From b9129510c84a8d6e07377eb18f22ef0f832dd6c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Sat, 14 Dec 2024 00:58:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-12-14 00:51:57 --- .../17/038B1756D008FF94E41DF93201CAFA79.xml | 2197 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 2197 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/03/8B/17/038B1756D008FF94E41DF93201CAFA79.xml diff --git a/data/03/8B/17/038B1756D008FF94E41DF93201CAFA79.xml b/data/03/8B/17/038B1756D008FF94E41DF93201CAFA79.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fd445a5f9bc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/8B/17/038B1756D008FF94E41DF93201CAFA79.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2197 @@ + + + +The good, the bad and the boa: An unexpected new species of a true boa revealed by morphological and molecular evidence + + + +Author + +Gonzalez, Rodrigo Castellari + + + +Author + +Lima, Lorena Corina Bezerra de +Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil + + + +Author + +Passos, Paulo + + + +Author + +Silva, Maria José J. +Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil + +text + + +PLoS ONE + + +2024 + +e 0298159 + + +2024-04-17 + + +19 + + +4 + + +1 +29 + + + +journal article +10.1371/journal.pone.0298159 +1932-6203 +PMC11023597 +38630841 +13151904 + + + + + + + +Boa atlantica + +sp. nov. + +Gonzalez, Lima, Passos & Silva + + + + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: +242E539F-CF4C-4C0B-A5E1-D4E143BE82A5 + +. + + + + + + + +Constrictor constrictor constrictor +– + +Ihering, 1911 [ +63 +] (part.); Amaral, 1930 [ +64 +] (part.); Stull, 1932 [ +65 +] (part.); Stull, 1935 [ +66 +] (part.); + + + + + +Boa constrictor constrictor + +–Forcart, 1951 [ +27 +] (part.); Stimson, 1969 [ +67 +] (part.); Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970 [ +68 +] (part.); + + + + + +Constrictor constrictor constrictor +– + +Amaral, 1977 [ +69 +] (part.); + + + + +Fig 2. Phylogenetic tree inferred by using Maximum Likelihood and general time reversible model. +The matrix is composed of 39 samples from South America, being 35 samples with the four concatenated markers (cyt- +b +, ND4, NTF3, and ODC resulting in 2305 positions in the final dataset) and the outgroup ( + +Charina bottae + +, + +Corallus hortulana + +, + +Epicrates cenchria + +, and + +Eunectes murinus + +) with cyt +b +only). The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown above the branches (bootstrap). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Group colours: Black: Outgroup; blue: + +B +. +occidentalis + +; green: + +B +. +atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +; orange: + +B +. +constrictor + +and red: + +B +. +amarali + +. Photographs: A) +B +. +c +. + +amarali + +, no locality; +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +, no locality, Brazil; C) +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +, from Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil; + +B +. +atlantica + +sp. nov. +, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; + +B +. +occidentalis + +from Tucumán, Argentina. + +https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298159.g002 + + + + +Boa constrictor +– + +Henderson +et al +., 1995 [ +6 +] (part.); + + + + + +Boa constrictor constrictor +– + +McDiarmid +et al +., 1999 [ +25 +] (part.); + + + + + +Boa constrictor +– + +Marques +et al +., 2001 [ +70 +]; Argôlo, 2004 [ +71 +]; Tipton, 2005 (part.) [ +72 +]; + +Boa constrictor constrictor +– + +Bonny, 2007 (part.) [ +3 +]; + + + + + +Boa constrictor +– + +Pontes & Rocha, 2008 (part.) [ +73 +]; Hynkovà +et al +. 