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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7544c335-5f90-4cd3-b0ce-2dd82a4c0e94" ID-PMC="PMC8927086" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1088-99" ID-Pensoft-UUID="1CD7CED3CC645A4E96405A90761713F1" ID-PubMed="35437371" ID-ZooBank="51CD3C78D6F8484588DB14297A1B2218" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1088-99" checkinTime="1646885859059" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yu, Chuan, Zhang, Dongsheng, Zhang, Ruiyan &amp; Wang, Chunsheng" docDate="2022" docId="4C5D41F2E0015F169CC4C7BD5818D277" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1088: 99-114" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1088" docPubDate="2022-03-09" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141" docTitle="Benthodytes jiaolongi Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="85760628-2F68-4800-B9DA-694C8BF167A2" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="1CD7CED3CC645A4E96405A90761713F1" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="1CD7CED3CC645A4E96405A90761713F1" masterDocTitle="New psychropotid species (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, Elasipodida) of the Western Pacific with phylogenetic analyses" masterLastPageNumber="114" masterPageNumber="99" pageNumber="99" updateTime="1668151534393" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New psychropotid species (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, Elasipodida) of the Western Pacific with phylogenetic analyses</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yu, Chuan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China &amp; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhang, Dongsheng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China &amp; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China &amp; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhang, Ruiyan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wang, Chunsheng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China &amp; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China &amp; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China &amp; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">wangsio@sio.org.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-03-09</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1088</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>99</mods:start>
<mods:end>114</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1088-99</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">51CD3C78D6F8484588DB14297A1B2218</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">1CD7CED3CC645A4E96405A90761713F1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="193895024" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:85760628-2F68-4800-B9DA-694C8BF167A2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C5D41F2E0015F169CC4C7BD5818D277" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/85760628-2F68-4800-B9DA-694C8BF167A2" authority="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang, 2022" authorityName="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2022" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes jiaolongi" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jiaolongi" status="sp. nov.">Benthodytes jiaolongi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="99">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A, B Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov. (RSIO 3710601, holotype) in situ on the seamount Weijia Guyot C specimen (RSIO 6017101, paratype) in situ on the Kyushu-Palau Ridge D specimen (paratype) before preservation in 10 % seawater formalin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655646" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figs 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov. A dorsal view B ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655647" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A-C scanning electron micrographs of dorsal body wall ossicles from Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov., RSIO 590506 D-F dorsal body wall ossicles from Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov., RSIO 6017101 G-J ossicles of tentacles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655648" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">, 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Type material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Holotype</emphasis>
: RSIO6017101, adult specimen, collection number: DY60-JL171-B01,
<geoCoordinate degrees="16.935" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="16.935">16.935°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="134.911" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="134.911">134.911°E</geoCoordinate>
,12 January 2021, 2602 m;
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Paratype</emphasis>
: RSIO3710601, adult specimen, collection number: DY37-JL106-B01,
<geoCoordinate degrees="13.017" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="13.017">13.017°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="156.947" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="156.947">156.947°E</geoCoordinate>
, 1 May 2016, 2408 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Non-type material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
RSIO590504, adult specimen, collection number: DY59-ROV05-B04,
<geoCoordinate degrees="16.916" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="16.916">16.916°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="134.916" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="134.916">134.916°E</geoCoordinate>
, 20 July 2020, 2692 m; RSIO590506, adult specimen, collection number: DY59-ROV05-B06,
<geoCoordinate degrees="16.933" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="16.933">16.933°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="134.916" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="134.916">134.916°E</geoCoordinate>
, 20 July 2020, 2453 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Body elongated and subcylindrical when fixed. Skin red with violet, thin, soft. No obvious large papillae arranged on dorsal surface. Some minute papillae, conical with tips, on the anterior dorsum. Brim narrow, thin, flattened. Mouth ventral, anus terminal. Eighteen tentacles; circum-oral papillae present. Dorsal ossicles include rods and primary crosses with four arms. Rods present in tentacles. Ossicles of ventrum not observed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
(RSIO6017101). Length was approximately 25 cm before preservation in 10% seawater formalin. Color violet in life (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A, B Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov. (RSIO 3710601, holotype) in situ on the seamount Weijia Guyot C specimen (RSIO 6017101, paratype) in situ on the Kyushu-Palau Ridge D specimen (paratype) before preservation in 10 % seawater formalin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655646" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">2C</figureCitation>
