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<taxonomicName LSID="16E9ADF2-76BE-5E22-A402-AECF2ADE5A1A" authority="Claparede, 1868" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1868" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polydora hoplura" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
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Polydora hoplura
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, 1868
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 8. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of the genus Polydora A, B Polydora brevipalpa, dorsal view of 15 - chaetiger (A) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (B) C, D Polydora cornuta, dorsolateral view of 11 - chaetiger larva (C) and ventral view of 17 - chaetiger larva (D) E Polydora cf. glycymerica, dorsal view of 25 - chaetiger larva F Polydora hoplura, dorsal view of 15 - chaetiger larva G-I Polydora onagawaensis, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (G) and 18 - chaetiger larvae (H), and lateral view of 16 - chaetiger larva (I) J Polydora cf. spongicola, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger larva K, L Polydora sp. 1, dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger (K) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (L) M Polydora sp. 2, dorsal view of 23 - chaetiger larva N-P Polydora sp. 3, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger (N) and dorsal (O) and lateral view (P) of 18 - chaetiger larvae. Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505195" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="195E77557560A71F018959A21DE4ED2C" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 8. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of the genus Polydora A, B Polydora brevipalpa, dorsal view of 15 - chaetiger (A) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (B) C, D Polydora cornuta, dorsolateral view of 11 - chaetiger larva (C) and ventral view of 17 - chaetiger larva (D) E Polydora cf. glycymerica, dorsal view of 25 - chaetiger larva F Polydora hoplura, dorsal view of 15 - chaetiger larva G-I Polydora onagawaensis, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (G) and 18 - chaetiger larvae (H), and lateral view of 16 - chaetiger larva (I) J Polydora cf. spongicola, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger larva K, L Polydora sp. 1, dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger (K) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (L) M Polydora sp. 2, dorsal view of 23 - chaetiger larva N-P Polydora sp. 3, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger (N) and dorsal (O) and lateral view (P) of 18 - chaetiger larvae. Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505195" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larval morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Overall body shape slender or somewhat fusiform. Prostomium broad and rounded anteriorly. Three pairs of black eyes present, most lateral pairs double-eyes. Ramified melanophores between first and second innermost pair of eyes absent. Black pigmentation patches on lateral peristomium absent. Dorsal pigmentation consists of two rows of melanophores from chaetiger III with those of first five pairs band-shaped and then replaced by ramified melanophores in posterior chaetigers. Lateral pigments found on late larvae on chaetigers II-IV. Dorsolateral pigments at base of the parapodia start from chaetiger VII. A pair of black pigment occur on pygidium. Ventral pigment absent. Modified chaetae develop in chaetiger V in late larvae. Gastrotrochs occur on chaetigers III, V, VII, X, XIII, and XV.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="07DF8C9F5F102954AF0887A9D0F123C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larval morphology">
<paragraph id="7EE1E03562D08FA85E44988EE4C57657" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larval morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7AD88B7F38E726AE119702DE72278075" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Overall body shape slender or somewhat fusiform. Prostomium broad and rounded anteriorly. Three pairs of black eyes present, most lateral pairs double-eyes. Ramified melanophores between first and second innermost pair of eyes absent. Black pigmentation patches on lateral peristomium absent. Dorsal pigmentation consists of two rows of melanophores from chaetiger III with those of first five pairs band-shaped and then replaced by ramified melanophores in posterior chaetigers. Lateral pigments found on late larvae on chaetigers II-IV. Dorsolateral pigments at base of the parapodia start from chaetiger VII. A pair of black pigment occur on pygidium. Ventral pigment absent. Modified chaetae develop in chaetiger V in late larvae. Gastrotrochs occur on chaetigers III, V, VII, X, XIII, and XV.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="D2AFEDB5D394056E68D7971A0DEE64D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="06A7670FDCFDF93C1F34753A2ECB7114" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
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This species is a shell-borer, and adult specimens were collected from the turban snail
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gmelin &amp; Syst.Nat" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Omphalius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphalius rusticus" order="Archaeogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rusticus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Omphalius rusticus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="65A297039C4EE33C4A1993C30DF3930D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Omphalius rusticus</emphasis>
