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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.90.1121" ID-GBIF-Dataset="20ad46a0-dfc1-47ed-9ede-f4ff4543bb24" ID-PMC="PMC3084491" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-90-35" ID-PubMed="21594106" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-90-35" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 90" ModsDocTitle="New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)" checkinTime="1451250492313" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bantaowong, Ueangfa, Chanabun, Ratmanee, Tongkerd, Piyoros, Sutcharit, Chirasak, James, Samuel W. &amp; Panha, Somsak" docDate="2011" docId="ADD44D15E839306812ABC3885C61C05B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 90: 35-62" docOrigin="ZooKeys 90" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.90.1121" docTitle="Amynthas phatubensis Panha &amp; Bantaowong, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="A434FF93FFA2FF88264EF25951692910" masterDocTitle="New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1668168310634" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bantaowong, Ueangfa</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Chanabun, Ratmanee</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tongkerd, Piyoros</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sutcharit, Chirasak</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>James, Samuel W.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>90</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>35</mods:start>
<mods:end>62</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.90.1121</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.90.1121</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-90-35</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159364903" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:299379EB-C7CE-4B89-8A40-40E3122DCAB9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ADD44D15E839306812ABC3885C61C05B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:299379EB-C7CE-4B89-8A40-40E3122DCAB9" authority="Panha &amp; Bantaowong" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis Panha &amp; Bantaowong</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="37">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 12
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="description of holotype">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Description of holotype:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
Dimensions; 110 mm by 4.3 mm at segment X, 4.3 at segment XX, 4.0 mm at clitellum; body cylindrical with 108 segments. Setae regularly distributed around segmental equators, numbering 51 at VII, 60 at XX, 15 between mp, setae formula AA:AB:ZZ:ZY= 1:1:1:1 at XIII with no ventral gaps. Single fp at XIV. Prostomium epilobic with tongue open. First dorsal pore at 5/6. Clitellum annular
<normalizedToken originalValue="XIV–XVI">XIV-XVI</normalizedToken>
with no setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
A pair of mp is located ventro-laterally in XVIII, or at 9th seta line, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally, convex structure; distance between mp 4.2 mm. Porophores (protuberances bearing male aperture), papilla-like structures. Each mp surrounded by six flat, circular
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="38" start="start">genital</pageBreakToken>
markings almost the same diameter as mp, also one pair is equatorial in XVII in line with the male pores. One pair of sp in intersegmental furrow 7/8, distance between pores 0.32 circumference ventrally apart; distance between sp 3.5 mm. Genital markings, rounded, flat, located close to sp, postsetal paired on VII very near 7/8, presetal paired on VIII.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
Septa 5/6 and 6/7 thick, 7/8 thin, 8/9 and 9/10 absent, 10/11-13/14 thin. Gizzard large within
<normalizedToken originalValue="VIII–X">VIII-X</normalizedToken>
, intestinal origin in XV, no lymph glands observed. Typhlosole small from XXVII. Intestinal caeca originate from XXVII extending forward to XXIII, simple, long finger-shape. Hearts esophageal in
<normalizedToken originalValue="X–XIII">X-XIII</normalizedToken>
. Holandric; testes and funnels in ventrally joined sacs in
<normalizedToken originalValue="X–XI">X-XI</normalizedToken>
. Seminal vesicles paired in
<normalizedToken originalValue="XI–XII">XI-XII</normalizedToken>
. Prostates in
<normalizedToken originalValue="XVII–XX">XVII-XX</normalizedToken>
; prostatic ducts U-shape. Genital marking glands absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
Ovaries in XIII. Sc one pair in VIII; ampulla large ovate sac, duct stout, short; long stalked diverticulum, convoluted kinks enclosed within membrane, spherical knob terminal. No nephridia on spermathecal ducts. A large sessile genital marking gland corresponding to each external genital marking in
<normalizedToken originalValue="VII–VIII">VII-VIII</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="39" start="start">All</pageBreakToken>
the key morphological characters of the holotype and paratype specimens are given in Table 2.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
Figure 2. External and internal morphology of holotype (CUMZ 3204) of
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A External ventral view, B internal dorsal view and C spermatheca, and black arrow indicates the connection of the spermatheca and spermathecal pore.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="014C36D9579A58322569022DE8E07103" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/014C36D9579A58322569022DE8E07103" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
Table 2. Holotype and Paratype dimension and other morphological characteristics of
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
Panha &amp; Bantaowong, sp. n.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<table pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan="2">CharactersTypes</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan="2">Body length (mm)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan="2">Number of segments</th>