); skin transparent, thin, soft, and gelatinous after fixing. Brim retracted less than 0.7 cm in width. Approximately nineteen pairs of dorsal papillae poorly developed, minute, closely placed in two bands along anterior dorsal radii. Another four single minute papillae on posterior dorsal edge. Approximately 28 pairs midventral tube feet arranged in two rows. Mouth ventral, with circum-oral papillae. Anus terminal, unguarded. Due to the contraction, tentacles could not be clearly observed. Few ossicles observed. Dorsal ossicles in the anterior body wall, consisting of primary crosses with spiny arms, and spinous rods (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A-C scanning electron micrographs of dorsal body wall ossicles from Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov., RSIO 590506 D-F dorsal body wall ossicles from Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov., RSIO 6017101 G-J ossicles of tentacles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655648" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">4A-F</figureCitation>
). Rods approximately 400
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long, arms of crosses approximately 200
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long. Tentacles with rods, 400-500
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A-C scanning electron micrographs of dorsal body wall ossicles from Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov., RSIO 590506 D-F dorsal body wall ossicles from Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov., RSIO 6017101 G-J ossicles of tentacles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655648" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">4G-J</figureCitation>
). Other body parts devoid of ossicles.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655646" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A, B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2022" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes jiaolongi" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (RSIO3710601, holotype) in situ on the seamount Weijia Guyot
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">C</emphasis>
specimen (RSIO6017101, paratype) in situ on the Kyushu-Palau Ridge
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">D</emphasis>
specimen (paratype) before preservation in 10% seawater formalin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Description of paratypes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
RSIO3710601. Specimen approximately 22 cm in length, 5 cm wide at maximum point. Color red-violet
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">in situ</emphasis>
at the seabed (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A, B Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov. (RSIO 3710601, holotype) in situ on the seamount Weijia Guyot C specimen (RSIO 6017101, paratype) in situ on the Kyushu-Palau Ridge D specimen (paratype) before preservation in 10 % seawater formalin." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655646" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">2A, B</figureCitation>
); pale violet at sea surface, with transparent skin; white color after preservation in 10% seawater formalin for 5 years. Paired dorsal papillae as present in holotype absent, minute papillae also not distinguished. Owing to long-term preservation, quantity of midventral tube feet could not be determined, but were arranged in two rows. Brim could not be distinguished. Mouth ventral, with circum-oral papillae, anus terminal. Eighteen tentacles retracted to stalk. Ossicles not observed.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655647" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2022" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes jiaolongi" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B</emphasis>
ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">RSIO590504.Specimen approximately 22 cm in length before preservation in 10% seawater formalin. Color red-violet on deck, skin transparent; white color after preservation. During sampling, a piece of sponge was stuck in the ROV pump sampler, and the specimen was damaged by the sponge, meaning that the tentacles could not be determined and the dorsal tips could not be distinguished. Quantity of midventral tube feet could not be determined. Mouth ventral, anus terminal. Ossicles not observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
RSIO590506. Specimen approximately 13 cm in length before preservation in 99% alcohol and heavily damaged. Color red-violet at sea surface, skin transparent. The specimen was stained with sponge as was RSIO590504 and many external characters could not be distinguished. Mouth ventral, anus terminal. Few rods observed on dorsal region (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A-C scanning electron micrographs of dorsal body wall ossicles from Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov., RSIO 590506 D-F dorsal body wall ossicles from Benthodytes jiaolongi sp. nov., RSIO 6017101 G-J ossicles of tentacles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655648" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">4A-C</figureCitation>
). Rods approximately 400
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, spine terminal. Ossicles from body wall not observed.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655648" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A-C</emphasis>
scanning electron micrographs of dorsal body wall ossicles from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2022" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes jiaolongi" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., RSIO590506
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">D-F</emphasis>
dorsal body wall ossicles from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2022" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes jiaolongi" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., RSIO6017101
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">G-J</emphasis>
ossicles of tentacles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
The name is derived from the first Chinese HOV
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Jiaolong’">'Jiaolong'</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes typica" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
, 1882 (by original designation).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Kyushu-Palau Ridge, tropical Western Pacific. Depth: 2453-2692 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Known from Weijia Guyot and Kyushu-Palau Ridge.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Nature Methods" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" refId="B4" refString="Hansen, B, 1975. Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950-52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1-262." title="Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1 - 262." year="1975">Hansen (1975)</bibRefCitation>
revised the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and proposed that this genus, except
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koehler &amp; Vaney" authorityYear="1905" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes superba" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="superba">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes superba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Koehler &amp; Vaney, 1905, could be divided into two distinct groups based on the ossicles and external morphology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
The first group was characterized by the regular crosses, ossicles with bipartite central apophysis and well-developed dorsal papillae. This group included five species:
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. incerta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="incerta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. incerta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ludwig, 1894;
