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<document id="9E3D60D0EFD66E71BA3D6645BDACA78E" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389" ID-ZooBank="D04EE090-0D05-4EB2-ADA6-3EE4E19F59D9" ID-publisher-id="119389" URI-arpha="D1452785-1C14-5E66-8F59-C0B461092CED" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/D04EE090-0D05-4EB2-ADA6-3EE4E19F59D9" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1715800314774" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jirapatrasilp, Parin, Cuny, Gilles, Kocsis, László, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Ngamnisai, Nom, Charoentitirat, Thasinee, Kumpitak, Satapat &amp; Suraprasit, Kantapon" docDate="2024" docId="ADB00F37FB5959888CAC2AD50EA7AF7D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1202: 1-110" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1202" docSource="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/119389/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Standella pellucida" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="110" masterDocId="D14527851C145E668F59C0B461092CED" masterDocTitle="Mid-Holocene marine faunas from the Bangkok Clay deposits in Nakhon Nayok, the Central Plain of Thailand" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1715800782229" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="6914AABAE53ABBCC32952342D8E06E03">Mid-Holocene marine faunas from the Bangkok Clay deposits in Nakhon Nayok, the Central Plain of Thailand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0F7EBE24BD1C22A8E47CAEB93EE3FCEE">Jirapatrasilp, Parin</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="ECA1A65E23BCC516E3E1FD0B3D4942E7" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5591-6724</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="43A6A8C83F2109AA332160B2F1634879">Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand &amp; Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels - Standort Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="96A74EBF1BDBF2F979526CDBA65EDD72">Cuny, Gilles</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="02A8C924204C4216E68B08F04AEA3C85">Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LEHNA UMR 5023, CNRS, ENTPE, F- 69622, Villeurbanne, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="572FC9080E2E49EC9108BBBB91DD1A22">Kocsis, László</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A9535679FE7B07ACFF6BE1CBCE753381" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4613-1850</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="06DAC9DB573AB1BEDE0856A35CD96A7B">Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Rue de la Mouline, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7B88D4F453B786D6D41D9F3E34BCDFD4">Sutcharit, Chirasak</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DDE26EFBB28A4B2855D20A9F264F0AA5" type="ORCID">0000-0001-7670-9540</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="D427E0C8BB2E78B3A28252A7C861B212">Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F39CB7EF63C6D53DB66FEE785CF4E030">Ngamnisai, Nom</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="47B433A76DDF75FA3FE6D7A432C157D5">Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DD7D1570C017EE0BFAD582CA955F4809">Charoentitirat, Thasinee</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D15C0FB2E9B94690592F655DACBF993D">Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="EF5168DDDA87C8B574457BEB88ADF1FD">Kumpitak, Satapat</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D46FBD2E859E39C08487F833019743EA">Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6A9981D1F7E2E76DA9F0A5245828F076">Suraprasit, Kantapon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0EF103C5B8EAA802490B9CBBA83C2150">Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="DB24D0A6E6A17B83194D5542234C4D52">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="ADB00F37FB5959888CAC2AD50EA7AF7D" ID-arpha="ADB00F37-FB59-5988-8CAC-2AD50EA7AF7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ADB00F37FB5959888CAC2AD50EA7AF7D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ADB00F37FB5959888CAC2AD50EA7AF7D">
<subSubSection id="D88C226455A7F012BBBFDF44238AF5A6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B21586355C823BBE0ED44E886963B8AD">
<taxonomicName id="33AB69619A6A6222225DA577BAF62D90" ID-CoL="4ZHMQ" authority="(Gmelin, 1791)" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Standella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pellucida">
<emphasis id="542A54BC93542B6E82A7A15E294A2372" italics="true">Standella pellucida</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="76251E55FA2B370E7F4EF9A103E35E1D" author="Gmelin JF" editor="Gmelin JF" journalOrPublisher="G. E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig]" pagination="3021-3910" refId="B80" refString="Gmelin JF (1791) Vermes. In: Gmelin JF (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Ed 13 Tome 1 (6). G. E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig], 3021 - 3910." title="Vermes." volumeTitle="Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Ed 13 Tome 1 (6)." year="1791">Gmelin, 1791</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7FBAF3406B95BED0A6F0808829BBC6DD" type="description">
<paragraph id="76F546D0AA7003D40B4994149E035897">
<figureCitation id="4458A09E20BF5D76CB05F1A3CE8706CE" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Size comparison of bivalves and other invertebrates found in this study A Placuna placenta B Standella pellucida C Geloina bengalensis D Anadara inaequivalvis E Pegophysema bialata F Megabalanus cf. tintinnabulum G Cultellus maximus H Lutraria complanata I Thalassina sp. J Tellinides conspicuus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049902">Figs 13 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F5092F6945F188A3A1D489D0261469DD" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Bivalves A Pegophysema bialata B Geloina bengalensis C Lutraria complanata D Standella pellucida E Tellinides conspicuus F Joannisiella oblonga." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049904">15 D</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC12B4FFD32579A0A087A4C1D844A709" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="FA5C2A8E5DA107A9FEC1D9148E223BD3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="56C07AA082F9F574AEC068A8D6490480">
<treatmentCitation id="41C58283AA9DDCF6159ECC1EDA356B8E" author="Gmelin JF" page="3261" year="1791">
<taxonomicName id="7C7BFA61FD30AAC7F2E6F160617B583D" ID-CoL="3XDFR" authority="Gmelin, 1791: 3260 - 3261" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityPageNumber="3260 - 3261" authorityYear="1791" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Mactra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pellucida">
<emphasis id="E56DBD9A50F3D23E026B8431EBBFAB6C" italics="true">Mactra pellucida</emphasis>
<comment id="6EF9ED2123D34F429660362CEB014294">
<treatmentCitation id="65835F6EA20519CDADC5114060D68C64">
<bibRefCitation id="78F36C7A4016C3FBB66ABBBAB51D8B89" author="Gmelin JF" editor="Gmelin JF" journalOrPublisher="G. E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig]" pagination="3021-3910" refId="B80" refString="Gmelin JF (1791) Vermes. In: Gmelin JF (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Ed 13 Tome 1 (6). G. E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig], 3021 - 3910." title="Vermes." volumeTitle="Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Ed 13 Tome 1 (6)." year="1791">Gmelin, 1791: 3260 – 3261</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="FECF9582A08D89CD10A3497F0D4FD3CE">Type</typeStatus>
locality: “
<collectingCountry id="ADCED6B7DFBF7AEDB0B6252F1A735ED5" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
coast. ”
<bibRefCitation id="07325F5CE880872FD3C1C17BB3C7F852" DOI="10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.195" author="Sanpanich" firstAuthor="Sanpanich" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="ScienceAsia" pagination="195-204" refId="B249" refString="Sanpanich K (2011) Marine bivalves occurring on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. ScienceAsia 37 (3): 195 – 204. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.195" title="Marine bivalves occurring on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand." volume="37" year="2011">Sanpanich 2011</bibRefCitation>
: table 2.
