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<mods:namePart>Sato-Okoshi, Waka</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 468 - 1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 - 8572, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="177212477" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CD49C972C01859F49C05F020ED5EB12E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD49C972C01859F49C05F020ED5EB12E" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<treatment id="CD49C972C01859F49C05F020ED5EB12E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177212477" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CD49C972C01859F49C05F020ED5EB12E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD49C972C01859F49C05F020ED5EB12E" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Spionidae" scope_phylum="Annelida" scope_subFamily="Nerininae">
<subSubSection id="3B39069CB296FFB7C01D4D2F99F03724" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D2C37AD56C6D440FF4C028D6F997D89B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Genus
<taxonomicName LSID="CD49C972-C018-59F4-9C05-F020ED5EB12E" authority="Blainville, 1828" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1828" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Scolelepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolelepis" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Scolelepis Blainville, 1828</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B7244125DEFFAF5E8F01CCC8356D58A1" ID-CoL="84THX" LSID="CD49C972-C018-59F4-9C05-F020ED5EB12E" authority="Blainville, 1828" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1828" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Scolelepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolelepis" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Scolelepis Blainville, 1828</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larval diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larval diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="AE0E1CF19FC7A70FC4DC711D21620DE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larval diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C3C238D1F053453FF09B622114C76ED9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larval diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22CE8BAC1E3FF4C8451E548EDB0A3080" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Overall shape thick and fusiform. Prostomium pointed anteriorly, terminates in retractile, muscular tip. Lateral parts of peristomium clearly demarcated from prostomium, forming large peristomial umbrella. Short palps on lateral-most parts of peristomium. Two pairs of red eyes present. Melanophore absent, black, brown, orange, red, or green pigmentation patches often present in body surface, pharynx, gut, and/or proctodaeum. Nototrochs present or absent. Gastrotrochs occur in all chaetigers from chaetiger II or III onwards. Pygidium large, inflated, and surrounded by thick telotroch (
<bibRefCitation author="Okuda, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27055" refId="B131" refString="Okuda, S, 1946. Studies on the development of AnnelidaPolychaeta I. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University. Series 6, Zoology 9: 115-219. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27055" title="Studies on the development of AnnelidaPolychaeta I. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University. Series 6, Zoology 9: 115 - 219." url="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27055" year="1946">Okuda 1946</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="72A802387086180C68BDE420ECFEB741" author="Okuda, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27055" refId="B131" refString="Okuda, S, 1946. Studies on the development of AnnelidaPolychaeta I. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University. Series 6, Zoology 9: 115-219. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27055" title="Studies on the development of AnnelidaPolychaeta I. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University. Series 6, Zoology 9: 115 - 219." url="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27055" year="1946">Okuda 1946</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spio filicornis" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="filicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spio filicornis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0486B3A47342415139206DED31E124A3" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Spio" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spio filicornis" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="filicornis">
<emphasis id="DFDA2CC87DC3D00CD950454849B56BF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spio filicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="289 - 324" refId="B69" refString="Hartman, O, 1941. Some contributions to the biology and life history of Spionidae from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 7: 289 - 324" title="Some contributions to the biology and life history of Spionidae from California." volume="7" year="1941">Hartman 1941</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="CB06595CE7D159C637621ADBE3BD2627" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="289 - 324" refId="B69" refString="Hartman, O, 1941. Some contributions to the biology and life history of Spionidae from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 7: 289 - 324" title="Some contributions to the biology and life history of Spionidae from California." volume="7" year="1941">Hartman 1941</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E829829C1D076780EA7931B19D22E1A6" authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E52D310727DD6E283DDF69D84CCD65DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Thorson, G" journalOrPublisher="Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri-og Havundersogelser, Series Plankton" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 523" refId="B213" refString="Thorson, G, 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri-og Havundersogelser, Series Plankton 4: 1 - 523" title="Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates." volume="4" year="1946">Thorson 1946</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="C5722119EF188F21226C79741BC6718A" author="Thorson, G" journalOrPublisher="Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri-og Havundersogelser, Series Plankton" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 523" refId="B213" refString="Thorson, G, 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri-og Havundersogelser, Series Plankton 4: 1 - 523" title="Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates." volume="4" year="1946">Thorson 1946</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerine" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerine</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B4A0BC654BD2F0197AA5BD4B36AE344B" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerine" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A31ABF0D043DCFCA7D018E28ABD3BA05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerine</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in part see
