diff --git a/data/30/45/87/3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.xml b/data/30/45/87/3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6fcf9249e47 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/30/45/87/3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1074 @@ + + + +A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil + + + +Author + +Freitas, André Victor Lucci +Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brazil + + + +Author + +Francini, Ronaldo Bastos +Universidade Católica de Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil + + + +Author + +Paluch, Márlon +Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil + + + +Author + +Barbosa, Eduardo Proença +Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brazil + +text + + +Revista Brasileira de Entomologia + + +2018 + +Rev. Bras. Entomol. + + +2018-02-09 + + +62 + + +2 + + +135 +147 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003 + +journal article +10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003 +1806-9665 +13195777 + + + + +Redescription of + +Actinote alalia +(C. Felder & R. +Felder, 1860 +) + + + + + + +Acraea alalia +C. Felder & R. +Felder, 1860:105 + +. +Brazil +(NHMUK); +Kirby, 1871:136 +; +Müller, 1877:219 +; Lamas, [1997]:31 (includes +LECTOTYPE +designation: male [southeastern] +Brazil +). + + + +Acraea eulalia + +[sic]; +Müller, 1878:296 +; R. Llano & M. +Llano, 1973:70 +. + + + +Actinote alalia + +; +Mabilde, 1896:64 +; +D’Almeida, 1935:71 +, 93; +Lewis, 1973:227 +; +Lewis, 1975:227 +; +D’Abrera, 1987:445 +; +Ackery, 1988:136 +; +Mielke, 1994:769 +; +Lamas, 1997:31 +; +Penz & Francini, 1996:309 +; +Paluch et al., 2003:573 +; +Lamas, 2004:263 +; +Paluch et al., 2005:416 +; +D’Abrera, 2006:247 +; +Iserhard et al., 2010:313 +, 318, 319; +Dolibaina et al., 2011:351 +. + + + +Actinote alalia alalia + +; + +Eltringham & +Jordan +, 1913:10 + +; + +Jordan +, 1913:374 + +; + +Jordan +& Eltringham, 1916:19 + +. + + + +Acraea +( +Actinote +) +alalia + +; +Pierre, 1987:22 +. + + + + + +Actinote +sp1 + +.; +Silva-Brandão et al., 2008:519 +, 528, figs. 3,4,5. + + + + +Description + + +Male ( +Figs. 2E, F +, +9G +): Antenna black, +11–12 mm +in length ( +n += 5) extending to mid-costa, with 41 segments, 11 of which form a well-defined club. Forewing narrow and elongated, length +25–28 mm +(mean = 26.8 mm, SD = 1.09 mm, +n += 5); hindwing rounded, length +18–21 mm +(mean = 19.8 mm, SD = 1.09 mm, +n += 5). Body dark brown, abdomen ventrally covered by cream scales. Forewing background dark orange with dark brown veins and stripes as follows: a broad dark brown margin, broad in apex and narrowing toward tornus; space from anal margin to 2A dark brown in final third only; four additional narrow dark brown transverse stripes, first extending from costa to CuA +2 +, two thirds from base, second crossing end of discal cell from R sector to M3, third v-shaped crossing discal cell in mid portion, and fourth v-shaped crossing space CuA +2 +-2A half from base. Hindwing background dark orange with broad dark brown margin; all veins dark brown, and narrow dark brown stripes extending in inter-venal spaces. Transverse patches of dark scales crossing proximally spaces M +1 +-M +2 +, M +2 +-M +3 +, M +3 +-CuA +1 +and CuA +1 +-CuA +2 +. Ventral forewing with a pattern very similar to dorsal pattern, but lacking broad dark brown margin; ventral hindwing background cream, with a well-marked dark brown v-shaped band from Sc + R +1 +to 3A, with an adjacent well defined broad v-shaped orange band. Discal cell usually crossed by an oblique dark brown stripe, defining an orange basal half and a cream distal half region. + + + +Fig. 8. +Natural history of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(A–E) and + +Actinote alalia + +(F–G). (A) Shrub of + +Eupatorium intermedium + +, host plant of + +A. mantiqueira + +; (B) Female of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +ovipositing; (C) close view of an oviposition of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +; (D) Last instar of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(lateral view); (E) Pupa of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(latero-ventral view); (F) Last instar of + +A. alalia + +(lateral view); (G) Female of + +A. alalia + +ovipositing (photo by Lucas A. Kaminski). + + + +Male genitalia ( +Fig. 3I–O +): Valvae elongate and curved, length about four times width of median portion; broader at base; apex rounded with a conspicuous curl toward middle line of body.In dorsal view, basal portion of uncus wide, abruptly narrowing, ending in a point. Tegumen long and broad, trapeze-shaped with a slight constriction at middle. Gnathos absent. In ventral view, saccus with an abrupt slight