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<document id="226321171B8B9C9C2FD73439871D03A9" ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0190385" ID-ISSN="1932-6203" ID-PMC="PMC5771577" ID-PubMed="29342184" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12630726" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1719974617054" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Alvarado-Sizzo, Hernán, Casas, Alejandro, Parra, Fabiola, Arreola-Nava, Hilda Julieta, Terrazas, Teresa &amp; Sánchez, Cristian" docDate="2018" docId="0398344DFFA0476AFDA2999A42ACFEA1" docLanguage="en" docName="PLoSONE.13.1.e0190385.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE (e 0190385) 13 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385" docStyle="DocumentStyle:55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE.2:PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE" docStyleName="PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Stenocereus huastecorum Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez 2018" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFA14C35FFB3477EFFB798724144FFD3" masterDocTitle="Species delimitation in the Stenocereus griseus (Cactaceae) species complex reveals a new species, S. huastecorum" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1722020735757" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="17C911121552F4A3A7C7B153C394F280">Species delimitation in the Stenocereus griseus (Cactaceae) species complex reveals a new species, S. huastecorum</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A081716A3E1302CEC8830483C47FD66C">Alvarado-Sizzo, Hernán</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="40175E131E24662437B753E108C30F24">Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="00073467B9B6A9F0EFA11AA82ABB8358">Casas, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AD01D631B65943B0ABB113AF0974B0BC">Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C045BE3EF0D237A0AE3D41A091A40366">Parra, Fabiola</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A3209B94AEA79F65C5B559EFA73864A0">Centro De Investigación De Zonas Áridas (CIZA), Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, La Molina, Lima, Perú,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="96BEF900F5629259D13C45C8126D492C">Arreola-Nava, Hilda Julieta</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4F4362C3CC40A52D72BE96EEEFAD38C8">Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="574831AEE904ADAA858A4729B658B277">Terrazas, Teresa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="45CD5F1F2541175EDA2DE2E919A9C7E4">Instituto de Biología (IB), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C492091016256B299DB7E032EDD8BFE1">Sánchez, Cristian</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="04B368AECC30706D9044FAEB368E38BE">Herbario de la Universidad de La Guajira, Riohacha, La Guajira, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="9E55C705544EDC910C591E46A6EBB905">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0398344DFFA0476AFDA2999A42ACFEA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398344DFFA0476AFDA2999A42ACFEA1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398344DFFA0476AFDA2999A42ACFEA1" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<subSubSection id="C32BD6D0FFA0476DFDA2999A4418FDD6" box="[533,1372,488,517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA0476DFDA2999A4418FDD6" blockId="19.[533,1372,488,517]" box="[533,1372,488,517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<heading id="D0C63237FFA0476DFDA2999A4418FDD6" box="[533,1372,488,517]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="8">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFDA2999A4418FDD6" bold="true" box="[533,1372,488,517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA0476DFDA2999A421FFDD6" ID-CoL="7Z4SZ" authority="Alvarado-Sizzo, Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas" authorityName="Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez" authorityYear="2018" box="[533,859,488,517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFDA2999A421FFDD6" bold="true" box="[533,859,488,517]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stenocereus huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a novel species from northern
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA0476DFB4C999B4418FDD6" box="[1275,1372,489,517]" name="Mexico" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32BD6D0FFA0476AFDA29A6842ACFEA1" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA0476DFDA29A68427BFD0C" blockId="19.[533,1530,538,943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
This entity stands as the most cohesive species within the
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFA0476DFBC19A6845F3FDE1" box="[1142,1207,538,562]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sqh8-b0c9" name="Salmonella Genetic Stock Centre" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">SGSC</collectionCode>
: its genetic clustering pattern (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA0476DFDA99A4E4317FD87" box="[542,595,572,596]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="6.[533,561,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox="[537,1417,212,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[533,1420,208,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig 3. Genetic clustering summary. Color gradients represent BC belonging probability starting from the 75% threshold value, purple bars with green types bootstrap values are the three genetic barriers detected by Barrier, at the left the UPGMA dendrogram following the color code used in the BC. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g003" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630732/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig 3</figureCitation>
) is apparent regardless the method used. Ecological (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA0476DFB329A4E4431FD87" box="[1157,1397,572,596]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="9.[284,312,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox="[284,1536,208,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 5. Niche suitability pairwise comparisons based on t-tests. Different letters represent levels of significant differences. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g005" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630736/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig 5A, 5B, 5G and 5H</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6B3B0E0FFA0476DFA379A4E448BFD87" box="[1408,1487,572,596]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[533,583,1530,1549]" captionTargetId="graphics-572@1.[533,1536,1557,1858]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Table 1. Synonymies of SGSC according to previous reviews and geographical distributions reported." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
) and morphological evidence (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA0476DFCE69A2D42C2FDA4" box="[849,902,607,631]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="11.[106,134,1717,1736]" captionTargetBox="[106,1533,208,1695]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 6. Areolar morphometrics t-tests. (A-D) areolar features lengths comparisons, (E-F) spines counts comparisons. Levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g006" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630738" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630738/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig 6</figureCitation>
) shows its uniqueness. Therefore, we consider this group deserves the status of a distinct species given that there is enough genetic, ecological, and morphological evidence to distinguish it from
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA0476DFC649AD64576FD6F" box="[979,1074,676,700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griseus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFC649AD6429BFD68" box="[979,991,676,699]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFC5C9AD74576FD6F" box="[1003,1074,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">griseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(its homonym so far) and
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA0476DFAFC9AD6448DFD6F" box="[1355,1481,676,700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFAFC9AD64413FD68" box="[1355,1367,676,699]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFAD39AD7448DFD6F" box="[1380,1481,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a supposed sympatric species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA0476DFD829A98448BFC7C" blockId="19.[533,1530,538,943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The distributional range of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA0476DFCEF9A9842B1FCD2" authorityName="Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez" authorityYear="2018" box="[856,1013,745,770]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFCEF9A984220FCD2" box="[856,868,746,769]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFCC79A9B42B1FCD2" box="[880,1013,745,769]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A276E432FFA0476DFC4A9A98450BFCD1" box="[1021,1103,746,770]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
comprises southern
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA0476DFA9C9A9844EDFCD1" box="[1323,1449,746,770]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
, western
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA0476DFD889B7E43A6FCF7" box="[575,738,780,804]" country="Mexico" name="San Luis Potosi" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">San Luis Potosí</collectingRegion>
, northern
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA0476DFCE49B7E4284FCF7" box="[851,960,780,804]" country="Mexico" name="Queretaro de Arteaga" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Querétaro</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA0476DFC429B7E4536FCF7" box="[1013,1138,780,804]" country="Mexico" name="Guanajuato" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Guanajuato</collectingRegion>
as well as disjunctive populations in
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA0476DFDA29B5D4333FC94" box="[533,631,815,839]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
on the south slopes of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, displaying a distributional gap of
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA0476DFDEB9B2043EAFCB9" box="[604,686,850,874]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="km" value="350.0">350 km</quantity>
. The distribution area is mainly contained in the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Llanura Costera Nororiental (
<location id="8EEED380FFA0476DFCE79B064524FC5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398344DFFA0476AFDA2999A42ACFEA1:8EEED380FFA0476DFCE79B064524FC5F" box="[848,1120,884,908]" country="Mexico" name="Northeastern Coast Plain" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="Tamaulipas">Northeastern Coast Plain</location>
) physiographic regions of
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA0476DFACE9B06448FFC5F" box="[1401,1483,884,908]" name="Mexico" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, coarsely matching the ethnolinguistic “Huasteca” region after which we name this species.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFDA29B924516FC2F" bold="true" box="[533,1106,992,1020]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Summary of species limits and distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA0476AFDA29C6342ACFEA1" blockId="19.[533,1537,1041,1897]" lastBlockId="20.[533,1519,208,370]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Every clustering method agreed in major genetic breaks associated with biogeographic regions. We were able to link the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA0476DFCCF9C464551FB98" authorityName="Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez" authorityYear="2018" box="[888,1045,1075,1099]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFCCF9C4642C0FB98" box="[888,900,1076,1099]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFC279C414551FB98" box="[912,1045,1075,1099]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the Llanura Costera Nororiental, Sierra Madre Oriental (Huastecan Karst), and the southern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which seems to be the strongest genetic barrier when considering the whole complex (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA0476DFAE99C0B44D6FB42" box="[1374,1426,1145,1169]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="6.[533,561,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox="[537,1417,212,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[533,1420,208,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig 3. Genetic clustering summary. Color gradients represent BC belonging probability starting from the 75% threshold value, purple bars with green types bootstrap values are the three genetic barriers detected by Barrier, at the left the UPGMA dendrogram following the color code used in the BC. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g003" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630732/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig 3</figureCitation>
). However, this is arguable for
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA0476DFCA09CEE42F0FB60" authorityName="Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez" authorityYear="2018" box="[791,948,1179,1203]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFCA09CEE4267FB60" box="[791,803,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFC989CE942F0FB60" box="[815,948,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, given that its populations dwell on both North and South of the oldest section of the
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFA0476DFCC39CCC42FAFB05" box="[884,958,1214,1238]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">TMVB</collectionCode>
(19.5 to 16 Myr), that predates the age of the Core
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(Pachycereinae+
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+
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) at 7 Myr [
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]. The distribution of
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFDA29D764365FAC8" box="[533,545,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
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is apparently contained in geologically recent lowlands, Tehuacán Valley and Oaxaca’s Central valleys, surrounded by the Sierra Madre Sur, and it reaches the Pacific Coast through the Oaxaca’s Southern Range, a Miocene volcanic sequence which is also older than the age of the tribe [
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].