<bibRefCitation author="Hannerz, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 204" refId="B67" refString="Hannerz, L, 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mensil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204" title="Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mensil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden)." volume="31" year="1956">Hannerz 1956</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="054756580BD0D87553C30570EC32355E" author="Hannerz, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 204" refId="B67" refString="Hannerz, L, 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mensil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204" title="Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mensil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden)." volume="31" year="1956">Hannerz 1956</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Hannerz, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 204" refId="B67" refString="Hannerz, L, 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mensil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204" title="Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mensil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden)." volume="31" year="1956">Hannerz 1956</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="6751E43996ACD8B0412E446FF7D56F03" author="Hannerz, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 204" refId="B67" refString="Hannerz, L, 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mensil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204" title="Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mensil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden)." volume="31" year="1956">Hannerz 1956</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerine" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerine</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2FF3D2D9EB7B330DF3470996033F22B" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerine" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60269AF1301A3D3362B16924E6E2C87F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerine</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3BAF9F9F676CF07C2A370C5722C6EED1" authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E008FB48633CA05209BC3D71999166ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Imajima, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hokkaido Gakugei University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="155 - 165" refId="B78" refString="Imajima, M, 1959. A description of a new species of the Spionidae (Polychaeta), Nerinides yamaguchii n. sp., with notes on its development. Journal of Hokkaido Gakugei University 10: 155 - 165" title="A description of a new species of the Spionidae (Polychaeta), Nerinides yamaguchii n. sp., with notes on its development." volume="10" year="1959">Imajima 1959</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="9A04705F28E76298372B557F5B04C802" author="Imajima, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hokkaido Gakugei University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="155 - 165" refId="B78" refString="Imajima, M, 1959. A description of a new species of the Spionidae (Polychaeta), Nerinides yamaguchii n. sp., with notes on its development. Journal of Hokkaido Gakugei University 10: 155 - 165" title="A description of a new species of the Spionidae (Polychaeta), Nerinides yamaguchii n. sp., with notes on its development." volume="10" year="1959">Imajima 1959</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DE948E5CD0A51CC5DD79AEADCACA6B7F" authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1539492" author="Dean, D" journalOrPublisher="The Biological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="163 - 169" refId="B53" refString="Dean, D, Hatfield, PA, 1963. Pelagic larvae of Nerinides agilis (Verrill). The Biological Bulletin 124: 163 - 169, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1539492" title="Pelagic larvae of Nerinides agilis (Verrill)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1539492" volume="124" year="1963">Dean and Hatfield 1963</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="0A4F0402F53ACD3CF717EFB1E56AE248" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1539492" author="Dean, D" journalOrPublisher="The Biological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="163 - 169" refId="B53" refString="Dean, D, Hatfield, PA, 1963. Pelagic larvae of Nerinides agilis (Verrill). The Biological Bulletin 124: 163 - 169, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1539492" title="Pelagic larvae of Nerinides agilis (Verrill)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1539492" volume="124" year="1963">Dean and Hatfield 1963</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="815991A6ACD01ED20AC8AAC73F42CA65" authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35F174900C98A12F289050EEF2B325C6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Carrasco, FD" journalOrPublisher="Gayana Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 63" refId="B40" refString="Carrasco, FD, 1976. Larvas de la familia Spionidae (Polychaeta) en el plancton de la Bahia de Concepcion, Chile. Gayana Zoologia 38: 1 - 63" title="Larvas de la familia Spionidae (Polychaeta) en el plancton de la Bahia de Concepcion, Chile." volume="38" year="1976">Carrasco 1976</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="4C5ACAE150967128B3DFC7C7A925D3D2" author="Carrasco, FD" journalOrPublisher="Gayana Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 63" refId="B40" refString="Carrasco, FD, 1976. Larvas de la familia Spionidae (Polychaeta) en el plancton de la Bahia de Concepcion, Chile. Gayana Zoologia 38: 1 - 63" title="Larvas de la familia Spionidae (Polychaeta) en el plancton de la Bahia de Concepcion, Chile." volume="38" year="1976">Carrasco 1976</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerine" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerine</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="857B879234FE472ABCF1893A39DB93F2" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerine" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2551691FAEE6DB8D444B53D187CF5EE2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerine</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7BA2EABF248E9B11CAA045056B8521A7" authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1896" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Nerinides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nerinides" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="461BD98933D284C692843C50F2AF5882" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nerinides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02366201" author="Plate, S" journalOrPublisher="Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B139" refString="Plate, S, Husemann, E, 1994. Identification guide to the planktonic polychaete larvae around the island of Helgoland (German Bight). Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen 48: 1 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02366201" title="Identification guide to the planktonic polychaete larvae around the island of Helgoland (German Bight)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02366201" volume="48" year="1994">Plate and Husemann 1994</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="831A36B8E1DBAFF54A607B8DC235B4DA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02366201" author="Plate, S" journalOrPublisher="Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B139" refString="Plate, S, Husemann, E, 1994. Identification guide to the planktonic polychaete larvae around the island of Helgoland (German Bight). Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen 48: 1 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02366201" title="Identification guide to the planktonic polychaete larvae around the island of Helgoland (German Bight)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02366201" volume="48" year="1994">Plate and Husemann 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Scheltema, RS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="396 - 404" refId="B187" refString="Scheltema, RS, Blake, JA, Williams, IP, 1997. Planktonic larvae of spionid and chaetopterid polychaetes from off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Bulletin of Marine Science 60: 396 - 404" title="Planktonic larvae of spionid and chaetopterid polychaetes from off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula." volume="60" year="1997">Scheltema et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="BE8BD082A3F3D0E0FE81F56237743613" author="Scheltema, RS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="396 - 404" refId="B187" refString="Scheltema, RS, Blake, JA, Williams, IP, 1997. Planktonic larvae of spionid and chaetopterid polychaetes from off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Bulletin of Marine Science 60: 396 - 404" title="Planktonic larvae of spionid and chaetopterid polychaetes from off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula." volume="60" year="1997">Scheltema et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003784324125" author="Blake, JA" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 106" refId="B24" refString="Blake, JA, Arnofsky, PL, 1999. Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny. Hydrobiologia 402: 57 - 106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003784324125" title="Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003784324125" volume="402" year="1999">Blake and Arnofsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="471B9496D99B15D093ABEC7BCB2A2559" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003784324125" author="Blake, JA" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 106" refId="B24" refString="Blake, JA, Arnofsky, PL, 1999. Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny. Hydrobiologia 402: 57 - 106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003784324125" title="Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003784324125" volume="402" year="1999">Blake and Arnofsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482280159" author="Blake, JA" editor="Rouse, G" journalOrPublisher="Science Publishers, Enfield" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="565 - 638" refId="B22" refString="Blake, JA, 2006. Chapter 13. Spionida. In: Rouse, G, Pleijel, F, Eds., Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Annelida. Science Publishers, Enfield: 565 - 638, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482280159" title="Chapter 13. Spionida." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482280159" volumeTitle="Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Annelida." year="2006">Blake 2006</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="6E593292BBE4C1A812E42726E2CFDC36" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482280159" author="Blake, JA" editor="Rouse, G" journalOrPublisher="Science Publishers, Enfield" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="565 - 638" refId="B22" refString="Blake, JA, 2006. Chapter 13. Spionida. In: Rouse, G, Pleijel, F, Eds., Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Annelida. Science Publishers, Enfield: 565 - 638, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482280159" title="Chapter 13. Spionida." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482280159" volumeTitle="Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Annelida." year="2006">Blake 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
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@ -1,138 +1,138 @@
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<paragraph id="69B600CDAB7C35367A8C9D5BB3CC0123" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A32708DB881CB2A1F4E6C0A864E5846F" ID-CoL="4P8KD" LSID="CD74A6AC-C684-50D4-AE55-9A609DDDA1E4" authority="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh, 2000" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopolydora reticulata" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh, 2000</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="F42D0435CCA9386B14C42A1A02A0A511" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 9E, F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larval morphology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larval morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="1DBEC8E3FE7F74347718B6561F64CC89" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larval morphology">
<paragraph id="DFBC35F9588069B06BE3D98285E8FF4D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larval morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CCEF425CC63B836F60FE0A49DDAE39E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Overall larval shape fusiform, head region enlarged due to broad prostomium and expanded lateral lips of vestibule. Prostomium slightly notched anteriorly. Three pairs of black eyes present in more or less a straight line, most lateral pairs double-eyes. Large patches of black pigment on lateral peristomium present. Mid-dorsal melanophore on chaetiger I usually present. Dorsal pigments undergo expansion and contraction, expanding to cover almost complete dorsal surface with finely ramified black pigment (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="21735EE1AD630A7A4BA5081D5C175D49" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9F</figureCitation>
) or contract to dot-like black pigmentation without ramifications (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="048BEB8B5461BB33EB510E29765DD95B" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9E</figureCitation>