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(Gmelin, 1791) in Gobu-ura and Onagawa Bay. This species was identified as
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. hoplura</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A81078DD8D9274FD69C04469DCE1A451" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. hoplura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="1AD2BF7814910021523910D130B4C6F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. hoplura</emphasis>
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as its adult morphology agrees with descriptions by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.046" author="Sato-Okoshi, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B182" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W, Abe, H, 2012. Morphological and molecular sequence analysis of the harmful shell boring species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Japan and Australia. Aquaculture 368-369: 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.046" title="Morphological and molecular sequence analysis of the harmful shell boring species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Japan and Australia. Aquaculture 368 - 369: 40 - 47." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.046" year="2012">Sato-Okoshi and Abe (2012</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="E386D867C70E248FB4FA3243D209BADF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.046" author="Sato-Okoshi, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B182" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W, Abe, H, 2012. Morphological and molecular sequence analysis of the harmful shell boring species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Japan and Australia. Aquaculture 368-369: 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.046" title="Morphological and molecular sequence analysis of the harmful shell boring species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Japan and Australia. Aquaculture 368 - 369: 40 - 47." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.046" year="2012">Sato-Okoshi and Abe (2012</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. uncinata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uncinata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. uncinata</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F6483703D88722B9EF9E2B67126E038B" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. uncinata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uncinata">
<emphasis id="7F5E873165DCB8EF85AC3CF672E25C6D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. uncinata</emphasis>
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) and
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541600093X" author="Sato-Okoshi, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1675 - 1684" refId="B186" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W, Abe, H, Nishitani, G, Simon, CA, 2017. And then there was one: Polydora uncinata and Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae), the problematic polydorid pest species represent a single species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97: 1675 - 1684, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541600093X" title="And then there was one: Polydora uncinata and Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae), the problematic polydorid pest species represent a single species." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541600093X" volume="97" year="2017">Sato-Okoshi et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="5F8F0AFC468E70539B87CD695B4F3813" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541600093X" author="Sato-Okoshi, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1675 - 1684" refId="B186" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W, Abe, H, Nishitani, G, Simon, CA, 2017. And then there was one: Polydora uncinata and Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae), the problematic polydorid pest species represent a single species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97: 1675 - 1684, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541600093X" title="And then there was one: Polydora uncinata and Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae), the problematic polydorid pest species represent a single species." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541600093X" volume="97" year="2017">Sato-Okoshi et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. The larvae and adults were confirmed to match (18S: 1769/1769, 16S: 464/475 bp) using molecular data (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood tree inferred from nuclear 18 S and mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene sequences of spionids obtained from Japan in the present and previous studies (provided in Table 1). The gene sequences of adult and larval spionid polychaetes are indicated by solid squares and circles in front of each species name, respectively. SH-aLRT / approximate Bayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support values of ≥ 80 %, ≥ 0.95, ≥ 95 %, respectively are given beside the respective nodes. Nodes with red circles indicate triple high support values of SH-aLRT ≥ 80, approximate Bayes support ≥ 0.95, and ultrafast bootstrap support ≥ 95. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Sequences of Laonome sp. and Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 obtained from DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank were used for outgroup rooting." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505188" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
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).