narrowing near base, then projecting as a broad lobe with rounded end; about half length of genital capsule. Aedeagus about half length of genital capsule, ending in a sharp point, in lateral view slightly curved downwards. Juxta broad, about same width of base of one valva (in ventral view), diamond-shaped with an anterior short pointed process; length equal to width. + + +Female ( +Figs. 2G, H +, +8G +). Antenna black, +13 mm +in length ( +n += 2), extending to mid-costa, with 41 segments, 11 of which form a well-defined club. Forewing narrow and elongated, length +31–33 mm +( +n += 2). Hindwing rounded, not translucent, length +23 mm +( +n += 2). Color pattern of female wings similar to that of males but paler. + + + +Fig. 9. +Comparative plate showing all known Brazilian species of + +Actinote + +belonging to the “orangish red mimicry complex”, dorsal left and ventral right (males only). (A) + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(paratype), (B) + +Actinote bonita + +, (C) + +Actinote conspicua + +, (D) + +Actinote quadra + +, (E) + +Actinote dalmeidai + +, (F) + +Actinote surima + +, (G) + +Actinote alalia + +, (H) + +Actinote catarina + +. + + + +Female genitalia ( +Fig. 3P +): Corpus bursae rounded, signa absent. Ductus bursae not sclerotized, same length as corpus bursae; sterigma rounded. + + + + + +Taxonomy and variation + + + + +Actinote alalia + +was described by +C.Felder +& R. +Felder (1860) +based on an unstated number of specimens without a specified locality in +Brazil +. A male +syntype +deposited in the NHMUK (figured in +Warren et al., 2017 +), was examined by Gerardo Lamas and designated as the +lectotype +by him ( +Lamas [1997] +). Based on the provenance of most of the Felder’s material, Lamas ([1997]) suggested that this specimen should have come from southeastern +Brazil +. Indeed, the wing pattern of the above +lectotype +corresponds to + +Actinote alalia + +populations from southern +Brazil +in terms of the following visible characters: (1) the narrow transverse dark brown bands on the dorsal forewing; (2) a mostly orange band in the internal margin of the dorsal forewing; (3) a conspicuous orange v-shaped band transversally crossing the ventral hindwing, and (4) a complete dark bar crossing the middle of the discal cell and delimiting a basal orange area (see +Fig. 2 +). +Based +on these observations and the data presented in this paper, the type locality of + +A. alalia + +should be changed to “southern +Brazil +”. +As +has been reported for most species of + +Actinote + +, + +A. alalia + +also presents intraspecific variation, especially in the female color pattern (males are much more uniform). +As +for + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +, minor variation has also been reported in wing venation and genitalia. +The +most variable characters are the extent of the humeral vein, which can reach or not the wing edge, and the shape of saccus apex, that can vary from pointed to almost rounded. + + + + + +Examined +material (all from +Brazil +). DZUP – + +Paraná + +: +Curitiba +, + +900 m + +, +1 male +and +2 females +, + +28.II.1969 + +, +Mielke +leg. + +DZ 3153, DZ 5864, DZ 5905, +1 female +, +13.XII.1968 +, Mielke leg. + +DZ 3119; +Palmas +, + +1100 m + +, +7 males +and +1 female +, + +6.II.1976 + +, +Mielke +& +Buzzi +leg. + +DZ 3136, DZ 3161 DZ 3133, DZ 3132, DZ 3121, DZ 3129, DZ 3160, DZ 5929, +2 males +, +I.1930 +, Stawiarski leg. + +DZ 3765, DZ 3784; +Prudentópolis +, + +1200 m + +, +10 males +and +1 female +, + +2.II.1976 + +, +Mielke +& +Buzzi +leg. + + +DZ 3106, DZ 3128, DZ 3157, DZ 3137, DZ 3116, DZ 3120, DZ 3108, DZ 3148, DZ 3134, DZ 3138, DZ 5872; +Castro +, + +1000 m + +, +1 male +and +2 females +, + +25.I.1971 + +, +Mielke +leg. + + +DZ 3147, DZ 6017, DZ 6001; +Guarapuava +, + +1200 m + +, +2 males +and +1 female +, + +18.II.1978 + +, +Mielke +& +Miers +leg. + + +DZ 3152, DZ 3122, DZ 5888; +Porto União +, +1 male +and +1 female +, +Stawiarski +leg. + + +DZ 3775, DZ 6071; +São José dos Pinhais +, +Colônia Muricy +, +1 male +, + +14.XII.2001 + +, +Paluch +leg. + + +DZ 4758; +Lapa +, +1 male +, no data, +H. Ebert +leg. + + +DZ 3768; +Ponta Grossa +, +1 female +, + +IV.1956 + +, +Coll. F. Justus + +, + +DZ 8014. + +Santa Catarina + +: +Rio das Antas +, +4 males +and +2 females +, + +I.1953 + +, +Camargo +leg. + + +DZ 3764, DZ 3763, DZ 3778, DZ 3777, DZ 5912, DZ 6009; +Santa Cecília +, + +1000 m + +, +1 male +, + +22.II.1973 + +, +Mielke +leg. + + +DZ 3105; +Ponte Alto do Norte +, + +1000 m + +, +1 male +, + +12.II.1973 + +, +Mielke +& +Sakakibara +leg. + + +DZ 3783; +São Joaquim +, + +1250 m + +, +1 female +, + +24.II.1973 + +, +Mielke +leg. + + +DZ 5897, +São Joaquim +, +Mantiqueira +, +8 females +, + +26.II.1973 + +, +Mielke +leg. + + +DZ 5936, DZ 5881, DZ 5873, DZ 5993, DZ 5921, DZ 5977, DZ 6025, DZ 5985, +São Joaquim +, +Planalto de Lages +, + +1300 m + +, +1 female +, + +2-4.II.1973 + +, +H. & H. D. Ebert +leg. + + +DZ 5953; +Lages +, +Painel +, + +1000 m + +, +1female +, + +24.II.1983 + +, +Mielke +& +Casagrande +leg. + +DZ 5856, +1 female +, +23.II.1973 +, Mielke leg. + +DZ 6033, +Lages +, +Parque Pedras Brancas +, + +920 m + +, +2 females +, + +13.II.1973 + +, +Mielke +& +Sakakibara +leg. + +DZ 5920, DZ 6066. + + + +Rio Grande +do Sul + + +: +Serra Geral +, +Canela +, + +800 m + +, +1 male +, + +22.I.1973 + +, +H & H. D. Ebert, H. +DZ 3766. ZUEC + +– + + +Santa Catarina + +: +Bom Jardim da Serra +, +1 male +and +1 female +, + +1360 m + +, + +11.I.2011 + +, +L.A.Kaminski +leg. + + +ZUEC-AVLF – + + +Rio Grande +do Sul + + +: +São Francisco de Paula +, +Floresta Nacional do Pinho +, +4 males +(DNA vouchers AC117, AC118, AC119, AC120), + +31.XII.2007 + +, +L.A.Kaminski +leg. + +; +1 male +, +1.I.2009 +, L.A.Kaminski; +1 female +(DNA voucher AC210), +7.XII.2009 +, L.A.Kaminski leg. + +MZSP – + +Paraná + +: +Lapa +, +2 males +, +1 female +, + +XI.1940 + +, +B. Pohl +leg. + + + +Santa Catarina + +: +Rio das Antas +, +1 female +, + +I.1953 + +, +Camargo +leg. + + + + + +Fig. 10. +(A and B) Habitat of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +; (C and D) Habitat of + +Actinote alalia + +. (A) General view of the montane forests in Campos do Jordão, São Paulo State (1400–1600 m a.s.l.); (B) region of contact between grassland and high altitude forest, Pico do Itapeva, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo State (1800 m a.s.l.); (C) general view of the montane forests in São Francisco de Paula, +Rio Grande +do Sul State (900–1100 m a.s.l.); (D) close view of the montane forest in São Francisco de Paula, +Rio Grande +do Sul State (900 m a.s.l.); the characteristic + +Araucaria + +trees are visible near the trail (black arrow). + + + + +Fig. 11. +Recorded distribution of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(open circles) and + +Actinote alalia + +(solid circles) in Brazil. Locality data include records compiled from Paluch (2006), museum data (see text) and recent sightings (AVLF, unpublished data). + + + + + +Immature stages + + + +Egg ( +Fig. 5C and D +). Light yellow when first laid, changing gradually to pinkish red during the first 24 h; barrel-shaped with 13–15 vertical ribs and several (∼12) weakly marked horizontal ribs; mean height 0.72 mm (range 0.71–0.73 mm, +n += 3), mean diameter 0.42 mm (range 0.24–0.52 mm, +n += 3). Aeropyles localized only near base of egg, in two irregular rows (not every vertical rib bears an aeropyle). + + +First instar. Head light brown, smooth, without scoli; body pale cream, without scoli and with long pale setae arising from pinacula; legs pale brown, prolegs pale, anal plate pale brown. Prothoracic plate pale and difficult to observe under stereomicroscope. T1 presents only 2 subventral setae, the same condition as in + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. + + +Last instar ( +Fig. 8F +). Head dark brown, smooth with thin pale setae and without scoli, spines or chalazae; body bluish dorsally, green ventrally, with a conspicuous lateral band, this is orange in thoracic segments and cream in abdominal segments. Covered with medium sized scoli bearing bluish setae; scoli are dark in T1-T2 and A9-A10 and bluish in T3 through A8; legs black, prolegs green; anal plate dark brown. + +Pupa. General profile elongated, ground color pale yellow with dark brown markings in wing cases and abdomen; abdominal segments mobile, with a series of five pairs of subdorsal black spines from segments A2 to A6. + +Adult and immature behavior, host plants and natural history. Oviposition of + +A. alalia + +was recorded on + +Grazielia serrata +(Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob + +( +Asteraceae +). Females were observed ovipositing at the end of the afternoon, approximately 05:00 PM. (L. A. Kaminski, pers. comm.) on the underside of mature leaves of their host plants ( +Fig.8G +).Ovipositions are large, varying from 411 to +442 eggs +( +n += 2). Newly hatched larvae first consumed the chorion, and after 3–5 h began to feed on leaf tissue. First instars fed on the underside leaf tissue by scraping the leaf surface, while later instars were observed consuming the entire leaf. In the first instar, frass pellets were glued onto the leaf by silk, not falling to the ground. First instars were gregarious and all activities, such as feeding, resting, or moving between leaves, occurred simultaneously. + + +As reported for + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +, adults of + +A. alalia + +were only observed on sunny