). Ventral pigment usually absent, consisting of paired bars on the posterior border on anterior chaetigers occasionally present. Black pigment on pygidium. Gastrotrochs on chaetigers V, VII, and XII in 17- and 18-chaetiger larvae, late larvae lose gastrotrochs on chaetigers V and/or XXII.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="AE246CCE17A49CEB13AB308FD2896584" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="51BA1FE9ED7C6823F212310CDAE3BE67" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5FC6AB8D19ABAF6CA654DA5D8C918BEB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Adult individuals of this species were collected from muddy sediment in Gamo Lagoon in April 2013 and Sasuhama in July and September in 2011. Adult morphology agrees with the description of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">P. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="05DD50513AF8AF481186BC1EB76806FB" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">P. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="650 - 658" refId="B1" refString="Abe, H, Kondoh, T, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2016. First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science 33: 650 - 658, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" title="First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" volume="33" year="2016">Abe et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="194A2D751FF59E9865DF933F47D6F81E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="650 - 658" refId="B1" refString="Abe, H, Kondoh, T, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2016. First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science 33: 650 - 658, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" title="First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" volume="33" year="2016">Abe et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. Therefore, these individuals were referred to this species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence obtained in the present study showed a 99.4% (304/306 bp) similarity with that of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F42FBABB14F93169219F84F6B7E633BA" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis id="0AB135CE92C53ECD30236A8A056F00DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Zachs, 1933) from Russia (MG460894) reported by
<bibRefCitation DOI="doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" author="Radashevsky, VI" journalOrPublisher="Mediterranean Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B166" refString="Radashevsky, VI, Malyar, VV, Pankova, VV, Gambi, MC, Giangrande, A, Keppel, E, Nygren, A, Al-Kandari, M, Carlton, JT, 2020b. Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata). Biological Invasions 22: 3621-3644. ttps:// doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" title="Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata). Biological Invasions 22: 3621 - 3644. ttps: //" url="doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" year="2020 b">Radashevsky et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="EF74D3C337A4C2B178C541BB6973CFD6" DOI="doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" author="Radashevsky, VI" journalOrPublisher="Mediterranean Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B166" refString="Radashevsky, VI, Malyar, VV, Pankova, VV, Gambi, MC, Giangrande, A, Keppel, E, Nygren, A, Al-Kandari, M, Carlton, JT, 2020b. Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata). Biological Invasions 22: 3621-3644. ttps:// doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" title="Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata). Biological Invasions 22: 3621 - 3644. ttps: //" url="doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" year="2020 b">Radashevsky et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
, indicating these two are one species. Although the Japanese population shows intermediate morphological characteristics between
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. reticulata</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BDEE4C7C35795E9AEF1469C335770B61" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="71C20A2589EDB71CFF81AB12996D599B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. reticulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality Taiwan) and
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4A1CA4BD88BFD0F9591F8DEE66A5443E" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis id="C2E9459DDFAC021B2E37BEAF0D27196C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality Russia),
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="650 - 658" refId="B1" refString="Abe, H, Kondoh, T, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2016. First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science 33: 650 - 658, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" title="First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" volume="33" year="2016">Abe et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="23C443853AFEA64E5E2D1DFFD51310A2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="650 - 658" refId="B1" refString="Abe, H, Kondoh, T, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2016. First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science 33: 650 - 658, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" title="First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" volume="33" year="2016">Abe et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
tentatively identified the Japanese population as
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">P. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B0715A378DD8559FD20242CC8BD795DD" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">P. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
because the original description of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D3144FF50485A97A4A819CC68F10C6FD" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis id="B7A2B6026315738626D4057532AE234F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very brief and the status of the species remains unclear. The results of the present study indicate that the Japanese population likely belongs to
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8C1001AC59C31693D832CA39AF6276FC" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis id="4125D7104DE28F5DC2C2DECF2D8A0437" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but whether the morphologically similar
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. reticulata</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BF6053FB9E0D4290F530F76B220D1383" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="688080B47420B2D938FE58354886EF3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. reticulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="251A9D392FAE8C52C27C2DD069E2ABA7" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bassarginensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bassarginensis">
<emphasis id="0F9352224A82650D0BA169140374057C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. bassarginensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are considered molecularly as the same or different species will need to be clarified. Planktonic larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">P. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="57DFE6F137E113B42F9EDD8ED0D33EFB" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">P. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