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. lingua" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="lingua">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. lingua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Perrier, 1896;
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. valdiviae" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="valdiviae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. valdiviae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hansen, 1975;
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. sibogae" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sluiter, 1901a and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. plana" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="plana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. plana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hansen, 1975.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes sanguinolenta" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sanguinolenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes sanguinolenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
, 1882 and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
, 1882 formed the second group characterized by strongly reduced rod ossicles, and minute dorsal papillae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
Recently, five more species were identified:
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gosarsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="gosarsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. gosarsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gebruk, 2008;
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. wolffi" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="wolffi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. wolffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rogacheva &amp; Cross in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2096.1.28" author="Rogacheva, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="460 - 478" refId="B13" refString="Rogacheva, A, Cross, IA, Billett, DSM, 2009. Psychropotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida) collected at abyssal depths from around the Crozet Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocean. Zootaxa 2096 (1): 460 - 478, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2096.1.28" title="Psychropotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida) collected at abyssal depths from around the Crozet Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2096.1.28" volume="2096" year="2009">Rogacheva et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. violeta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="violeta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. violeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Martinez,
<normalizedToken originalValue="SolísMarín">SolisMarin</normalizedToken>
&amp; Penchaszadeh, 2014;
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. manusensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="manusensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. manusensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2018.1546012" author="Xiao, N" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="816 - 826" refId="B19" refString="Xiao, N, Li, X, Sha, Z, 2018. Psychropotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida) of the tropical Western Pacific collected by the KEXUE expedition with description of one new species. Marine Biology Research 14 (8): 816 - 826, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2018.1546012" title="Psychropotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida) of the tropical Western Pacific collected by the KEXUE expedition with description of one new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2018.1546012" volume="14" year="2018">Xiao et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. marianensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="marianensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. marianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4462.3.10" author="Li, Y-N" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="443 - 450" refId="B8" refString="Li, Y-N, Xiao, N, Zhang, L-P, Zhang, H-B, 2018. Benthodytes marianensis, a new species of abyssal elasipodid sea cucumbers (Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from the Mariana Trench area. Zootaxa 4462 (3): 443 - 450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4462.3.10" title="Benthodytes marianensis, a new species of abyssal elasipodid sea cucumbers (Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from the Mariana Trench area." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4462.3.10" volume="4462" year="2018">Li et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
. They can be assigned to first group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2022" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes jiaolongi" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. clearly belongs in the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is close to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes sanguinolenta" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sanguinolenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes sanguinolenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
, 1882 and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes typica" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
, 1882, for the minute papillae and reduced rod ossicles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes typica" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
in 1882 based on specimens collected by the
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Challenger</emphasis>
Expedition. The original description indicated approximately eight, minute, retractile processes located on each of the dorsal ambulacra and unbranched spinose calcareous spicula scattered on the integument.
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Nature Methods" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" refId="B4" refString="Hansen, B, 1975. Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950-52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1-262." title="Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1 - 262." year="1975">Hansen (1975)</bibRefCitation>
re-examined
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and reported that the specimens showed considerable variation.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes papillifera" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="papillifera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes papillifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
, 1882 was described based on 13 specimens taken from three Pacific Challenger stations.
<bibRefCitation author="Theel, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 176" refId="B17" refString="Theel, H, 1882. Report on Holothurioidea. Pt. I. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology 4 (13): 1 - 176" title="Report on Holothurioidea. Pt. I. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger." volume="4" year="1882">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
(1882)
</bibRefCitation>
described this species as being similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. sanguinolenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="sanguinolenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. sanguinolenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the tentacles and tube feet.