2009 [ +30 +] (part.); Reynolds +et al +., 2014 [ +35 +] (part.); Wallach +et al +., 2014 [ +74 +] (part.); Card +et al +., 2016 [ +11 +] (part.); + +Boa constrictor constrictor + +–Reynolds & Henderson, 2018 [ +34 +] (part.); + +Boa constrictor +– + +Nogueira +et al +., 2019 [ +9 +] (part.). + + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +Brazil +: +Rio de Janeiro +, +Fundação Osório +, +Rio Comprido +, +Rua Paula Ramos, 52 +( +22˚56’03.0"S +43˚12’36.9" +W, datum WGS84; + +93 m + +above sea level, hereafter asl), +MNRJ 27242 +, adult +male +, collected by +Sergeant Marco Aurélio da Silva +on + +13 September 2019 + +. The holotype was collected on a tree, while copulating with the paratype MNRJ 27243 + +. + + + +Paratypes +(n = +47 +). + +All from +Brazil +: + +Alagoas State +: +Passo do Camaragibe +( +9˚16’28.5"S, +35˚ 28’04.8"W +), + +44 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 3940 +, +female +, collected by +H. Silva +at Passo on + +18 January 1988 + +; + + +Bahia State +: +Ilhéus +, +CEPEC-CEPLAC +( +14˚45’21.6"S, +39˚13’53.4"W +), + +58 m +asl + +, +CZGB 4862 +, +female +, collected by +G.A. Costa +on + +10 July 1996 + +; + + +Salobrinho +, +Ilhéus +( +14˚47’S, +39˚10’W +), + +29 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 6362 +, +male +, collected by +S. Rangel +in + +September 1987 + +; + + +Ituaçú +( +13˚48’S, +41˚18’W +), + +539.95 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 6361 +, +female +, collected by +U. Caramaschi +& +H. Niemeyer +on + +07 August 1997 + +; + + +Espírito Santo state +: +Cachoeiro do Itapemerim +( +20˚51’00.4"S, +41˚06’42.9"W +), + +35 m +asl + +, +IBSP 79063 +, +female +, collector unknown, collected on + +10 January 2011 + +; + + +Setiba +, +Guarapari +( +20˚ 37’S, +40˚26’W +), + +20 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 23361 +, +female +, collected by T.S. +Soares +, date of collection unknown and + + +MNRJ 24903 +, +male +, collected by +C.F.D. Rocha +on + +15 November 1999 + +; + + +Reserva Biológica de Comboios +, +Linhares +( +19˚33’S, +40˚03’W +), + +13 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 23879 +, +male +, collected by +A.P. Almeida +on + +31 August 2007 + +; + + +São Mateus +, +Campus CEUNES/UFES +( +18˚40’S, +39˚51’W +), + +8 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 23882 +, +male +, collected by +R.S. Bérnils +on + +15 March 2011 + +; + + +Vitória +, +Morro da Gamela +( +20˚17’50.1"S, +40˚18’05.5"W +), + +17 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 9565 +, +male +, collected by +J.L. Gasparini +, & +F. Campagnolli +on + +14 January 2002 + +; + + +Rio de Janeiro state +: +Cabo Frio +( +22˚50’S, +41˚59’W +), + +6 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 22936 +, +female +, collected by +R.R. Pinto +et al on + +03 May 2012 + +; + + +Carapebus +, +Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba +( +22˚15’S, +41˚39’W +), + +8 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 26802 +, +male +, collected by +D.S. Fernandes +et al. on the + +8 March 2018 + +; + + +Guapimirim +( +22˚34’S, +43˚0’W +) + +23 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 14238 +, +female +, collector unknown, collected in + +May 2001 + +; + + +Guapimirim +( +22˚34’S, +43˚0’W +) + +23 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 14250 +, +female +, collector unknown, collected in + +May 2001 + +; + + +Iguaba Grande +( +22˚50’S, +42˚10’W +), + +37 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 17353 +, +female +, date of collection and collector unknown; + + +Itaboraí +, +Complexo Petroquímico do Rio de Janeiro (COMPERJ) +( +22˚39’S, +42˚51’W +), + +21 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 25057 +, +female +, collected by +J. Creusen +on + +03 June 2013 + +and + + +MNRJ 26324 +, +male +, collected on + +28 July 2016 + +; + + +Itaboraí +( +22˚39’S, +42˚51’W +), + +134 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 25413 +, +female +, date of collection and collector unknown; + + +Maricá +( +22˚55’S, +42˚51’W +), + +12 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 13111 +, +female +, collected by +C. L. Prata +on + +12 May 2005 + +; + + +Itaipu +, +Niterói +( +22˚57’S, +43˚02’W +), + +7 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 11205 +, +female +, collected by +F. Vieira +, +J.V. Camargo +, & +M.A. Gonçalves +in + +May 2004 + +; + + +Pendotiba +, +Niterói +( +22˚54’S, +43˚04’W +), + +111 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 23573 +, +female +, collected by +M.S.C. Mesquita +on + +19 January 2013 + +; + + +Niterói +( +22˚57’S, +43˚02’W +), + +2 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 16922 +, +female +, collected on + +17 July 2008 + +, by +R.W. Kisling +; + + +Nova Iguaçu +( +22˚42’S, +43˚28’W +), + +34 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 24860 +, +male +, collected by +A. Antunes +on + +13 June 2013 + +; and +MNRJ 26213 +, +female +, collector unknown, collected in 2014; + + +Porciúncula +, +Fazenda Vargem Alegre +( +20˚58’S, +42˚02’W +), + +231 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 14172 +, +female +, collected by +B. Pimenta +on + +08 March 2006 + +; + + +Rio das Ostras +( +22˚30’S, +41˚56’W +), + +31 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 10117 +, +female +, collected by +D.S. Fernandes +et al. on + +17 November 2003 + +; + + +Rio de Janeiro +, +Aeroporto Internacional Tom Jobim +( +22˚48’S, +43˚15’W +), + +7 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 25952 +, +female +, collected by J.T. +Baldine +in + +November 2015 + +and + + +MNRJ 26350 +, +female +, collector unknown, collected on + +9 May 2016 + +; + + +Água Santa +( +22˚54’19.0"S, +43˚18’26.1"W +), + +221 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 25950 +, +female +, collected by +D.S. Fernandes +, +B. Miranda +, & +P. Pinna + +09 December 2015 + +; + + +Bairro Jardim Botânico +, +Horto Grotão +( +22˚57’S, +43˚14’W +), + +650 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 19740 +, +male +, collected by +L. Caetano +on + +13 July 2010 + +; + + +Cosme velho +( +22˚56’S, +43˚11’W +), + +18 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 19412 +, +male +, collected by +J.P. Pombal +on + +05 April 2010 + +and + + +MNRJ 19564 +, male, collected on + +18 May 2010 + +; + + +Del Castilho +( +22˚52’S +43˚16’W +), + +22 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 25953 +, +female +, collected by R. +Baptista +on + +30 January 2016 + +; + + +Estrada do Rio Morto +( +23˚00’S, +43˚29’W +), + +3 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 23144 +, +female +, by R. +L. Santos +, date of collection unknown; + + +Estrada dos Mananciais +( +22˚55’S, +43˚22’W +), + +21 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 26589 +, +female +, collected by +D. B. Santos +on + +21 April 2017 + +; + + +Ilha do Governador +( +14˚47’52.6"S, +39˚10’35.3"W +), + +15 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 9449 +, +female +, collector unknown, collected on + +21 March 2001 + +and + + +MNRJ 26585 +, +female +, collected by +A. Carneiro +on + +6 June 2017 + +; + + +Parque Nacional da Tijuca +( +22˚56’S, +43˚ 17’W +), + +360 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 26886 +, +female +, collected by +C. Bueno +on + +13 March 2018 + +and + + +MNRJ 27262 +, +female +, same collector, collected on + +29 February 2019 + +; + + +Recreio dos Bandeirantes +( +23˚ 01’S, +43˚28’W +), + +14 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 14200 +, +female +, collected on by +J.R. Gomes + +27 May 2006 + +and + + +MNRJ 14201 +, +female +, same collector, collected on + +13 May 2006 + +; + + +Serra do Mendanha +( +22˚50’S, +43˚29’W +), + +190 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 17547 +, +female +, collected by +J.A.L. Pontes +, date of collection unknown; + + +Rio de Janeiro +( +22˚57’S, +43˚18’W +), + +10 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 10092 +, +male +, collected by +M. Mocelin +, date of collection unknown and + + +MNRJ 26796 +, +male +, collector unknown, collected on + +22 August 2017 + +; + + +São Francisco de Itabapoana +( +21˚14’03.0"S, +41˚07’19.0" +W), + +4 m +asl + +, +MBML 2097 +, +male +, collected by +G.L. Forreque +on + +10 October 2006 + +; + + +Teresópolis +, + +road BR- +116 km +86.5 + +( +22˚24’S, +42˚58’W +), + +972 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 20700 +, +female +, collector unknown, collected on + +25 July 2011 + +; + + +Fundação Osório +, +Rio Comprido +, +Rua Paula Ramos, 52 +( +22˚56’03.0"S +43˚12’36.9"W +, +WGS84 +), + +93 m +asl + +, +MNRJ 27243 +, +adult female +, collected by +Sgt. Marco Aurélio da Silva +on + +13 September 2019 + +[copulating with the holotype MNRJ 27242] + +. + + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Boa atlantica + +sp. nov. + +can be distinguished from the other congeners by the following unique combination of characters: (i) ventrals 228–243; (ii) subcaudals +47–58 in +males, and +31–56 in +females; (iii) anterior dorsal scale rows 51–66; (iv) midbody dorsal scale rows 69–90; (v) posterior dorsal scale rows 42–54; (vi) dorsal body spots 17–23; (vii) tail spots +4–6 in +males, +2–6 in +females; (viii) longitudinal head stripe usually continuous; (ix) head stripe without lateral projections; (x) elliptical, circular or double-oval dorsal interspots; (xi) posterior dorsal interspots not blotched; (xii) no change in dorsal spots towards the tail; (xiii) lateral ocelli dark brown, black or faint reddish, white bordered; (xiv) belly cream with tones of orange, brown and black, scattered of black dots and large groups of black spots; (xv) belly with progressive darkening towards the tail; (xvi) black spots on ventral surface of tail. + + + + +Etymology. +The species epithet + +atlantica + +is a Latin adjective that refers to the Atlantic coast but mainly the Atlantic Forest ecoregion, the homeland of several endemic species, including this new + +Boa + +. The preservation of this biome is crucial for conservation, nonetheless, it has been suffering deforestation since the colonial times and only 12% of it remains standing. This situation is under serious threat since the past Brazilian policies lack empathy for conservation issues and seem to foster deforestation even further. + + + + + +Description of the +holotype +. + +MNRJ 27242 ( +Figs 3 +and +4 +), adult male, SVL +2016 mm +, TL +294 mm +, head width +27.5 mm +, head length +77.9 mm +, head height +27.5 mm +, distance between eyes +22.9 mm +, eye-rostral distance +26.3 mm +, eye-mouth distance +8.2 mm +, distance between nostrils +12.3 mm +, cloacal spur length 7.3/ +6.8 mm +, eye height +6.2 mm +, eye length +6.5 mm +, scales over the preocular stripe 9/7, circumorbitals 17/15, suboculars 1/2, supralabials 22/21, infralabials 26/26, scales between nostrils 6, intrasupraoculars 17, gulars 18/17, dorsal scale rows 64/ 90/50, tail dorsal scale rows 24, preventrals 2, ventrals 245, subcaudals 57. Dorsum of head light brown light brown with discrete dark grey speckles; longitudinal head stripe brown, bordered by dark brown and black, extending from internasal region, breaking in occipital region, and continued up to cervical region; lateral head surface light brown; preocular stripe faded brown; and subocular stripe brown marginally reaching supralabials; postocular stripe dark brown, connecting with first dorsal saddle; some supralabials with dark brown dots; head ventral surface cream, with grey and salmon speckles and black dots; black dots unite forming two larger pairs of infralabial spots, and another three pairs of gular spots; dorsal background light brown progressively darkens towards tail; saddle-shaped dorsal spots, 22, laterally connected to each other, delimiting oval spots, dark brown in 2/3 of body, closer to each other and brownish-red before tail; body, lateral surface 2/3 of body greyish cream with salmon speckles and dark brown ocelli, encircling creamish white spots; last body third cream, with black speckles and irregular black ocelli encircling brick-red spots; ventral body surface cream, with black speckles and larger black blotches united on the sides, almost in alternate way; salmon tones in the midline of belly; dorsal background of tail yellow with five brick-red spots, bordered by black; first three spots with a pair of yellowish ocelli; ventral surface of tail cream, with alternate black spots among lateral sides of subcaudals not contacting each other. + + + +Fig 3. +Dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views of the head of the holotype of + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +(MNRJ 