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Only late larvae were found in July in Onagawa Bay. The larval morphology of this species agrees with descriptions by
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<bibRefCitation id="B0286AF08FEB7C5BD4FE7441DDEDFDFB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400009553" author="Wilson, DP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="567 - 603" refId="B224" refString="Wilson, DP, 1928. The Larvae of Polydora ciliata Johnston and Polydora hoplura Claparede. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 15: 567 - 603, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400009553" title="The Larvae of Polydora ciliata Johnston and Polydora hoplura Claparede." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400009553" volume="15" year="1928">Wilson (1928)</bibRefCitation>
and
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<bibRefCitation id="186A0F700C7D16920E3A390E06EDF081" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0515-0" author="Radashevsky, VI" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="859 - 868" refId="B157" refString="Radashevsky, VI, Migotto, AE, 2017. First report of the polychaete Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from North and South America and Asian Pacific. Marine Biodiversity 47: 859 - 868, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0515-0" title="First report of the polychaete Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from North and South America and Asian Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0515-0" volume="47" year="2017">Radashevsky and Migotto (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. This species has adelphophagic and lecithotrophic larval development, in which larvae feed on nurse eggs in brood capsules, hatch at a very late stage, and have only a short pelagic life (
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<bibRefCitation id="D5A81769B44C9C2D8D6FD160C43A5A8D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400009553" author="Wilson, DP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="567 - 603" refId="B224" refString="Wilson, DP, 1928. The Larvae of Polydora ciliata Johnston and Polydora hoplura Claparede. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 15: 567 - 603, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400009553" title="The Larvae of Polydora ciliata Johnston and Polydora hoplura Claparede." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400009553" volume="15" year="1928">Wilson 1928</bibRefCitation>
; Read 1975;
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<bibRefCitation id="51741A72FCC85033C5B6054FA4CC9E85" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408000842" author="Sato-Okoshi, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="491 - 501" refId="B185" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W, Okoshi, K, Shaw, J, 2008. Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in south-western Australian waters with special reference to Polydora uncinata and Boccardia knoxi. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 491 - 501, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408000842" title="Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in south-western Australian waters with special reference to Polydora uncinata and Boccardia knoxi." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408000842" volume="88" year="2008">Sato-Okoshi et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
, as
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. uncinata</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="402B5CFE6295426B6064C4E8876B2904" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. uncinata</emphasis>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="2DED7AF13A41ED8AA20208F0EECF6228" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0515-0" author="Radashevsky, VI" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="859 - 868" refId="B157" refString="Radashevsky, VI, Migotto, AE, 2017. First report of the polychaete Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from North and South America and Asian Pacific. Marine Biodiversity 47: 859 - 868, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0515-0" title="First report of the polychaete Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from North and South America and Asian Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0515-0" volume="47" year="2017">Radashevsky and Migotto 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The poecilogenous development of this species with planktotrophic and adelphophagic planktonic larvae was reported by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2388-0" author="David, AA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="887 - 898" refId="B47" refString="David, AA, Matthee, CA, Simon, CA, 2014. Poecilogony in Polydora hoplura (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from commercially important molluscs in South Africa. Marine Biology 161: 887 - 898, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2388-0" title="Poecilogony in Polydora hoplura (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from commercially important molluscs in South Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2388-0" volume="161" year="2014">David et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="856DE609D3158381A16D3C59140C7056" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2388-0" author="David, AA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="887 - 898" refId="B47" refString="David, AA, Matthee, CA, Simon, CA, 2014. Poecilogony in Polydora hoplura (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from commercially important molluscs in South Africa. Marine Biology 161: 887 - 898, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2388-0" title="Poecilogony in Polydora hoplura (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from commercially important molluscs in South Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2388-0" volume="161" year="2014">David et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.012" author="David, AA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="20 - 30" refId="B46" refString="David, AA, Simon, CA, 2014. The effect of temperature on larval development of two non-indigenous poecilogonous polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae) with implications for life history theory, establishment and range expansion. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 461: 20 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.012" title="The effect of temperature on larval development of two non-indigenous poecilogonous polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae) with implications for life history theory, establishment and range expansion." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.012" volume="461" year="2014">David and Simon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="45D3B8BEFC50E64CEC119FE3EF38C970" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.012" author="David, AA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="20 - 30" refId="B46" refString="David, AA, Simon, CA, 2014. The effect of temperature on larval development of two non-indigenous poecilogonous polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae) with implications for life history theory, establishment and range expansion. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 461: 20 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.012" title="The effect of temperature on larval development of two non-indigenous poecilogonous polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae) with implications for life history theory, establishment and range expansion." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.012" volume="461" year="2014">David and Simon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2015.1044675" author="Simon, CA" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="124 - 130" refId="B198" refString="Simon, CA, 2015. Observations on the composition and larval developmental modes of polydorid pests of farmed oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and abalone (Haliotis midae) in South Africa. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 59: 124 - 130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2015.1044675" title="Observations on the composition and larval developmental modes of polydorid pests of farmed oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and abalone (Haliotis midae) in South Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2015.1044675" volume="59" year="2015">Simon (2015)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="510F3CCFC13F485314624E84C2149257" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2015.1044675" author="Simon, CA" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="124 - 130" refId="B198" refString="Simon, CA, 2015. Observations on the composition and larval developmental modes of polydorid pests of farmed oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and abalone (Haliotis midae) in South Africa. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 59: 124 - 130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2015.1044675" title="Observations on the composition and larval developmental modes of polydorid pests of farmed oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and abalone (Haliotis midae) in South Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2015.1044675" volume="59" year="2015">Simon (2015)</bibRefCitation>
.