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7CAEC4A5A149D2B2E3DF4F2D558DD873">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="5029511E3F57688941CF17B5D6C46097">
<treatmentCitation id="E6F5293362B066198A30FD227C367794">
<taxonomicName id="9BD11C5189631AB7AC17266460697DF5" ID-CoL="4ZHMQ" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Standella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pellucida">
<emphasis id="6D41D4232FCF9881875A016AA29B56BB" italics="true">Standella pellucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="8354504377EF24B2BDF9B22D91C39ED9">
.
<treatmentCitation id="72BC1286649E588C95490CA32A22C464" author="Lynge H" page="224" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="CB8784BD2DB6CF7A4DD023AD9D6E58B5" author="Lynge H" firstAuthor="Lynge" page="224" refId="B156" refString="Lynge H (1909) Marine Lamellibranchia. The Danish Expedition to Siam 1899 – 1900. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Skrifter, Naturvidenskab og Mathematik Afdeling, Ser 7 5: 97 – 299. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/25913" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/25913" year="1909">Lynge 1909: 224</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="3FF94B34E34713236AD2AD852EF2AF2B" author="Nabhitabhata J" page="418" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="BD682C08798412413CDE819FAE87ED50" author="Nabhitabhata J" firstAuthor="Nabhitabhata" journalOrPublisher="Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok" page="418" refId="B181" refString="Nabhitabhata J (2009) Checklist of Mollusca Fauna in Thailand. Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok, 576 pp." title="Checklist of Mollusca Fauna in Thailand." year="2009">Nabhitabhata 2009: 418</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="44CDDDA2388BAD6A3DBF311306BE7BFA" author="Huber M" page="451" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="90E9D07C25B978868CC4D1D5E9BE65A2" author="Huber M" firstAuthor="Huber" journalOrPublisher="ConchBooks, Hackenheim" page="451" refId="B111" refString="Huber M (2010) Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world’s marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 901 pp." title="Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world’s marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research." year="2010">Huber 2010: 451</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, with in-text figs.
<bibRefCitation id="43D91D09601344DB53E5EBB150D55C39" author="Huber" firstAuthor="Huber" refId="B112" refString="Huber M (2015) Compendium of Bivalves 2. A Full-Color Guide to the Remaining Seven Families. A Systematic Listing of 8 ' 500 Bivalve Species and 10 ' 500 Synonyms. ConchBooks, Hackenheim." year="2015">Huber 2015</bibRefCitation>
: C 22028.
<bibRefCitation id="1BE12A53121CCC4BB5231362C9E0326D" author="Tudu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tudu" journalOrPublisher="Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences" pagination="1537-1560" refId="B296" refString="Tudu PC, Yennawar P, Ghorai N, Tripathy B, Mohapatra A (2018) An updated checklist of marine and estuarine mollusc of Odisha coast. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 47: 1537 – 1560. http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/44778" title="An updated checklist of marine and estuarine mollusc of Odisha coast." url="http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/44778" volume="47" year="2018">Tudu et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
: table 1.
<treatmentCitation id="E863ADE191A2D86D22E2ABAEF435BE0A" author="Wells FE &amp; Sanpanich K &amp; Tan SK &amp; Duangdee T" page="42" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="CE8EA6A0C1605A8F100FDD99102A5E45" author="Wells FE &amp; Sanpanich K &amp; Tan SK &amp; Duangdee T" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wells" journalOrPublisher="Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore, Singapore" page="42" refId="B306" refString="Wells FE, Sanpanich K, Tan SK, Duangdee T (2021) The Marine and Estuarine Molluscs of Thailand. Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore, Singapore, 195 pp. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/LKCNHM-EBOOK-2021-0001.pdf" title="The Marine and Estuarine Molluscs of Thailand." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/LKCNHM-EBOOK-2021-0001.pdf" year="2021">Wells et al. 2021: 42</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="902AD5B1E34C4E3C5918B001C57EE038">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A89035081FD0729501197E89545D9BD6">
<treatmentCitation id="7E54BFAC8363C51D8CF49FFFC966C9F0">
<taxonomicName id="5D0329FA155A0E854392193E6D064214" ID-CoL="BLKSC" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Meropesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pellucida">
<emphasis id="CCA7056895935B705DE208955905C2CD" italics="true">Meropesta pellucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="5D40571DAD7397AC2ECB109266CADFB0">
.
<treatmentCitation id="04992D1BEBD63C66395B8F44387C6726" author="Bosch DT &amp; Dance SP &amp; Moolenbeek RG &amp; Oliver PG" page="248" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="8375F7B8DB16DB2A2813A6A89944B128" author="Bosch DT &amp; Dance SP &amp; Moolenbeek RG &amp; Oliver PG" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bosch" journalOrPublisher="Montivate Publsihing, Dubai" page="248" refId="B25" refString="Bosch DT, Dance SP, Moolenbeek RG, Oliver PG (1995) Seashells of Eastern Arabia. Montivate Publsihing, Dubai, 296 pp." title="Seashells of Eastern Arabia." year="1995">Bosch et al. 1995: 248</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1100.
<treatmentCitation id="CE3ACD9BBE1AD9B8D99510D51BE6FBEE" author="Poutiers JM" page="281" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="F8FBC91C8C9A830A1C1465D5FC00AB85" author="Poutiers JM" editor="Carpenter KE &amp; Niem VH" journalOrPublisher="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy" pagination="123-362" refId="B214" refString="Poutiers JM (1998 a) Bivalve (Acephala, Lamellibranchia, Pelecypoda). In: Carpenter KE, Niem VH (Eds) FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1 Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 123 – 362." title="Bivalve (Acephala, Lamellibranchia, Pelecypoda)." volumeTitle="FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1 Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods.">Poutiers 1998 a</bibRefCitation>
: 281
</treatmentCitation>
, with in-text figs.
<treatmentCitation id="532C72C8A30F7D54B20392B0DBF2C667" author="Swennen C &amp; Moolenbeek RG &amp; Ruttanadakul N &amp; Hobbelink H &amp; Dekker H &amp; Hajisamae S" page="47" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="CF34F3A0601F18E8EB0E34C7B5E15E11" author="Swennen C &amp; Moolenbeek RG &amp; Ruttanadakul N &amp; Hobbelink H &amp; Dekker H &amp; Hajisamae S" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Swennen" journalOrPublisher="The Biodiversity Research and Training Program, Bangkok" page="47" refId="B280" refString="Swennen C, Moolenbeek RG, Ruttanadakul N, Hobbelink H, Dekker H, Hajisamae S (2001) The Molluscs of the Southern Gulf of Thailand. The Biodiversity Research and Training Program, Bangkok, 210 pp." title="The Molluscs of the Southern Gulf of Thailand." year="2001">Swennen et al. 2001: 47</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 83, text-fig. 116, fig. 116.
