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data/46/F0/07/46F007587D2697B1E8172EA1395A738E.xml
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e1099" ID-PMC="PMC4107865" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--1099" ID-PubMed="25057248" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e1099" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="Guide to the Vascular Flora of the Savannas and Flatwoods of Shaken Creek Preserve and Vicinity (Pender & Onslow Counties, North Carolina, U.S.A.)" checkinTime="1553126762101" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Thornhill, Robert, Krings, Alexander, Lindbo, David & Stucky, Jon" docDate="2014" docId="46F007587D2697B1E8172EA1395A738E" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 2: e1099" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 2" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e1099" docTitle="Smilax smallii Morong" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="1099" masterDocId="FF8EFFB0FF84FF8FFFDA5C15860F6657" masterDocTitle="Guide to the Vascular Flora of the Savannas and Flatwoods of Shaken Creek Preserve and Vicinity (Pender & Onslow Counties, North Carolina, U. S. A.)" masterLastPageNumber="1099" masterPageNumber="1099" pageNumber="1099" updateTime="1668122592651" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>Guide to the Vascular Flora of the Savannas and Flatwoods of Shaken Creek Preserve and Vicinity (Pender & Onslow Counties, North Carolina, U. S. A.)</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Thornhill, Robert</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Krings, Alexander</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Lindbo, David</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Stucky, Jon</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part>
|
||||
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start>1099</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end>1099</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
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||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e1099</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e1099</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828--1099</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:46F007587D2697B1E8172EA1395A738E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/46F007587D2697B1E8172EA1395A738E" lastPageNumber="1099" pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1099" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authority="Morong" class="Liliopsida" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Smilax smallii" order="Liliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1099" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="smallii">Smilax smallii Morong</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1099" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">Margins of wet pine savannas (VWLPS) and swamp forests.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1099" type="notes">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">Notes</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1099">
|
||||
Occasional.
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jun–Jul">Jun-Jul</normalizedToken>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Apr–Jun">Apr-Jun</normalizedToken>
|
||||
(of 2nd year). Thornhill 1182, 1492 (NCSC). [= RAB, FNA, Weakley]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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data/46/F0/87/46F087E0E050D5DD35E54E734F598521.xml
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74
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416" ID-PMC="PMC3577090" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-245-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" ID-PubMed="23431087" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578462" ModsDocID="1313-2970-245-1" checkinTime="1425642919252" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bousquet, Yves" docDate="2012" docId="46F087E0E050D5DD35E54E734F598521" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 245: 1-1722" docOrigin="ZooKeys 245" docPubDate="2012-11-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416" docTitle="Badister obtusus LeConte 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" id="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" lastPageNumber="634" masterDocId="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" masterDocTitle="Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="1722" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="634" updateTime="1668154792637" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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||||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Bousquet, Yves</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">bousquety1@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||||
</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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||||
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number>2012-11-28</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
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||||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number>245</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end>1722</mods:end>
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||||
</mods:extent>
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||||
</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578462</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127867959" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:46F087E0E050D5DD35E54E734F598521" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/46F087E0E050D5DD35E54E734F598521" lastPageNumber="634" pageId="633" pageNumber="634">
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="633" pageNumber="634" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="633" pageNumber="634">
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="46F087E0-E050-D5DD-35E5-4E734F598521" authority="LeConte, 1878" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Badister" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Badister obtusus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="633" pageNumber="634" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtusus">Badister obtusus LeConte, 1878</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="633" pageNumber="634" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="633" pageNumber="634">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Badister" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="633" pageNumber="634" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtusus">Badister obtusus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
LeConte, 1878c: 594. Type locality: "Marquette [Marquette County, Michigan], Lake Superior" (original citation). Holotype [by monotypy] (♀) in MCZ [# 5723].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="633" pageNumber="634" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="633" pageNumber="634">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="633" pageNumber="634">
|
||||
This species is found from Cape Breton Island (Bousquet 1987a: 132) to south-central British Columbia (Jarrett and Scudder 2001: 380), north to central Northwest Territories (Ball 1992a: 375), south to northeastern New Mexico (Ball 1992a: 375) along the Rocky Mountains, the Guadalupe Mountains in western Texas (Ball 1992a: 375), the upper peninsula of Michigan (LeConte 1878c: 594), southern Ontario (Lindroth 1969a: 961), and southern Maine (Majka et al. 2011: 46). The record from the Pacific Northwest (Hatch 1953: 961) refers to
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lindroth" authorityYear="1954" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Badister" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="633" pageNumber="634" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neopulchellus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="633" pageNumber="634">Badister neopulchellus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Lindroth 1969a: 959).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="633" pageNumber="634" type="records">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="633" pageNumber="634">Records.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="633" pageNumber="634">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="633" pageNumber="634">CAN</emphasis>