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="177212522" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:16EC9D4B3EC8548E96F257625D52BB4B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/16EC9D4B3EC8548E96F257625D52BB4B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="16EC9D4B-3EC8-548E-96F2-57625D52BB4B" authority="(Southern, 1921)" baseAuthorityName="Southern" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopolydora kempi" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">Pseudopolydora cf. kempi (Southern, 1921)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
<treatment id="16EC9D4B3EC8548E96F257625D52BB4B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177212522" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:16EC9D4B3EC8548E96F257625D52BB4B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/16EC9D4B3EC8548E96F257625D52BB4B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Spionidae" scope_phylum="Annelida" scope_subFamily="Spioninae">
<subSubSection id="AA91393C58FD6397B4FCFAF920A2491B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FACBBBE24E393A00F68224CD5F750437" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="DA28295E9E2A8FDBA835EFE60A78F647" ID-CoL="4P8K5" LSID="16EC9D4B-3EC8-548E-96F2-57625D52BB4B" authority="(Southern, 1921)" baseAuthorityName="Southern" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopolydora kempi" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">Pseudopolydora cf. kempi (Southern, 1921)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="DA4C449A574D5CC47EA9CB3B132E471A" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larval morphology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larval morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="2E31EE16FEF8EF4C3CE1279C7E87D07F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larval morphology">
<paragraph id="E225341501D45CE557DD627FA1819EC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larval morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9979B5CDC2643CA860145ADB39DBFFE6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Overall body shape fusiform, head region enlarged due to broad prostomium and expanded lateral lips of vestibule. Prostomium gently notched anteriorly. Three pairs of black eyes present in more or less a straight line, most lateral pairs double-eyes. Mid-dorsal melanophore on first chaetiger usually absent (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E5B234933A5737624A237242D5717CB7" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 9. Light micrographs showing the morphologies of living spionid larvae of genera Pseudopolydora and Spio A, B Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta, dorsal view of 12 - chaetiger (A) and 25 - chetiger larvae (B) C Pseudopolydora cf. kempi, dorsolateral view of 12 - chetiger larva D Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, dorsal view of 13 - chaetiger larva E, F Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata, dorsal view of 17 - chaetiger (E) and 16 - chaetiger larvae (F) G, H Pseudopolydora tsubaki, dorsal view of 5 - chaetiger (G) and 11 - chaetiger larvae (H) I Pseudopolydora sp., dorsal view of 7 - chaetiger larva J, K Spio sp. 1, dorsal view of 8 - chaetiger (J) and lateral view of 12 - chaetiger larvae (K) L-N Spio sp. 2, dorsal view of 10 - chaetiger (L) and 17 - chaetiger larvae (M), and 17 - chaetiger metamorphosing larvae (N). Scale bars: 300 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505196" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9C</figureCitation>
), small non-ramified melanophore present in some individuals. Dorsal pigment consists of four rows of lateral and central pairs of pigment spots. Lateral and central pigments usually begin from chaetigers II and III, respectively. There pigment spots undergo expansion and contraction. Ventral pigment begins on chaetiger III, consists of paired bars on posterior border of each chaetiger. Anterior and posterior margin of prostomium have considerable brown pigment. Black pigment spots occur on sides of peristomium. Pygidium has black central spot. Gastrotrochs on chaetigers V and VII in 13-chaetiger larvae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="A6BEF9B1D0607C7F26D23A0665F5A3B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="0001F3CBF7C1BEC0437BFFC08BA92D6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0625E005C593DBD8CD7F4F9B2AF37CE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Adult individuals of this species were collected from muddy sediment in Gamo Lagoon in January, May, and December 2011, and April 2013. Adult morphology agrees with the description of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="010B59765135E23DFEB42D02DDA6D290" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="650 - 658" refId="B1" refString="Abe, H, Kondoh, T, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2016. First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science 33: 650 - 658, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" title="First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" volume="33" year="2016">Abe et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="670EFF4F4299FB42F380E1CCB3261D35" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="650 - 658" refId="B1" refString="Abe, H, Kondoh, T, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2016. First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science 33: 650 - 658, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" title="First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs160082" volume="33" year="2016">Abe et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. Therefore, these individuals were referred to
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="40EE80CA501DCC8082B03B8F39151EF6" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