<th colspan="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Location of genital markings</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan="2">First dorsal pore</th>
<th colspan="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Number of setae</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan="2">Prostate glands</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan="2">Intestinal caeca</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="variation">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Variation:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
The holotype measures 110 mm body length with 108 segments; the twenty one paratypes range in size from 80-148 mm (108
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
21.93 mm) body length with 85-114 segments (Table 2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Type locality:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
Tham Pha Tub Arboretum, Nan province, Thailand,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="18.854555">18°51'16.4&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.73614">100°44'10.1&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 265 meters elevation (11th October 2009). We also collected another lot of further specimens from Tontong Waterfall, Nan province (location 3 in Figure 1), which is located about a hundred kilometers north of the type locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Etymology:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">This species was named after the type locality, Tham Pha Tub Arboretum.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Type material:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">The holotype (CUMZ 3204) and 15 paratypes (CUMZ 3205) and 10 paratypes (CUMZ 3212) are deposited in Chulalongkorn University, Museum of Zoology. Another four paratypes will be deposited in the Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, Germany (UHH), and three paratypes in the Natural History Museum, London (NHM).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Habitat:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
Found in the top soil at about 10 cm depth, the soil surface was covered with leaf litter in a deciduous limestone forest at Tham Pha Tub Arboretum. The soil was carefully dug close to the casts. Many ariophantid snails,
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ariophantidae" genus="Cryptozona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptozona siamensis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="siamensis">Cryptozona siamensis</taxonomicName>
Pfeiffer, 1856 were on the ground or under leaf litter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Diagnosis:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is a medium to large sized terrestrial earthworm with a pair of mp surrounded by six genital papillae on segment XVIII. Within the zebrus-group, this species is diagnosed by the unique combination of dorsal pores in 5/6, simple digitate caeca, ventrally joined testis sacs, genital marking glands in the spermathecal segments, and the spermathecal characters of the large ovate ampulla, stalked diverticulum whose folds are membrane-bound, and spherical knob terminal diverticulum sac.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Remarks:</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. has very simple characteristics of the genus, but among these, only the superficial male pores are external. In most newly collected specimens it was difficult to observe the pores or marks on the bodies. However, after preservation they can be seen more clearly. The internal organs are much more easily discerned. This new species is quite distinct when compared to the two closely related species from Laos,
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas chandyi" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="chandyi">Amynthas chandyi</taxonomicName>
Hong, 2008 and
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas namphouinensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="namphouinensis">Amynthas namphouinensis</taxonomicName>
Hong, 2008, which belong in the same zebrus-group. The two Laos species are a little bit smaller than
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n., especially
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas chandyi" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="chandyi">Amynthas chandyi</taxonomicName>
. Even though
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas namphouinensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="namphouinensis">Amynthas namphouinensis</taxonomicName>
is much closer in appearance to
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n., there are distinct differences between the type specimens (Figs 6 and 7). For example, the distance between the mp of
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is 4.2 mm for the holotype and range from 3.0-4.5 mm (4.27
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.57mm), while for
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas namphouinensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="namphouinensis">Amynthas namphouinensis</taxonomicName>
this was significantly smaller, ranging from 1.4-1.5 mm. The distance between a pair of sp is also different, being 3.5-4.5 mm (4.12
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.4 mm) for
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and 1.4-2.0 mm in
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas namphouinensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="namphouinensis">Amynthas namphouinensis</taxonomicName>
. The distance between the male pores as a fraction of the estimated circumference of the 18th segment is 0.30-0.33 in
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n., but 0.10-0.14 circumference apart in
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas namphouinensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="namphouinensis">Amynthas namphouinensis</taxonomicName>
.
