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<mods:title>Review of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 of northeastern South America with an emphasis on Venezuela, Suriname, and Guyana (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="3FD202110979ED1D191D556FCDE6AEF4">Review of the genus Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 of northeastern South America with an emphasis on Venezuela, Suriname, and Guyana (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Rachel R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Short, Andrew Edward Z.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="5E76AF59ED5BA2B1753EDE018110C142" ID-CoL="TQ9Q" LSID="790D65B5-C650-57C9-A8DA-37CBE1C77EB9" authority="Garcia, 2000" authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus australis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
Chasmogenus australis
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, 2000
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Figures 4D-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype labels of the four Venezuelan species of Chasmogenus described by Garcia (2000)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411761" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal view of heads of Chasmogenus spp. A C. castaneus B C. australis C C. bariorum D C. cuspifer E C. flavomarginatus F C. lineatus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411763" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 8B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Aedeagi (dorsal view) of C. australis A holotype (Venezuela: Apure) B specimen from Guyana (Region 9) C specimen from Venezuela (Monagas) D specimen from Brazil (Roraima). Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411768" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 13A-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distribution of Chasmogenus spp. Localities marked with stars / triangles indicate populations that were sampled for DNA in Fig. 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411773" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 18</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Habitat of Chasmogenus spp. A Type locality and habitat for C. amplius and C. gato, Venezuela: Amazonas, Cano Gato (collecting event VZ 09 - 0116 - 01 X) B type locality and habitat for C. clavijoi, Venezuela: Guarico, San Nicolasito Field Station (collecting event VZ 09 - 0110 - 02 X) C-F habitat for C. australis: C Venezuela, Barinas, 13 km southeast of Ciudad Bolivia (collecting event VZ 12 - 0125 - 02 A) D Guyana, near Kusad Mountains (collecting event GY 13 - 1027 - 01 A). E, F Brazil, Roraima, near Caracarai, red circles showing live individuals of C. australis floating on the water surface (collecting event BR 18 - 0116 - 05 A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411775" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 20C-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E5A7D6BA36AABC08F8C0D0A92F752C7C" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Figures 4D-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2666C48B5933CE1694F7EC0B860511DA" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype labels of the four Venezuelan species of Chasmogenus described by Garcia (2000)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411761" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="496E0737D143C65C817332F1F2DAE9A9" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal view of heads of Chasmogenus spp. A C. castaneus B C. australis C C. bariorum D C. cuspifer E C. flavomarginatus F C. lineatus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411763" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 8B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B1A7BFA47E747F383627C40D0F0BB70E" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Aedeagi (dorsal view) of C. australis A holotype (Venezuela: Apure) B specimen from Guyana (Region 9) C specimen from Venezuela (Monagas) D specimen from Brazil (Roraima). Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411768" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 13A-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="8565E1859699A3CD5779971B3DA7033A" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distribution of Chasmogenus spp. Localities marked with stars / triangles indicate populations that were sampled for DNA in Fig. 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411773" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 18</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="05D1D54571813F256B5726B5C64A18B2" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Habitat of Chasmogenus spp. A Type locality and habitat for C. amplius and C. gato, Venezuela: Amazonas, Cano Gato (collecting event VZ 09 - 0116 - 01 X) B type locality and habitat for C. clavijoi, Venezuela: Guarico, San Nicolasito Field Station (collecting event VZ 09 - 0110 - 02 X) C-F habitat for C. australis: C Venezuela, Barinas, 13 km southeast of Ciudad Bolivia (collecting event VZ 12 - 0125 - 02 A) D Guyana, near Kusad Mountains (collecting event GY 13 - 1027 - 01 A). E, F Brazil, Roraima, near Caracarai, red circles showing live individuals of C. australis floating on the water surface (collecting event BR 18 - 0116 - 05 A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411775" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 20C-F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus australis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Chasmogenus australis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
<subSubSection id="BB887AD0160135254A635533039996B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B7032A1692C984E9AA6AF3657FD6636A" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="AA8C643326FCD45DDA798A5F271667BC" authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus australis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Chasmogenus australis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="06AD8C80BDA56A67C903E2DACD36D9BB" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
, 2000: 52.