. The 16S rRNA gene sequence obtained in the present study showed a 99.7% (305/306 bp) similarity with that of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi subsp. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="kempi" subSpecies="japonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi japonica</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="66C842AA58690798553E0CCE1EDE9A9C" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi subsp. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="kempi" subSpecies="japonica">
<emphasis id="4FEC2092283DB3537616F43F1B16D20E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Imajima &amp; Hartman, 1964 from Russia (MG460897) reported by
<bibRefCitation DOI="doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" author="Radashevsky, VI" journalOrPublisher="Mediterranean Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B166" refString="Radashevsky, VI, Malyar, VV, Pankova, VV, Gambi, MC, Giangrande, A, Keppel, E, Nygren, A, Al-Kandari, M, Carlton, JT, 2020b. Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata). Biological Invasions 22: 3621-3644. ttps:// doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" title="Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata). Biological Invasions 22: 3621 - 3644. ttps: //" url="doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" year="2020 b">Radashevsky et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="DF9145BE19C99F48F1957FA1F8417584" DOI="doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" author="Radashevsky, VI" journalOrPublisher="Mediterranean Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B166" refString="Radashevsky, VI, Malyar, VV, Pankova, VV, Gambi, MC, Giangrande, A, Keppel, E, Nygren, A, Al-Kandari, M, Carlton, JT, 2020b. Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata). Biological Invasions 22: 3621-3644. ttps:// doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" title="Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata). Biological Invasions 22: 3621 - 3644. ttps: //" url="doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02346-x" year="2020 b">Radashevsky et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
, indicating these two are same species. It will need to be clarified whether
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3EA63F43EDA79B35A1DBD2F2311CCDCE" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis id="B49756F34992C51BFCAE481E6056008E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality India) and subspecies
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi subsp. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="kempi" subSpecies="japonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi japonica</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EE30A5AED7620B4A64BC43CB7D1CAB1A" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi subsp. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="kempi" subSpecies="japonica">
<emphasis id="94925AF3D41A6C28BC3EB0334C615D07" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality Japan) are the same species. The larvae and adults were confirmed to 100% match using molecular data (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood tree inferred from nuclear 18 S and mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene sequences of spionids obtained from Japan in the present and previous studies (provided in Table 1). The gene sequences of adult and larval spionid polychaetes are indicated by solid squares and circles in front of each species name, respectively. SH-aLRT / approximate Bayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support values of ≥ 80 %, ≥ 0.95, ≥ 95 %, respectively are given beside the respective nodes. Nodes with red circles indicate triple high support values of SH-aLRT ≥ 80, approximate Bayes support ≥ 0.95, and ultrafast bootstrap support ≥ 95. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Sequences of Laonome sp. and Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 obtained from DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank were used for outgroup rooting." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505188" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="46023629285E27BE6D11B010B07DC1F3" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood tree inferred from nuclear 18 S and mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene sequences of spionids obtained from Japan in the present and previous studies (provided in Table 1). The gene sequences of adult and larval spionid polychaetes are indicated by solid squares and circles in front of each species name, respectively. SH-aLRT / approximate Bayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support values of ≥ 80 %, ≥ 0.95, ≥ 95 %, respectively are given beside the respective nodes. Nodes with red circles indicate triple high support values of SH-aLRT ≥ 80, approximate Bayes support ≥ 0.95, and ultrafast bootstrap support ≥ 95. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Sequences of Laonome sp. and Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 obtained from DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank were used for outgroup rooting." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1015.54387.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/505188" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<paragraph id="535B6ADEA1B151B30761FDFF17341FDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Planktonic larvae of this species larger than 12-chaetiger stages were collected from Gamo Lagoon in August 2012. The larval morphology of this species observed in the present study agrees with the descriptions of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A8E17197F04375314DA78735A38B5CAF" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis id="AE4451DF02F2B06D6E9EED176672CCF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" author="Blake, JA" journalOrPublisher="The Biological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 127" refId="B28" refString="Blake, JA, Woodwick, KH, 1975. Reproduction and larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern) (Polychaeta: Spionidae). The Biological Bulletin 149: 109 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" title="Reproduction and larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern) (Polychaeta: Spionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" volume="149" year="1975">Blake and Woodwick (1975)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="587665C04C804EA2E6384B4FFD945E28" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" author="Blake, JA" journalOrPublisher="The Biological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 127" refId="B28" refString="Blake, JA, Woodwick, KH, 1975. Reproduction and larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern) (Polychaeta: Spionidae). The Biological Bulletin 149: 109 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" title="Reproduction and larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern) (Polychaeta: Spionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" volume="149" year="1975">Blake and Woodwick (1975)</bibRefCitation>