days, quickly disappearing when weather conditions became cloudy. Males began to fly around 10:00 AM, usually flying +3–5 m +high. Females were seldom observed, and territorial behavior courtship behavior or copulation were not perceived. All known populations of + +A. alalia + +were recorded in preserved subtropical wet montane forest above +800 m +altitude, where the climate approaches temperate conditions, including cold winters with frequent frosts and temperature frequently falling below 0 +◦ +C. Males were observed feeding on flowers of several species of forest edge plants. Adults are univoltine in all known populations, with only one flight period during the warmer months, from December to February. Adults of + +A. alalia + +are sexually dimorphic, with males having a deep orange coloration ( +Figs. 2E, F +, +9G +), and females being much more translucent ( +Fig.2G and H +). In most study sites individuals were never abundant, with usually 2–6 individuals observed in a typical day of field work (4–5 h of observation), most of which were males. This species is part of the “orangish red mimicry complex” of + +Actinote +( +sensu +Francini, 1989 +) + +( +Fig. 9 +), and is sympatric with three other + +Actinote + +co-mimics, namely, + +Actinote dalmeidai + +( +Fig. 9E +), + +Actinote surima + +( +Fig. 9F +) and + +Actinote catarina +Penz, 1996 + +( +Fig. 9H +) and one pierid co-mimic, + +Dismorphia melia +(Godart, [1824]) + +( +Pieridae +: +Dismorphiinae +) (see +Dias et al., 2016 +). + + + + +Habitat. In all known localities, the species is associated with preserved montane mixed forest (also known as +Araucaria Forest +due to the presence of +Paraná +pine + +Araucaria angustifolia + +), usually in altitudes above + +800 m +. + +Males and females are observed in forest edges and in areas of contact between forest and high altitude natural grasslands ( +Fig. 10C and D +). + + + + +Geographic +distribution. +The +species is known from the mountains of southern +Brazil +in the +States +of +Paraná +, +Santa Catarina +and + +Rio Grande +do Sul + +, at altitudes from + +800 to 1400 m + +( +Fig. 11 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/30/45/87/3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.xml b/data/30/45/87/3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..eafdb5bab7d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/30/45/87/3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1445 @@ + + + +A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil + + + +Author + +Freitas, André Victor Lucci +Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brazil + + + +Author + +Francini, Ronaldo Bastos +Universidade Católica de Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil + + + +Author + +Paluch, Márlon +Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil + + + +Author + +Barbosa, Eduardo Proença +Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brazil + +text + + +Revista Brasileira de Entomologia + + +2018 + +Rev. Bras. Entomol. + + +2018-02-09 + + +62 + + +2 + + +135 +147 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003 + +journal article +10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003 +1806-9665 +13195777 + + + + + +Actinote mantiqueira +Freitas, Francini, Paluch & Barbosa + +, + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +Actinote alalia + +; +Ebert, 1969:35 +; +Lewis, 1973:43 +, fig. 1; +Lewis, 1975:43 +, fig. 1; +Penz & Francini, 1996:313 +, fig. 4a,b,c, 317; +Francini & Penz, 2006 +: figs. 8, 9, Plate 12; +Silva-Brandão et al., 2008:519 +, 528, figs. 3, 4, 5; +Freitas et al., 2009b:88 +; +Freitas et al., 2010:100 +, 103. + + + +Actinote alalia alalia + +; + +Eltringham & +Jordan +, 1913:10 + +. + + + +Actinote +undescribed species + +; +Freitas et al., 2010:103 +. + + + + +Diagnosis + + +The wing color and pattern are typical of the “orangish red mimicry complex” ( +Francini, 1989 +), with dark brown stripes on an orangish red background on the dorsal wing surfaces ( +Fig. 9 +), but the new species can be distinguished from all other previously described species in this complex by several morphological characters (see +Francini and Penz, 2006 +). The males of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp.nov. +can be distinguished from those of + +Actinote alalia + +by the usually broader transverse dark brown bands on the dorsal forewing ( +Fig. 2A and E +). On the dorsal forewing, + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +can be distinguished from + +A. alalia + +by the presence of a usually continuous dark band in the internal margin (this is mostly orange in + +A. alalia + +). On the ventral hindwing, + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +can be distinguished from + +A. alalia + +by the faintly marked, orange v-shaped transverse band (this band is conspicuously marked in + +A. alalia + +), by the absence of a complete dark bar crossing the middle of the discal cell (this dark bar is present in + +A. alalia + +, delimiting a basal orange area), and by the absence of a distinct patch of orange scales in the humeral angle, basally to the humeral vein (this region is covered by cream scales in + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +) ( +Fig. 2B and F +). Females are very similar in both species ( +Fig. 2C and G +), and hardly discernible; the most consistent character is the presence of a distinct patch of orange scales in the humeral angle, basally to the humeral vein, in + +A. alalia + +(cream in + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +) ( +Fig. 2D and H +). The male genitalia of both species are very similar, and the main difference is the profile of the saccus, which is more triangular and pointed in + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +, and bumped and abruptly enlarging near the base in + +A. alalia + +( +Fig. 3D and L +). + + + + +Fig. 1. +Holotype male (A) and allotype female (B) of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(left = dorsal; right = ventral). Scale bar = 10 mm. + + + + +Fig. 2. +Comparative plate showing the main differences in wing pattern between + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +and + +Actinote alalia + +. (A) Male paratype of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(dorsal left, ventral right); (B) detail of humeral region in male VHW; (C) female paratype of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(dorsal left, ventral right); (D) detail of humeral region in female VHW; (E) male of + +A. alalia + +(dorsal left, ventral right); (F) detail of humeral region in male VHW; (G) female of + +A. alalia + +(dorsal left, ventral right); (H) detail of humeral region in female VHW. + + + + +Description + + +Male ( +Figs. 1A +, +2A,B +, +4A–D +, +9A +): Antenna black, +11–12 mm +in length ( +n += 11), extending to mid-costa, with 42 antennomeres, 9 of which form a well-defined club. Palpus length about 2.0 times head height. Male palpus shown in +Fig. 4B +. Forewing narrow and elongated, length +25–28 mm +(mean = 26.8 mm, SD = 1.08 mm, +n += 11); hindwing rounded, about two-thirds length of forewing, length +18–21 mm +(mean = 19.7 mm, SD = 0.90 mm, +n += 11). Male wing venation as shown in +Fig. 4A +. Male foreleg ( +Fig. 4C +) with a single tarsomere. Male midleg as shown in +Fig. 4D +. Body dark brown, abdomen ventrally covered by cream scales. Forewing dorsal background dark orange with dark brown veins and stripes as follows: a broad dark brown margin, broad in apex and narrowing toward tornus; entire space from anal margin to 2A dark brown; three additional broad dark brown transverse stripes, first extending from costa to CuA +2 +, two thirds from base, second v-shaped crossing discal cell in mid portion, and third crossing space CuA +2 +-2A halfway from base. Many individuals present a dark cubital spot adjacent to discal cell near wing base. Hindwing dorsal background dark orange with broad dark brown margin; all veins dark brown, and narrow dark brown stripes extending in inter-venal spaces; some individuals can present transverse patches of dark scales crossing proximally spaces M +1 +-M +2 +, M +2 +-M +3 +, M +3 +-CuA +1 +and CuA +1 +-CuA +2 +, in some cases almost forming a v-shaped transverse band. Ventral forewing with a pattern very similar to dorsal pattern, but lacking broad dark brown margin; ventral hindwing more homogeneously cream, with dark brown veins and stripes in inter-venal spaces. + + +Male genitalia ( +Fig. 3A–G +): Valvae elongated and curved, length about four times width of median portion; broader at base; apex rounded with a conspicuous curl toward middle line of body. In dorsal view, basal portion of uncus wide, abruptly narrowing, ending in a point. Tegumen long and broad, trapezoidal with a slight constriction at middle. Gnathos absent. In ventral view, saccus shaped as an isosceles triangle, about half length of genital capsule. Aedeagus about half length of genital capsule, ending in a sharp point, in lateral view straight. Juxta broad, about same width of base of one valva (in ventral view), tear-shaped (with an anterior pointed process); length equal to width. + + + +Fig. 3. +Male and female genital characters of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(A–H) and + +Actinote alalia + +(I–P). + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +: (A) lateral view of male genitalia; (B) uncus in dorsal view; (C) aedeagus dorsal (above) and lateral (below); (D) saccus, ventral view; (E) valva, ventral