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="40" start="start">Moreover</pageBreakToken>
,
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. has no genital marking glands on segments
<normalizedToken originalValue="XVII–XIX">XVII-XIX</normalizedToken>
, where
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas namphouinensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="namphouinensis">Amynthas namphouinensis</taxonomicName>
has sessile genital marking glands, but contains two distinct genital marking glands located close to sc that are absent in
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas namphouinensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="namphouinensis">Amynthas namphouinensis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
Two populations of
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amynthas phatubensis" order="Opisthopora" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phatubensis">Amynthas phatubensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. were sampled, one from the type locality and one from Tontong waterfall. Distinct DNA barcode clusters corresponding to these populations had intra-cluster Kimura 2 parameter distances of 0.023 (N=9) and 0.016 (N=5) respectively. The inter-cluster divergence between the two populations is 0.084. Based on the morphological unity and the fact that the divergence is less than that usually seen between congeneric species pairs of earthworms (
<bibRefCitation author="Chang, C-H" journalOrPublisher="Organism Diversity &amp; Evolution" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" pagination="231 - 240" title="Taxonomic re-evaluation of the Taiwanese montane earthworm Amynthas wulinensis Tsai, Shen &amp; Tsai, 2001 (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae): polytypic species or species complex?." volume="7" year="2007">Chang et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Perez-Losada, M" journalOrPublisher="Pedobiologia" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" pagination="317 - 324" title="Phylogenetic species delimitation of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) and Eisenia andrei (Bouche, 1972) (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA genes" volume="49" year="2005">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-Losada">Perez-Losada</normalizedToken>
et al. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="James, SW" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" title="DNA Barcoding Reveals Cryptic Diversity in Lumbricus terrestris L., 1758 (Clitellata): Resurrection of L. herculeus (Savigny, 1826)" url="doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015629" volume="5" year="2010">James et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), we choose to maintain the two populations as representing one species. By contrast, the inter-cluster divergence between these populations and three other morpho-species with the same spermathecal battery, from the same two sites is in the range of 0.269-0.294. A consensus sequence from the type locality specimens is in Appendix 1. Another use of COI barcode sequence from type material is in
<bibRefCitation author="Blakemore, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 29" title="Neotypification of Drawida hattamimizu Hatai, 1930 (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrili, Moniligastridae) as a model linking mtDNA (COI) sequences to an earthworm type, with a response to the ' Can of Worms' theory of cryptic species." volume="41" year="2010">Blakemore et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1036.63814" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f368f1ff-7d8b-413a-a6ee-18377479700a" ID-PMC="PMC8116319" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1036-75" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C84501F710F75030AD2C010EE307414D" ID-PubMed="34017215" ID-ZooBank="B6A437B0E1B54E67B52653084C5185FE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1036-75" checkinTime="1620302214052" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Xiang, Lanbin, Chen, Kai &amp; Zhang, Dandan" docDate="2021" docId="ADD4EE3D5F185D869E2F10ACFB8DB4DF" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1036: 75-98" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1036" docPubDate="2021-05-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1036.63814" docTitle="Loxoneptera triangularis Chen &amp; Zhang 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="A58926C8-3A03-4017-89BB-F613163F7686" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="C84501F710F75030AD2C010EE307414D" lastPageNumber="75" masterDocId="C84501F710F75030AD2C010EE307414D" masterDocTitle="Revision and phylogeny of the genus Loxoneptera Hampson, 1896 (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Pyraustinae), based on morphology and molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="98" masterPageNumber="75" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1668152624576" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revision and phylogeny of the genus Loxoneptera Hampson, 1896 (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Pyraustinae), based on morphology and molecular data</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xiang, Lanbin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Chen, Kai</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhang, Dandan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China &amp; School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zhdd61@163.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-05-05</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1036</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>75</mods:start>
<mods:end>98</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1036.63814</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1036.63814</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1036-75</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B6A437B0E1B54E67B52653084C5185FE</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">C84501F710F75030AD2C010EE307414D</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="181874712" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A58926C8-3A03-4017-89BB-F613163F7686" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ADD4EE3D5F185D869E2F10ACFB8DB4DF" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/A58926C8-3A03-4017-89BB-F613163F7686" authority="Chen &amp; Zhang" authorityName="Chen &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxoneptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxoneptera triangularis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis" status="sp. nov.">Loxoneptera triangularis Chen &amp; Zhang</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="75">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Adults of Loxoneptera spp. 2 L. hampsoni nom. nov., male (Tibet) 3 L. hampsoni nom. nov., female (Hainan) 4 L. albicostalis, male (Yunnan) 5 L. crassiuncata sp. nov., paratype, male (Yunnan) 6 L. carnealis, male (Yunnan) 7 L. triangularis sp. nov., holotype, male (Yunnan) 8 L. rectacerosa sp. nov., holotype, male (Yunnan) 9 L. medialis, male (Guangdong). Scale bars: 5.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1036.63814.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/539491" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Figs 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–19" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 19. 14 The sternite VIII in male of L. albicostalis 15 - 19 Male genitalia of Loxoneptera spp. 15 L. hampsoni nom. nov., Hainan (genitalia slide no. SYSU 0929) 16 L. albicostalis, Yunnan (genitalia slide no. ZDD 12108) 17 L. crassiuncata sp. nov., Yunnan (genitalia slide no. FCEL 0010) 18 L. carnealis, Guizhou (genitalia slide no. SYSU 0165) 19 L. triangularis sp. nov., Yunnan (genitalia slide no. FCEL 0004). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1036.63814.figures14-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/539493" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">, 19</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Type material</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2004-10-07" collectorName="R. L. Kitching" country="China" location="Xishuangbanna" municipality="Mengla" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="Holotype">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingMunicipality>Mengla</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ADD4EE3D5F185D869E2F10ACFB8DB4DF:CC317DC9319E6B56837CFC960AC42A51" country="China" municipality="Mengla" name="Xishuangbanna" stateProvince="Yunnan">Xishuangbanna</location>
,
<collectingDate value="2004-10-07">7.X.2004</collectingDate>
, leg.