|
||||
: AB, BC, MB, NB, NS (CBI), NT, ON, QC, SK
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="633" pageNumber="634">USA</emphasis>
|
||||
: CO, ME, MI, MN, MT, ND, NM, SD, TX, WI
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
395
data/46/F0/D9/46F0D98E05D6187D3E1BB6B2CA73B851.xml
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395
data/46/F0/D9/46F0D98E05D6187D3E1BB6B2CA73B851.xml
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|
@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
|
|||
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080" ID-PMC="PMC5523356" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-683-51" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" ID-PubMed="28769729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1149788" ID-ZooBank="D7FD86CA6374480C821BA10C26CDDF32" ModsDocID="1313-2970-683-51" checkinTime="1502744546974" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Anzaldo, Salvatore S." docDate="2017" docId="46F0D98E05D6187D3E1BB6B2CA73B851" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 683: 51-138" docOrigin="ZooKeys 683" docPubDate="2017-07-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080" docTitle="Cylindrocopturus Heller 1895" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" masterDocTitle="Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="88" updateTime="1668164589837" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:title>Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean</mods:title>
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||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name type="personal">
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||||
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Anzaldo, Salvatore S.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287 - 4501, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sanzaldo@asu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-07-07</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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||||
<mods:number>683</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>51</mods:start>
|
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<mods:end>138</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="132649147" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:46F0D98E05D6187D3E1BB6B2CA73B851" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/46F0D98E05D6187D3E1BB6B2CA73B851" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
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||||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="46F0D98E-05D6-187D-3E1B-B6B2CA73B851" authority="Heller, 1895: 56" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindrocopturus Heller, 1895: 56</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 19–36" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 19 - 36. Variation in the metatibial apex. 19 Mesotibial apex of Lechriops vestitus illustrating parts of the tibial apex: a) posterior apical angle with large, curved uncus; b) middle of the apex with produced, rounded inner flange; c) anterior apical margin with premucro; d) oblique ridge of premucro; e) apical setal tuft 20 Male Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000609] with a tibial uncus arising at the middle of the apex 21 Cratosomus punctulatus mexicanus [ASUHIC 0031510] with thick fascicles of golden setae near the anterior apical margin and a dense setal brush at the posterior apical face 22 Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [ASUHIC 0086627] with a large, subapical premucro 23 Piazurus laetus [SSAC 0001077], showing a typical tibial apex for that genus 24 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016915] 25 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a pointed, premucro-like inner flange 26 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing an elongate, uncus-like inner flange. 27 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] 28 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 16884] 29 Cylindrocopturus adspersus [ASUHIC 0016896] with a rounded, produced inner flange 30 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with a very short uncus 31 Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064707] with an elongate uncus and minute premucro 32 Phileas granulatus [ARTSYS 0000528] with the middle of the apex (between uncus and premucro) sunken 33 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0012325] with a short uncus and posterodistal setal comb extending halfway to the base of the tibia 34 Zygops erythropygus [ASUHIC 0086640] with short posterodistal setal comb. 35 Philenis flavipes [ASUHIC 0065102] 36 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] with a small tooth at the anterior apical angle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures19–36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143828" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Figs 29</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 46–54" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 46 - 54. Variation in eye shape. 46 Poecilogaster brevis [ARTSYS 0000805] with relatively vertical, separated eyes 47 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] showing subcontiguous eyes separated at the top by a broad interocular space 48 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 0086637] with subcontiguous eyes separated at the top by a thin lanceolate space 49 Cylindrocopturus quercus [ASUHIC 0016905] with vertical, separated eyes 50 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with widely separated eyes and a very thin rostrum 51 Larides cavifrons [ASUHIC 0016882], showing a strongly depressed interocular space 52 Male Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064708] showing oval, subcontiguous eyes and an apical antennal insertion on the rostrum 53 Philenis fuscofemorata [ARTSYS 0000659] showing ovoid eyes and slender antennae 54 Zygopsella ruficauda [ARTSYS 0000526] with a sinuous lateral and mesal margin of the eyes which is strongly inflexed at the lower lateral margin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures46–54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143830" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">, 49</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 95–98" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figures 95 - 98. Lateral and dorsal habitus images of Zygopini. Scale bars = 2 mm unless otherwise specified. 95 a-b Cylindrocopturus quercus [ARTSYS 0000819]; scale bars = 1 mm 96 a-b Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] 97 a-b Larides cavifrons [ASUHIC 0016882] 98 a-b Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001136]; scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures95–98" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143839" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">, 95</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
=
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Paratimorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratimorus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paratimorus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Heller, 1895: 58 [Syn.:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Champion, GC" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" refId="B20" refString="Champion, GC, 1906b. Insecta - Coleoptera - Rhychophora - Curculionidae - Curculioninae (part). In: Champion GC (Ed.) Biologia Centrali-Americana (Vol. 4, part 5). 1-136." title="Insecta - Coleoptera - Rhychophora - Curculionidae - Curculioninae (part). In: Champion GC (Ed.) Biologia Centrali-Americana (Vol. 4, part 5). 1 - 136." year="1906 b">Champion 1906b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 35]. Type species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Paratimorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratimorus ganglbaueri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ganglbaueri">Paratimorus ganglbaueri</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Heller, 1895 [by monotypy].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
=