<treatmentCitation id="78779E155FE708E091E62A6ED23008E8" author="Robba E &amp; Di Geronimo I &amp; Chaimanee N &amp; Negri MP &amp; Sanfilippo R" page="91 - 92" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="3980C19C05FDFC5A32BDAACCD7B5D09A" author="Robba E &amp; Di Geronimo I &amp; Chaimanee N &amp; Negri MP &amp; Sanfilippo R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Robba" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino Malacologico" page="91 - 92" pagination="49-132" refId="B236" refString="Robba E, Di Geronimo I, Chaimanee N, Negri MP, Sanfilippo R (2002) Holocene and Recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the northern Gulf of Thailand area: Bivalvia. Bollettino Malacologico 38: 49 – 132." title="Holocene and Recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the northern Gulf of Thailand area: Bivalvia." volume="38" year="2002">Robba et al. 2002: 91 – 92</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 12, fig. 6.
<treatmentCitation id="54AAD6EBF1A5D3ED76961D36A1C85DE4" author="Dey A" page="211" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="6E17819DE8DBCCC4F96745F194F7CDF5" author="Dey A" refId="B62" refString="Dey A (2007) Marine molluscs: Bivalvia, Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda. Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, State Fauna Series Vol 5 Part 7. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 149 - 260." year="2007">Dey and Ramakrishna 2007: 211</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0A864223CE9B809E5ECA5354872906E8" author="Robba E &amp; Di Geronimo I &amp; Chaimanee N &amp; Negri MP &amp; Sanfilippo R" page="86" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="9E58237F481B420F3856F602B241698F" author="Robba E &amp; Di Geronimo I &amp; Chaimanee N &amp; Negri MP &amp; Sanfilippo R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Robba" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino Malacologico" page="86" pagination="1-98" refId="B239" refString="Robba E, Di Geronimo I, Chaimanee N, Negri MP, Sanfilippo R (2007) Holocene and recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the Western Gulf of Thailand: Pak Phanang Bay and additions to Phetchaburi fauna. Bollettino Malacologico 43: 1 – 98." title="Holocene and recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the Western Gulf of Thailand: Pak Phanang Bay and additions to Phetchaburi fauna." volume="43" year="2007">Robba et al. 2007: 86</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(appendix).
<bibRefCitation id="CC5380B296EB1ADEBC0845E081862409" author="Meyer" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Meyer" refId="B165" refString="Meyer E, Nilkerd B, Glover EA, Taylor JD (2008) Ecological importance of chemoautotrophic lucinid bivalves in a peri-mangrove community in eastern Thailand. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (Supplement 18): 41 – 55. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/s18rbz041-055.pdf" url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/s18rbz041-055.pdf" year="2008">Meyer et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
: tables 2, 3.
<treatmentCitation id="2B0510391D436329C98DD34401389018" author="Nabhitabhata J" page="417" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="88A1E002DE22166F5696E21C5989B3F4" author="Nabhitabhata J" firstAuthor="Nabhitabhata" journalOrPublisher="Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok" page="417" refId="B181" refString="Nabhitabhata J (2009) Checklist of Mollusca Fauna in Thailand. Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok, 576 pp." title="Checklist of Mollusca Fauna in Thailand." year="2009">Nabhitabhata 2009: 417</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="99F17F02D957A82E2E115FA10478CE3A" author="Wong HW" page="289" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="DFAE32D1F1D9161DD6E3F2B3A450390B" author="Wong HW" firstAuthor="Wong" journalOrPublisher="Nature in Singapore" page="289" pagination="283-296" refId="B314" refString="Wong HW (2009) The Mactridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of East Coast Park, Singapore. Nature in Singapore 2: 283 – 296. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/app/uploads/2017/06/2009nis283-296.pdf" title="The Mactridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of East Coast Park, Singapore." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/app/uploads/2017/06/2009nis283-296.pdf" volume="2" year="2009">Wong 2009: 289</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 9 a, b, 22.
<treatmentCitation id="0912FAF07096DA8188505CAD16C9D805" author="" page="155" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="2E799D51558140272400B6F83E2C2C1C" journalOrPublisher="BEDO, Bangkok" refId="B15" refString="BEDO (2017 a) Marine Bivalves: Checklist of Molluscan Biodiversity in Thailand. BEDO, Bangkok, 296 pp. [in Thai]" title="Marine Bivalves: Checklist of Molluscan Biodiversity in Thailand.">BEDO 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
: 155
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="E551A3F696CB2C1F46890C23346F3FBE" author="Yang W &amp; Cai Y &amp; Kuang X" page="196" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="9391F648E75A4BC43F7871FA15ACC044" author="Yang W &amp; Cai Y &amp; Kuang X" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yang" journalOrPublisher="China Agriculture Press, Beijing" page="196" refId="B319" refString="Yang W, Cai Y, Kuang X (2017) Color Atlas of Molluscs of the South China Sea. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, 275 pp." title="Color Atlas of Molluscs of the South China Sea." year="2017">Yang et al. 2017: 196</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 752.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E62AM" type="material">
<paragraph id="DDD2E1070C952D4DB1A07CBB8D7DFDC5">
<heading id="08984D7A5C7CAE8241A8AAEB649CF252" reason="title">Referred material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9AAACB0EC4B032C973CBA347ECF5FDE3">
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF3AM" xlink_title="Chulalongkorn fossil collection">CUF</abbrev>
-
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ3AM" xlink_title="Nakhon Nayok">
<collectionCode id="B4C892044AE0C8D32DEB840AA26CC8AA">NKNY</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
- B 30 (1 L + 1
<collectionCode id="41DD2EA97D50D7127A0AC141F2C9083A" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
shells; Figs
<figureCitation id="FECFD04AA11821CD48637CDCFB889319" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Size comparison of bivalves and other invertebrates found in this study A Placuna placenta B Standella pellucida C Geloina bengalensis D Anadara inaequivalvis E Pegophysema bialata F Megabalanus cf. tintinnabulum G Cultellus maximus H Lutraria complanata I Thalassina sp. J Tellinides conspicuus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049902">13 B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A40DC0B9C5BFAE26C8C1AE1CE9642C95" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Bivalves A Pegophysema bialata B Geloina bengalensis C Lutraria complanata D Standella pellucida E Tellinides conspicuus F Joannisiella oblonga." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1202.119389.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049904">15 D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EV3AM" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="BC57F73809ED937106C73BFAC4F60478">