larger than the 3-chaetiger stage were collected from Gamo Lagoon, Sasuhama, and Onagawa Bay mainly from July to September. The larvae and adults were confirmed to match (18S: 1775/1775, 16S: 468/470 bp) using molecular data (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood tree inferred from nuclear 18 S and mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene sequences of spionids obtained from Japan in the present and previous studies (provided in Table 1). The gene sequences of adult and larval spionid polychaetes are indicated by solid squares and circles in front of each species name, respectively. SH-aLRT / approximate Bayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support values of ≥ 80 %, ≥ 0.95, ≥ 95 %, respectively are given beside the respective nodes. Nodes with red circles indicate triple high support values of SH-aLRT ≥ 80, approximate Bayes support ≥ 0.95, and ultrafast bootstrap support ≥ 95. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Sequences of Laonome sp. and Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 obtained from DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank were used for outgroup rooting." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505188" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="88D0609EED9E8D89CDA5B61E59C9F81B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood tree inferred from nuclear 18 S and mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene sequences of spionids obtained from Japan in the present and previous studies (provided in Table 1). The gene sequences of adult and larval spionid polychaetes are indicated by solid squares and circles in front of each species name, respectively. SH-aLRT / approximate Bayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support values of ≥ 80 %, ≥ 0.95, ≥ 95 %, respectively are given beside the respective nodes. Nodes with red circles indicate triple high support values of SH-aLRT ≥ 80, approximate Bayes support ≥ 0.95, and ultrafast bootstrap support ≥ 95. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Sequences of Laonome sp. and Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 obtained from DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank were used for outgroup rooting." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505188" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopolydora reticulata" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
<paragraph id="63A17D38251B6889E3E67F31189C07A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="8E0A0F320B8FE344D696C52920189DA7" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopolydora reticulata" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1F8229DE2CAE2A133DED930482E38BBB" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
are very similar sister species; specimens from Japan once misidentified as
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1C6E4E47F8239CDA9F5C39133003D0ED" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi subsp. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="kempi" subSpecies="japonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi japonica</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="67AC09A5C614E18120EBD2A92DE9B1D7" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi subsp. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="kempi" subSpecies="japonica">
<emphasis id="2330A45C800D69839F98D60FFE72E22A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were distinguished based on their morphology and 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="650 - 658" refId="B1" refString="Abe, H, Kondoh, T, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2016. First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science 33: 650 - 658, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" title="First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" volume="33" year="2016">Abe et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="076EFA64421E9C3864DF4FCCD5E4CF53" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="650 - 658" refId="B1" refString="Abe, H, Kondoh, T, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2016. First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science 33: 650 - 658, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" title="First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" volume="33" year="2016">Abe et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. The larvae of these two species are also quite similar, but the mid-dorsal melanophore on chaetiger I is usually present in
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ps. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="reticulata">Ps. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="04462AC2CDF0C5BDBE2C829EA63ED205" lsidName="Ps. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="reticulata">Ps. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
and absent in
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="75391508B7AF1FE5E0105EA0CB0E2A9F" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
; moreover, the dorsal pigmentation is more distinct in the former species than in the latter. The two species also differ in reproduction and larval development:
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E2F5B455E14E9D059895FECEAE0DFEC1" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
has lecithotrophic development with a short planktonic phase, whereas
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">P. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3EB2E79794EF3F526752312794D429A4" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. reticulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">P. cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
has planktotrophic development with a long planktonic phase (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" author="Kondoh, T" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 181" refId="B96" refString="Kondoh, T, Abe, H, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2017. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 61: 172 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" title="Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" volume="61" year="2017">Kondoh et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="6131DE36D36233DE00D699B5C06C30DF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" author="Kondoh, T" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 181" refId="B96" refString="Kondoh, T, Abe, H, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2017. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 61: 172 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" title="Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" volume="61" year="2017">Kondoh et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>