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gyrotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyrotus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gyrotus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Casey, 1897: 668 [Syn.:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sleeper, EL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="209 - 219" refId="B146" refString="Sleeper, EL, 1963. A study of the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of America north of Mexico, I. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 62 (4): 209 - 219" title="A study of the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of America north of Mexico, I." volume="62" year="1963">Sleeper 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 217]. Type species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gyrotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyrotus munitus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="munitus">Gyrotus munitus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Casey, 1897 [by monotypy].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
=
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copturodes</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Casey, 1897: 669 [Syn.:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent36312-11" author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" pagination="312 - 324" refId="B18" refString="Casey, TL, 1904. On some new Coleoptera, including five new genera. The Canadian Entomologist 36 (11): 312 - 324, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent36312-11" title="On some new Coleoptera, including five new genera." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent36312-11" volume="36" year="1904">Casey 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 324]. Type species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zygops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygops quercus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">Zygops quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Say, 1831 [by subsequent designation:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sleeper, EL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="209 - 219" refId="B146" refString="Sleeper, EL, 1963. A study of the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of America north of Mexico, I. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 62 (4): 209 - 219" title="A study of the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of America north of Mexico, I." volume="62" year="1963">Sleeper 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 217].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="type species">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Type species.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zygops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygops quercus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Zygops quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Say, 1831 [by subsequent designation:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sleeper, EL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="209 - 219" refId="B146" refString="Sleeper, EL, 1963. A study of the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of America north of Mexico, I. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 62 (4): 209 - 219" title="A study of the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of America north of Mexico, I." volume="62" year="1963">Sleeper 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 217].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="gender">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Gender.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Masculine.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures95–98" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143839" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" start="Figures 95–98" startId="F14">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Figures 95-98.</emphasis>
|
||||
Lateral and dorsal habitus images of
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zygopini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygopini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zygopini</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Scale bars = 2 mm unless otherwise specified.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">95a-b</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus quercus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[ARTSYS0000819]; scale bars = 1 mm
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">96a-b</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Helleriella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helleriella longicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicollis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Helleriella longicollis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[ASUHIC0065241]
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">97a-b</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larides cavifrons" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavifrons">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Larides cavifrons</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[ASUHIC0016882]
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">98a-b</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lissoderes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lissoderes subnudus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subnudus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Lissoderes subnudus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[SSAC0001136]; scale bars = 1 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
Many of the species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: the unmodified mesoventrite, the unarmed and non-carinate metafemora, the second antennal funicular article that is not longer than the first, the relatively vertical and separated eyes (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 46–54" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 46 - 54. Variation in eye shape. 46 Poecilogaster brevis [ARTSYS 0000805] with relatively vertical, separated eyes 47 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] showing subcontiguous eyes separated at the top by a broad interocular space 48 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 0086637] with subcontiguous eyes separated at the top by a thin lanceolate space 49 Cylindrocopturus quercus [ASUHIC 0016905] with vertical, separated eyes 50 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with widely separated eyes and a very thin rostrum 51 Larides cavifrons [ASUHIC 0016882], showing a strongly depressed interocular space 52 Male Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064708] showing oval, subcontiguous eyes and an apical antennal insertion on the rostrum 53 Philenis fuscofemorata [ARTSYS 0000659] showing ovoid eyes and slender antennae 54 Zygopsella ruficauda [ARTSYS 0000526] with a sinuous lateral and mesal margin of the eyes which is strongly inflexed at the lower lateral margin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures46–54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143830" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">49</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and the body mostly densely covered in round, imbricate scales. Additionally, the body is often somewhat dorsoventrally compressed, the elytra sometimes has prominences or setal tufts, the tibial apex at least of the protibia typically has a large hook-like uncus and a rounded, produced inner flange (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 19–36" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 19 - 36. Variation in the metatibial apex. 19 Mesotibial apex of Lechriops vestitus illustrating parts of the tibial apex: a) posterior apical angle with large, curved uncus; b) middle of the apex with produced, rounded inner flange; c) anterior apical margin with premucro; d) oblique ridge of premucro; e) apical setal tuft 20 Male Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000609] with a tibial uncus arising at the middle of the apex 21 Cratosomus punctulatus mexicanus [ASUHIC 0031510] with thick fascicles of golden setae near the anterior apical margin and a dense setal brush at the posterior apical face 22 Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [ASUHIC 0086627] with a large, subapical premucro 23 Piazurus laetus [SSAC 0001077], showing a typical tibial apex for that genus 24 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016915] 25 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a pointed, premucro-like inner flange 26 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing an elongate, uncus-like inner flange. 