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Type material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Holotype (Male)</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="62F4F16CFC68946C2AA4CAC806D4A0E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="type material">
<paragraph id="89E84B34CAF576C6D0E599D1FF0A2316" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Type material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F531B85CFA56A48EE2C6A1A981C25" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="365B22024224BF374C74A9EC90C3524D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Holotype (Male)</emphasis>
: &quot;Venezuela, Apure/ Mcipo. Achaguas, / parroquia Saman de/ Apure, 25-26/VIII/1997&quot;, &quot;Colectores:/ M.
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, &quot;[Barcode]/ MALUZ10146/ LUZ-Venezuela&quot;, &quot;Holotipo [male symbol]/
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chasmogenus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="ABAA9262832A32998F48E2E4B922061B" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chasmogenus</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="australis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">australis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DE37DBF499F335C59AA65E9A62372A51" authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="australis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">australis</taxonomicName>
/ Dcrip. M.
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<normalizedToken id="7C718D121B7DD3990F2DD5B21CF0FA16" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
, 1999&quot; (MALUZ). The label data of the holotype (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype labels of the four Venezuelan species of Chasmogenus described by Garcia (2000)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411761" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0CB60592DD93CD96E82D0728BE5FEC5D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Holotype labels of the four Venezuelan species of Chasmogenus described by Garcia (2000)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411761" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">6</figureCitation>
) differs slightly from that given in the original description. The locality is identical as listed in
<bibRefCitation author="Garcia, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="45 - 58" refId="B3" refString="Garcia, M, 2000. Cuatro Nuevas Especies de Chasmogenus Sharp, 1982 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia 34: 45 - 58" title="Cuatro Nuevas Especies de Chasmogenus Sharp, 1982 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela." volume="34" year="2000">
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="560CBE7D1DE84B23D9848554430734CE" author="Garcia, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="45 - 58" refId="B3" refString="Garcia, M, 2000. Cuatro Nuevas Especies de Chasmogenus Sharp, 1982 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia 34: 45 - 58" title="Cuatro Nuevas Especies de Chasmogenus Sharp, 1982 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela." volume="34" year="2000">
<normalizedToken id="493D62B97B9FF7B5638D6A58C95100E9" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
(2000)
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, but the date and collector data differ (given as 13 August 1998 and M.
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="7D47728C4672E4960A9CD352A437F7D9" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
&amp; E. Gomez). The type is an undissected male, the aedeagus is visibly protruding from the abdomen. We also examined a permanent genitalia slide that is labeled as this species (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Aedeagi (dorsal view) of C. australis A holotype (Venezuela: Apure) B specimen from Guyana (Region 9) C specimen from Venezuela (Monagas) D specimen from Brazil (Roraima). Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411768" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">13A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="CBFF3DCE59161276607E27809D1B03F1" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Aedeagi (dorsal view) of C. australis A holotype (Venezuela: Apure) B specimen from Guyana (Region 9) C specimen from Venezuela (Monagas) D specimen from Brazil (Roraima). Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411768" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">13A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411761" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<caption id="0FD37975AFB31BA787F54DE12329A975" doi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411761" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="602A3243B4C8E8555CC163BBBD3D2181" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="662500FC6D2C7831C0F0F7E63E39E017" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Holotype labels of the four Venezuelan species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="96CAD2258F1B67BF3D17833908031670" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7924FA0312CCDB078D6E0B755DF5C25" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by
<bibRefCitation author="Garcia, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="45 - 58" refId="B3" refString="Garcia, M, 2000. Cuatro Nuevas Especies de Chasmogenus Sharp, 1982 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia 34: 45 - 58" title="Cuatro Nuevas Especies de Chasmogenus Sharp, 1982 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela." volume="34" year="2000">