27242) from Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic coast of Brazil. + +https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298159.g003 + + +Hemipenis of the +holotype +: fully everted and maximally expanded hemipenis renders a bilobed, non-capitate, and non-calyculated organ; lobes relatively short and sub-cylindrical with rounded apices, similar size and oriented centrifugally; lobes covered by 6 transversal flounces on its basal portion; lobes naked from median to apical region; sulcus spermaticus divides on distal portion of organ; sulcus spermaticus branches centrifugally oriented running to tip of lobes; margins of sulcus spermaticus bordered by flounces on basal to most of distal portion of lobes; sulcus spermaticus expanded at apices of lobes; hemipenial body subcylindrical; distal region of hemipenial body defined by transversal series of 4 transversal flounces connected to the sulcus spermaticus; proximal region of hemipenis naked ( +Fig 5 +). + + + +Fig 4. +Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the holotype of + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +(MNRJ 27242) from Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic coast of Brazil. + +https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298159.g004 + + + +Fig 5. +Sulcate (A) and asulcate (B) sides of hemipenis of the holotype of + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +(MNRJ 27242) from Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic coast of Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298159.g005 + + + +Variation. +We refer to +Tables 3 +and S +1 +for the synthesis of quantitative variation of + +Boa +atlantica + +. Dorsal ground colour from light to pinkish brown; flanks on the first two thirds of body lighter than dorsum, usually with grey tones; flanks darker on last third of body, usually with tones of blackish brown; longitudinal head stripe darker than background colouration, usually with brown; head stripe usually continuous, with a brown blotch of the same colour as the body; longitudinal head stripe without lateral projections, from internasal region, usually extending to occipital region; preocular and subocular pigmented with tiny brown dots; last two stripes lighter than postocular or with same colour; postocular stripe extends to quadratemandibular articulation or connects to first dorsal saddle; usually no gular blotch; dorsal spots 17–23, elliptical, circular or double-oval, not blotched; dorsal spots (13–28 scales long, 8–17 scales wide) light brown to pinkish brown, bordered by brown; posterior dorsal spots do not change in colour or form; saddles dark brown or black (4–13 scales long), bordered by light brown to pinkish brown, usually connected to each other; dorsal saddles usually with brown on last body third; lateral ocelli from dark red, brownish orange to blackish brown, bordered by cream; belly cream with pinkish tones and black blotches; ventral black blotches progressively increase in number and size towards last body third (= posterior ventral darkening); dorsal tail colour light brown, with 3–6 dorsal brown or black spots, without tail interspots; ventral surface of tail cream with spots generally uniformly black or light brown, bordered by black; cloacal blotch, if present, brown or black. + + + +Table 3. Variations in scale counts of + +Boa atlantica + +sp. nov. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
MinMaxmeanSDn95%-IC
Circumorbitals132015.91.41220.25
+Suboculars +020.40.61230.11
+Supralabials +182520.81.51220.27
+Intrasupraoculars +132116.71.51230.27
+Infralabials +202924.51.51230.27
+Gulars +122216.21.61210.29
+Preventrals +061.31.11200.20
+Ventrals +225248235.24.11150.75
+Subcaudals +315951.541200.72
+Anterior dorsal scale rows +487058.741190.72
+Midbody dorsal scale rows +679379.551200.89
+Posterior dorsal scale rows +385847.93.41240.60
+Tail dorsal scale rows +172620.921220.35
95%-CI = 95% confidence interval; max = maximum; min = minimum; n = number of samples; and SD = standard deviation.