27 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] 28 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 16884] 29 Cylindrocopturus adspersus [ASUHIC 0016896] with a rounded, produced inner flange 30 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with a very short uncus 31 Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064707] with an elongate uncus and minute premucro 32 Phileas granulatus [ARTSYS 0000528] with the middle of the apex (between uncus and premucro) sunken 33 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0012325] with a short uncus and posterodistal setal comb extending halfway to the base of the tibia 34 Zygops erythropygus [ASUHIC 0086640] with short posterodistal setal comb. 35 Philenis flavipes [ASUHIC 0065102] 36 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] with a small tooth at the anterior apical angle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures19–36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143828" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">19</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and a group of species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. mammillatus" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="species" species="mammillatus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">C. mammillatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species group of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Fall, HC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" pagination="53 - 61" refId="B38" refString="Fall, HC, 1906. New species of American Coleoptera of the tribe Zygopini. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 32: 53 - 61" title="New species of American Coleoptera of the tribe Zygopini." volume="32" year="1906">Fall (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gyrotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyrotus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Gyrotus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Casey of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Gluck, W" journalOrPublisher="Mosquae, Typis Universitatis Caesareae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B47" refString="Gluck, W, 1987. A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." title="A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph. D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." year="1987">Gluck (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) have a pair of tubercles on the second abdominal ventrite. These characters are useful for separation of the species found in the U.S.; of the several observed Mexican, Guatemalan, and Honduran species, including numerous unidentified and likely undescribed, the following exceptions to the above characters have been observed: a depressed posterior border of the mesoventrite, a second funicular article that is longer than the first, and carinate hind femora. These species otherwise appear congeneric with described species, highlighting the need for closer examination and reconstruction of this genus and its relatives.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="notes">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is in need of comprehensive revision due to the large number of synonymies, uncertain geographic range and lack of good characters separating it from several other genera. An unpublished Ph.D. thesis by W.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Gluck, W" journalOrPublisher="Mosquae, Typis Universitatis Caesareae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B47" refString="Gluck, W, 1987. A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." title="A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph. D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." year="1987">Gluck (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
attempted such for the species north of Mexico, but the heavily-relied upon statistical approach employed for generic and specific delimitation necessitates closer examination of many of the classificatory changes proposed.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
Immature stages are described for the following species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. adspersus" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">C. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(LeConte, 1876) by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Boeving, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" pagination="54 - 62" refId="B12" refString="Boeving, AG, 1926. Immature stages of Eulechriops gossypii Barber, with comments on the classification of the Tribe Zygopsini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 28 (3): 54 - 62" title="Immature stages of Eulechriops gossypii Barber, with comments on the classification of the Tribe Zygopsini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="28" year="1926">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Böving">Boeving</normalizedToken>
|
||||
(1926)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. biradiatus" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="species" species="biradiatus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">C. biradiatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Champion, 1906 by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Dampf, A" journalOrPublisher="Serie Didatica" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" refId="B29" refString="Dampf, A, 1929. Una nueva plaga del nopal (Opuntia sp.) Cylindrocopturus biradiatus Champion (Ins. Col., Fam. Curculionidae). Boletin mensual, organo de la Oficina para la defense agricola San Jacinto, D.F.3(1-4): 7-17." title="Una nueva plaga del nopal (Opuntia sp.) Cylindrocopturus biradiatus Champion (Ins. Col., Fam. Curculionidae). Boletin mensual, organo de la Oficina para la defense agricola San Jacinto, D. F. 3 (1 - 4): 7 - 17." year="1929">Dampf (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. crassus" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="species" species="crassus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">C. crassus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Van Dyke, 1930 by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Keifer, HH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="56" pageNumber="107" refId="B91" refString="Keifer, HH, 1930. The larva of Cylindrocopturus crassus Van Dyke. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 6(4) 167-170." title="The larva of Cylindrocopturus crassus Van Dyke. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 6 (4) 167 - 170." year="1930">Keifer (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. furnissi" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="species" species="furnissi">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">C. furnissi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Buchanan, 1940 by W.H.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Anderson, WH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="51" pageNumber="102" pagination="152 - 155" refId="B4" refString="Anderson, WH, 1941. The larva and pupa of Cylindrocopturus furnissi Buchanan (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 43: 152 - 155" title="The larva and pupa of Cylindrocopturus furnissi Buchanan (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)." volume="43" year="1941">Anderson (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. quercus" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="species" species="quercus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">C. quercus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Piper, GL" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="65 - 72" refId="B132" refString="Piper, GL, 1977. Biology and immature stages of Cylindrocopturus quercus (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 31 (1): 65 - 72" title="Biology and immature stages of Cylindrocopturus quercus (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="31" year="1977">Piper (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. See
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Gluck, W" journalOrPublisher="Mosquae, Typis Universitatis Caesareae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B47" refString="Gluck, W, 1987. A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." title="A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph. D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." year="1987">Gluck (1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 78) for an index of the seventeen known species of hymenopteran parasites of the species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="key">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<taxonomicName genus="Keys" lsidName="Keys" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="genus">Keys</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