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.
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is separated from
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFBEF9D1E4520FA50" box="[1112,1124,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
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by the biotic barrier of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec [
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] (
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) which we identified as a genetic barrier, although not common for the
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; [
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,
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,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA0476DFC329DC342DAFA1A" author="Garcia-Rubio LA &amp; Vargas-Ponce O &amp; de Ramirez-Mireles F J &amp; Munguia-Lino G &amp; Corona-Oceguera CA &amp; Cruz-Hernandez T." box="[901,926,1457,1481]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="921 - 939" refId="ref13369" refString="68. Garcia-Rubio LA, Vargas-Ponce O, de Ramirez-Mireles F J, Munguia-Lino G, Corona-Oceguera CA, Cruz-Hernandez T. Distribucion geografica de Hylocereus (Cactaceae) en Mexico. Bot Sci. 2015; 93: 921 - 939." type="journal article" year="2015">68</bibRefCitation>
,
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]. The core distribution of
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFB619DC345A6FA1B" box="[1238,1250,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
. laevigatus
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is associated with the Central Depression of Chiapas and the Yucatecan Karst, specifically with the most recent areas of the Yucatán Península which date to barely 18,000 years [
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] suggesting recent colonization.
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.
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seems to be widespread in Caribbean Coast of North
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and
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well as Inter-Andean Valleys, and it is isolated from other
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members by the Caribbean Sea and Central America with a singular distributional pattern given that
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and its relatives are clearly North American [
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]. Finally to explain both the
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFAD59EF3442AF94B" box="[1378,1390,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
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and Antillean
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFDC99ED143CEF969" box="[638,650,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFD219ED6424DF968" box="[662,777,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">peruvianus</emphasis>
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distributions, a more complex, biogeographic hypothesis other than human transport [13] needs to be tested. We observed spatial concordance between biogeographic and genetic barriers, well-known barriers (mainly highlands) such as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt or Sierra Madre del Sur are by far older than the genus
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, thus being temporally discordant, whereas extant distribution areas are more recent (less than 4 Myr). This odd pattern may suggest that these ranges are soft barriers, with present-day distributions reflecting historical population refugial dynamics [
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], or strong human effects on the genetic landscape considering that
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA7476AFC659881429AFED9" box="[978,990,243,266]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA7476AFC5D9881450BFED9" box="[1002,1103,243,266]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">pruinosus</emphasis>
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is a intensively managed resource [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA7476AFA70988044A4FED9" author="Parra F &amp; Casas A &amp; Penaloza-Ramirez JM &amp; Cortes-Palomec AC &amp; Rocha-Ramirez V &amp; Gonzalez-Rodriguez A." box="[1479,1504,242,266]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="483 - 496" refId="ref13495" refString="71. Parra F, Casas A, Penaloza-Ramirez JM, Cortes-Palomec AC, Rocha-Ramirez V, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A. Evolution under domestication: Ongoing artificial selection and divergence of wild and managed Stenocereus pruinosus (Cactaceae) populations in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico. Ann Bot. 2010; 106: 483 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mcq 143 PMID: 20729372" type="journal article" year="2010">71</bibRefCitation>
]. Demonstrating that one or a combination of these hypotheses will require a time-calibrated phylogeny not only of the
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but of the whole genus
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, as well as a phylogeographic approach within the major lineages.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

246
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<mods:url id="F2BA063A5E08B80B5874B49802FE0111">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385</mods:url>
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<subSubSection id="C32BD6D0FFA1476CFDA29AE4455BFD61" box="[533,1055,662,690]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA1476CFDA29AE4455BFD61" blockId="18.[533,1055,662,690]" box="[533,1055,662,690]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0C63237FFA1476CFDA29AE4455BFD61" box="[533,1055,662,690]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="8">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFDA29AE4455BFD61" bold="true" box="[533,1055,662,690]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFDA29AE44277FD61" ID-CoL="4ZWM6" authority="(Otto ex Pfeiff.) Buxb." box="[533,819,662,690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFDA29AE44277FD61" bold="true" box="[533,819,662,690]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stenocereus pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in central
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA1476CFC099AE4455BFD61" box="[958,1055,662,690]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32BD6D0FFA1476CFDA29AB54256FA09" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA1476CFDA29AB54466FCB9" blockId="18.[533,1536,711,1498]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Genetic delimitation fully supports the statements by Parra et al. [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA1476CFB7C9AB545A0FD0C" author="Parra F &amp; Casas A &amp; Rocha V &amp; Gonzalez-Rodriguez A &amp; Arias-Montes S &amp; Rodriguez-Correa H" box="[1227,1252,711,735]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="893 - 912" refId="ref11006" refString="16. Parra F, Casas A, Rocha V, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Arias-Montes S, Rodriguez-Correa H, et al. Spatial distribution of genetic variation of Stenocereus pruinosus (Otto) Buxb. in Mexico: analysing evidence on the origins of its domestication. Genet Resour Crop Evol. Springer; 2014; 62: 893 - 912." type="journal article" year="2014">16</bibRefCitation>
] about population clusters in northern
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA1476CFD209A9843A2FCD1" box="[663,742,746,770]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(the Huasteca group) and the
<collectingCounty id="62EFFDD7FFA1476CFB9F9A984424FCD1" box="[1064,1376,746,770]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">eastern Tehuantepec Isthmus</collectingCounty>
(the
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA1476CFA219A9844AFFCD1" box="[1430,1515,746,770]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
group) as species different to
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFCFB9B7E428DFCF7" box="[844,969,780,804]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFCFB9B7E421CFCF0" box="[844,856,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFCD39B7F428DFCF7" box="[868,969,781,804]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, our study confirmed that the latter has a north-south substructure (green shades clusters in the Geneland column in
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA1476CFA829B5D442EFC94" box="[1333,1386,815,839]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="5.[101,129,1341,1360]" captionTargetBox="[105,1531,211,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-129@5.[101,1535,208,1319]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig 2. Kriging interpolation of individual Q-matrix by each clustering method. The first three maps columns (left to right) depict the interpolated assignment probability for each method (labeled in the heading) and K is the number of groups detected by each. Groups containing the same populations across methods (EGGs) are placed alongside and keep the same color hue, whereas the color gradient saturation represents higher probability:red = S. griseus-Mexico (here designated S. huastecorum); green = S. pruinosus and its subgroups (green shades in Geneland maps); blue = S. laevigatus and its subgroups (blue shades in Geneland maps), and dark gray = S. griseus. White bullets represent populations. EGGs populations are represented at the rightmost column by bullets which follow the color code before described. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g002" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630730/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 2</figureCitation>
) which corresponds to the
<collectingMunicipality id="6BEA1F21FFA1476CFD1E9B23428EFCB9" box="[681,970,849,874]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley</collectingMunicipality>
and the
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA1476CFB929B204537FCB9" box="[1061,1139,850,874]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
<location id="8EEED380FFA1476CFBCE9B20445AFCB9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398344DFFA1476CFDA29AE44256FA09:8EEED380FFA1476CFBCE9B20445AFCB9" box="[1145,1310,850,874]" country="Mexico" county="eastern Tehuantepec Isthmus" municipality="Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley" name="Central Valleys" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Chiapas">Central Valleys</location>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA1476CFD829B0645D2FBE9" blockId="18.[533,1536,711,1498]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFD829B0643F6FC5F" box="[565,690,884,908]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFD829B064305FC58" box="[565,577,884,907]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFDFA9B0743F6FC5F" box="[589,690,885,908]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is separated from
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFCC29B064556FC5F" authorityName="Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez" authorityYear="2018" box="[885,1042,884,908]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFCC29B0642C5FC58" box="[885,897,884,907]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC3A9B064556FC5F" box="[909,1042,884,908]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a genetic barrier, consistent with the
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFA1476CFDA29BE54325FC7C" box="[533,609,919,943]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">TMVB</collectionCode>
, and is separated from