view; (F) juxta; G. 8th sternite; (H) female sterigma. + +A. alalia + +: (I) lateral view of male genitalia; (J) uncus in dorsal view; (K) aedeagus dorsal (above) and lateral (below); (L) saccus, ventral view; (M) valva, ventral view; (N) juxta; (O) 8th sternite; (P) female sterigma. ae, aedeagus; ju, juxta; sa, saccus; un, uncus; va, valva. + + + + +Fig. 4. +Morphological characters of males (A–D) and females (E–H) of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(A) Wing venation; (B) Palpus; (C) Foreleg; (D) Midleg; (E) Wing venation; (F) Palpus; (G) Foreleg; (H) Midleg. + + + +Female ( +Figs. 1B +, +2C,D +, +4E–H +, +8B +): Antenna black, +12 mm +in length ( +n += 3), extending to mid-costa, with 41 antennomeres, +10 in +club. Female palpus as shown in + +Fig. +4F + +. Forewing narrow and elongated, length +29–31 mm +(mean = 29.3 mm, SD = 1.53 mm, +n += 3). Hindwing rounded, not translucent, length +20–22 mm +(mean = 20.7 mm, SD = 1.15 mm, +n += 3). Female wing venation is shown in +Fig. 4E +. Color pattern of female wings similar to that of males but paler. Foreleg with six segments on tarsus, with third segment bearing one short setae ( +Fig. 4G +). Female midleg as shown in +Fig. 4H +. + + +Female genitalia ( +Fig.3H +): Corpus bursae rounded, signa absent. Ductus bursae not sclerotized, same length as corpus bursae; sterigma trapezoidal. + + + + + +Taxonomy and variation + + + +As has been reported for most species of + +Actinote + +, + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +also presents intraspecific variation, especially in female color pattern (males are more uniform). Minor variation has also been reported in wing venation and genitalia. The most variable characters are the extent of the humeral vein, which can reach or not the wing edge, and the shape of the saccus apex, which can vary from pointed to almost rounded. The populations from Serra da Bocaina ( +São Paulo State +) are slightly different on then ventral hindwing, with the orange v-shaped transverse band more conspicuously marked. + + + +Holotype +( +Fig. 1A +). +Male +from +Pindamonhangaba +, +São Paulo +, +Brazil +(22 +◦ +46 +l +3.62 +llS +45 +◦ +31 +l +27.08 +llW +). Deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC), Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Labels on the holotype (five labels separated by transverse bars): /HOLOTYPUS/ +Mirante do Pico do Itapeva +, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo: Brazil + +28.XII.2016 + +, + +2000 m + +, 22 +◦ +46 +l +3.62 +llS +45 +◦ +31 +l +27.08 +llW +, +L.M. Magaldi +, leg./Holotypus— + +Actinote mantiqueira +Freitas, Francini, Paluch & Barbosa + +det. 2017/DNA voucher – BLU 936/ZUEC LEP 10004/ + +. + + + +Allotype +( +Fig. 1B +). Same data as Holotype. Deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas ( +ZUEC +), Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Labels on the allotype (five labels separated by transverse bars): /ALLOTYPUS/ +Mirante do Pico do Itapeva +, +Pindamonhangaba +, +São Paulo +: +Brazil + +28.XII.2016 + +, + +2000 m + +, 22 +◦ +46 +l +3.62 +llS +45 +◦ +31 +l +27.08 +llW +, +L.M. Magaldi +, leg./Allotypus— + +Actinote mantiqueira +Freitas, Francini, Paluch & Barbosa + +det. 2017/DNA voucher – BLU 939/ZUEC LEP 10005/ + +. + + + +Paratypes +(All from +Brazil +). + +Minas Gerais + +: +Itamonte +, +Caminho para Agulhas Negras, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia +, + +1800 m + +, +1 male +, + +4.XII.1991 + +, +A. V. L. Freitas +leg. ( +ZUEC-AVLF +) + +. + + +São Paulo + +: +Piquete +, +Estrada para São Francisco dos Campos do Jordão +, + +1800 m + +, +1 male +, + +5.XII.2004 + +, +R.B.Francini +leg. (R. B. Francini col. #22) + +; + +Campos do Jordão +, +Alto da Boa Vista +, + +1800 m + +, +1 male +, + +6.XII.2007 + +(DNA voucher AC 110), +A. V. L. Freitas +leg + +.; + +Pindamonhangaba +, +Pico do Itapeva +, + +1800 m + +, +1 female +, + +31.XII.2005 + +, +A. V. L. Freitas +leg.; + + +6 males +(DNA vouchers AC111, AC112, AC113, AC114, AC115, AC116), + +6.XII.2007 + +, +A.V.L.Freitas +leg.