and of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="0C424CEC16BAED5389D6E037B6762E02" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">P. cf. kempi</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" author="Kondoh, T" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 181" refId="B96" refString="Kondoh, T, Abe, H, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2017. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 61: 172 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" title="Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" volume="61" year="2017">Kondoh et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F6FBE0954877190E3FE47F862C496410" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" author="Kondoh, T" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 181" refId="B96" refString="Kondoh, T, Abe, H, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2017. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 61: 172 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" title="Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" volume="61" year="2017">Kondoh et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. These species have adelphophagic and lecithotrophic larval development, in which larvae feed on nurse eggs in brood capsules, hatch at a very late stage, and have a short pelagic life (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" author="Blake, JA" journalOrPublisher="The Biological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 127" refId="B28" refString="Blake, JA, Woodwick, KH, 1975. Reproduction and larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern) (Polychaeta: Spionidae). The Biological Bulletin 149: 109 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" title="Reproduction and larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern) (Polychaeta: Spionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" volume="149" year="1975">Blake and Woodwick 1975</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="8D6509C9CCC4BBC83E07666C463068B4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" author="Blake, JA" journalOrPublisher="The Biological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 127" refId="B28" refString="Blake, JA, Woodwick, KH, 1975. Reproduction and larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern) (Polychaeta: Spionidae). The Biological Bulletin 149: 109 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" title="Reproduction and larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern) (Polychaeta: Spionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1540483" volume="149" year="1975">Blake and Woodwick 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" author="Kondoh, T" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 181" refId="B96" refString="Kondoh, T, Abe, H, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2017. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 61: 172 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" title="Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" volume="61" year="2017">Kondoh et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="1981AC82137B6F4ABDCFA84170FB28F7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" author="Kondoh, T" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 181" refId="B96" refString="Kondoh, T, Abe, H, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2017. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 61: 172 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" title="Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" volume="61" year="2017">Kondoh et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Reproduction and larval development of these species under the name of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6F3A7B7B0E98931399D5A3FA82999E0F" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis id="4FCCED22B8AEE69F5BF69385EBA0130A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi subsp. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="kempi" subSpecies="japonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi japonica</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C192C8A92926A27DE744FCE2FA6AB3DB" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi subsp. japonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="kempi" subSpecies="japonica">
<emphasis id="FB432448BC42B4AF5719EF55E129A01B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were also described by