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFCE19BE54291FC7C" box="[854,981,919,943]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFCE19BE54226FC7D" box="[854,866,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFCD99BE54291FC7C" box="[878,981,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">laevigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a second barrier represented by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a well-known biogeographic barrier (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA1476CFB829BC8452DFC01" box="[1077,1129,954,978]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="6.[533,561,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox="[537,1417,212,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[533,1420,208,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig 3. Genetic clustering summary. Color gradients represent BC belonging probability starting from the 75% threshold value, purple bars with green types bootstrap values are the three genetic barriers detected by Barrier, at the left the UPGMA dendrogram following the color code used in the BC. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g003" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630732/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 3</figureCitation>
). We did not observe genetic evidence of populations or individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFCDE9BAE42A2FC27" box="[873,998,988,1012]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFCDE9BAE4231FC20" box="[873,885,988,1011]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC369BAF42A2FC27" box="[897,998,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring in northern
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA1476CFB6B9BAE446AFC27" box="[1244,1326,988,1012]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. Therefore, we do not consider a sympatric scenario between
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFC699B8D451FFBC5" box="[990,1115,1023,1047]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC699B8D42AEFBC5" box="[990,1002,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC419B8D451FFBC5" box="[1014,1115,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFB279B8D4469FBC4" authorityName="Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez" authorityYear="2018" box="[1168,1325,1023,1047]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFB279B8D45D8FBC5" box="[1168,1180,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFB1F9B8D4469FBC4" box="[1192,1325,1023,1047]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in northern
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA1476CFDA29C504323FBE9" box="[533,615,1058,1082]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, but rather a long record of misidentified specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA1476CFD829C36448CFAA1" blockId="18.[533,1536,711,1498]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Ecological evidence also provides clear distinction of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFBDF9C3645A1FB8F" box="[1128,1253,1092,1116]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFBDF9C364530FB88" box="[1128,1140,1092,1115]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFB379C3745A1FB8F" box="[1152,1253,1093,1116]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ENMs from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFA7D9C3643DEFBAC" authorityName="Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez" authorityYear="2018" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFA7D9C364492FB88" box="[1482,1494,1092,1115]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFDA29C1543DEFBAC" box="[533,666,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFD679C15420BFBAC" box="[720,847,1127,1151]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFD679C154398FBAD" box="[720,732,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFD5F9C15420BFBAC" box="[744,847,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">laevigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given that their comparisons (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA1476CFB249C15458CFBAC" box="[1171,1224,1127,1151]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="9.[284,312,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox="[284,1536,208,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 5. Niche suitability pairwise comparisons based on t-tests. Different letters represent levels of significant differences. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g005" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630736/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 5</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6B3B0E0FFA1476CFB649C154466FBAC" box="[1235,1314,1127,1151]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="10.[96,146,208,227]" captionTargetId="graphics-450@10.[96,1536,235,570]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 2. Pairwise comparisons of Ecological niche principal components and two-ways background tests." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Table 2</tableCitation>
) suggest that these species have different ecological niches. Even though areolar morphology can easily distinguish
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFDE29CDE4395FB17" box="[597,721,1196,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFDE29CDE4325FB10" box="[597,609,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFDDB9CDF4395FB17" box="[620,721,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFCA49CDE42F4FB17" authorityName="Alvarado-Sizzo &amp; Casas &amp; Parra &amp; Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas &amp; Sánchez" authorityYear="2018" box="[787,944,1196,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFCA49CDE425BFB10" box="[787,799,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC9C9CDE42F4FB17" box="[811,944,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(every variable measured in
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA1476CFB559CDE4452FB17" box="[1250,1302,1196,1220]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="11.[106,134,1717,1736]" captionTargetBox="[106,1533,208,1695]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 6. Areolar morphometrics t-tests. (A-D) areolar features lengths comparisons, (E-F) spines counts comparisons. Levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g006" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630738" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630738/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 6</figureCitation>
) only spine numbers (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA1476CFDA99CBD43F5FB34" box="[542,689,1231,1255]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="11.[106,134,1717,1736]" captionTargetBox="[106,1533,208,1695]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 6. Areolar morphometrics t-tests. (A-D) areolar features lengths comparisons, (E-F) spines counts comparisons. Levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g006" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630738" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630738/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 6E and 6F</figureCitation>
) were able to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFC779CBD4579FB35" box="[960,1085,1231,1255]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC779CBD4288FB35" box="[960,972,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC6F9CBD4579FB35" box="[984,1085,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFBC99CBD45B9FB34" box="[1150,1277,1231,1255]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFBC99CBD45CEFB35" box="[1150,1162,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFB219CBD45B9FB34" box="[1174,1277,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">laevigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Areolar characters, however, may be confusing if developmental features are not taken into account because areolas may lose spines because of flowering events and branch age, or it may be simply deciduous as in central-left and right spines of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFC279D45454BFA9C" box="[912,1039,1335,1359]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC279D4542D8FA9D" box="[912,924,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFC1F9D45454BFA9C" box="[936,1039,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">laevigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Poor morphological differentiation is clearly related to the fact that this species pair shows the least interspecific genetic distance (Nei’s
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFDA29D0F436CFA47" box="[533,552,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D</emphasis>
=
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0.156). This suggests a recent divergence event, which involves the
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constraining the distributional range of
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S.
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to the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán and
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA1476CFDA29DB04327FA09" box="[533,611,1474,1498]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFDA29E78427CF9F4" ID-CoL="7993P" authority="(Salm-Dyck) Buxb." box="[533,824,1546,1575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFDA29E78427CF9F4" bold="true" box="[533,824,1546,1575]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stenocereus laevigatus</emphasis>
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in southern
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In
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA1476CFD849E4E4250F980" box="[563,788,1595,1620]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chiapas and Yucatán</collectingRegion>
there are up to three
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members records (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA1476CFAB59E4E4473F987" box="[1282,1335,1596,1620]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="2.[416,444,935,954]" captionTargetBox="[420,1532,213,909]" captionTargetId="figure-421@2.[416,1536,208,913]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig 1. Distribution of the Stenocereus griseusspecies complex (SGSC) taxa, as considered by Arreola-Nava [15]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630728/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 1</figureCitation>
). Genetic clustering showed dominance of a single genetic group (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFA1476CFB959E2C4513F9A5" box="[1058,1111,1630,1654]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="6.[533,561,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox="[537,1417,212,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[533,1420,208,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig 3. Genetic clustering summary. Color gradients represent BC belonging probability starting from the 75% threshold value, purple bars with green types bootstrap values are the three genetic barriers detected by Barrier, at the left the UPGMA dendrogram following the color code used in the BC. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g003" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630732/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 3</figureCitation>
) that we consider to be
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA1476CFAE39E2C4497F9A5" box="[1364,1491,1630,1654]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFAE39E2C4424F9A6" box="[1364,1376,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA1476CFADB9E2C4497F9A5" box="[1388,1491,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">laevigatus</emphasis>
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given that its records are more common than those of other taxa. Secondary genetic structure involving the westernmost populations of Umoa and Cintalapa (
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) was detected by Geneland, Barrier, and
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFA1476CFCBA9EB44229F90D" box="[781,877,1734,1758]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">UPGMA</collectionCode>
analyses. This break contrasts with the nesting pattern showed by the
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Peninsula populations within the
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group (
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), even when they are separated by a distributional gap of over
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.
