0.5 × width of scape, with slight longitudinal groove; scape, pedicel brown, appearing darker in dorsal view; 1 +st +flagellomere orange-yellow, 2 +nd +flagellomere brownish; 1 +st +flagellomere reniform, only slightly larger than pedicel and scape; 2 +nd +flagellomere arista-like; scape and pedicel with dark setulae; scape with only dorsal setulae, pedicel with dorsal and ventral setulae, setulae of similar size; palpus orange-yellow, but darker orange-brown on apical half, well-developed, ca 0.5 × length of proboscis; proboscis orange-yellow at base but orange-brown on majority of surface with long dark setulae, some scattered small dark setulae on proboscis and palpus. + + +Thorax +: Dark brown ground colour; median dorsal surface of scutum and scutellum with short pale setulae, remainder of thorax with longer pale setulae, especially on pleura and lateral surface of scutellum; postsutural setulae similar to presutural setulae, except for longer prescutellar setulae; postpronotal lobe dark brown on majority of surface except for yellow-brown anterolateral surface; with long pale setulae. + +Scutum mostly dark brown with slight median greyish pruinosity; postalar wall and callus appearing orange-yellow; scutellum bicoloured, with apical half being orange-yellow and basal half dark brown, scutellar setulae long and pale; all pleura dark brown in colour with greyish pruinosity, except for anepimeron that is yellowish-brown dorsomedially; notopleuron dark brown with long pale setulae; area surrounding posterior spiracle brown, postspiracular scale brown, lighter than colour of pleura; proepisternum, pronotum dark brown; anterior spiracle and surrounds yellow, bare; proepimeron, proepisternum with pale setulae, anepisternum with pale setulae; katatergite with pale setulae; rest of pleura bare. + +Legs +: Fore coxa orange-yellow; mid coxa more brownish-yellow with orange-yellow lower anterior surface; hind coxa orange-yellow with brownish markings on anterodorsal surface; fore coxa with long pale setulae on surface and shorter dark setulae apically, mid coxa with long dark setulae on surface, hind coxa with long dark setulae on anterior and lateral apical edges, and with well-developed anterior apical point; all trochanters same orange-yellow colour as rest of body with some scattered short dark setulae; all femora uniformly orange-yellow with hind femur slightly darker on middle third; fore tibia and tarsi dark brown, mid tibia orange-yellow; hind tibia dark brown with apex more yellowish; mid and hind tarsi dark brown with basitarsus same yellowish-brown on basal half as that of apex of hind tibia; fore and mid femora with covered in dark setulae, fore femur with long pale setulae on median ventral surface and long dark setulae toward apex, mid femur with similar long dark setulae on ventral surface; hind femur with long dark setulae on dorsal and ventral surfaces, basally with long pale setulae, anteriorly with short dark setulae and posteriorly with longer dark setulae; hind leg overall stouter than remaining legs; fore tarsi covered with long sensory setulae along antero- and posteroventral surfaces, sensory setulae ca 2 × as long as tarsal segment is wide; fore and mid tibiae covered in short dark setulae, hind tibia with longer dark setulae, especially on dorsal surface; combined length of hind tarsal segments subequal to hind tibia; tibial spur formula 0: 2: 2. + + +Wing +(Fig. +41 +): Overall slight light brown suffused appearance except for discal cell and cell +cua +that are lighter; crossveins +r – m +and +bm – cu +with darker suffusions and with brown stigma over area of veins + +R +1 + +and + +R +2 + 3 + +and cell + +r +1 + +; veins brown; costa without distinct downward flexure over stigma; cell +cua +closed a short distance from wing margin; cell + +m +3 + +open, veins + +M +1 + +, + +M +2 + +, + +M +3 + +present; haltere orange-yellow, with very short dark setulae and slightly darker apically. + + +Abdomen +: Overall orange-yellow colour; tergite 1 dark brown with orange-yellow posterior and lateral margins; tergite 2 with a dark brown subtriangular marking that runs down to posterior margin, and additional dark marking on lateral margin; tergites 3 and 4 each with dark brown marking that runs transversely across entire segment to lateral margin; tergite 5 similar to tergites 3 and 4, but marking much narrower and connection between median and lateral markings lighter brown; tergites 6 and 7 with only dark brown lateral markings; tergite covered in a mix of pale and dark setulae, lateral margins with long dark setulae; sternites all orange-yellow without any apparent dark markings, all segments with similar long pale setulae as on lateral margins of tergites; tergite 1 without median longitudinal suture. + + +Terminalia +(Figs +57 +, +61 +): Mostly dark orange-yellow in colour; epandrium with some darker brown markings at base, cercus dark brown; epandrium, hypandrium and cercus with dark setulae; gonostylus tapering with truncated apex, outer edge of gonostylus with short setulae, inner edge with protrusion with 4 setulae, apical third of gonostylus sparsely covered in microtrichia; gonocoxite widening and appearing more rounded on apical half, apex somewhat flattened, gonocoxite outer and ventral medial surface with long setulae, inner surface of upper half with short setulae, lower ventral surface comparatively less setulose; gonocoxite with microtrichia between setulae; parameral apodeme with truncated apex, not reaching base of gonocoxite in ventral view, parameral sheath including parameral apodeme ca 0.7 × length of gonocoxite; gonocoxal apodeme similar in length to gonocoxite and slightly longer than ejaculatory apodeme; aedeagal tine curvature extending down past gonocoxites, apex of tines extending out past parameral sheath; endoaedeagal process apically truncated and widened. + + +Female +(Fig. +15 +). + + +Head +: Dark brownish-black ground colour, with bluish-grey pruinosity on majority of occiput; eye bare; dichoptic; ommatidia of similar size; lateral edge of eye without any indentation; ocellar tubercle slightly elevated, visible in profile, dark setulose, bluish-grey pruinose, much more apparent when viewed posterodorsally, more blackish when viewed anteriorly; vertex bluish-grey pruinose, with pale setulae, vertex appearing blackish dark brown when viewed posteriorly; anterior ocellus similar in size to posterior pair; ocellar tubercle in front of dorsal margin of eye; dorsal inner edge of eye without discernible paired dark markings, same bluish-grey pruinose as rest of head; occiput similarly bluish-grey pruinose; paired subrectangular blackish-brown markings with pale setulae on upper occiput running down to occipital foramen, abutting posterior margin of eyes, flanking vertex; upper occiput with similar pale setulae; lower occiput with lateral margins and medial area with long pale setulae, these continue ventrally on head to mouthparts that have pale ventral setulae; frons shining bluish-grey pruinose on lower half, velvety-black from ocellar tubercle to lower half of eye; frons running almost parallel, widening only very slightly towards antennal base; frons with short dark setulae on velvety-black upper half, with scattered pale setulae at posterior of lower half of frons; face and gena grey pruinose, gena with several long pale setulae; clypeus with lighter brown ground colour similar to mouthparts (some non-type specimens have clypeus appearing almost black anteriorly), with less dense bluish-grey pruinosity, bare; face separated anteriorly from clypeus by shallow transverse suture, deeper sutures laterally; face not appearing