( +ZUEC-AVLF +) + +; + +Mirante do Pico do Itapeva +, + +2000 m + +, +3 males +, + +28.XII.2016 + +, 22 +◦ +46 +l +3.62 +llS +45 +◦ +31 +l +27.08 +llW +, +L. M. Magaldi +, leg. (DNA vouchers BLU 937, BLU 938, BLU 940) (ZUEC LEP 10006, ZUEC LEP 10007, ZUEC LEP 10008) ( +ZUEC +) + +; + +Santo Antônio do Pinhal +, +Estrada para o Pico Agudo +, + +1220 m + +, + +20.XI.2013 + +, 22 +◦ +51 +l +1 +llS +45 +◦ +39 +l +42 +llW +, +T.S.Souza +leg (ZUEC LEP 10003) ( +ZUEC +) + +. + + + + +Additional studied material (all from +Brazil +). DZUP – + +Minas Gerais + +: +Camanducaia +, +Monteverde +, + +1650 m + +, +3 males +and +6 females +, + +22.XII.1968 + +, +1 male +, + +23.XII.1968 + +, +4 males +, + +27.XII.1968 + +, +H. Ebert +leg. DZ 3769, DZ 3772, DZ 3771, DZ 5848, DZ 5865, DZ 6041, DZ 5961, DZ 5937, DZ 5896, DZ 3773, DZ 3774, DZ 3474, DZ 7869, DZ 3770; +Santos Dumont +, +Rio Novo +, + +850 m + +, +1 male +, + +13.XI.1953 + +, +H. Ebert +leg. DZ 5849; +Barbacena +, +Serra da Mantiqueira +, + +1100 m + +, +1 female +, + +4.XII.1952 + +, +H. Ebert +leg. DZ 7091; +Poços de Caldas +, + +1250 m + +, +1 male +, + +10.XII.1966 + +, +2 males +, + +11.XII.1966 + +, +1 male +, + +15.XII.1966 + +, +3 males +, + +17.XII.1966 + +, +H. Ebert +leg. DZ 3776, DZ 3786, DZ 3785, DZ 3787, DZ, 3767, DZ 3788, DZ 2977; +Delfim Moreira +, 15 +Km SE +, + +1500–1700 m + +, +2 females +, + +22-23.I.2004 + +, +Mielke +& +Casagrande +leg. DZ 9290, DZ 9250. + +Rio de Janeiro + +: +P. N. Itatiaia +, + +1600 m + +, +2 females +, + +12.I.1973 + +, +Mielke +leg. DZ 5969, DZ 5857; +Imbariê +, + +25 m + +, +1 female +, + +29.VII.1964 + +, +H. Ebert +leg. DZ 5928; +Itatiaia +, +Oeste +, + +1400 m + +, +2 males +, + +22.XII.1957 + +, +H. Ebert +leg. DZ 3782, DZ 3110; +Teresópolis +, + +1000 m + +, +1 female +, + +5.I.1973 + +, +Mielke +leg. DZ 7997. + +São Paulo + +: +Campos do Jordão +, + +1700 m + +, +1 female +, + +30.I.1966 + +, +H. Ebert +leg.DZ 5945, +Campos do Jordão +, +Toriba +, +2 males +, + +12.XI.1922 + +, +1 male +, + +16.XII.1952 + +, +D Almeida +& +L.Travassos Filho +leg. DZ 3781, DZ 3762, DZ 2974; +Bananal +, +Bocaina +, +2 males +and +2 females +, + +2.I.1937 + +, +Travassos +leg. DZ 3780, DZ 3779, DZ 5913, DZ 5904. IOC – + +Minas Gerais + +: +Passa Quatro +, +Fazenda dos Campos +, + +1600 m + +, +1 female +, + +2.XII.1915 + +, +1 female +, + +5.XII.1915 + +, +J.F. Zikán +leg. I.O.C. no 25195, +No. +25196. + +Rio de Janeiro + +: +Itatiaia +, +Campo Belo +, +2 females +, + +10.XII.1919 + +, +1 female +, + +12.II.1920 + +, km12, +1 female +, + +20.I.1925 + +, +J.F.Zikán +leg. I.O.C. No. 25193, +No. +25177, +No. +25198, +No. +25217, +1 female +, + +30.XI.1920 + +, +1 female +, + +29.XII.1920 + +, +M. Zikán +leg.I.O.C.No.25176, +No. +25178. + +São Paulo + +: +Bananal +, +3 males +and +3 females +, + +8.I.1937 + +, +L. Travassos Filho +leg. +Coll. Travassos. +MNRJ – + +Rio de Janeiro + +: +Nova Friburgo +, +1 female +, + +III.1934 + +, +Col. J. Oiticica Filho. + +São Paulo + +: +Campos do Jordão +, +3 females +, + +29.I.1933 + +, +Travassos +& J. +Oiticica Filho +, +Col. J. Oiticica Filho +; +Bananal +, +Bocaina +, +3 females +, + +I.1937 + +, +A. Costa +leg. +Col. Dr. A. Costa No. +4376, +No. +4377, +No. +4365. ZUEC-AVLF – + +Minas Gerais + +: +Andradas +, +Pico do Gavião +, + +1600 m + +, +1 male +, + +12.XII.2017 + +, 22 +◦ +1 +l +1 +llS +46 +◦ +37 +l +37 +llW +, +A.V.L. Freitas +, +L.M. Magaldi +, +J.Y.O. Carreira +& +A. Tacioli +leg.; +Poços de Caldas +, +Serra do Cristo +, + +1560 m + +, +2 males +, + +15.XII.2017 + +, +L. M. Magaldi +& +A. Tacioli +leg. + +São Paulo + +: +Silveiras +, ponte sobre o +Rio do Higino +, +Serra da Bocaina +, +2 males +(DNA vouchers AC176, AC180) and +2 females +(DNA vouchers AC174, AC179), + +17.I.2009 + +, +K. L. Silva-Brandão +leg; +Serra da Bocaina +, + +1450 m + +, +2 males +, + +19.XII.2017 + +, 22 +◦ +47 +l +54 +llS +44 +◦ +42 +l +48 +llW +, +L.M. Magaldi +, +A. Tacioli +& +A.H.B. Rosa +leg. + + + + + +Immature stages + + + +Egg ( +Figs.5A,B +, +8C +). Light yellow when first laid, changing gradually to pinkish red after 24 h; barrel-shaped with 13–16 vertical ribs and several (∼14–17) weakly marked horizontal ribs; mean height +0.683 mm +(range 0.67–0.71 mm, +n += 3), mean diameter +0.412 mm +(range 0.37–0.44 mm, +n += 9). Aeropyles localized only near base of egg, in two irregular rows (not every vertical rib bears an aeropyle). + + +First instar ( +Figs. 6 +and +7A +). Head brown, smooth, without scoli, mean width 0.33 mm (range 0.29–0.36 mm, +n += 3); body pale cream, without scoli and with long pale setae arising from pinacula; legs pale brown, prolegs pale, anal plate pale brown. Prothoracic plate pale and difficult to observe under stereomicroscope. T1 presents only 2 subventral setae, similar to + +Actinote alalia + +. Head chaetotaxy and body chaetotaxy are presented in +Figs. 6 +and +7A +, respectively. Maximum reported length 3.0 mm. + + +Last instar ( +Figs. 7B +and +8D +). Head dark brown, smooth with thin pale setae and without scoli, spines or chalazae, mean width 3.14 mm (range 3.01–3.24 mm, SD = +0.073 mm +, +n += 4); body dark brown dorsally, pale cream laterally and ventrally, covered with medium sized dark brown scoli bearing brown setae from T1 to A1 and from A7 to A10, and white setae from A2 to A6; legs black, prolegs pale cream; anal plate dark brown.Maximum length: +40 mm +( +n += 4). Scoli distribution as in +Fig.7B +.Prepupa changes