+ + +https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298159.t003 + + +Sexual secondary dimorphism. +Despite +the size of the lateral cloacal spurs, which is larger in males than in females, we found evidence of sexual dimorphism in + +Boa atlantica + +sp. nov. +, as confirmed by the MANOVA (F = 1038; p<0.03). +The +variables in which we found sexual differences were: number of subcaudal rows (F +1,28 += 6.49; p<0.02), number of tail spots (F +1,28 += 6.19; p<0.02), eye-mouth distance (F +1,28 += 4.88; p<0.04), head width (F +1,2 += 4.24; p<0.05). +Comparing +the central tendency measures and 95% confidence intervals ( +Table 4 +), females have broader heads and have larger eye-mouth distance than males, and males have more subcaudals and more tail spots than females. +The +largest male is from +São Fidelis +, state of +Rio de Janeiro +( +IBSP 4620 +) +2114 mm +SVL, +290 mm +TL; largest female from + +Floresta +da Tijuca + +, +Rio de Janeiro +, state of +Rio de Janeiro +( +MNRJ 26886 +) +1.808 mm +SVL, +245 mm +TL. + + +Comparison with South American mainland congeners. + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +B +. +constrictor amarali + +(in parenthesis) by having belly cream with tones of orange, brown and black, scattered of black dots and large groups of black spots (vs. heavily pigmented with black and brown); posterior dorsal spots not blotched (vs. blotched); and tail interspots absent (vs. fuzzy) ( +Fig 6 +). + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +differs from +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +(in parenthesis) by having posterior dorsal saddle spots shape similar to the anterior spots (vs. last dorsal saddles comprising large red polygons different from the anterior in +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +); last lateral ocelli dark brown, black or dark red (vs. blood-red in +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +) ( +Fig 6 +); tail spots black (vs. blood-red in +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +) ( +Fig 6 +). + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +B +. +nebulosa + +(in parenthesis) by having 228–243 ventrals (vs. +256–269 in + +B +. +nebulosa + +), 69–90 midbody dorsal scale rows (vs. +59–69 in + +B +. +nebulosa + +), subocular stripe present (vs. absent in + +B +. +nebulosa + +), posterior dorsal spots and saddles do not change shape (vs. posterior saddles fuse with lateral ocelli forming brown bands in + +B +. +nebulosa + +), and belly with shades of brown and black with and randomly distributed black dots, and larger spots concentrated on the paraventral region (vs. belly heavily pigmented with black, brown dots and shades in + +B +. +nebulosa + +). + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +differs from + +B +. +orophias + +(in parenthesis) by having 228–243 ventrals (vs. +262–280 in + +B +. +orophias + +), 44– 59 subcaudals (vs. +63–69 in + +B +. +orophias + +), 17–23 dorsal spots (vs. +25–30 in + +B +. +orophias + +), 3–6 tail spots (vs. +6–9 in + +B +. +orophias + +), longitudinal head stripe usually continuous with regular borders and no lateral projections (vs. longitudinal head stripe usually fragmented, with carved borders and none, two or multiple lateral projections in + +Boa orophias + +). + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +differs from +B +. +c +. + +occidentalis + +(in parenthesis) by having 17–23 dorsal spots (vs. +23–29 in +B +. +c +. + +occidentalis + +); general colour light to dark brown (vs. dark brown in +B +. +c +. + +occidentalis + +); longitudinal head stripe with no lateral projections (vs. two or more projections in +B +. +c +. + +occidentalis + +); lateral ocelli dark brown, black or faint reddish (vs. cream in +B +. +c +. + +occidentalis + +); belly cream with tones of orange, brown and black, scattered of black dots and large groups of black spots (vs. heavily variegated with brown, yellow, black and white blotches in +B +. +c +. + +occidentalis + +); belly progressively darker towards tail (vs. no changes in belly pattern in +B +. +c +. + +occidentalis + +); Tail spots black (vs. cream in +B +. +c +. + +occidentalis + +) ( +Fig 6 +). Additionally, + +B +. +occidentalis + +was always recovered as monophyletic on the molecular analyses, although grouped either as the sister group to the South American representatives or as the sister group to the +Mexico ++ Central America Clade, depending on the markers and the dataset used. We refer to S1–S4 Tables for the meristic and morphometric data on + +B +. +atlantica + +, + +B +. +occidentalis + +, + +B +. +orophias + +and + +B +. +nebulosa + +(respectively). + + + +Table 4. Basic descriptive statistics for the sexual dimorphic characters of + +Boa atlantica + +. max = maximum; +min = minimum; n = number of samples; SD = standard deviation. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SexMinmaxMeanSDn
Head width (mm)M22.957.635.38.121
F29.852.739.76.626
Distance Eye-Mouth (mm)M3.57.45.31.320
F4.38.86.51.426
Number of subcaudal rowsM475852.92.826
F315648.05.025
Number of tail spotsM465.00.626
F264.30.825
Abbreviations: F = female; M = male.