<bibRefCitation author="Srikrishnadhas, B" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Almquist &amp; Wicksells, Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B205" refString="Srikrishnadhas, B, Ramamoorthi, K, 1977. Development of Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern, 1921) in the laboratory. Proceedings of the Symposium on Warm Water Zooplankton. Special Publication UNESCO/NIO, 671-677." title="Development of Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern, 1921) in the laboratory. Proceedings of the Symposium on Warm Water Zooplankton. Special Publication UNESCO / NIO, 671 - 677." year="1977">Srikrishnadhas and Ramamoorthi (1977)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="C74238CE476C9527BE4CE9A33C2C236D" author="Srikrishnadhas, B" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Almquist &amp; Wicksells, Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B205" refString="Srikrishnadhas, B, Ramamoorthi, K, 1977. Development of Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern, 1921) in the laboratory. Proceedings of the Symposium on Warm Water Zooplankton. Special Publication UNESCO/NIO, 671-677." title="Development of Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern, 1921) in the laboratory. Proceedings of the Symposium on Warm Water Zooplankton. Special Publication UNESCO / NIO, 671 - 677." year="1977">Srikrishnadhas and Ramamoorthi (1977)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Myohara, M" journalOrPublisher="Inform Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27642" refId="B122" refString="Myohara, M, 1979. Reproduction and development of Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with special reference to the polar lobe formation. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 6, Zoology 21: 355-364. [figs 8, 9] http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27642" title="Reproduction and development of Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with special reference to the polar lobe formation. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 6, Zoology 21: 355 - 364. [figs 8, 9]" url="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27642" year="1979">Myohara (1979)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="37B38F158B9026D65A0C4AB298DA314F" author="Myohara, M" journalOrPublisher="Inform Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27642" refId="B122" refString="Myohara, M, 1979. Reproduction and development of Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with special reference to the polar lobe formation. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 6, Zoology 21: 355-364. [figs 8, 9] http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27642" title="Reproduction and development of Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with special reference to the polar lobe formation. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 6, Zoology 21: 355 - 364. [figs 8, 9]" url="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27642" year="1979">Myohara (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation author="Radashevsky, VI" journalOrPublisher="Soviet Journal of Marine Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="39 - 46" refId="B142" refString="Radashevsky, VI, 1985. The larval development of the polychaete Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Spionidae) in Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan. Soviet Journal of Marine Biology 2: 39 - 46" title="The larval development of the polychaete Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Spionidae) in Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan." volume="2" year="1985">Radashevsky (1985)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="22298136A8EB4180F0853B4F2BFB0E99" author="Radashevsky, VI" journalOrPublisher="Soviet Journal of Marine Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="39 - 46" refId="B142" refString="Radashevsky, VI, 1985. The larval development of the polychaete Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Spionidae) in Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan. Soviet Journal of Marine Biology 2: 39 - 46" title="The larval development of the polychaete Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Spionidae) in Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan." volume="2" year="1985">Radashevsky (1985)</bibRefCitation>
. However, the larvae of species in these descriptions resemble those of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopolydora reticulata" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3825C8E8522F264EE08C39A7B6D17304" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopolydora reticulata" order="Spionida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reticulata">Pseudopolydora cf. reticulata</taxonomicName>
Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh, 2000 described by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" author="Kondoh, T" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 181" refId="B96" refString="Kondoh, T, Abe, H, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2017. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 61: 172 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" title="Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" volume="61" year="2017">Kondoh et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F94CBF5BCB09CEC42F28C22C546B86B4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" author="Kondoh, T" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="172 - 181" refId="B96" refString="Kondoh, T, Abe, H, Sato-Okoshi, W, 2017. Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan. Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development 61: 172 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" title="Reproduction and larval development of two sympatric Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2017.1318095" volume="61" year="2017">Kondoh et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
and of the present study in having planktotrophic development without nurse eggs and distinct dorsal melanophores including a middorsal melanophore on the first chaetiger. The taxonomy of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B34BD1C650B4FDAEB685CFC9C4C85A07" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis id="B1C179063DC012453289B989BF1CBDED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unclear because its original description is quite brief, and the current location of type specimen is unknown (Radashevsky and Hsieh 2000). Therefore, studies resolving the taxonomy of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2864CC9C444B3839C4656A71D796DE89" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kempi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis id="77067A4681E27506DAACA6A25FFDCA50" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. kempi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are necessary.
</paragraph>