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="7428CDBDA5CF4C70008E016F7AB51971" author="Garcia, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="45 - 58" refId="B3" refString="Garcia, M, 2000. Cuatro Nuevas Especies de Chasmogenus Sharp, 1982 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia 34: 45 - 58" title="Cuatro Nuevas Especies de Chasmogenus Sharp, 1982 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela." volume="34" year="2000">
<normalizedToken id="41E1DC7EC1C34258CBA6FAF210BDD4EE" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Brazil: Roraima</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="41D34A251F591FE0D85A55CFB131A761" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C6E4B74C00834B081BEBB21321680A51" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="59B525999B18829BE431321A88ADF0C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="65D61B1244965757CD6F325F11B514DF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Brazil: Roraima</emphasis>
: Circa 30 km southeast of Caracarai on BR-174,
<geoCoordinate degrees="1" direction="north" minutes="35.091" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.5848501">1°35.091'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="FC68E1C67BBD34EEAE4D6F8C60B9D144" degrees="1" direction="north" minutes="35.091" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.5848501">1°35.091'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="00.118" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.00197">61°00.118'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="624EA43BB57318D03862D987AA4D234A" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="00.118" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.00197">61°00.118'W</geoCoordinate>
, 80 m, 16.i.2018, leg. Short, Benetti, and Santana, marsh, BR18-0116-05A (37 exs., INPA, SEMC, including DNA Voucher SLE1774); Murupu River at BR-174 north of Boa Vista,
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="01.276" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="3.0212667">3°01.276'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="AC9A4F404D41723EC0B37A324A779C9B" degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="01.276" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="3.0212667">3°01.276'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="46.565" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-60.776085">60°46.565'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8B08FF10803F7B4B17B246A48797A03E" degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="46.565" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-60.776085">60°46.565'W</geoCoordinate>
, 75 m, 13.i.2018, leg. A. E. Z. Short, muddy backwaters of stream, BR18-0113-01A (3 exs., SEMC); Vicinal 30,
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="50.2" value="0.7306111">00°43'50.2&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="E09095FE15656F20CF9735A27381DA0E" degrees="00" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="50.2" value="0.7306111">00°43'50.2&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="060" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-60.432777">060°25'58&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="FB187BAF6C9A9D4581B1A94F604BAF1D" degrees="060" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-60.432777">060°25'58&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 77 m, 10.i.2018, leg. Short and Benetti, large roadside ditch with dense vegetation, BR18-0110-03A (24 exs., INPA, SEMC, including DNA voucher SLE1624); ca. 16 km west of Amajari on BR-203,
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="36.874" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="3.6145668">3°36.874'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="F9880954DEAE4E206085CF140946C1A2" degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="36.874" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="3.6145668">3°36.874'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="33.470" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.557835">61°33.470'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="E7F6EFEA0416227B112AD0DA49A6BD7E" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="33.470" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.557835">61°33.470'W</geoCoordinate>
, 125 m, 13.i.2018, leg. Short, Benetti, and Santana, marsh, BR18-0113-04A (9 exs., SEMC); Circa 26 km south of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cantá">Canta</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="B5BB1A9352EF40B8717D1AFBDEBC8BBB" originalValue="Cantá">Canta</normalizedToken>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="22.547" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.3757834">2°22.547'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="88FBC3AD998B402CE98C35072F878E78" degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="22.547" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.3757834">2°22.547'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="33.538" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-60.558968">60°33.538'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="DA803E5CC2D60E1FFC8154CD975255A1" degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="33.538" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-60.558968">60°33.538'W</geoCoordinate>
, 93 m, 11.i.2018, leg. Short, marsh with lots of emergent vegetation, BR18-0111-02A (1 ex., SEMC); Circa 7 km south of Iracema on BR-174,
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="6.277" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.1046166">2°6.277'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="2380B7F35D787A6CCFD262BB40B8EFA4" degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="6.277" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.1046166">2°6.277'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="4.922" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.082035">61°4.922'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="BF97CBFBEDF6C53133AB15AD7BB8A1DD" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="4.922" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.082035">61°4.922'W</geoCoordinate>