<heading id="1ECDC6D81417F03004BD3FED87093F5C" reason="title">Habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="07E9D693D56A76B660F374B15AAEA3EC">
Fine sand and mud in intertidal zones down to
<quantity id="08DABC7065F2B66900F6692A7E2987D4" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
depth, in lagoons, and at the fringe of mangrove areas (
<bibRefCitation id="B08DF687175D20B2C61791E4207A35EF" author="Poutiers JM" editor="Carpenter KE &amp; Niem VH" journalOrPublisher="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy" pagination="123-362" refId="B214" refString="Poutiers JM (1998 a) Bivalve (Acephala, Lamellibranchia, Pelecypoda). In: Carpenter KE, Niem VH (Eds) FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1 Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 123 – 362." title="Bivalve (Acephala, Lamellibranchia, Pelecypoda)." volumeTitle="FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1 Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods.">Poutiers 1998 a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7F71FC0B4AC59A3A5C91563EE8242AE4" author="Huber" firstAuthor="Huber" refId="B112" refString="Huber M (2015) Compendium of Bivalves 2. A Full-Color Guide to the Remaining Seven Families. A Systematic Listing of 8 ' 500 Bivalve Species and 10 ' 500 Synonyms. ConchBooks, Hackenheim." year="2015">Huber 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ED4AM" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9107792A1ACDB36914427D22481BB7C1">
<heading id="38CFEDA314B8BB7E792336D41601CC7C" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A56272906F9534421B842F610A9B9620">
Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Indo-West Pacific, from
<collectingCountry id="7830D3A9E57622F9E7615AD53FED826E" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="31DBCC954D46109E90895A7FF56F3CC0" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EEA145979127C547C4260207F91F30EE" author="Bosch" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bosch" journalOrPublisher="Montivate Publsihing, Dubai" refId="B25" refString="Bosch DT, Dance SP, Moolenbeek RG, Oliver PG (1995) Seashells of Eastern Arabia. Montivate Publsihing, Dubai, 296 pp." title="Seashells of Eastern Arabia." year="1995">Bosch et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3366D2C28CCF6AC60477D297B64EC0B9" author="Wong" firstAuthor="Wong" journalOrPublisher="Nature in Singapore" pagination="283-296" refId="B314" refString="Wong HW (2009) The Mactridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of East Coast Park, Singapore. Nature in Singapore 2: 283 – 296. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/app/uploads/2017/06/2009nis283-296.pdf" title="The Mactridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of East Coast Park, Singapore." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/app/uploads/2017/06/2009nis283-296.pdf" volume="2" year="2009">Wong 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="697C898A54CAD2EC03530D4BE3C6F82E" author="Huber" firstAuthor="Huber" refId="B112" refString="Huber M (2015) Compendium of Bivalves 2. A Full-Color Guide to the Remaining Seven Families. A Systematic Listing of 8 ' 500 Bivalve Species and 10 ' 500 Synonyms. ConchBooks, Hackenheim." year="2015">Huber 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Records of fossils from the Quaternary in
<collectingCountry id="8452506D7B07ED7C3A14B22218E107E7" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
and from the Holocene in
<collectingCountry id="E8DD0A7F0BE4EBC7947033E68216F8E9" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C7A55B88AB2CE2D0303422D3E52F4EC0" author="Robba" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Robba" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino Malacologico" pagination="49-132" refId="B236" refString="Robba E, Di Geronimo I, Chaimanee N, Negri MP, Sanfilippo R (2002) Holocene and Recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the northern Gulf of Thailand area: Bivalvia. Bollettino Malacologico 38: 49 – 132." title="Holocene and Recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the northern Gulf of Thailand area: Bivalvia." volume="38" year="2002">Robba et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZ4AM" type="Record in Thailand">
<paragraph id="FE0DF26F97279F2765CE0DD7AECC8858">
<heading id="716221E7A92A912B4E3ED99130711CA8" reason="title">
Record in
<collectingCountry id="FB9265F342592C7C8D88AC32C25937F9" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B820ED08AF11E91DE4BC120F7DC5869">
Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="AF4B5E123275B6BBC3E67EEB695D8CB2" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and Andaman Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="2C2BE42147ED8863B902039D4C798416" author="Wells" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wells" journalOrPublisher="Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore, Singapore" refId="B306" refString="Wells FE, Sanpanich K, Tan SK, Duangdee T (2021) The Marine and Estuarine Molluscs of Thailand. Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore, Singapore, 195 pp. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/LKCNHM-EBOOK-2021-0001.pdf" title="The Marine and Estuarine Molluscs of Thailand." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/LKCNHM-EBOOK-2021-0001.pdf" year="2021">Wells et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ED5AM" type="Taxonomic remarks and comparisons">
<paragraph id="CE3A26ADCA383CAC9D2FD9D30247051F">
<heading id="D3274D4B299DCABE6BAA6D641E7F053C" reason="title">Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8601E0073FB754CF2800E1BA0443CF7">
This species is recognised based on the descriptions and figures in
<bibRefCitation id="A99DDFB77985066FAD32629381B7DB90" author="Robba E &amp; Di Geronimo I &amp; Chaimanee N &amp; Negri MP &amp; Sanfilippo R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Robba" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino Malacologico" pagination="49-132" refId="B236" refString="Robba E, Di Geronimo I, Chaimanee N, Negri MP, Sanfilippo R (2002) Holocene and Recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the northern Gulf of Thailand area: Bivalvia. Bollettino Malacologico 38: 49 – 132." title="Holocene and Recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the northern Gulf of Thailand area: Bivalvia." volume="38" year="2002">Robba et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E2B64304F60D1A4053D15118F33DA6BD" author="Huber M" firstAuthor="Huber" journalOrPublisher="ConchBooks, Hackenheim" refId="B111" refString="Huber M (2010) Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world’s marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 901 pp." title="Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world’s marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research." year="2010">Huber (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, specifically in having a longer than high, inequilateral, and elliptical shell with an oval-shaped anterior margin and a somewhat pointed posterior margin, an outer surface sculptured with uneven and fine growth markings, and faint posterior radial striation. An exceedingly shallow radial depression is sometimes observed in the mid-anterior part.