</paragraph>
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We consider the greater genetic divergence within the same region in
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as an indicator of either recent demographic processes or occurrence of artificial selection. Human management is common throughout the distributional range of
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFB0A98A2458DFF34" box="[1213,1225,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFB6298BD4478FF34" box="[1237,1340,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">laevigatus</emphasis>
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, and it is particularly strong in
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. Management has been previously recognized as a genetic-landscape modifier in
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA0476DFD24996743BAFEFE" box="[659,766,277,301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFD24996743DBFEFF" box="[659,671,277,300]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFD1C996743BAFEFE" box="[683,766,277,301]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">stellatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA0476DFCB999674263FEFE" author="Cruse-Sanders JM &amp; Parker KC &amp; Friar EA &amp; Huang DI &amp; Mashayekhi S &amp; Prince LM" box="[782,807,277,301]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1340 - 1355" refId="ref12060" refString="38. Cruse-Sanders JM, Parker KC, Friar EA, Huang DI, Mashayekhi S, Prince LM, et al. Managing diversity: Domestication and gene flow in Stenocereus stellatus Riccob. (Cactaceae) in Mexico. Ecol Evol. 2013; 3: 1340 - 1355. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.524 PMID: 23762520" type="journal article" year="2013">38</bibRefCitation>
], but historic demography and phylogeographic research are still needed to distinguish between biogeographic and human processes.
</paragraph>
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Even though this species is genetically and ecologically divergent with respect to
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA0476DFA3F99284371FE46" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFA3F992844D0FEA2" box="[1416,1428,346,369]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA0476DFA1799294371FE46" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, if only morphology is taken into account, they may arise as cryptic species given that areolar features are very similar or actually identical in young or vegetative branches.
</paragraph>
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(Salm-Dyck) Buxb.,
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[
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]. [urn: lsid:ipni.org:names:244638–2:1.4].
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(designated here):
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, Municipio Telchac Puerto,
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Telchac, al NE de Dzemul. 21˚
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, 89˚
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, Selva baja espinosa. Suelo calcáreo. Arbusto ramificado de hasta
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de altura; frutos rojizos cuando maduros.
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nivel del mar. 26 Jul 1992, H. M. Hernández 2225 con J.
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Additional observed specimens: Table
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in
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3 Appendix.
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Candelabraformtree,
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tall; defined trunk,
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tall and
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wide, dark green with lustrous surface; mucilage cavities not evident in branch transverse sections; ribs 7, rounded in transversal section, straight in longitudinal section, about
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tall by
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wide at the base, without horizontal constriction between areolas within the same rib; areolas
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apart, elliptic to obovate,
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long and
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wide, with light-colored non glandular trichomes; radial spines 7–11, acicular, 5.7–18 (30) mm long, white when young, fading grayish with age; central spines 1–4, deciduous except for the lower one, acicular, larger and more robust than the radial ones, up to
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long, white, turning gray at maturity; lateral or subapical flowers, infundibuliform,
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long and
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wide when opened, night anthesis; pericarpel globose to ovoid, about
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wide, green, covered with slightly prominent podaria, with short triangular scales, about
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long and wide (at the base), greenish with purplish hues, areolas with scarcely dense trichomes, yellowish white, without spines; receptacular tube
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wide, podaria with decurrent scales, oblong, apex acute to mucronate, variable in length, about
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wide, with few trichomes; outer perianth segments narrowly oblong to spatulate with acute apex, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA3476EFB899CE84536FB61" box="[1086,1138,1178,1202]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
long and
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wide, green with purplish hues; inner segments oblong to oblanceolate, up to
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long and
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wide, entire margin, white to pinkish-white; stamina included, numerous, in verticillate series; yellowish white filaments; basifix anthers, yellowish; style about
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long by
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wide; stigma lobules 7,
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long, yellowish-white; nectar chamber partially closed by the inner filaments curvature,
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long by
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wide, striated wall; ovary
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA3476EFBEA9D3A45D5FAB3" box="[1117,1169,1352,1376]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
long and
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wide; fruit globose to ovoid, dehiscent when ripe, diameter
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, green with reddish hues, covered by areolas with numerous setose spines, about
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long, white, deciduous at maturity, sweet flesh, red; ovoid, black seeds,
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long by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA3476EFC509DC24517FA1B" box="[999,1107,1456,1480]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.3">1.3–2 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA3476EFD829DA042E0FA39" blockId="16.[533,1536,207,1896]" box="[565,932,1490,1514]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Common name: “órgano”, “tuno”.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA3476EFD829D874571F9DE" blockId="16.[533,1536,207,1896]" box="[565,1077,1525,1549]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Phenology: flowers in May, fruits May and June.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA3476EFD829E6A42DBF9E3" blockId="16.[533,1536,207,1896]" box="[565,927,1560,1584]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Habitat: tropical deciduous forest.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA3476EFD829E4845BDF981" blockId="16.[533,1536,207,1896]" box="[565,1273,1594,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Distribution: states of Chiapas and Yucatán in México,
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA3476EFBC99E4845B0F981" box="[1150,1268,1594,1618]" name="Guatemala" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA3476EFD829E2F44C0F94B" blockId="16.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Discussion: according to Stafleu and Cowan [
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], Salm-Dyck’s collections were never herborized. Among Salm-Dyck’s illustrations, however, this name doesn’t appear [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA3476EFAEC9EF24430F94B" author="Rowley GD" box="[1371,1396,1664,1688]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref13208" refString="63. Rowley GD. Salm-Dyck's cactus paintings. Bradleya. 1999; 17: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1999">63</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
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</emphasis>
</treatment>
</document>

266
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(Otto ex Pfeiff.) Buxb.,
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12:101. 1961 [
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[urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:244646–2:1.3].
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.
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, cultivated in Berlin Botanical Garden, (unknown).
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,
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, Municipio de Santiago Huaucuclilla,
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sobre la terracería Huaucuclilla-Tlalixtlahuaca. 17˚
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29
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, 97˚ 03
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Vegetación: Bosque tropical caducifolio. Plantas arborescentes, hasta 4 metros de alto, ramificación basítona, ápice pruinoso. Flores blancas con una franja roja hacia el ápice, tubulares.
<date id="FF8FA39BFFA2476FFA8798A24492FF3B" box="[1328,1494,208,232]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2007-03-10">10-Marzo-2007</date>
, D.