, 59 m, 16.i.2018, leg. Short, Benetti, and Santana, marsh and palm swamp, BR18-0116-01A (1 ex., SEMC); Jundia on BR-174, 00°12'20.3&quot;S, 060°41'35.1&quot;W, 57 m, 10.i.2018, leg. Short and Benetti, marsh with lots of emergent vegetation, BR18-0110-01A (1 ex.., SEMC); Sitio Bem Querer ca. 3 km west,
<geoCoordinate degrees="1" direction="north" minutes="56.131" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.9355166">1°56.131'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="6EDCB6284A39A02D40569BF99400A178" degrees="1" direction="north" minutes="56.131" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.9355166">1°56.131'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="01.737" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.02895">61°01.737'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="DFFBB2D920876C2056DBC28EA59C5A52" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="01.737" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.02895">61°01.737'W</geoCoordinate>
, 80 m, 16.i.2018, leg. Short, Benetti, and Santana, BR18-0116-04A (2 exs., SEMC); near Boa Vista,
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="44.558" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.7426333">2°44.558'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="9A3073C4A6FCAB6EB0F1F334B8E28A8A" degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="44.558" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.7426333">2°44.558'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="47.179" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-60.786316">60°47.179'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="795361F97B74DEEEA05028EB30238905" degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="47.179" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-60.786316">60°47.179'W</geoCoordinate>
, 105 m, 15.i.2018, leg. Short, Benetti, and Santana, UV light by drying marsh, BR18-0115-03A, (1 ex., SEMC); BR-174, c. 50 km NW Boa Vista, 3 18.348'N,
<geoCoordinate degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="51.458" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-60.85763">60 51.458'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="3DF0DC2F4DE07B1C52858B317C0FA4C9" degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="51.458" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-60.85763">60 51.458'W</geoCoordinate>
, 100 m, 13.i.2018, leg. Short, marsh, BR18-0113-02A (1 ex., SEMC, DNA Voucher 1629).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">French Guiana</emphasis>
<emphasis id="96340D21F5013917723E71C02648C6EC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">French Guiana</emphasis>
: Yiyi,
<geoCoordinate degrees="5.419" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="5.419">5.419</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="BE1ED5923739464546A5B6B4069877FB" degrees="5.419" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="5.419">5.419</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="53.050" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-53.05">-53.050</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="4E9D6EAFF2D8D36FDBAD8E71C853C9F9" degrees="53.050" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-53.05">-53.050</geoCoordinate>
(1 ex., SEMC, DNA Voucher SLE1856).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Guyana: Region 9</emphasis>
<emphasis id="7B3D7C8F2B8AFA8047EA9ED8A22BBC7D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Guyana: Region 9</emphasis>
: near Kusad Mountains,
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="52.204" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.8700666">2°52.204'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="5EEB0F201215F2EEF6450A4A5A4B72F6" degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="52.204" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.8700666">2°52.204'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="59" direction="west" minutes="55.003" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-59.916718">59°55.003'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="BEDD14D28C8F98CC4B15640AD7D6B3C8" degrees="59" direction="west" minutes="55.003" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-59.916718">59°55.003'W</geoCoordinate>
, 124 m, 27.x.2013, leg. Short, Isaacs, and Salisbury, marshy area, GY13-1027-01A (2 exs., SEMC); Ziida Wao Creek near Kusad Mountains,
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="49.724" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.8287334">2°49.724'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="F04D192808DAD08E810C18FC2FB9D626" degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="49.724" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="2.8287334">2°49.724'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="59" direction="west" minutes="48.546" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-59.8091">59°48.546'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="0F0BAA0409A5C2266F4ADDEEBA78C051" degrees="59" direction="west" minutes="48.546" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-59.8091">59°48.546'W</geoCoordinate>
, 121 m, 25.x.2013, leg. Short, Isaacs, and Salisbury, stagnant vegetated creek, GY13-1025-02A (3 exs., CBDG, SEMC, including DNA Voucher SLE1615);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Venezuela: Barinas</emphasis>