+ + +https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298159.t004 + + +Hemipenial morphology of the sympatric congeners. +The hemipenes of the sympatric +Boas +are similar in several aspects: organ bilobed, non-capitate, and non-calyculate; lobes relatively short and sub-cylindrical with rounded apices, similar in size and oriented centrifugally; sulcus spermaticus divides on distal portion of hemipenial body below sulk bifurcation; sulcus spermaticus branches centrifugally oriented running to tip of lobes; margins of sulcus spermaticus bordered by flounces on basal to most of distal portion of lobes; sulcus spermaticus expanded at apices of lobes; hemipenial body subcylindrical; proximal region of hemipenis naked. + + +Nevertheless, the hemipenes of + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +( +Fig 5 +) differ from those of +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +and +B +. +c +. + +amarali + +(in parentheses) by having lobes bifurcated at about 70–74% of the total length (vs. at 54–79% in +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +and 65–76% in +B +. +c +. + +amarali + +), lobes covered by 4–6 transversal flounces on its basal portion (vs. 6–8 flounces in +B +. +c +. + +amarali + +), lobes naked from median to apical region (vs. with shallow flounces in +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +and +B +. +c +. + +amarali + +); distal region of hemipenial body with 5–7 transversal flounces connected to the sulcus spermaticus (vs. +4–6 in +B +. +c +. + +constrictor + +and +B +. +c +. + +amarali + +). + + + + +Distribution. + +Boa atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +is found along the coastal Atlantic Forest along eastern +Brazil +from Caicó (6˚27’23.2"S 37˚06’05.8"W; +Fig 7 +and S +5 +Table, point 1) in +Rio Grande do Norte State +to +Ilha +Grande (23˚08’48.4"S, 44˚13’40.3"W; +Fig 7 +and S +5 +Table, point 156) in Rio de Janeiro State, which is also de westernmost point in the southern distribution. The westernmost point in the northern distribution is Ituaçú (13˚48’26.7"S 41˚18’39.5"W; +Fig 7 +and S +5 +Table point 26) in Bahia State. + + + +Fig 6. +Pre-cloacal region and tails of mainland South-American boas. + +B +. +atlantica + +sp. nov. +(MNRJ 27243): a) superior view, b) lateral view; + +B +. +constrictor + +(USNM 566533): c) superior view, d) lateral view; + +B +. +amarali + +(UFG 134): e) superior view, f) lateral view; + +B +. +occidentalis + +(FML28405): g) superior view, h) lateral view. + +https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298159.g006 + + + +Fig 7. +Distribution of + +Boa atlantica + +sp. nov. +based on the examined vouchers and tissue samples. A) Detailment in Rio de Janeiro City, including type locality. B) records in northern Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo States, C) records in Rio de Janeiro State. See also S4 Table. + +https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298159.g007 + + +In this heterogeneous environment, + +B +. +atlantica + + +sp. nov. + +is found from the sea level up to +906 m +a.s.l. ( +Fig 7 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file