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Nature Methods" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" refId="B4" refString="Hansen, B, 1975. Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950-52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1-262." title="Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1 - 262." year="1975">Hansen (1975)</bibRefCitation>
re-examined specimens from each of the stations and proposed that the variation in
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. papillifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="papillifera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. papillifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represented the geographic variation of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the original description of
<taxonomicName class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes glutinosa" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glutinosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes glutinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Perrier, 1896,
<bibRefCitation author="Perrier, R" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="900 - 903" refId="B11" refString="Perrier, R, 1896. Sur les Elasipodes recueillis par le Travailleur et le Talisman. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences 123 (21): 900 - 903" title="Sur les Elasipodes recueillis par le Travailleur et le Talisman." volume="123" year="1896">Perrier (1896)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the differences from
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were the more elongated shape and the complete absence of dorsal papillae.
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Nature Methods" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" refId="B4" refString="Hansen, B, 1975. Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950-52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1-262." title="Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1 - 262." year="1975">Hansen (1975)</bibRefCitation>
considered this species to be a synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
In general, the morphological features of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be summarized as follows: 3-7 pairs of minute papillae arranged on the dorsal surface and rods scattered on the body integument and tentacles.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2022" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes jiaolongi" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its arrangement and number of dorsal papillae and composition of ossicles. The dorsal minute papillae of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu &amp; Zhang &amp; Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2022" class="Holothurioidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Benthodytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthodytes jiaolongi" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Benthodytes jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. are arranged in two bands along the anterior dorsal ambulacra, and those of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are arranged in a row with 3-7 pairs of papillae. The rods of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. jiaolongi" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. are present in the tentacles and dorsum, and the primary crosses are only present in the dorsum. However,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only present rods scattered on the ventrum, dorsum and tentacles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
The characteristics of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. sanguinolenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="sanguinolenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. sanguinolenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as described by
<bibRefCitation author="Theel, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="1 - 176" refId="B17" refString="Theel, H, 1882. Report on Holothurioidea. Pt. I. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology 4 (13): 1 - 176" title="Report on Holothurioidea. Pt. I. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger." volume="4" year="1882">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
(1882)
</bibRefCitation>
included the many minute retractile processes scattered on the dorsal surface; the form of calcareous deposits could not be distinguished. According to a re-examination by
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Nature Methods" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" refId="B4" refString="Hansen, B, 1975. Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950-52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1-262." title="Scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950 - 52. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Part. l. Elasipoda. Vinderup: The Galathea Committee, 1 - 262." year="1975">Hansen (1975)</bibRefCitation>
, the dorsal minute papillae were arranged in two radial bands and the rods were only present on the midventral tube feet and tentacle discs of specimens from station 663.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2096.1.28" author="Rogacheva, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="460 - 478" refId="B13" refString="Rogacheva, A, Cross, IA, Billett, DSM, 2009. Psychropotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida) collected at abyssal depths from around the Crozet Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocean. Zootaxa 2096 (1): 460 - 478, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2096.1.28" title="Psychropotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida) collected at abyssal depths from around the Crozet Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2096.1.28" volume="2096" year="2009">Rogacheva et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. sanguinolenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="sanguinolenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. sanguinolenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the main characteristics can be described as: minute dorsal papillae arranged in two bands or between the two bands; approximately 1-4 papillae placed in a band, narrowing to one or two papillae at the posterior end; ossicles were not found. The differences in the characteristics between the new species
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. jiaolongi" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="jiaolongi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. jiaolongi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. sanguinolenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="sanguinolenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. sanguinolenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be listed as follows: (1) Dorsal papillae of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. sanguinolenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="sanguinolenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. sanguinolenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are arranged in two bands, whereas those of the new species were arranged in two rows on the anterior dorsal ambulacra; (2) Ossicles of the new species were only present in the tentacles and in the dorsum. Rods are present in the tentacles and dorsum, and primary crosses are only present in the dorsum; whereas the rods are only present in tube feet and in the tentacles in
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. sanguinolenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="sanguinolenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B. sanguinolenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="genus psychropotes théel, 1882">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
Genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Psychropotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
, 1882
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="DAE10FBA2BFCA1D5E0A27D808F49CE8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="1A53511FBA5897578C4D54B27E9C4AD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151">
<taxonomicName id="AD16FE90FD480B01EDBCE141D2D83C3F" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles errator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="errator">Apanteles errator</taxonomicName>
Nixon, 1974
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A272E3AC6B8E97DB215BCC83267A4B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="539650A58367F78C843C8CDF48AF3DB8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF549F4610CB1B97A4D57E64481B580B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151">England, Wales</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>