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. Aquino García con
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. Arias (
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFA2476FFCD5988042F4FED9" box="[866,944,242,266]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15658" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15658" name="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="Herbarium">MEXU</collectionCode>
1272791).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA2476FFD82996745D6FEFE" blockId="17.[533,1535,207,1549]" box="[565,1170,277,301]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Additional observed specimens: Table D in
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3 Appendix.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA2476FFD82994A449EFBBE" blockId="17.[533,1535,207,1549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Candelabraform tree,
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tall; trunk
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFC61994A4579FE83" box="[982,1085,312,336]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="45.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="30.0">30–60 cm</quantity>
tall and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFB2F994A45BBFE83" box="[1176,1279,312,336]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 cm</quantity>
width; second and even third order branching, spreading, forming a wide canopy, branches up to
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFA969928440DFEA1" box="[1313,1353,346,370]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFA0599284372FE46" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 cm</quantity>
width, grayish green to glaucous; mucilage cavities not evident in branch transverse sections; ribs 6 to 8, acute in transverse section, straight to slightly sinuated in longitudinal section,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFDFB99B043FBFE09" box="[588,703,450,474]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 mm</quantity>
tall by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFCBD99B04239FE09" box="[778,893,450,474]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 mm</quantity>
wide at the base; areolas
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFB3299B045BCFE09" box="[1157,1272,450,474]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="10.0">10–40 mm</quantity>
apart each, round to obovate (scutelliform),
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long and wide, with numerous light-colored trichomes; radial spines 7–9, subulated, divergent,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFC019A7A4558FDF3" box="[950,1052,520,544]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="5.0">5–30 mm</quantity>
long, white with yellowish base when young, grayish when mature; up to 4 central spines, subulated, robust, up to
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFB5A9A58447DFD91" box="[1261,1337,554,578]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
long, white when young, grayish at maturity; subapical or lateral flowers, night anthesis remaining opened until the next day morning, infundibuliform,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFC779A024564FD5B" box="[960,1056,624,648]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="8.75" valueMax="9.5" valueMin="8.0">8–9.5 cm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFB3D9A0245B9FD5B" box="[1162,1277,624,648]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="5.6" valueMax="6.7" valueMin="4.5">4.5–6.7 cm</quantity>
wide at anthesis; pericarpel ovoid, green with brownish hues,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFC0B9AE0456BFD79" box="[956,1071,658,682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="15.0">15–25 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFB209AE0444EFD79" box="[1175,1290,658,682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12–15 mm</quantity>
wide, covered with slightly prominent podaria, imbricated, with triangular scales about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFB519AC74461FD1E" box="[1254,1317,693,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFA399AC74488FD1E" box="[1422,1484,693,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
wide at the base, greenish, few trichomes, yellowish white; receptacular tube
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFA8A9AAA44EBFD23" box="[1341,1455,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="21.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="18.0">18–25 mm</quantity>
long, podaria with decurrent scales, oblong, apex obtuse to spatulate, mucronate, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFACE9A884496FCC1" box="[1401,1490,762,786]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 mm</quantity>
wide; outer perianth segments narrow obovate, apex round to acute, mucronate,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFADA9B6F449BFCE6" box="[1389,1503,797,821]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 mm</quantity>
long and about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFD0C9B324242FC8B" box="[699,774,832,856]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
wide, green with brownish margins; inner segments oblong to spatulate, entire margin,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFD539B104276FCA9" box="[740,818,866,890]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 cm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFC2C9B1042A5FCA9" box="[923,993,866,890]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
wide, white to pinkish-white; stamina included, numerous, arranged in verticillate series; basifix anthers, yellowish, style
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFAA29BF744C3FC4E" box="[1301,1415,901,925]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="40.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="35.0">35–45 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFA479BF74305FC13" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
wide, yellowish white; stigma lobules 8–10,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFBA69BDA452EFC13" box="[1041,1130,936,960]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 mm</quantity>
long, yellowish white; nectar chamber semi-closed by the lower filaments curvature,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFC4C9BB8452AFC31" box="[1019,1134,970,994]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFB619BB84451FC31" box="[1238,1301,970,994]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
wide, striated walls; ovary about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFD2E9B9F43A0FBD6" box="[665,740,1005,1029]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFCFA9B9F42DAFBD6" box="[845,926,1005,1029]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
wide; fruit ovoid, dehiscent when ripe,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFAF79B9F4496FBD6" box="[1344,1490,1005,1029]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.01" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.02" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="90.1" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="60.2">60.2–120 mm</quantity>
in polar diameter by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFD609C62420DFBFB" box="[727,841,1040,1064]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="68.0" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="55.0">55–81 mm</quantity>
in equatorial diameter [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA2476FFBFD9C624527FBFB" author="Luna-Morales C." box="[1098,1123,1040,1064]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="10 - 16" refId="ref13227" refString="64. Luna-Morales C. Ordenacion y clasificacion morfologica del fruto de cultivares mixtecos de pitaya (Stenocereus pruinosus) en Mexico. Agrociencia. 2007; 11: 10 - 16." type="journal article" year="2007">64</bibRefCitation>
], green to purple, covered by areolas with numerous setose spines, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFC249C40429AFB99" box="[915,990,1074,1098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
long, white, deciduous at maturity, sweet flesh, yellow, orange, red or purple; widely ovoid, black seeds
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFBF39C274586FBBE" box="[1092,1218,1109,1133]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3499999999999996" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.3499999999999996" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.8 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFA2476FFAAB9C2744DFFBBE" box="[1308,1435,1109,1133]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.4">1.4–2.1 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA2476FFD829C0A455FFB43" blockId="17.[533,1535,207,1549]" box="[565,1051,1144,1168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Common name: &quot;Pitayo&quot;, &quot;Pitayo de octubre&quot;.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA2476FFD829CE8455CFB06" blockId="17.[533,1535,207,1549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Phenology: flowers during spring (March to May), fruits from April to June with a second reproductive peak between August and October.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA2476FFD829C924377FAEE" blockId="17.[533,1535,207,1549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Habitat: xerophitic scrubland and tropical deciduous forest, from 300 to 1650 meters above sea level. Grows alongside with
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA2476FFCD39D71455AFAC9" box="[868,1054,1282,1306]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">&amp;scontria chiotilla</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA2476FFB9D9D704408FAC9" box="[1066,1356,1282,1306]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Myrtillocactus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geometrizans">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA2476FFB9D9D704408FAC9" box="[1066,1356,1282,1306]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Myrtillocactus geometrizans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA2476FFA309D714377FAEE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA2476FFA309D714499FAC9" box="[1415,1501,1283,1306]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Prosopis</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA2476FFD829D3A42E6FA39" blockId="17.[533,1535,207,1549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Discussion: Pfeiffer described
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA2476FFCC29D354523FA8C" box="[885,1127,1351,1375]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
&amp;chinocactus
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA2476FFBB59D3A4523FA8C" box="[1026,1127,1352,1375]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">pruinosus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
from cultivated plants in
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA2476FFACF9D3A44FDFAB3" box="[1400,1465,1352,1376]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Berlin</collectingRegion>
Botanical Garden. According to Stafleu and Cowan [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA2476FFBF49D184518FA51" author="Stafleu FA &amp; Cowan RS" box="[1091,1116,1386,1410]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref13153" refString="62. Stafleu FA, Cowan RS. Taxonomic literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Second. Bohn Scheltema &amp; Holkema, editor. Regnum Vegetabile. The Hague / Boston: dr. W. Junk b. v.; 1985." type="book" year="1985">62</bibRefCitation>
] Pfeiffer’s vouchers were deposited in the KASSEL herbarium, whose collection was destroyed during World War II.
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA2476FFAEE9DFF43CDFA14" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Lemaireocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longispinus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA2476FFAEE9DFF43CDFA14" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lemaireocereus longispinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="548A3BF9FFA2476FFD279DC243FBFA1B" box="[656,703,1456,1480]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
, according to Britton &amp; Rose [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA2476FFBB69DC2455EFA1B" author="Britton NL &amp; Rose JN" box="[1025,1050,1456,1480]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref13260" refString="65. Britton NL, Rose JN. The Cactaceae Volume II. Carnegie Institution of Washington, editor. Washington: Press of Gibson Brothers; 1920." type="book" year="1920">65</bibRefCitation>
] was cultivated in the
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA2476FFAB09DC24430FA1B" box="[1287,1396,1456,1480]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">New York</collectingRegion>
Botanical Garden but now is no longer present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA2476FFD829D8744C5F9DE" blockId="17.[533,1535,207,1549]" box="[565,1409,1525,1549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Distribution: endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA2476FFCF59D8742D0F9DE" box="[834,916,1525,1549]" name="Mexico" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, in the states of
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA2476FFB8C9D8745E4F9DE" box="[1083,1184,1525,1549]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA2476FFB1D9D8745BEF9DE" box="[1194,1274,1525,1549]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA2476FFA859D874439F9DE" box="[1330,1405,1525,1549]" country="Mexico" name="Puebla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Puebla</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
</treatment>
</document>

610
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12:100. 1961
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[
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]. [urn:lsid:ipni.
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Type: América meridional, (unknown).
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de Manaure.
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˚. 2183 (
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Fig 5. Niche suitability pairwise comparisons based on
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBA4777FCB69F54424CF8EA" bold="true" box="[769,776,1830,1849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">t</emphasis>
-tests.