Champion 1906: 36 (to Central American species),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Fall, HC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" pagination="53 - 61" refId="B38" refString="Fall, HC, 1906. New species of American Coleoptera of the tribe Zygopini. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 32: 53 - 61" title="New species of American Coleoptera of the tribe Zygopini." volume="32" year="1906">Fall 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 55 (to
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. mammilatus" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="species" species="mammilatus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">C. mammilatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species group),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, JL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="57" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 455" refId="B103" refString="LeConte, JL, Horn, GH, 1876. The Rhyncophora of America, north of Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 15 (96): 1 - 455" title="The Rhyncophora of America, north of Mexico." volume="15" year="1876">LeConte and Horn 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 261 (to
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Copturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of the U.S.),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" pagination="285 - 684" refId="B17" refString="Casey, TL, 1897. Coleopterological Notices, VII. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9 (6-12): 285 - 684" title="Coleopterological Notices, VII." volume="9" year="1897">Casey 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 669 (to
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Copturodes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of the U.S.),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122480" author="Blatchley, WS" journalOrPublisher="The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" refId="B8" refString="Blatchley, WS, Leng, CW, 1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122480" title="Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122480" year="1916">Blatchley and Leng 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 420 (to Northeastern U.S. species),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatch, MH" journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Publications in Biology" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 662" refId="B53" refString="Hatch, MH, 1971. The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part V: Rhipiceroidea, Sternoxi, Phytophaga, Rhynchophora, and Lamellicornia. University of Washington Publications in Biology 16: 1 - 662" title="The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part V: Rhipiceroidea, Sternoxi, Phytophaga, Rhynchophora, and Lamellicornia." volume="16" year="1971">Hatch 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 361 (to
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gyrotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyrotus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Gyrotus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of Northwestern U.S.),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Heller, KM" journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Publications in Biology" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B56" refString="Heller, KM, 1895. Zygopiden-Studien II, mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Gattung Copturus. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koeniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden 1894/95 (11): 1-70." title="Zygopiden-Studien II, mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Gattung Copturus. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koeniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden 1894 / 95 (11): 1 - 70." year="1895">Heller 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 57,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Gluck, W" journalOrPublisher="Mosquae, Typis Universitatis Caesareae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B47" refString="Gluck, W, 1987. A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." title="A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph. D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." year="1987">Gluck 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 9 (to
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gyrotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyrotus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Gyrotus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
north of Mexico) and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Gluck, W" journalOrPublisher="Mosquae, Typis Universitatis Caesareae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B47" refString="Gluck, W, 1987. A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." title="A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph. D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." year="1987">Gluck 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 30 (to
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
north of Mexico).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Hespenheide, HA" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="55" pageNumber="106" pagination="323 - 332" refId="B62" refString="Hespenheide, HA, 1980. New species and a review of the genus Helleriella (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Zygopinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 34 (3): 323 - 332" title="New species and a review of the genus Helleriella (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Zygopinae)." volume="34" year="1980">Hespenheide (1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 330) suggests the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as the closest relative of
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Helleriella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helleriella" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Helleriella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
due to the shared elongate and compressed habitus and occurrence in arid environments. Champion distinguishes
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the South American genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Timorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timorus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Timorus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by the lack of a ventral femoral tooth, and seems to imply possible relationships between
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Timorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timorus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Timorus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Meliaceae" genus="Macrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Macrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Phileas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phileas" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Phileas</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Larides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(1906: 33-35). See
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Meliaceae" genus="Macrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Macrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" type="host">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Host associations.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">
|
||||
Species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Cylindrocopturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have been reared from various species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(in the genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Abies</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Mill.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Pinus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pseudostuga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudostuga" order="Asterales" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Pseudostuga</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carrière">Carriere</normalizedToken>