<bibRefCitation id="243810FF3F7F020AA84ACAC000596DE7" author="Huber M" firstAuthor="Huber" refId="B112" refString="Huber M (2015) Compendium of Bivalves 2. A Full-Color Guide to the Remaining Seven Families. A Systematic Listing of 8 ' 500 Bivalve Species and 10 ' 500 Synonyms. ConchBooks, Hackenheim." year="2015">Huber (2015)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the
<typeStatus id="CA15EF61BC30807BC420FFEF184F681A">type</typeStatus>
locality in
<collectingCountry id="2A8E28A9860A5CAD01A46B26A878460D" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
is erroneous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DE12478AE92CF0D12E656C88D91B12C4">
<emphasis id="89E3C7AB2035CFE3DA5E3A05C0227BE3" bold="true">
Superfamily
<taxonomicName id="8D03CF06A1CDB11468552333A4A699BF" authority="Blainville, 1814" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1814" class="Bivalvia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cardiida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Tellinoidea">Tellinoidea Blainville, 1814</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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113
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; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ADB035589E0137AA83DD92639DB1F3B8:AE45C66F731E63EB19687C7F16DBD705" country="FYR of Macedonia" name="Galichitsa Mt." pageId="0" pageNumber="977">Galichitsa Mt.</location>
; verbatimElevation: 600-1800 m; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="977" value="26-10-1992">26-10-1992</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="977" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="977">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="977">Palearctic.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="977" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="977">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="977">First record in Galichitsa Mt.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

154
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<taxonomicName LSID="ADB05C32-1480-5A21-807E-68DEC70FED07" authority="Morelet, 1862" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1862" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Pupina" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pupina vescoi" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vescoi">Pupina vescoi Morelet, 1862</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Shells of Pupina arula species group from mainland Southeast Asia A, B Pupina arula A syntype UMZC I. 103025 and B specimen NHMUK 1888.12.4.109. C, D Pupina mouhoti, possible syntypes NHMUK ex. Cuming coll. E, F Pupina vescoi E syntype NHMUK 1893.2.4.767 and F specimen SMF 109956 / 1 G Pupina perakensis, lectotype SMF 109969 / 1 H Pupina excisa, lectotype SMF 110778 / 1 I-K Pupina exclamationis I, J syntypes MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35840 and K specimen NHMUK 1901.12.23.205 &quot; forma minor &quot;. Photo: J. Ablett, H. Taylor, NHM (A), A. Lardeur, P. Maestrati, MNHN (I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.85400.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/735390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 29E, F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="F33" captionText="Figure 33. A Pupina bilabiata sp. nov., specimen CUMZ 12086 from Na San Temple, Surat Thani B, C Pupina godwinausteni sp. nov. B holotype CUMZ 12090 / 1 and C paratype CUMZ 12090 / 2 from Khao Wong Cave, Uthai Thani D Pupina arula, syntype UMZC I. 103025 &quot; Ind &quot; E Pupina mouhoti, possible syntype NHMUK ex. Cuming coll. from Camboja F Pupina vescoi, syntype NHMUK 1893.2.4.767 from Cochin China. Photo: J. Ablett, H. Taylor, NHM (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.85400.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/735394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 33F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="F34" captionText="Figure 34. A Pupina vescoi, specimen SMF 109956 / 1 from Cochin China B, C Pupina exclamationis B syntype MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35840 from Tonkin and C specimen NHMUK 1901.12.23.205 &quot; forma minor &quot; from Than-Moi, Tonkin D Pupina perakensis, lectotype SMF 109969 / 1 from Bukit Pondong, Perak E Pupina excisa, lectotype SMF 110778 / 1 from Kelantan F Pupina aureola, possible syntype NHMUK 1988.12.4.101 from Pinang. Photo: P. Maestrati, MNHN (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.85400.figure34" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/735395" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 34A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1862" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Pupina" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pupina vescoi" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vescoi">Pupina vescoi</taxonomicName>
Morelet, 1862: 479. Type locality: Bien-Hoa Cochinchinae [Bien Hoa, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam]. Sowerby I 1866:
<taxonomicName authorityName="L. Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1853" family="Pupinidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Pupinidae</taxonomicName>
, pl. 3 (pl. 265),
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vignard" authorityYear="1829" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Pupina" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pupina" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Pupina</taxonomicName>
, fig. 26.
<bibRefCitation author="Morelet, A" journalOrPublisher="Savy, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B96" refString="Morelet, A, 1875. Series conchyliologiques comprenant l'enumeration de mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillies pendant le cours de differents voyages, ainsi que la description de plusieurs especes nouvelles 4. Savy, Paris" title="Series conchyliologiques comprenant l'enumeration de mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillies pendant le cours de differents voyages, ainsi que la description de plusieurs especes nouvelles 4." year="1875">Morelet 1875</bibRefCitation>
: 287, 288, pl. 13, fig. 11.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" author="Nevill, G" journalOrPublisher="Indian Museum, Calcutta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B104" refString="Nevill, G, 1878. Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part 1. Gastropoda. Pulmonata and Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia. Indian Museum, Calcutta, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" title="Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Part 1. Gastropoda. Pulmonata and Prosobranchia-Neurobranchia." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" year="1878">Nevill 1878</bibRefCitation>
: 299.
<bibRefCitation author="Reeve, L" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B139" refString="Reeve, L, 1878. Conchologia Iconica: Illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Volume 20, Monograph of the genus Pupinidae, pls 1-10. Lovell Reeve &amp; Co, London, [without pagination]." title="Conchologia Iconica: Illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Volume 20, Monograph of the genus Pupinidae, pls 1 - 10. Lovell Reeve &amp; Co, London, [without pagination]." year="1878">Reeve 1878</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="L. Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1853" family="Pupinidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Pupinidae</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2, sp. 18.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14809" author="Fischer, P" journalOrPublisher="Imprimerie Dejussieu Pere et Fils, Autun" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B41" refString="Fischer, P, 1891. Catalogue et distribution geographique des Mollusques terrestres, fluviatilies &amp; marins ďune partie de ľIndo-Chine (Siam, Laos, Cambodge, Cochinchine, Annam, Tonkin). Imprimerie Dejussieu Pere et Fils, Autun, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14809" title="Catalogue et distribution geographique des Mollusques terrestres, fluviatilies &amp; marins ďune partie de ľIndo-Chine (Siam, Laos, Cambodge, Cochinchine, Annam, Tonkin)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14809" year="1891">Fischer 1891</bibRefCitation>
: 107, Environs de Saigon [Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam]; Fuyen-Moth [Phu Yen Province, Vietnam].
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, H" editor="Leroux, E" journalOrPublisher="E. Leroux, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="390 - 450" refId="B45" refString="Fischer, H, Dautzenberg, P, 1904. Catalogue des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de ľIndo-Chine orientale cites jusqu' a ce jour. In: Leroux, E, Ed., Mission Pavie Indo-Chine 1879-1895, Etudes diverses III Recherches sur l'histoire naturelle de l'Indo-Chine orientale. E. Leroux, Paris: 390 - 450" title="Catalogue des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de ľIndo-Chine orientale cites jusqu' a ce jour." volumeTitle="Mission Pavie Indo-Chine 1879 - 1895, Etudes diverses III Recherches sur l'histoire naturelle de l'Indo-Chine orientale." year="1904">Fischer and Dautzenberg 1904</bibRefCitation>
: 432, Thudaumot [Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam].