<emphasis id="63E805333F6B838DDDDF24F383FFE187" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Venezuela: Barinas</emphasis>
: ca. 13 km southeast of Ciudad Bolivia,
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="19.394" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.323234">8°19.394'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D5601DDFECFD5D83DEE0CF95F60A706F" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="19.394" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.323234">8°19.394'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="28.238" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-70.470634">70°28.238'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="2B549B3C5E613506AC3728A4DFD7F566" degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="28.238" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-70.470634">70°28.238'W</geoCoordinate>
, 173 m, 25.i.2012, leg. Short, Arias, and Gustafson, marsh, VZ12-0125-02A (6 exs., SEMC, including DNA voucher SLE1080).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Cojedes</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9337E1793ED9C83BFEF1F64368D57AC0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Cojedes</emphasis>
: Rio Caiman Grande at San Brano,
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="39.246" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.6541">9°39.246'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="319364C19C52ED100F03584925DE95B8" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="39.246" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.6541">9°39.246'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="11.860" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-68.19767">68°11.860'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="B0B503FDF0207F8174477126619D3E4E" degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="11.860" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-68.19767">68°11.860'W</geoCoordinate>
, 137m, 20.i.2012, leg. Short, Arias, and Gustafson, river margin, VZ12-0120-03A (2 exs., SEMC).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Monagas</emphasis>
<emphasis id="F72BD3C16EC5470D55BE090538425547" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Monagas</emphasis>
: South of Maturin,
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="16.398" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.2733">9°16.398'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="64FA6B0CF826DA4198F70B2AA453DF6B" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="16.398" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.2733">9°16.398'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="56.246" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-62.937435">62°56.246'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D5BD2BB08DC17018FF42DCEF19B63231" degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="56.246" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-62.937435">62°56.246'W</geoCoordinate>
, 22 m, 2.ii.2010, leg. Short,
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="65246F382214E15F9E734C9BE1BC45CB" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
, and Joly, morichal margin, VZ10-0202-02A (6 exs., SEMC); between Morichal Largo and Tembledor,
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="05.798" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.096633">9°05.798'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="4734708D21A32B6E6B9283806B347D6F" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="05.798" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.096633">9°05.798'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="43.618" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-62.726967">62°43.618'W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="DC317B9C6257D2C4D1C129A2DB6254AD" degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="43.618" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-62.726967">62°43.618'W</geoCoordinate>
, 29 m, 2.ii.2010, leg. Short,
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="423A0F88A699FBD3DAD149E9B10D9270" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
, and Joly, margins of vegetated pond, VZ10-0202-03A (11 exs., MIZA, SEMC; including DNA voucher SLE1621).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Zulia</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3941BB11CCB7F2B4D5A2C42888E64CFA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Zulia</emphasis>
: Sabana de Machango,
<geoCoordinate degrees="10.043017" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.043017">10.043017</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="5733B43E0A00EDFAA6100149D64B424A" degrees="10.043017" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.043017">10.043017</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="71.007133" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-71.00713">-71.007133</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="131E27338B1725B68212289F86567254" degrees="71.007133" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-71.00713">-71.007133</geoCoordinate>
, 35 m, 29.i.2012, leg. Short, Arias and Gustafson, margin of artificial pond, VZ12-0129-03A (1 ex., SEMC, DNA Voucher SLE1082).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="17DC3308B2EB19017ABB044A17988D9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1E0FAD85A474A12C96B81104B3C27DE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A8AACAB1EFE15A93CE92877A5036E313" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
The small size (&lt;3.5 mm) and very pale dorsal coloration (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">4D-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="5E9BDB84D7559F563943779D6CDA5CF4" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">4D-F</figureCitation>