|
||||
), various
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Bercht. & J. Presl (e.g.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Helianthus" order="Campanulales" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Helianthus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
L.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Hemizonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hemizonia" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="88">Hemizonia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
DC.) and also
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Cactaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="37" pageNumber="88" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Cactaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="89" start="start">Juss</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
. (
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Opuntia" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="89" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="89">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Mill.); larvae of some species known from roots, stems, branches, galls and spines (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" pagination="285 - 684" refId="B17" refString="Casey, TL, 1897. Coleopterological Notices, VII. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9 (6-12): 285 - 684" title="Coleopterological Notices, VII." volume="9" year="1897">Casey 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Fall, HC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" pagination="53 - 61" refId="B38" refString="Fall, HC, 1906. New species of American Coleoptera of the tribe Zygopini. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 32: 53 - 61" title="New species of American Coleoptera of the tribe Zygopini." volume="32" year="1906">Fall 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122480" author="Blatchley, WS" journalOrPublisher="The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" refId="B8" refString="Blatchley, WS, Leng, CW, 1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122480" title="Rhynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122480" year="1916">Blatchley and Leng 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Dampf, A" journalOrPublisher="Serie Didatica" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" refId="B29" refString="Dampf, A, 1929. Una nueva plaga del nopal (Opuntia sp.) Cylindrocopturus biradiatus Champion (Ins. Col., Fam. Curculionidae). Boletin mensual, organo de la Oficina para la defense agricola San Jacinto, D.F.3(1-4): 7-17." title="Una nueva plaga del nopal (Opuntia sp.) Cylindrocopturus biradiatus Champion (Ins. Col., Fam. Curculionidae). Boletin mensual, organo de la Oficina para la defense agricola San Jacinto, D. F. 3 (1 - 4): 7 - 17." year="1929">Dampf 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Van Dyke, EC" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="149 - 165" refId="B150" refString="Van Dyke, EC, 1930. New Rhynchophora (Coleoptera) from western North America. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 6 (4): 149 - 165" title="New Rhynchophora (Coleoptera) from western North America." volume="6" year="1930">Van Dyke 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Buchanan, LL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" pagination="177 - 181" refId="B14" refString="Buchanan, LL, 1940. Three new species of the longulus group of Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 42 (8): 177 - 181" title="Three new species of the longulus group of Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="42" year="1940">Buchanan 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Gluck, W" journalOrPublisher="Mosquae, Typis Universitatis Caesareae" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B47" refString="Gluck, W, 1987. A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." title="A taxonomic revision of the genera Gyrotus and Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in America north of Mexico. Ph. D. Thesis, North Dakota State University, Fargo." year="1987">Gluck 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 77,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1653/024.099.0125" author="Martinez, NB" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="57" pageNumber="108" pagination="126 - 127" refId="B112" refString="Martinez, NB, Riquelme, CPI, Jones, RW, 2016. Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae) species associated with Opuntia (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) species. Florida Entomologist 99 (1): 126 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1653/024.099.0125" title="Cylindrocopturus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae) species associated with Opuntia (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) species." url="https://doi.org/10.1653/024.099.0125" volume="99" year="2016">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||||
et al. 2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The "sunflower stem weevil",
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. adspersus" pageId="38" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="adspersus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="89">C. adspersus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, is the most well-studied species of New World conoderine due to its agricultural importance in the Midwestern United States, with studies including insecticide toxicity (e.g. Charlet and Oseto 1983) and overwintering and emergence patterns (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/11.1.154" author="Rogers, CE" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Entomology" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="154 - 156" refId="B138" refString="Rogers, CE, Serda, JG, 1982. Cylindrocopturus adspersus in sunflower: overwintering and emergence patterns on the Texas high plains. Environmental Entomology 11 (1): 154 - 156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/11.1.154" title="Cylindrocopturus adspersus in sunflower: overwintering and emergence patterns on the Texas high plains." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/11.1.154" volume="11" year="1982">Rogers and Serda 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="89" type="described species">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="89">Described species.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
Forty-one species are known from the focal region and two additional described species are known from South America (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Wibmer, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Number" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 563" refId="B153" refString="Wibmer, GJ, O'Brien, CW, 1986. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Number 39: 1 - 563" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="39" year="1986">
|
||||
Wibmer and
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
|
||||
1986
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 270), though
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Rheinheimer, J" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" refId="B137" refString="Rheinheimer, J, 2011. Les Conoderinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Coleopteres de Guyane. Tome IV: 65-88." title="Les Conoderinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Coleopteres de Guyane. Tome IV: 65 - 88." year="2011">Rheinheimer (2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 78) suggests
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Eulechriops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eulechriops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="89">Eulechriops</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a better placement for the French Guianan
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. minutus" pageId="38" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="minutus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="89">C. minutus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Hustache, 1938.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="89" type="range">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="89">Range.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="89">Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras; South America.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