color, becoming pale cream with a more homogeneous coloration. + + +Pupa ( +Fig. 8E +). General profile elongated, ground color pale yellow cream with dark brown markings in wing cases and abdomen; abdominal segments mobile, with a series of five pairs of subdorsal black spines from segments A2 to A6. Total length +20–21 mm +( +n += 2). + + +Adult and immature behavior, host plants and natural history. Larvae of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +have been recorded using + +Eupatorium intermedium + +and + +Eupatorium +sp. + +(a species very similar to + +E. intermedium + +) ( +Asteraceae +) ( +Fig. 8A +) as host plants ( +Penz and Francini, 1996 +; RBF and AVLF pers. obs.). Females were observed ovipositing from 12:00 to 02:00 PM on the underside of mature leaves of their host plants ( +Fig. 8B +). Ovipositions are large ( +Fig. 8C +), varying from 409 to +453 eggs +( +n += 4). Newly hatched larvae first consumed the chorion, and after 3–5 h began to feed on leaf tissue. First instars fed on the underside leaf tissue by scraping the leaf surface, while later instars were observed consuming the entire leaf. In first instars, frass pellets were glued onto the leaf by silk, not falling to the ground. Larvae were consistently gregarious in all instars, and all activities, such as feeding, resting, or moving between leaves, occurred simultaneously. + + + +Fig. 5. +Eggs of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(A – lateral view, B – dorsal view) and + +Actinote alalia + +(C – lateral view, D – dorsal view) in scanning electron microscopy. + + + + +Fig. 6. +Chaetotaxy of first instar head capsule of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(setae nomenclature on the right side and pore nomenclature on the left side). + + + +Adults were only observed on sunny days, quickly disappearing when weather conditions became cloudy. Males began to fly around 10:00 AM, usually flying +2–5 m +high. Females were seldom observed, and territorial behavior courtship behavior or copulation were not perceived. All known populations of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +were recorded in well-preserved subtropical wet montane forest above +1000 m +altitude, where the climate approaches temperate conditions, including cold winters with frequent frosts and temperature frequently falling below 0 +◦ +C. Males were observed feeding on flowers of + +Croton urucurana +Baill. + +( +Euphorbiaceae +), + +Chromolaena punctulata + +(D.C.) R. King & H. Robins ( +Asteraceae +) and on several other species of forest edge plants. Adults are univoltine in all known populations, with only one flight period during the warmer months, from late November to early February. Adults of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +are sexually dimorphic, with males having a deep orange coloration ( +Figs. 1A +, +2A,B +, +9A +), and females being much more translucent and sometimes having the subapical spot on the forewing light cream ( +Figs. 1B +, +2C,D +). In most studied sites individuals were never abundant, with usually 5–30 individuals observed in a typical day of field work (4–5 h of observation), most of which were males. This species is part of the “orangish red mimicry complex” of + +Actinote +( +sensu +Francini, 1989 +) + +( +Fig. 9 +), and is sympatric with five other + +Actinote + +co-mimics, namely + +Actinote bonita +Penz, 1996 + +( +Fig. 9B +), + +Actinote conspicua + + +Jordan +, 1913 + +( +Fig. 9C +), + +Actinote quadra +(Schaus, 1902) + +( +Fig. 9D +), + +Actinote dalmeidai +Francini, 1996 + +( +Fig. 9E +), and + +Actinote surima +(Schaus, 1902) + +( +Fig. 9F +) and one pierid co-mimic, + +Dismorphia melia +(Godart, [1824]) + +( +Pieridae +: +Dismorphiinae +) (see +Dias et al., 2016 +). + + + +Fig. 7. +Larval body diagrams of + +Actinote mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +(A) First instar body chaetotaxy; (B) last instar scoli distribution. + + + +Habitat. In all known localities, the species is associated with well-preserved montane ombrophilic forest, usually at altitudes above +1000 m +.Males and females are easily observed in forest edges and in areas of contact between forest and high altitude natural grasslands ( +Fig. 10A and B +). + + + + +Geographic distribution. The species is known from the Serra da Mantiqueira region, from the Serra da Bocaina and Serra dos Órgãos, at altitudes from +1000 to 2000 m +( +Fig. 11 +). + + + + +Etymology. Mantiqueira is a word in native Tupi language meaning “rain drops” (from +amana += rain and +tykyra += drop) and is the name of a large mountain range in SE +Brazil +(Serra da Mantiqueira), where most of the known populations of + +A. mantiqueira + +sp. nov. +occur. + + + + \ No newline at end of file