) serves to separate
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. australis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4B907FF912C3572B0CF87A399A321B3C" lsidName="C. australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="51CC4A1DD2EC36B8EEC24CD8867A7F60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from most other small-bodied regional congeners, as well as its distinctive aedeagus. It also almost exclusively occurs in open marsh habitats, whereas most all other congeners are typically found in other types of habitat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Size and color.</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="B8F6EBD01BB797B3FCB45D468D64C985" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="29DCE66FB3CF53FDE7941F90FC25DF64" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A85E62E87FC1548E132FE2F699DF8E14" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="7A44ACD416AC543F3C5D0C82FC0A87BE" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Size and color.</emphasis>
Total body length 3.0-3.4 mm. Body form elongate oval with slightly curved lateral margins. Dorsum of head bicolored; frons dark brown, clypeus and labrum light tan-brown (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal view of heads of Chasmogenus spp. A C. castaneus B C. australis C C. bariorum D C. cuspifer E C. flavomarginatus F C. lineatus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411763" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">8B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="26EFA41EADECF3EFF272D9EC93D0EDA9" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal view of heads of Chasmogenus spp. A C. castaneus B C. australis C C. bariorum D C. cuspifer E C. flavomarginatus F C. lineatus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411763" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">8B</figureCitation>
). Pronotum and elytra light tan-orange, light golden yellow marginally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">4D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D31E8BAD6153FDE890A5928CC43A8385" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">4D</figureCitation>
). Venter almost entirely light golden-brown, venter of head and lateral margins of metaventrite light brown (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">4F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="5CF646A6705EC1D3038A7137E0EA992B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">4F</figureCitation>
). Tibiae orange-brown.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Head.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="AABEE824251422C2D2BE10D18797DC73" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Head.</emphasis>
Ground punctation on head fine, labrum with slightly finer punctation. Clypeus with anteromedial emargination, which exposes a wide trapezoidal-shaped gap between clypeus and labrum (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal view of heads of Chasmogenus spp. A C. castaneus B C. australis C C. bariorum D C. cuspifer E C. flavomarginatus F C. lineatus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411763" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">8B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0357811FB6450059CF3A590421332F28" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Dorsal view of heads of Chasmogenus spp. A C. castaneus B C. australis C C. bariorum D C. cuspifer E C. flavomarginatus F C. lineatus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411763" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">8B</figureCitation>
). Mentum weakly to moderately depressed on anterior half with subtriangular anteromedial notch. Maxillary palps long, longer than width of head immediately posterior to eyes.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Thorax.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="F3F378E4C7872A34F804D8A2D26A3B8A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Thorax.</emphasis>
Ground punctation of pronotum moderate. Prosternum tectiform. Mesoventrite with weak elevation forming a thin posteromedial longitudinal carina. Metafemora densely pubescent with long golden setae in basal six-sevenths (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">4F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1A2E05328452D580B9404C662C3C536E" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. lineatus: A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view. D-F C. australis: D dorsal view E lateral view F ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411759" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">4F</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Aedeagus.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="85EBA7A5DE8123E1D74D8877D188F71C" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Aedeagus.</emphasis>
Aedeagus (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Aedeagi (dorsal view) of C. australis A holotype (Venezuela: Apure) B specimen from Guyana (Region 9) C specimen from Venezuela (Monagas) D specimen from Brazil (Roraima). Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411768" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">13A-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B88EB773AEE9816F8628BC76DD30E4E6" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Aedeagi (dorsal view) of C. australis A holotype (Venezuela: Apure) B specimen from Guyana (Region 9) C specimen from Venezuela (Monagas) D specimen from Brazil (Roraima). Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411768" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">13A-D</figureCitation>