243
data/46/F0/F3/46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438.xml
Normal file
243
data/46/F0/F3/46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
|
|||
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697" ID-GBIF-Dataset="89be094e-6732-48a6-b5aa-74053d16f748" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189599997" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1066-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" ID-ZooBank="133CE040A5AF44F1BC9A558C2F06A8AA" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1066-1" checkinTime="1635480455043" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J. & Lombard, Amanda T." docDate="2021" docId="46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1066: 1-198" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1066" docPubDate="2021-10-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697" docTitle="Tethocyathus virgatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" masterDocTitle="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="198" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1635513010010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
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<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Filander, Zoleka N.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6905-4440</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation>Biodiversity and Coastal Research, Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa & Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zfilander@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Kitahara, Marcelo V.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ciencias do Mar, Santos, Brazil & Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Sebastiao, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Sink, Kerry J.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation>South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Lombard, Amanda T.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation>Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-10-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number>1066</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:extent unit="page">
|
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>198</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1066-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">133CE040A5AF44F1BC9A558C2F06A8AA</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A</mods:identifier>
|
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</mods:mods>
|
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="189599997" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authority="(Alcock, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Alcock" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Tethocyathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethocyathus virgatus" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgatus">Tethocyathus virgatus (Alcock, 1902)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. A, F Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) explanans: A, C (USNM 62500, off Durban, 183 - 220 m) Calicular view B basal view C lateral view D, F (SAMC _ A 090144, off Port St Johns, 96 - 98 m) D calicular view E basal view F lateral view G, I Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) campaniformis (SAM _ H 3178, off Coffee Bay, 1420 m) G calicular view H basal view I lateral view J, L Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) nobilis (SAM _ H 1697, off Groot Berg Estuary, 1050 m) J calicular view K basal view L lateral view M, N Tethocyathus virgatus (SAMC _ A 073180, off Mazeppa Bay, 240 - 250 m) M calicular view N lateral view O, P Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) sp. 1 (SAM _ H 1244, off East London, 59 m) O calicular view P lateral view. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/604108" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 5M, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1902" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Trochocyathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trochocyathus (Thecocyathus) virgatus" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgatus" subGenus="Thecocyathus">Trochocyathus (Thecocyathus) virgatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Alcock, 1902a: 98-99. -
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Alcock, A" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B8" refString="Alcock, A, 1902c. Report on the deep-sea Madreporaria of the Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie 16a: 1-52. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11383" title="Report on the deep-sea Madreporaria of the Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie 16 a: 1 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11383" year="1902 c">Alcock 1902c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 16-17, pl. 2, fig. 13.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Alcock" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Tethocyathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethocyathus virgatus" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgatus">Tethocyathus virgatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. -
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 210" refId="B38" refString="Cairns, S, 1995. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 103: 1 - 210" title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa)." volume="103" year="1995">Cairns 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 65-66, pl. 16C-F. -
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 243" refId="B54" refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions." volume="172" year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 114-115. -
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="31 - 167" refId="B41" refString="Cairns, S, 1999a. Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180: 31 - 167" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands." volume="180" year="1999 a">Cairns 1999a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 86
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="259 - 329" refId="B45" refString="Cairns, S, 2004a. The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259 - 329" title="The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia." volume="56" year="2004 a">. -Cairns 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 286. -
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Paper of the Bernice P Bishop Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B48" refString="Cairns, S, 2009. Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7548" title="Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 7548" year="2009">Cairns 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 9. -
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 118" refId="B155" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Miller, D, 2010a. Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 91 - 118" title="Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species." volume="8" year="2010 a">Kitahara et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 115. -
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 570-571, 573, figs 316, 317A-C.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
Off Sulu Archipelago (HMS
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Siboga’">'Siboga'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
stns. 96 and 105: South-east of Pearl Bank and
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-6.133333">6°08'00"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="121" direction="east" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="121.316666">121°19'00"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, respectively); 15-275 m (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Alcock, A" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B8" refString="Alcock, A, 1902c. Report on the deep-sea Madreporaria of the Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie 16a: 1-52. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11383" title="Report on the deep-sea Madreporaria of the Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie 16 a: 1 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11383" year="1902 c">Alcock 1902c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
Two syntypes are deposited at the ZMA