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Different letters represent levels of significant differences. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g005
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<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB94774FFD798A242BAFF30" blockId="10.[96,1022,208,227]" box="[96,1022,208,227]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 2. Pairwise comparisons of Ecological niche principal components and two-ways background tests.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FF2198854015FED9" bold="true" box="[150,337,247,266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pairwise comparison</emphasis>
</th>
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<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC2F988542B3FED9" bold="true" box="[920,1015,247,266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Niche axes</emphasis>
</th>
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<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD7996B44BCFEFF" box="[96,1528,281,300]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-8="1">
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE09996B435AFEFF" box="[446,542,281,300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FE59996B4350FEFF" bold="true" box="[494,532,281,300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PC1</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD16996B4246FEFF" box="[673,770,281,300]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD66996B43B3FEFF" bold="true" box="[721,759,281,300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PC2</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC32996B42A2FEFF" box="[901,998,281,300]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC02996B429FFEFF" bold="true" box="[949,987,281,300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PC3</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF996B458DFEFF" box="[1128,1225,281,300]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB2F996B45FAFEFF" bold="true" box="[1176,1214,281,300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PC4</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB996B44E9FEFF" box="[1356,1453,281,300]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FACB996B44E6FEFF" bold="true" box="[1404,1442,281,300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PC5</emphasis>
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<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD799484024FE9E" box="[96,352,314,333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FFD7994841A4FE9E" box="[96,224,314,333]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FFD79948412EFE9E" box="[96,106,314,333]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FFC3994841A4FE9E" box="[116,224,314,333]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FF4C99484024FE9F" box="[251,352,314,333]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FF4C99484041FE9E" box="[251,261,314,333]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FEB999484024FE9F" box="[270,352,314,332]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">pruinosus</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE099948435AFE9E" box="[446,542,314,333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FE549948435AFE9E" bold="true" box="[483,542,314,333]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.3369</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD1699484246FE9E" box="[673,770,314,333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD7099484246FE9E" bold="true" box="[711,770,314,333]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.3788</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC32994842A2FE9E" box="[901,998,314,333]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC1C994842A2FE9E" bold="true" box="[939,998,314,333]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.6422</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF9948458DFE9E" box="[1128,1225,314,333]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB399948458DFE9E" bold="true" box="[1166,1225,314,333]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.5282</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB994844E9FE9E" box="[1356,1453,314,333]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.1474</td>
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<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD7992944BCFEBD" box="[96,1528,347,366]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD799294024FEBD" box="[96,352,347,366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Background tests</th>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE099929435AFEBD" box="[446,542,347,366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0419</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD989929432EFEBD" box="[559,618,347,366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD989929432EFEBD" bold="true" box="[559,618,347,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.6743</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD1699294246FEBD" box="[673,770,347,366]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD1699294398FEBD" bold="true" box="[673,732,347,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.7520</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FCA49929420AFEBD" box="[787,846,347,366]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FCA49929420AFEBD" bold="true" box="[787,846,347,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.0177</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC32992942A2FEBD" box="[901,998,347,366]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC3299294284FEBD" bold="true" box="[901,960,347,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.0944</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC4199294575FEBD" box="[1014,1073,347,366]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC4199294575FEBD" bold="true" box="[1014,1073,347,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.3950</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF9929458DFEBD" box="[1128,1225,347,366]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FBDF992945E7FEBD" bold="true" box="[1128,1187,347,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.2178</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FB6D99294451FEBD" box="[1242,1301,347,366]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB6D99294451FEBD" bold="true" box="[1242,1301,347,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.8736</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB992944E9FEBD" box="[1356,1453,347,366]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FAFB992944C3FEBD" bold="true" box="[1356,1415,347,366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.2416</emphasis>
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<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FA0A992944BCFEBD" box="[1469,1528,347,366]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0649</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD7990E44BCFE43" box="[96,1528,380,400]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD7990E4024FE43" box="[96,352,380,400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FFD7990F4182FE5C" box="[96,198,381,400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FFD7990F412EFE43" box="[96,106,381,400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FFC3990F4182FE5C" box="[116,198,381,399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FF56990F4003FE5C" box="[225,327,380,400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FF56990F41AFFE43" box="[225,235,381,400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FF43990E4003FE5C" box="[244,327,380,399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">laevigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE09990E435AFE43" box="[446,542,380,400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FE54990F435AFE43" bold="true" box="[483,542,381,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.0910</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD16990E4246FE43" box="[673,770,380,400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD70990F4246FE43" bold="true" box="[711,770,381,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.3313</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC32990E42A2FE43" box="[901,998,380,400]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC1C990F42A2FE43" bold="true" box="[939,998,381,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.3860</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF990E458DFE43" box="[1128,1225,380,400]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB39990F458DFE43" bold="true" box="[1166,1225,381,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.5077</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB990E44E9FE43" box="[1356,1453,380,400]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0160</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD799EC44BCFE62" box="[96,1528,414,433]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD799EC4024FE62" box="[96,352,414,433]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Background tests</th>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE0999EC435AFE62" box="[446,542,414,433]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FE0999EC40BDFE62" bold="true" box="[446,505,414,433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.7793</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD9899EC432EFE62" box="[559,618,414,433]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD9899EC432EFE62" bold="true" box="[559,618,414,433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.7122</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD1699EC4246FE62" box="[673,770,414,433]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD1699EC4398FE62" bold="true" box="[673,732,414,433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.0676</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FCA499EC420AFE62" box="[787,846,414,433]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FCA499EC420AFE62" bold="true" box="[787,846,414,433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.2955</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC3299EC42A2FE62" box="[901,998,414,433]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0978</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC4199EC4575FE62" box="[1014,1073,414,433]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC4199EC4575FE62" bold="true" box="[1014,1073,414,433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.8382</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF99EC458DFE62" box="[1128,1225,414,433]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FBDF99EC45E7FE62" bold="true" box="[1128,1187,414,433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.3178</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FB6D99EC4451FE62" box="[1242,1301,414,433]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB6D99EC4451FE62" bold="true" box="[1242,1301,414,433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.1973</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB99EC44E9FE62" box="[1356,1453,414,433]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FAFB99EC44C3FE62" bold="true" box="[1356,1415,414,433]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.5972</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FA0A99EC44BCFE62" box="[1469,1528,414,433]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.1102</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD799CD44BCFE01" box="[96,1528,447,466]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD799CD4024FE01" box="[96,352,447,466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FFD799CD418CFE01" box="[96,200,447,466]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigatus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FFD799CD412EFE01" box="[96,106,447,466]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FFC399CD418CFE01" box="[116,200,447,466]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">laevigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FF5599CD406AFE01" box="[226,302,447,466]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griseus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FF5599CD41A8FE01" box="[226,236,447,466]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FF4299B2406AFE01" box="[245,302,448,466]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">griseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE0999CD435AFE01" box="[446,542,447,466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FE5499CD435AFE01" bold="true" box="[483,542,447,466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.6726</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD1699CD4246FE01" box="[673,770,447,466]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD7099CD4246FE01" bold="true" box="[711,770,447,466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.1603</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC3299CD42A2FE01" box="[901,998,447,466]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.1296</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF99CD458DFE01" box="[1128,1225,447,466]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB3999CD458DFE01" bold="true" box="[1166,1225,447,466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.6940</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB99CD44E9FE01" box="[1356,1453,447,466]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FAC599CD44E9FE01" bold="true" box="[1394,1453,447,466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.3032</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD7999344BCFE27" box="[96,1528,481,500]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD799934024FE27" box="[96,352,481,500]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Background