<bibRefCitation author="Raheem, DC" journalOrPublisher="The Natural History Museum, London, UK, the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium &amp; the Zoological Society of London, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B137" refString="Raheem, DC, Backeljau, T, Pearce-Kelly, P, Taylor, H, Fenn, J, Sutcharit, C, Panha, S, von, Oheimb KCM, von, Oheimb PV, Ikebe, C, Pall-Gergely, B, Gargominy, O, Hao, LV, Sang, PV, Tu, DV, Phong, DT, Naggs, M, Ablett, J, Dodds, JM, Wade, CM, Naggs, F, 2017. An Illustrated Guide to the Land Snails and Slugs of Vietnam. The Natural History Museum, London, UK, the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium &amp; the Zoological Society of London, UK" title="An Illustrated Guide to the Land Snails and Slugs of Vietnam." year="2017">Raheem et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 5 (plate figure).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1862" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Pupina" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pupina (Tylotoechus) vescoi" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vescoi" subGenus="Tylotoechus">Pupina (Tylotoechus) vescoi</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation author="Kobelt, W" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender und Sohn, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B76" refString="Kobelt, W, 1902. Cyclophoridae. Das Tierreich. R. Friedlaender und Sohn, Berlin" title="Cyclophoridae. Das Tierreich. R." year="1902">Kobelt 1902</bibRefCitation>
: 325, Pulo-Condor [Con Dao Island, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Vietnam].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Syntypes</emphasis>
NHMUK 1893.2.4.767-769 (3 shells; Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Shells of Pupina arula species group from mainland Southeast Asia A, B Pupina arula A syntype UMZC I. 103025 and B specimen NHMUK 1888.12.4.109. C, D Pupina mouhoti, possible syntypes NHMUK ex. Cuming coll. E, F Pupina vescoi E syntype NHMUK 1893.2.4.767 and F specimen SMF 109956 / 1 G Pupina perakensis, lectotype SMF 109969 / 1 H Pupina excisa, lectotype SMF 110778 / 1 I-K Pupina exclamationis I, J syntypes MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35840 and K specimen NHMUK 1901.12.23.205 &quot; forma minor &quot;. Photo: J. Ablett, H. Taylor, NHM (A), A. Lardeur, P. Maestrati, MNHN (I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.85400.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/735390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">29E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="F33" captionText="Figure 33. A Pupina bilabiata sp. nov., specimen CUMZ 12086 from Na San Temple, Surat Thani B, C Pupina godwinausteni sp. nov. B holotype CUMZ 12090 / 1 and C paratype CUMZ 12090 / 2 from Khao Wong Cave, Uthai Thani D Pupina arula, syntype UMZC I. 103025 &quot; Ind &quot; E Pupina mouhoti, possible syntype NHMUK ex. Cuming coll. from Camboja F Pupina vescoi, syntype NHMUK 1893.2.4.767 from Cochin China. Photo: J. Ablett, H. Taylor, NHM (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.85400.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/735394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">33F</figureCitation>
) from Cochin China.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Other material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
SMF 109956/1 (1 shell; Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Shells of Pupina arula species group from mainland Southeast Asia A, B Pupina arula A syntype UMZC I. 103025 and B specimen NHMUK 1888.12.4.109. C, D Pupina mouhoti, possible syntypes NHMUK ex. Cuming coll. E, F Pupina vescoi E syntype NHMUK 1893.2.4.767 and F specimen SMF 109956 / 1 G Pupina perakensis, lectotype SMF 109969 / 1 H Pupina excisa, lectotype SMF 110778 / 1 I-K Pupina exclamationis I, J syntypes MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35840 and K specimen NHMUK 1901.12.23.205 &quot; forma minor &quot;. Photo: J. Ablett, H. Taylor, NHM (A), A. Lardeur, P. Maestrati, MNHN (I, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.85400.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/735390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">29F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="F34" captionText="Figure 34. A Pupina vescoi, specimen SMF 109956 / 1 from Cochin China B, C Pupina exclamationis B syntype MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35840 from Tonkin and C specimen NHMUK 1901.12.23.205 &quot; forma minor &quot; from Than-Moi, Tonkin D Pupina perakensis, lectotype SMF 109969 / 1 from Bukit Pondong, Perak E Pupina excisa, lectotype SMF 110778 / 1 from Kelantan F Pupina aureola, possible syntype NHMUK 1988.12.4.101 from Pinang. Photo: P. Maestrati, MNHN (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1119.85400.figure34" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/735395" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">34A</figureCitation>
) from
<collectingCountry name="Vietnam">Cochin China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shell ovate-fusiform; last whorl ca. three quarters of shell height. Apertural lip slightly thickened and slightly expanded; apertural lip when observed from lateral view almost straight. Parietal tooth small, indistinct; columellar tooth fin-shaped, not covering slit-like anterior canal.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1862" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Pupina" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pupina vescoi" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vescoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pupina vescoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. mouhoti" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mouhoti">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. mouhoti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. siamensis" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="siamensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. siamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differs in having a larger shell with a higher spire, a smaller, indistinct parietal tooth, and a fin-shaped columellar tooth not covering a slit-like anterior canal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
South Vietnam (
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, H" editor="Leroux, E" journalOrPublisher="E. Leroux, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="390 - 450" refId="B45" refString="Fischer, H, Dautzenberg, P, 1904. Catalogue des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de ľIndo-Chine orientale cites jusqu' a ce jour. In: Leroux, E, Ed., Mission Pavie Indo-Chine 1879-1895, Etudes diverses III Recherches sur l'histoire naturelle de l'Indo-Chine orientale. E. Leroux, Paris: 390 - 450" title="Catalogue des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de ľIndo-Chine orientale cites jusqu' a ce jour." volumeTitle="Mission Pavie Indo-Chine 1879 - 1895, Etudes diverses III Recherches sur l'histoire naturelle de l'Indo-Chine orientale." year="1904">Fischer and Dautzenberg 1904</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

47
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<mods:dateIssued>1758</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher>Laurentius Salvius</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Stockholm</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>https://archive.org/download/mobot31753000798865/mobot31753000798865.pdf</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>book</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">2C6327E1-5560-4DB4-B9CA-76A0FA03D975</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3922206</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3914834" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164809393" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3914834" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A762DE4E-27FF-4176-823C-F1D894BE258C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ADB0B357246A3C6767265FBDADCEAD5A" lastPageNumber="255" pageNumber="255" sourcePageUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727166">
<subSubSection type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A762DE4E-27FF-4176-823C-F1D894BE258C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gadidae" genus="Gadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediterraneus" status="spec. nov." zbkClass="Pisces" zbkKingdom="Animalia" zbkOrder="Jugulares">Gadus mediterraneus</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicNameLabel rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="description">
<paragraph pageNumber="255">G. monopterygius cirratus, maxilla superiore cirris duobus, inferiore unico. @/D. 54. P. 15. V. 2. A. 44. C. - -</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="distribution">
<paragraph pageNumber="255">
<emphasis italics="true">Habitat in Oceano</emphasis>
Europaeo.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

633
data/AD/B0/D1/ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A.xml Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0ff5e644-31e2-4390-a30f-15225d9cbaa8" ID-PMC="PMC8967815" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1090-45" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2FE2177128BF5B8092D3A251DBEA4129" ID-PubMed="35586838" ID-ZooBank="DA810EFDD63C49C4B1CAD346B3C00C37" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1090-45" checkinTime="1648057134838" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Skuhrovec, Jiri, Gosik, Rafal, Caldara, Roberto, Tosevski, Ivo &amp; Batyra, Aleksandra" docDate="2022" docId="ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1090: 45-84" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1090" docPubDate="2022-03-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741" docTitle="Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="2FE2177128BF5B8092D3A251DBEA4129" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="2FE2177128BF5B8092D3A251DBEA4129" masterDocTitle="Description of immature stages of Gymnetron species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae), with particular emphasis on the diagnostic morphological characters at the generic and specific levels" masterLastPageNumber="84" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1668151565147" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Description of immature stages of Gymnetron species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae), with particular emphasis on the diagnostic morphological characters at the generic and specific levels</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jirislavskuhrovec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20 - 033 Lublin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tosevski, Ivo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland &amp; Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Batyra, Aleksandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Zabia Wola 75 H, 23 - 107 Strzyzewice, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-03-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1090</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>45</mods:start>
<mods:end>84</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1090-45</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DA810EFDD63C49C4B1CAD346B3C00C37</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">2FE2177128BF5B8092D3A251DBEA4129</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194208509" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName LSID="ADB0D1D2-2375-5249-A786-687F3865040A" authority="Gyllenhal, 1838" authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal, 1838</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2012-07-16" collectorName="Tosevski" country="Serbia" elevation="139" latitude="44.516216" location="Boljetin" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.01535" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-larva="3" specimenCount-pupa="1">