) with outer margins of median lobe strongly situate, such that it appears constricted in the middle; above constriction, margins tapering to form a weakly pointed apex, which slightly extends beyond the apex of the parameres. Sclerite of the median lobe not expanded. Gonopore situated less than half of one gonopore width below the apex of the median lobe. Parameres with outer margins weakly and evenly curved (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Aedeagi (dorsal view) of C. australis A holotype (Venezuela: Apure) B specimen from Guyana (Region 9) C specimen from Venezuela (Monagas) D specimen from Brazil (Roraima). Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411768" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">13A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="46FEA5C0EEF364C53366A75FF76F4689" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Aedeagi (dorsal view) of C. australis A holotype (Venezuela: Apure) B specimen from Guyana (Region 9) C specimen from Venezuela (Monagas) D specimen from Brazil (Roraima). Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411768" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">13A</figureCitation>
) to slightly sinuate near the apex (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Aedeagi of (dorsal view) of Chasmogenus spp. A C. amplius B C. clavijoi C C. gato D C. berbicensis E C. brownsbergensis F C. schmits G, H C. guianensis G specimen from Suriname H specimen from Guyana. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411769" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">14B-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="4F911C8AE1D16CE0CCF07BBDB344C4E5" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Aedeagi of (dorsal view) of Chasmogenus spp. A C. amplius B C. clavijoi C C. gato D C. berbicensis E C. brownsbergensis F C. schmits G, H C. guianensis G specimen from Suriname H specimen from Guyana. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411769" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">14B-D</figureCitation>
), with outer apex bluntly rounded and inner apex appear as a right angle. Basal piece long, subequal to slightly shorter than the length of the parameres.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="D42A686D864DAA2F501B2E97C7927391" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="708610D363D8B1F1E220C3ED43773E63" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F772F9DA23098E18B7115B56E830ACD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
This species has a very broad range, occurring from northwestern Venezuela to the coast of French Guiana (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distribution of Chasmogenus spp. Localities marked with stars / triangles indicate populations that were sampled for DNA in Fig. 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411773" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">18</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="6E6109BF65760AA8B00C244BD6F90B20" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distribution of Chasmogenus spp. Localities marked with stars / triangles indicate populations that were sampled for DNA in Fig. 1." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411773" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">18</figureCitation>
). It was originally described from the central region of the Venezuelan Llanos. We have collected it across a very broad range in Venezuela, including the Maracaibo Basin, across the Llanos region, as well as in the Rupununi/Roraima savannah complex in northern Brazil and Guyana. We also report it from the coastal savannahs of French Guiana.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="A9E0A2978B91141251C794F2513213B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D4BED75C904CFA74EFF4F89116321815" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAEB618083B255BD4D0E2D0F1F96D449" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
Unlike most
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2B672BEEDC4ECBFA70B2F6E6FD57CEA0" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0858029C76CAF7127990311C19FB8C30" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. australis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="66EAE9A4AAD0C70B159B4E8C659761F3" lsidName="C. australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="8525DE9110DD7350EB137565A06F0B4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is almost exclusively associated with lentic or open marsh habitats (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Habitat of Chasmogenus spp. A Type locality and habitat for C. amplius and C. gato, Venezuela: Amazonas, Cano Gato (collecting event VZ 09 - 0116 - 01 X) B type locality and habitat for C. clavijoi, Venezuela: Guarico, San Nicolasito Field Station (collecting event VZ 09 - 0110 - 02 X) C-F habitat for C. australis: C Venezuela, Barinas, 13 km southeast of Ciudad Bolivia (collecting event VZ 12 - 0125 - 02 A) D Guyana, near Kusad Mountains (collecting event GY 13 - 1027 - 01 A). E, F Brazil, Roraima, near Caracarai, red circles showing live individuals of C. australis floating on the water surface (collecting event BR 18 - 0116 - 05 A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411775" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">20C-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E77C35510A9FBB1AF7AE87E48E360D2E" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Habitat of Chasmogenus spp. A Type locality and habitat for C. amplius and C. gato, Venezuela: Amazonas, Cano Gato (collecting event VZ 09 - 0116 - 01 X) B type locality and habitat for C. clavijoi, Venezuela: Guarico, San Nicolasito Field Station (collecting event VZ 09 - 0110 - 02 X) C-F habitat for C. australis: C Venezuela, Barinas, 13 km southeast of Ciudad Bolivia (collecting event VZ 12 - 0125 - 02 A) D Guyana, near Kusad Mountains (collecting event GY 13 - 1027 - 01 A). E, F Brazil, Roraima, near Caracarai, red circles showing live individuals of C. australis floating on the water surface (collecting event BR 18 - 0116 - 05 A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.934.49359.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/411775" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">20C-F</figureCitation>