to bulge laterally when viewed in profile; clypeus visible in profile, face not; antennal bases separated ca 1 × width of scape, with slight longitudinal groove running between; scape, pedicel mostly orange-yellow, dorsally more brown, with some whitish pruinosity; 1 +st +flagellomere entirely orange-yellow; 2 +nd +flagellomere brown; scape ca 1.5 × size of pedicel; 1 +st +flagellomere reniform, 2 × size of pedicel; 2 +nd +flagellomere arista-like; pedicel with dark dorsal and ventral setulae, similar in size, scape with only dark dorsal setulae; palpus orange-yellow with mostly dark setulae, some interspersed pale setulae; palpus ca 0.5 × length of proboscis; proboscis ca same length as head height; proboscis darker brownish-orange on apical half, orange on basal half with some long pale setulae dorsally, short and long dark setulae ventrally. + + +Thorax +(Fig. +2 +): Scutum orange-yellow with central shining black vitta with bluish-grey pruinosity running from just behind pronotum to before scutellum; scutum with presutural area with darker orange-yellow colour, some specimens with darker mark; notopleuron orange-yellow; postsutural area with blackish-brown on dorsal surface up to before supra-alar and postalar areas that are orange-yellow; pronotum orange-yellow with pale setulae; postpronotal lobe yellow, with short pale setulae; notopleuron orange-yellow, setulae pale; postalar wall and postalar callus orange-yellow; scutellum almost entirely orange-yellow with pale setulae, basal anterior margin blackish with bluish-grey pruinosity, appearing as run-on from scutum; scutum generally with short pale setulae, postsutural setulae somewhat longer, with some dark setulae as well; majority of pleura brownish with some bluish-grey pruinosity, except for anepimeron and proepisternum that are orange-yellow; pleura with pale setulae; anepimeron and katepisternum with long pale setulae, anatergite and meron bare; proepisternum and proepimeron with long pale setulae; anterior and posterior spiracles and surroundings orange-yellow, bare; postspiracular scale orange-yellow; postnotum blackish. + + +Legs +: Coxae orange-yellow, some specimens with slightly darker orange-yellow posterior surfaces on mid and hind coxae; fore coxa with long pale setulae on anterior and posterior surfaces; mid coxa with long pale setulae on anterior surface; hind coxa with pale setulae on anterior surface as well as surrounding well-developed anterior apical point, lateral apical edges with long pale setulae; all trochanters orange-yellow with short dark setulae; fore, middle and hind femora yellow; fore tibia brown with orange-yellow base, middle and hind tibia orange-yellow; fore tarsi dark brown, mid and hind tarsi dark brown except for orange-yellow basal half of basitarsus; fore tarsal claws and pulvilli symmetrical, pulvilus and empodium of similar size; fore tarsi with long, somewhat curved sensory setulae along antero- and posteroventral surfaces, sensory setulae ca 2 × as long as tarsal segment is wide; fore femur with short dark setulae on anterodorsal surface and long pale setulae on apical half of posteroventral surface; mid femur with long pale setulae on anteroventral surface, otherwise with a mix of short pale and dark setulae; hind femur mostly with short dark setulae, apically with some longer dark setulae; all tibiae with short dark setulae; hind leg overall stouter than remaining legs; hind tarsal segments 0.92–1.18 × as long as hind tibia; tibial spur formula 0: 2: 2. + + +Wing +(Fig. +42 +): Very lightly brown suffused, almost appearing hyaline; lighter towards basal part of wing; brown stigma over apex of veins + +R +1 + +and + +R +2 + 3 + +and cells +sc +, + +r +1 + +; slightly darker brown suffused over base of discal cell and cell + +m +3 + +; veins brown, and crossveins +r – m +an +bm – cu +(intensity differs between specimens); costa without distinct downward flexure over stigma; cell +cua +closed a short distance from wing margin; cell + +m +3 + +open, veins + +M +1 + +, + +M +2 + +, + +M +3 + +present; haltere stalk orange-yellow, knob light brown, with some short and dark setulae. + + +Abdomen +: Overall orange-yellow with blackish-brown markings; tergite 1 with dark median marking; tergite 2 with median longitudinal dark marking and paired dark lateral markings; tergite 3 with a median longitudinal dark marking on anterior half of tergite and with similar paired dark lateral markings; tergite 4 with a dark marking along anterior margin (very light or absent on some specimens); tergites 4–7 orange-yellow to brownish-orange, with tergite 6 posterior margin and tergite 7 lateral and dorsal surface much darker than preceding segments, in some specimens displaying as dark markings; some specimens with dark lateral markings extending down from tergites 3–7, and tergite 5 with similar anterior marginal markings as tergite 4; sternites orange-yellow in colour; all tergites with short dark setulae dorsally; tergites 1 and 2 additionally with long pale setulae on dorsal surface; lateral margins of tergites 1–4 with pale setulae and some interspersed dark setulae; remaining tergites with dark lateral marginal setulae; sternites with pale setulae, longer on sternites 1–4 compared to remaining sternites; tergite 1 medially with a longitudinal suture. + + +Terminalia +(Fig. +78 +): Cercus orange to dark orange-brown with pale setulae; genital fork with distal apodeme ending broadly forked; median lobe with wide, moderate emargination; paired apical lobes with somewhat slender appearance, inner surface with clustered microtrichia at apex above a conspicuous, bare toothlike projection; arms gradually rounded; three oblong and sclerotized spermathecae. + + + + +Distribution. + + +Malawi +(new record), +South Africa +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/8F/5B/AE/8F5BAEF55B745DEB816C739831546EB2.xml b/data/8F/5B/AE/8F5BAEF55B745DEB816C739831546EB2.xml index c2272eb319c..a72cdb4111d 100644 --- a/data/8F/5B/AE/8F5BAEF55B745DEB816C739831546EB2.xml +++ b/data/8F/5B/AE/8F5BAEF55B745DEB816C739831546EB2.xml @@ -1,59 +1,59 @@ - - - -Revision of Afrotropical Suragina Walker, 1859 (Diptera, Athericidae) + + + +Revision of Afrotropical Suragina Walker, 1859 (Diptera, Athericidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Muller, Burgert S. -0000-0002-7304-4050 -Department Terrestrial Invertebrates, National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa & Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa +Muller, Burgert S. +0000-0002-7304-4050 +Department Terrestrial Invertebrates, National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa & Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa - - -Author + + +Author -Swart, Vaughn R. -0000-0001-7905-5298 -Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa +Swart, Vaughn R. +0000-0001-7905-5298 +Department Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa - - -Author + + +Author -Snyman, Louwrens P. -0000-0002-5768-7216 -Invertebrate Zoology, Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103 A Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T 5 J 0 G 2, Canada & Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S 7 N 5 B 4, Canada +Snyman, Louwrens P. +0000-0002-5768-7216 +Invertebrate Zoology, Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103 A Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T 5 J 0 G 2, Canada & Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S 7 N 5 B 4, Canada -text - - -African Invertebrates +text + + +African Invertebrates - -2024 - -2024-12-23 + +2024 + +2024-12-23 - -65 + +65 - -2 + +2 - -247 -327 + +247 +327 -journal article -10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.140524 -BCB49D2E-F772-49EB-A17A-47EB21194212 +journal article +10.3897/afrinvertebr.65.140524 +BCB49D2E-F772-49EB-A17A-47EB21194212 - + @@ -97,7 +97,6 @@ - Suragina agramma @@ -112,7 +111,6 @@ . - @@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ of Type material examined. - + Holotype @@ -158,14 +156,12 @@ of ]; Baberton , - De Kaap - [Valley], B. 50; [ -25 ° 35.2533 ' S +25°35.2533'S , -30 ° 58.4200 ' E +30°58.4200'E ]; @@ -200,9 +196,9 @@ leg.; ( Longomwagandi Forest ; -04 ° 14.0736 ' S +04°14.0736'S , -39 ° 24.1012 ' E +39°24.1012'E ; @@ -231,9 +227,9 @@ leg.; Longomwagandi Forest ; -04 ° 14.0736 ' S +04°14.0736'S , -39 ° 24.1012 ' E +39°24.1012'E ; @@ -262,9 +258,9 @@ leg.; Longomwagandi Forest ; -04 ° 14.0736 ' S +04°14.0736'S , -39 ° 24.1012 ' E +39°24.1012'E ; @@ -299,9 +295,9 @@ leg.; Bura Bluff ; -03 ° 29.066 ' S +03°29.066'S , -38 ° 19.951 ' E +38°19.951'E ; @@ -333,9 +329,9 @@ leg.; riverine forest; Chawia ; -03 ° 28.745 ' S +03°28.745'S , -38 ° 20.497 ' E +38°20.497'E ; @@ -367,9 +363,9 @@ leg.; next to small forest pond; Chawia ; -03 ° 28.745 ' S +03°28.745'S , -38 ° 20.497 ' E +38°20.497'E ; @@ -403,9 +399,9 @@ leg.; next to small forest pond; Bura Bluff ; -03 ° 29.066 ' S +03°29.066'S , -38 ° 19.951 ' E +38°19.951'E ; @@ -437,9 +433,9 @@ leg.; riverine forest; Chawia ; -03 ° 28.745 ' S +03°28.745'S , -38 ° 20.497 ' E +38°20.497'E ; @@ -473,9 +469,9 @@ leg.; next to small forest pond; Bura Bluff ; -03 ° 29.066 ' S +03°29.066'S , -38 ° 19.951 ' E +38°19.951'E ; @@ -510,9 +506,9 @@ leg.; riverine forest; Bura Bluff ; -03 ° 29.066 ' S +03°29.066'S , -38 ° 19.951 ' E +38°19.951'E ; @@ -546,9 +542,9 @@ leg.; riverine forest; Bura Bluff ; -03 ° 29.066 ' S +03°29.066'S , -38 ° 19.951 ' E +38°19.951'E ; @@ -583,9 +579,9 @@ leg.; riverine forest; Forest station ; -00 ° 30.9978 ' S +00°30.9978'S , -37 ° 25.1112 ' E +37°25.1112'E ; @@ -606,7 +602,7 @@ leg.; inside indigenous forest; ) • - + 1 ♀ ; Eastern Province @@ -616,9 +612,9 @@ leg.; inside indigenous forest; Forest station ; -00 ° 30.9960 ' S +00°30.9960'S , -37 ° 25.1058 ' E +37°25.1058'E ; @@ -636,11 +632,12 @@ leg.; inside indigenous forest; ICIPE -). -Malawi +) +. + +Malawi • - 1 ♀ ; [Southern Region]; Zomba @@ -648,9 +645,9 @@ leg.; inside indigenous forest; Ad [ -15 ° 23.00 ' S +15°23.00'S , -35 ° 20.00 ' E +35°20.00'E ]; @@ -670,11 +667,12 @@ leg.; ( - DIP 028177 -). -South Africa +) +. + +South Africa • - 1 ♂ ; Limpopo @@ -686,9 +684,9 @@ side, Glenferness ; [ -23 ° 49.236 ' S +23°49.236'S , -29 ° 47.374 ' E +29°47.374'E ] @@ -705,7 +703,7 @@ side, ) • - + 3 ♀ ; Mpumalanga @@ -715,9 +713,9 @@ side, Motlasedi River at:; -24 ° 35.7333 ' S +24°35.7333'S , -30 ° 53.2833 ' E +30°53.2833'E ; @@ -747,11 +745,12 @@ leg.; streambed and grassy floodplain, BMSA -(D) 124627). -Zimbabwe +(D) 124627) +. + +Zimbabwe • - 4 ♀ ; [ Manicaland Province @@ -761,9 +760,9 @@ leg.; streambed and grassy floodplain, Rhodesia ; [ -18 ° 58.00 ' S +18°58.00'S , -32 ° 38.00 ' E +32°38.00'E ]; @@ -810,9 +809,9 @@ leg.; ( Rhodesia ; [ -18 ° 58.00 ' S +18°58.00'S , -32 ° 38.00 ' E +32°38.00'E ]; @@ -839,9 +838,9 @@ leg.; ( Rhodesia ; [ -18 ° 58.00 ' S +18°58.00'S , -32 ° 38.00 ' E +32°38.00'E ]; @@ -868,9 +867,9 @@ leg.; ( Vumba ; [ -19 ° 06.00 ' S +19°06.00'S , -32 ° 47.00 ' E +32°47.00'E ]; @@ -898,9 +897,9 @@ leg.; ( [ain]., near Umtali ; [ -19 ° 06.00 ' S +19°06.00'S , -32 ° 47 ' E +32°47'E ]; 18 Jan. 1955 @@ -926,9 +925,9 @@ leg.; ( Rhodesia ; [ -19 ° 06.00 ' S +19°06.00'S , -32 ° 47.00 ' E +32°47.00'E ]; @@ -953,9 +952,9 @@ leg. ( Rhodesia ; [ -19 ° 06.00 ' S +19°06.00'S , -32 ° 47.00 ' E +32°47.00'E ]; @@ -980,9 +979,9 @@ leg. ( Rhodesia ; [ -19 ° 06.00 ' S +19°06.00'S , -32 ° 47.00 ' E +32°47.00'E ]; @@ -1007,9 +1006,9 @@ leg.; ( Rhodesia ; [ -19 ° 06.00 ' S +19°06.00'S , -32 ° 47.00 ' E +32°47.00'E ];