tests</th>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE099993435AFE27" box="[446,542,481,500]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.0157</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD989993432EFE27" box="[559,618,481,500]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD989993432EFE27" bold="true" box="[559,618,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.7122</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD1699934246FE27" box="[673,770,481,500]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD1699934398FE27" bold="true" box="[673,732,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.3068</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FCA49993420AFE27" box="[787,846,481,500]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FCA49993420AFE27" bold="true" box="[787,846,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.8966</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC32999342A2FE27" box="[901,998,481,500]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC3299934284FE27" bold="true" box="[901,960,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.4104</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC4199934575FE27" box="[1014,1073,481,500]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC4199934575FE27" bold="true" box="[1014,1073,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.6133</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF9993458DFE27" box="[1128,1225,481,500]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FBDF999345E7FE27" bold="true" box="[1128,1187,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.2786</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FB6D99934451FE27" box="[1242,1301,481,500]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB6D99934451FE27" bold="true" box="[1242,1301,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.5033</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB999344E9FE27" box="[1356,1453,481,500]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FAFB999344C3FE27" bold="true" box="[1356,1415,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.2753</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FA0A999344BCFE27" box="[1469,1528,481,500]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FA0A999344BCFE27" bold="true" box="[1469,1528,481,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.8874</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD79A7044BCFDC6" box="[96,1528,514,533]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD79A704024FDC6" box="[96,352,514,533]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FFD79A7041A4FDC6" box="[96,224,514,533]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FFD79A70412EFDC6" box="[96,106,514,533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FFC39A7041A4FDC6" box="[116,224,514,533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FF4C9A704003FDC7" box="[251,327,514,533]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griseus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FF4C9A704041FDC6" box="[251,261,514,533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FEB99A704003FDC7" box="[270,327,514,532]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">griseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE099A70435AFDC6" box="[446,542,514,533]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FE549A70435AFDC6" bold="true" box="[483,542,514,533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.4267</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD169A704246FDC6" box="[673,770,514,533]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD709A704246FDC6" bold="true" box="[711,770,514,533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.2078</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC329A7042A2FDC6" box="[901,998,514,533]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.1266</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF9A70458DFDC6" box="[1128,1225,514,533]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB399A70458DFDC6" bold="true" box="[1166,1225,514,533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.7144</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB9A7044E9FDC6" box="[1356,1453,514,533]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FAC59A7044E9FDC6" bold="true" box="[1394,1453,514,533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.4376</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD79A5144BCFDE5" box="[96,1528,547,566]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD79A514024FDE5" box="[96,352,547,566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Background tests</th>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FE099A51435AFDE5" box="[446,542,547,566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FE099A5140BDFDE5" bold="true" box="[446,505,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3.3591</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD989A51432EFDE5" box="[559,618,547,566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD989A51432EFDE5" bold="true" box="[559,618,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.0893</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FD169A514246FDE5" box="[673,770,547,566]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD169A514398FDE5" bold="true" box="[673,732,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2.8847</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FCA49A51420AFDE5" box="[787,846,547,566]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FCA49A51420AFDE5" bold="true" box="[787,846,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.7407</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC329A5142A2FDE5" box="[901,998,547,566]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.1542</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FC419A514575FDE5" box="[1014,1073,547,566]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FC419A514575FDE5" bold="true" box="[1014,1073,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.9105</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FBDF9A51458DFDE5" box="[1128,1225,547,566]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FBDF9A5145E7FDE5" bold="true" box="[1128,1187,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.2990</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FB6D9A514451FDE5" box="[1242,1301,547,566]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB6D9A514451FDE5" bold="true" box="[1242,1301,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1.0599</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FAFB9A5144E9FDE5" box="[1356,1453,547,566]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FAFB9A5144C3FDE5" bold="true" box="[1356,1415,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.4067</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FA0A9A5144BCFDE5" box="[1469,1528,547,566]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FA0A9A5144BCFDE5" bold="true" box="[1469,1528,547,566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">0.2252</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35018719FFB9B881FFD79A2744BCFDBB" box="[96,1528,597,616]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76D0EE65FFB9B881FFD79A2744BCFDBB" box="[96,1528,597,616]" colspan="11" colspanRight="10" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Boldfaces represent statistical significance.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB94774FFD79AF740B7FD4B" blockId="10.[96,499,645,664]" box="[96,499,645,664]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<tableNote id="76D784D5FFB94774FFD79AF740B7FD4B" box="[96,499,645,664]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[96,1528,247,616]" targetPageId="10">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.t002</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB94774FD829AAB45D5FD22" blockId="10.[533,1536,729,1862]" box="[565,1169,729,753]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Additional observed specimens: Table
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFB94774FC789AAB42A5FD22" box="[975,993,729,753]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
in
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFB94774FBB49AAB4555FD22" box="[1027,1041,729,753]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
3 Appendix.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB94774FD829A8945DBF987" blockId="10.[533,1536,729,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Candelabraform tree, up to
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FCEB9A8942C1FCC0" box="[860,901,763,787]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
tall; trunk many times absent, &lt;
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FB689A894464FCC0" box="[1247,1312,763,787]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
tall and &lt;
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FA389A89448BFCC0" box="[1423,1487,763,787]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
width; many branches, ascending, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FC719B6C4542FCE5" box="[966,1030,798,822]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
width, unconstrained, grayish green to glaucous; first order branching; mucilage cavities not evident in transverse branch sections; ribs 7 to 9, acute in transverse section, straight in longitudinal section,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FB099B114474FCA8" box="[1214,1328,867,891]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="12.0">12–35 mm</quantity>
tall by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FACB9B1144AAFCA8" box="[1404,1518,867,891]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="11.0">11–35 mm</quantity>
wide at the base, without horizontal constriction between areolas within the same rib; areolas
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FDA29BDB433FFC12" box="[533,635,937,961]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="18.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="8.0">8–28 mm</quantity>
apart each, round to obovate (scutelliform),
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FBE39BDB4588FC12" box="[1108,1228,937,961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.75" valueMax="11.5" valueMin="6.0">6–11.5 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FA829BDB44E9FC12" box="[1333,1453,937,961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.3" valueMax="10.6" valueMin="6.0">6–10.6 mm</quantity>
wide, with light-colored trichomes; radial spines 5–7, subulated, divergent,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FB459BB94413FC30" box="[1266,1367,971,995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="8.0">8–30 mm</quantity>
long, white when young, grayish when mature; 1 central spine, rarely 3, subulated, robust,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FAE39B9C4489FBD5" box="[1364,1485,1006,1030]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.285" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="0.97" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="32.85" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="9.7">9.7–56 mm</quantity>
long, white with reddish base when young, grayish at maturity; subapical flowers, night anthesis remaining opened until the next morning, infundibuliform,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FB029C414452FB98" box="[1205,1302,1075,1099]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="5.8" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.6">5.6–6 cm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FAC89C4144A4FB98" box="[1407,1504,1075,1099]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="4.7" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.4">4.4–5 cm</quantity>
wide in anthesis; pericarpel cylindrical, green,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FC489C2445D3FBBD" box="[1023,1175,1110,1134]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.45" metricValueMin="1.15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="14.5" valueMin="11.5">11.5–14.5 mm</quantity>
wide, covered with slightly prominent podaria, separated, with wide oblong scales about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FBD49C0B45A6FB42" box="[1123,1250,1145,1169]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8499999999999999" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.8499999999999999" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="1.4">1.4–2.3 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FA8B9C0B44FEFB42" box="[1340,1466,1145,1169]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2.35" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3.2 mm</quantity>
wide at the base, reddish, areolas presenting light-colored trichomes, spines
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FAB79CE94422FB60" box="[1280,1382,1179,1203]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="7.0">7–13 mm</quantity>
long; receptacular tube
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FD329CCC43BCFB05" box="[645,760,1214,1238]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="42.0" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="30.0">30–54 mm</quantity>
long, podaria with decurrent scales, narrow oblong to spatulate, apex obtuse to mucronated, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FCFA9C9342E2FB2A" box="[845,934,1249,1273]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4–8 mm</quantity>
wide with few trichomes and spines; outer perianth segments narrow oblong, apex rounded to truncate,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FBA99D7145D5FAC8" box="[1054,1169,1283,1307]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="18.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="16.0">16–20 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FB4D9D714436FAC8" box="[1274,1394,1283,1307]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.25" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="6.5">6.5–10 mm</quantity>
wide, green to reddish from the bottom to the top; inner segments oblong to spatulate, entire margin, up to
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FD869D3B4333FAB2" box="[561,631,1353,1377]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FD579D3B4250FAB2" box="[736,788,1353,1377]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
wide, white to pinkish-white; stamina included, numerous, arranged in verticillated series; basifix anthers, yellowish, style
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FBF29D1E45F3FA57" box="[1093,1207,1388,1412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="37.5" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="23.0">23–52 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FA979D1E44C2FA57" box="[1312,1414,1388,1412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="9.0">9–19 mm</quantity>