<collectingCountry name="Serbia">Serbia</collectingCountry>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A:B78B0835CC8FFB0219AFA77FF666A6F5" country="Serbia" latitude="44.516216" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.01535" name="Boljetin">Boljetin</location>
, GPS
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="30.973" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="44.516216">44°30.973'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="0.921" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.01535">22°0.921'E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" unit="m" value="139.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" unit="m" value="139.0">139 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, ex gall
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Veronica" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Veronica anagallis-aquatica" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anagallis-aquatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Veronica anagallis-aquatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingDate value="2012-07-16">16.07.2012</collectingDate>
, leg.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Toševski">
<collectorName>Tosevski</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
(
<specimenCount type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Description of mature larva</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22A-F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23A-C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Measurements</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 2.25-2.46. The widest point in the body (meso- and metathorax) measures up to 1.20. Head width: 0.40-0.51.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">General</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Body elongate, slender, weakly curved, rounded in cross section (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gyllenhal mature larva
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Colouration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Head dark brown (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21B</figureCitation>
). All thoracic and abdominal segments white with many reddish or brown asperities (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Vestiture</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Setae on body thin, orange, distinctly different in length (minute to very short or long).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Head capsule</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22A</figureCitation>
). Head suboval, flattened laterally, endocarinal line present, clearly extending to 1/3 of the length of frons. Frontal sutures on head very broad and distinct. Stemma, in the form of a very small pigmented spot with convex cornea.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Des1</emphasis>
short, located in middle of central part of epicranium;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des2</emphasis>
absent; relatively long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des3</emphasis>
located anteriorly on epicranium close to border with frontal suture;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des4</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des5</emphasis>
long, located anterolaterally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22A</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Fs1</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs2</emphasis>
relatively long, located medially;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs3</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs4</emphasis>
relatively long, located anteriorly; and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs5</emphasis>
long, located anterolaterally, close to antenna (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22A</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Les1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">les2</emphasis>
as long as
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des5</emphasis>
;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ves</emphasis>
short. Epicranial area with two postepicranial setae.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
clypeus and labrum
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
epipharynx
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
left mandible
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">F</emphasis>
maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">als</emphasis>
- anteriolateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams</emphasis>
- anteromedial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">cls</emphasis>
- clypeal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des</emphasis>
- dorsal epicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">dms</emphasis>
- dorsal malar,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs</emphasis>
- frontal epicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">les</emphasis>
- lateral epicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ligs</emphasis>
- ligular,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms</emphasis>
- labral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mds</emphasis>
- mandibular dorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mpxs</emphasis>
- maxillary palps,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pes</emphasis>
- postepicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pfs</emphasis>
- palpiferal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms</emphasis>
- postmental,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prms</emphasis>
- premental,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">stps</emphasis>
- stipital,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ves</emphasis>
- ventral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">vms</emphasis>
- ventral malar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Antennae</emphasis>
membranous and distinctly convex basal membranous article bearing one relatively long conical sensorium and four sensilla basiconica (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Clypeus</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22C</figureCitation>
) ~ 3-4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long with two relatively long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">cls</emphasis>
, located posterolaterally, without sensillum; fused to labrum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Mouth parts</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Labrum (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22C</figureCitation>
) ~ 4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long, with three piliform
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms</emphasis>
, relatively long, almost of equal length;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms1</emphasis>
located anteromedially,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms2</emphasis>
partly located close to clypeus, and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms3</emphasis>
located anterolaterally. Epipharynx (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22D</figureCitation>
) with two very long digitate
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">als</emphasis>
, almost identical in length; with three
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams</emphasis>
of different length,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams2</emphasis>
piliform and short, digitate
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams3</emphasis>
and enlarged in middle; without
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mes</emphasis>
; labral rods indistinct, irregular in shape. Mandibles (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22E</figureCitation>
) with two relatively long, piliform
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mds</emphasis>
, located in distinct holes. Maxilla (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22F</figureCitation>
): stipes with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">stps</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pfs</emphasis>
and without
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mbs</emphasis>
and sensillum,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">stps</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pfs1</emphasis>
long,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pfs2</emphasis>
relatively long; mala with four short digitate
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">dms</emphasis>
; three
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">vms</emphasis>
, different lengths, one seta very short, and two setae minute. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres: 1:0.5. Praelabium (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22F</figureCitation>
) oval, with one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prms</emphasis>
; ligula with sinuate margin and two very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ligs</emphasis>
; premental sclerite broad, well visible. Postlabium (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22F</figureCitation>
) with two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms</emphasis>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms1</emphasis>
absent, short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms2</emphasis>
located laterally and very long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms3</emphasis>
located medially; membranous area sparsely and finely asperate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Prothorax (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23A</figureCitation>
) with six long and two very short to minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prns</emphasis>
, small pigmented dorsal sclerite present with two long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prns</emphasis>
, this sclerite subdivided into two triangular plates medially; two long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
; and two short to very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
. Mesothorax (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23A</figureCitation>
) with two very short to minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prs</emphasis>
, two long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
; one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">as</emphasis>
; one long and two very short to minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ss</emphasis>
; one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eps</emphasis>
; one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
; and two short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23A</figureCitation>
) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well separated, with three long and one very short to minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pda</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
lateral view of thoracic segments
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segment I
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th1-3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab1-10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">as</emphasis>
- alar,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ds</emphasis>
- dorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eps</emphasis>
- epipleural,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
- eusternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lsts</emphasis>
- laterosternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pda</emphasis>
- pedal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
- postdorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prns</emphasis>