). A few specimens have been taken along the muddy and vegetated margins of large, slow-flowing rivers (morichales).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="8F85DF4612D72C2ABAA0FF3F1352C677" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="FB5ACBEF6B04E0720B43443C7F09DD57" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2518F6BC53CD275D2E57FBAFD836E32D" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
Despite its broad range, sequenced populations of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. australis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E91FB99F860EA73F1D978E00F61F1DA3" lsidName="C. australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="373975E9499498610B2B1274710F8F9F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
displayed virtually no genetic variation in COI, with less than 1% divergence between all sampled individuals spanning more than 2000 km from western Venezuela to French Guiana, south to the state of Roraima, Brazil. We also note the strong similarities in aedeagal morphology and habitat to
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. sapucay" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="sapucay">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. sapucay</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC1853AC021EBEA032598A5889CBFF5" lsidName="C. sapucay" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="sapucay">
<emphasis id="C0DE6EE8CC3318BD6D82F5F5FEC07114" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. sapucay</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="0F71BB607D64B006324ADA0790077440" originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
, which was originally described from Argentina and Paraguay but whose range was recently extended into Brazil (
<bibRefCitation author="Fernandez, LA" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="189 - 193" refId="B2" refString="Fernandez, LA, 1986. Consideraciones sobre el genero Chasmogenus Sharp y description de Chasmogenus sapucay sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Neotropica 32: 189 - 193" title="Consideraciones sobre el genero Chasmogenus Sharp y description de Chasmogenus sapucay sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." volume="32" year="1986">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
<bibRefCitation id="286988C8F92D0865D13D17E3E8AE0845" author="Fernandez, LA" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="189 - 193" refId="B2" refString="Fernandez, LA, 1986. Consideraciones sobre el genero Chasmogenus Sharp y description de Chasmogenus sapucay sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Neotropica 32: 189 - 193" title="Consideraciones sobre el genero Chasmogenus Sharp y description de Chasmogenus sapucay sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." volume="32" year="1986">
<normalizedToken id="82749190A6F074A1BD0A185B2425F858" originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
1986
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3765.5.6" author="Clarkson, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="481 - 494" refId="B1" refString="Clarkson, B, Ferreira-Jr, N, 2014. Four new species and first nominal record of Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 3765: 481 - 494, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3765.5.6" title="Four new species and first nominal record of Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3765.5.6" volume="3765" year="2014">Clarkson and Ferreira-Jr 2014</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="EF0B8ED5D4D17524ADC2B3F1C048062A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3765.5.6" author="Clarkson, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="481 - 494" refId="B1" refString="Clarkson, B, Ferreira-Jr, N, 2014. Four new species and first nominal record of Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 3765: 481 - 494, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3765.5.6" title="Four new species and first nominal record of Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3765.5.6" volume="3765" year="2014">Clarkson and Ferreira-Jr 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Although we suspect
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. australis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0A3F94CB98D63E18C76CE6DE3D66CEA1" lsidName="C. australis" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="974B8A8D599A6D06802243CEEED9224D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be a junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. sapucay" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="sapucay">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. sapucay</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CB48B4F9E0A4DC86C2C7878D0B5327BD" lsidName="C. sapucay" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="sapucay">
<emphasis id="F9C21D21F4C11FA53ED6C50B9E72A6ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C. sapucay</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we are refraining from making any nomenclatural changes until the two taxa can be compared in more detail.
</paragraph>