<collectorName>R. L. Kitching</collectorName>
, genitalia slide no. FCEL0004 (FCEL)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2004-10-04" collectorName="R. L. Kitching." country="China" location="Yunnan" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="Paratype">
<typeStatus>Paratype</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, Mengla, Xishuangbanna,
<collectingDate value="2004-10-04">4.X.2004</collectingDate>
, leg.
<collectorName>R. L. Kitching.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
Externally,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chen &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxoneptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxoneptera triangularis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Loxoneptera triangularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. carnealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="carnealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">L. carnealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the wing shape, but can be distinguish by the smaller wings, and costal and posterior areas of hindwing dark brown. In the male genitalia, it can be differentiated by the process on the dorso-distal sella with a strongly sclerotised stick, distal part of juxta with a strongly sclerotised and narrowly triangular process, and distal phallus with a relatively short and hook-shaped spine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Frons pale yellow, with white lateral bands, basal white bands mixed with reddish brown scales. Vertex pale yellow. Labial palpus reddish brown, ventral side with white scales. Maxillary palpus reddish brown, broadened distally with scales. Antennae yellowish brown.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Dorsal side, patagia and tegula yellowish brown, mixed with reddish brown scales, ventral side grey white. Legs pale yellow.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Wings</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Wingspan 23.0-25.0 mm. Forewing pale yellow, termen dark brown, as well as from costal margin to posterior margin of cell, apex mixed with reddish brown scales; orbicular stigma weak, appearing as a dark brown point, reniform stigma black-brown and weak; fringe dark brown. Underside of forewing black from costal margin to posterior margin of cell. Hindwing pale yellow between CuA2 and M2, remainders dark brown, without pattern, fringe yellow brown.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Dorsal side of abdomen pale brown, ventral side grey white; sternite VIII in male slightly sclerotised with two stout anterolateral processes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 14–19" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 14 - 19. 14 The sternite VIII in male of L. albicostalis 15 - 19 Male genitalia of Loxoneptera spp. 15 L. hampsoni nom. nov., Hainan (genitalia slide no. SYSU 0929) 16 L. albicostalis, Yunnan (genitalia slide no. ZDD 12108) 17 L. crassiuncata sp. nov., Yunnan (genitalia slide no. FCEL 0010) 18 L. carnealis, Guizhou (genitalia slide no. SYSU 0165) 19 L. triangularis sp. nov., Yunnan (genitalia slide no. FCEL 0004). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1036.63814.figures14-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/539493" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">19</figureCitation>
). Uncus long and slender, distally narrowly rounded, with few hair-like setae. Saccus rounded. Dorsal projection of transtilla relatively slender and slightly curved, approximately as long as length of costa, distally bearing hair ~ 1/4 length of projection, basal 1/3 broad. Valva with dorsal margin slightly convex, ventral margin sinuated, apex narrowly rounded; costa slightly curved; dorsal sella membranous, with several setae, ventral sella with a small, hook-shaped and sclerotised process, narrow and pointed apically; dorso-distal sella with a long, stick-like, strongly sclerotised process, broad at terminal part, then pointed at apex; sacculus broad. Juxta shield-shaped, strongly sclerotised, distal part broad, with a strongly sclerotised and narrowly triangular process. Phallus long, distal end with a long and hook-shaped spine, narrow and pointed apically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Female genitalia.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">China (Yunnan).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
The specific name derived from the Latin
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chen &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxoneptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxoneptera triangularis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Loxoneptera triangularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, referring to the triangular process in the end of juxta.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>