- pronotal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prs</emphasis>
- prodorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ss</emphasis>
- spiracular,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
- pleural,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">sts</emphasis>
- sternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ts</emphasis>
- terminal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Spiracles on abdominal segments I-VI close to the anterior margin and functional, spiracles on abdominal segment VII not functional, and abdominal segment VIII with atrophied spiracles. Abdominal segments I-VI (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23B, C</figureCitation>
) with one short and one minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prs</emphasis>
; one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
; one long and one very short to minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ss</emphasis>
; one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eps</emphasis>
; one relatively long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
; one short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lsts</emphasis>
; and two very short and sometimes one additional minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
. Abdominal segments VII-VIII (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23C</figureCitation>
) with one very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prs</emphasis>
; one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
; one long and one very short to minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ss</emphasis>
; one long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eps</emphasis>
; one relatively long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
; one short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lsts</emphasis>
; and two very short and sometimes one additional minute
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
. Abdominal segment IX (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23C</figureCitation>
) with one relatively long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ds</emphasis>
; two relatively long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
; and one short to very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">sts</emphasis>
. Abdominal segment X (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23C</figureCitation>
) with one very short seta (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ts</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Description of pupa</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662256" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">24A-C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A-C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Measurements</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 2.24-2.73. Body width: 1.30-1.55. Thorax width: 0.82-0.88.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662256" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gyllenhal pupa habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Body</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Brownish, pronotal protuberances (p-pr) sclerotized, smooth; head, rostrum and pronotum darker than rest of body. Rostrum moderately slender. Pronotal protuberances fused at basis. Pronotum 2.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long. Mesonotum distinctly smaller than metanotum. Urogomphi short, conical, with sclerotized apices. Abdominal segment VIII with rounded, prominent abdominal protuberance dorsally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gyllenhal pupa habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">as</emphasis>
- apical,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">d</emphasis>
- dorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ds</emphasis>
- discal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fes</emphasis>
- femoral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">l</emphasis>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ls</emphasis>
- lateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">os</emphasis>
- orbital,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pls</emphasis>
- posterolateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">rs</emphasis>
- rostral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">v</emphasis>
- ventral.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Sparse, setae short to medium, transparent. Head with one medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">os</emphasis>
. Rostrum with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">rs</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A</figureCitation>
). Pronotum with one elongate
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">as</emphasis>
, one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ls</emphasis>
, and four
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pls</emphasis>
all almost equal in length. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with two setae of various length, placed medially. Apices of femora with one medium-sized
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fes</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A-C</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segments I-VIII with two medium-sized setae (one placed medially, the other laterally). Each lateral part of abdominal segments I-VIII with one medium-sized seta. Ventral parts of abdominal segments I-VIII with two medium-sized setae. Abdominal segment IX with two minute setae ventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Biological notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
The host plants of this species are several
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Veronica" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Veronica" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Veronica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species:
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. anagallis-aquatica" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="anagallis-aquatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. anagallis-aquatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. anagalloides" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="anagalloides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. anagalloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Guss.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. beccabunga" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="beccabunga">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. beccabunga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. catenata" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="catenata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. catenata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Pennell,
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. scutellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="scutellata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. scutellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation author="Kleine, P" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blaetter" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="275 - 294" refId="B23" refString="Kleine, P, 1910. Die Lariiden und Rhynchophoren und ihre Nahrungspflanzen. Entomologische Blaetter 6: 275 - 294" title="Die Lariiden und Rhynchophoren und ihre Nahrungspflanzen." volume="6" year="1910">Kleine 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Urban, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blaetter" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="97 - 104" refId="B47" refString="Urban, C, 1930. Beitraege zur Naturgeschichte einiger Ruesselkaefer III. Entomologische Blaetter 26: 97 - 104" title="Beitraege zur Naturgeschichte einiger Ruesselkaefer III." volume="26" year="1930">Urban 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Hustache, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="399 - 435" refId="B21" refString="Hustache, A, 1931. Curculionidae Gallo-Rhenans. Mecinini. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 100: 399 - 435" title="Curculionidae Gallo-Rhenans. Mecinini." volume="100" year="1931">Hustache 1931</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Faune de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="1209 - 1839" refId="B20" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Coleopteres Curculionides (Troisieme partie). Faune de France 62: 1209 - 1839" title="Coleopteres Curculionides (Troisieme partie)." volume="62" year="1958">Hoffmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Sprick, P" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rheinischer Koleopterologen" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="73 - 104" refId="B43" refString="Sprick, P, 1997. Beitraege zur Oekologie phytophager Kaefer (Col. Chrysomelidae, Curculionoidea). II. Plausibilitaetspruefungen von Wirtspflanzenangaben bei phytophagen Kaefern unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung sekuendaerer Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe. Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rheinischer Koleopterologen 7 (2): 73 - 104" title="Beitraege zur Oekologie phytophager Kaefer (Col. Chrysomelidae, Curculionoidea). II. Plausibilitaetspruefungen von Wirtspflanzenangaben bei phytophagen Kaefern unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung sekuendaerer Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe." volume="7" year="1997">Sprick 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The adults appear on the host plants in May. The females oviposit during June in the ovarial tissue, inducing a bulbous gall in which the larva develops.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Remarks and comparative notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
This species is common in the whole of Europe and Anatolia. The adult is closely related to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="G. miyoshii" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyoshii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">G. miyoshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a vicariant species living in eastern Asia (
<bibRefCitation author="Caldara, R" journalOrPublisher="Aldrovandia" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="27 - 104" refId="B7" refString="Caldara, R, 2008a. Revisione delle specie paleartiche del genere Gymnetron (Insecta, Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Aldrovandia 4: 27 - 104" title="Revisione delle specie paleartiche del genere Gymnetron (Insecta, Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="4" year="2008 a">Caldara 2008a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA" journalOrPublisher="Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa SEA, Monografias electronicas 8" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" publicationUrl="www.sea-entomologia.org" refId="B2" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA, Barrios, H, Borovec, R, Bouchard, P, Caldara, R, Colonnelli, E, Gueltekin, L, Hlavac, P, Korotyaev, B, Lyal, CHC, Machado, A, Meregalli, M, Pierotti, H, Ren, L, Sanchez-Ruiz, M, Sforzi, A, Silfverberg, H, Skuhrovec, J, Tryzna, M, Velazquez de Castro, AJ, Yunakov, NN, 2017. Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa SEA, Monografias electronicas 8, www.sea-entomologia.org" title="Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea." url="www.sea-entomologia.org" year="2017">Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The immature stages confirm this relationship, as they share the postdorsal segment on the abdominal segments with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
and the dorsal epicranium without
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des4</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>