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="259 - 329" refId="B45" refString="Cairns, S, 2004a. The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259 - 329" title="The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia." volume="56" year="2004 a">(Cairns 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Mlalazi Estuary" elevation="215" latitude="-29.015" location="Eastern" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.201702" municipality="Richards Bay" specimenCount="1">
|
||||
SAMC_A073083 (
|
||||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||||
):
|
||||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438:A3603927EB51A568F9D59FA5F389B4D4" county="Mlalazi Estuary" latitude="-29.015" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.201702" municipality="Richards Bay" name="Eastern">Eastern</location>
|
||||
margin,
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" unit="km" value="28.0">28 km</quantity>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality>Richards Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||||
off
|
||||
<collectingCounty>Mlalazi Estuary</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="54.00" value="-29.015">29°00'54.00"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="06.12" value="32.201702">32°12'06.12"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<specimenCount type="generic">
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" unit="m" value="215.0">
|
||||
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" unit="m" value="215.0">215 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</specimenCount>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Cwili Estuary" elevation="245" latitude="-32.7633" location="Southern" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="28.6067" municipality="Mazeppa Bay" specimenCount="2">
|
||||
SAMC_A073180 (
|
||||
<specimenCount type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
):
|
||||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438:84BB701CF3C5C07321AF9E4CE993672C" county="Cwili Estuary" latitude="-32.7633" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="28.6067" municipality="Mazeppa Bay" name="Southern">Southern</location>
|
||||
margin,
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" unit="km" value="33.0">33 km</quantity>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality>Mazeppa Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
|
||||
off
|
||||
<collectingCounty>Cwili Estuary</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="47.88" value="-32.7633">32°45'47.88"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="28" direction="east" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="24.12" value="28.6067">28°36'24.12"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.4" unit="m" value="245.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="240.0">
|
||||
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.4" unit="m" value="245.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="240.0">240-250 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Mlalazi Estuary" elevation="95" latitude="-29.08633" location="Eastern" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.136333" municipality="Port Dunford" specimenCount="1">
|
||||
USNM 91674 (
|
||||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||||
):
|
||||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:46F0F39E62DA0606A869F1CD9A494438:CBA24BEAFD480774D9927BD71E6B0E29" county="Mlalazi Estuary" latitude="-29.08633" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.136333" municipality="Port Dunford" name="Eastern">Eastern</location>
|
||||
margin,
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality>Port Dunford</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
/
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" unit="km" value="37.0">37 km</quantity>
|
||||
off
|
||||
<collectingCounty>Mlalazi Estuary</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="10.79" value="-29.08633">29°05'10.79"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="10.79" value="32.136333">32 08'10.79"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<specimenCount type="generic">
|
||||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" unit="m" value="95.0">
|
||||
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" unit="m" value="95.0">95 m</elevation>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</specimenCount>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
Corallum solitary, ceratoid to subcylindrical, and attached to substrate by a thick pedicel (PD:GCD = 0.2-0.7) that expands into a polycyclic encrusting base. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.1-1.2), with a jagged calicular margin. Largest specimen examined (USNM 91674) 13.4
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
11.8 mm in CD, and 26.3 mm in H. Costae unequal, flat, granular, separated by shallow intercostal striae, and becoming less prominent towards base. Epitheca may be thick and penetrated by lenticular pores of acrothoracid barnacles, or thin with no incrustation. Corallum pigmented purple-black, that fades into a white colouration towards base.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles, the last cycle being incomplete, according to the formula: S1> S2> S3 ≥ S4> S5 (<68 septa). Septa closely packed. S1-2 exsert, independent, thickest, and most swollen. Higher cycle septa (S3-4) progressively less exsert and less thick. S31/2 the width of S1-2. S4 dimorphic in size: those adjacent to S1 equal to or slightly wider than S3; and those adjacent to S2 usually less wide than S3. S5 same width as S4 adjacent to S1, if present. All septa have straight axial margins except for S3, which have slightly sinuous ones. Septal faces granular. Pali large, closely packed, and present before all septal cycles but last, forming a high paliform crown encircling a papillose columella composed of a group of closely-packed and low-profile rods.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
Regional: Southern to eastern margin of South Africa, from Kei Mouth extending towards Port Dunford; 95-250 m. Elsewhere: Philippines; Indonesia (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 243" refId="B54" refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions." volume="172" year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); Vanuatu; Wallis and Futuna Islands (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="31 - 167" refId="B41" refString="Cairns, S, 1999a. Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180: 31 - 167" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands." volume="180" year="1999 a">Cairns 1999a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); New Caledonia (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); New Zealand (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 210" refId="B38" refString="Cairns, S, 1995. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 103: 1 - 210" title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa)." volume="103" year="1995">Cairns 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); Australia
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="259 - 329" refId="B45" refString="Cairns, S, 2004a. The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259 - 329" title="The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia." volume="56" year="2004 a">(Cairns 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); 95-1200 m.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Alcock" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Tethocyathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethocyathus virgatus" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgatus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tethocyathus virgatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is distinguished from the other Recent congeners in having a pigmented CS1, S1-2 being the thickest septa, well-developed lamellar pali, and by attaining the largest corallum size. The examined specimens represent a new record for the region. The South African representative differs from the Australian in having septa of the fifth cycle (<68 septa) as compared with only four (48 septa), and in having S3 that bear a slightly sinuous rather than a straight axial margin. Nonetheless, all the other taxonomic features agree with what is known to be characteristic of the species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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