wide, white to pinkish white; stigma lobules 8–10,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FC5D9DFC4507FA75" box="[1002,1091,1422,1446]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
long, yellowish white; nectar chamber semi-closed by the lower filaments curvature,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FC4C9DC3452AFA1A" box="[1019,1134,1457,1481]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="11.0">11–19 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FB619DC34411FA1A" box="[1238,1365,1457,1481]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.3" valueMax="6.7" valueMin="5.9">5.9–6.7 mm</quantity>
wide, striated; ovary
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FDE19DA6438BFA3F" box="[598,719,1492,1516]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.065" metricValueMax="1.33" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.65" valueMax="13.3" valueMin="8.0">8–13.3 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FC8F9DA64287FA3F" box="[824,963,1492,1516]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" metricValueMax="10.8" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.2" valueMax="10.8" valueMin="5.6">5.6–10.8 mm</quantity>
wide; fruit ovoid, dehiscent when ripe, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FA1F9DA644B7FA3F" box="[1448,1523,1492,1516]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="48.0">48 mm</quantity>
in polar diameter by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FD449D84427AF9DD" box="[755,830,1526,1550]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
in equatorial diameter, dark red, covered by areolas with numerous setose spines, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FCA19E6B42CDF9E2" box="[790,905,1561,1585]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="11.0">11–18 mm</quantity>
long, yellowish white, deciduous at maturity, sweet flesh, red; ovoid, black seeds
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FCBE9E4E42C3F987" box="[777,903,1596,1620]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.3">1.3–2.2 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFB94774FC569E4E451BF987" box="[993,1119,1596,1620]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.2 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB94774FD829E2C429EF94A" blockId="10.[533,1536,729,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Common name: In
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFB94774FCB09E2C4231F9A5" box="[775,885,1630,1654]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
“cacto dato”, in
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFB94774FB939E2C45D4F9A5" box="[1060,1168,1630,1654]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: “cardón”, “cardón guajiro”, &quot;yosú&quot;, &quot;panameña&quot;, and “iguaraya” (fruit).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB94774FD829ED14265F90D" blockId="10.[533,1536,729,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Phenology: flowers and fruits are produced over the year, but the peak of production lasts from November to April.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB94774FD829E9B42CAF895" blockId="10.[533,1536,729,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Habitat:
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FD269E9B43B4F8D3" box="[657,752,1769,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griseus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD269E9B43D9F8D3" box="[657,669,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD1E9E9B43B4F8D3" box="[681,752,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">griseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in tropical deciduous forest and xerophytic scrub alongside with
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FDA29F7E43CAF8F0" box="[533,654,1803,1827]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FDA29F7E431FF8F0" box="[533,603,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cereus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FD2F9F7E4203F8F0" box="[664,839,1803,1827]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juliflora">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FD2F9F7E4203F8F0" box="[664,839,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prosopis juliflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FCE49F794545F8F0" box="[851,1025,1803,1827]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Bulnesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FCE49F794545F8F0" box="[851,1025,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bulnesia arborea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FBB89F79452AF8F0" box="[1039,1134,1803,1827]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FBB89F79450FF8F0" box="[1039,1099,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceiba</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFB94774FB159F79442CF8F0" box="[1186,1384,1803,1827]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Haematoxylum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB94774FB159F794406F8F0" box="[1186,1346,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haematoxylum</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
From sea level to 1200 meters above sea level.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4ED5D3FFB84775FFDD9EC74345F8D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630738" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12630738" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630738/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[106,134,1717,1736]" targetBox="[106,1533,208,1695]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB84775FFDD9EC74061F931" blockId="11.[106,1461,1717,1803]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB84775FFDD9EC740F7F91B" bold="true" box="[106,435,1717,1736]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Fig 6. Areolar morphometrics
<emphasis id="B9455949FFB84775FECF9EC7403BF91B" bold="true" box="[376,383,1717,1736]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">t</emphasis>
-tests.
</emphasis>
(A-D) areolar features lengths comparisons, (E-F) spines counts comparisons. Levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFB84775FFDD9E8A4345F8D8" blockId="11.[106,1461,1717,1803]" box="[106,513,1784,1803]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g006</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBF4772FD8298A242FBFE83" blockId="12.[533,1536,208,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Discussion:
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FD0298A24251FF34" box="[693,789,208,232]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griseus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FD0298A24385FF34" box="[693,705,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FD7998A24251FF34" box="[718,789,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">griseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the sole species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FBEB98A24590FF34" box="[1116,1236,208,231]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FBEB98A24590FF34" box="[1116,1236,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Stenocereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to occur in South America. This name was actually a homonym comprising a previously undescribed northern
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFBF4772FA3D9880449DFED9" box="[1418,1497,242,266]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mexico</collectingCountry>
species (
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FDD99967424FFEFE" box="[622,779,277,301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FDD99967433EFEFF" box="[622,634,277,300]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FD319967424FFEFE" box="[646,779,277,301]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and a second one from northern South America, which shall conserve the name
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FDC9994A4399FE9C" box="[638,733,312,336]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griseus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FDC9994A43CEFE9C" box="[638,650,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FD21994A4399FE9C" box="[662,733,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">griseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by priority principle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBF4772FD8299284576FE6B" blockId="12.[533,1536,208,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Distribution: Departments of
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FCC5992842FAFEA1" box="[882,958,346,370]" country="Colombia" name="Boyaca" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Boyacá</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FC7E99284543FEA1" box="[969,1031,346,370]" country="Colombia" name="Huila" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Huila</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FBA6992845C7FEA1" box="[1041,1155,346,370]" country="Colombia" name="La Guajira" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">La Guajira</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FB3A99284441FEA1" box="[1165,1285,346,370]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FA8B992844ECFEA1" box="[1340,1448,346,370]" country="Colombia" name="Santander" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santander</collectingRegion>
in
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFBF4772FDA2990F43C4FE46" box="[533,640,381,405]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Colombia</collectingCountry>
; States of
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FD5E990F4277FE46" box="[745,819,381,405]" country="Venezuela" name="Falcon" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Falcón</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FC8B990F422AFE46" box="[828,878,381,405]" country="Venezuela" name="Lara" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lara</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FCC0990F4283FE46" box="[887,967,381,405]" country="Venezuela" name="Merida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mérida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FC66990F454AFE46" box="[977,1038,381,405]" country="Venezuela" name="Sucre" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sucre</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FBAF990F4528FE46" box="[1048,1132,381,405]" country="Venezuela" name="Tachira" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Táchira</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FBC1990F4586FE46" box="[1142,1218,381,405]" country="Venezuela" name="Vargas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vargas</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFBF4772FB4D990F4475FE46" box="[1274,1329,381,405]" country="Venezuela" name="Zulia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zulia</collectingRegion>
in
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFBF4772FAE5990F4486FE46" box="[1362,1474,381,405]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, it is also found in
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFBF4772FD1199D243AFFE6B" box="[678,747,416,440]" name="Aruba" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aruba</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFBF4772FD4299D2420FFE6B" box="[757,843,416,440]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFBF4772FC3499D24298FE6B" box="[899,988,416,440]" name="Curaçao" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</treatment>
</document>

381
data/03/98/34/0398344DFFBF476EFD8299B04573FE46.xml Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
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H. Alvarado-Sizzo, H. J. Arreola-Nava, and T. Terrazas.
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[urn:lsid:ipni.org:names: 77173956–1].
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<typeStatus id="548A3BF9FFBF4772FBB899974531FE2E" box="[1039,1141,485,509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
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,
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,
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las
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, terracería
<locationDeviation id="9A3C9C79FFBF4772FCFD9A7A4472FDF3" box="[842,1334,514,544]" firstLocation="Puerto de Palmas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" secondLocation="Alamos de Martinez.">entre Puerto de Palmas y Álamos de Martínez.</locationDeviation>
100˚06’10.35”
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, 21˚28’42.33”
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFBF4772FD2A9A5843F5FD91" box="[669,689,554,578]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13092" name="Nanjing University" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">N</collectionCode>
, 15
<collectorName id="26C4E08DFFBF4772FD6D9A584277FD91" box="[730,819,554,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">de Junio</collectorName>
de 2016, Hernán Alvarado-Sizzo 350 con
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. Torres-García y
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.
<collectorName id="26C4E08DFFBF4772FA799A58433BFDB6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paz-Guerrero.</collectorName>
(
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).
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<materialsCitation id="3B598F06FFBF4772FD829A0242B7FD5B" box="[565,1011,624,648]" collectionCode="I" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Isotype">
<typeStatus id="548A3BF9FFBF4772FD829A0243C1FD5B" box="[565,645,624,648]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="isotype">Isotype</typeStatus>
: Hernán Alvarado-Sizzo 350 con
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFBF4772FC5F9A0242B7FD5B" box="[1000,1011,624,648]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
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. Torres-García y
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.
<materialsCitation id="3B598F06FFBF4772FB719A024329FD79" collectionCode="MEXU" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="MEXU 140543" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Isotype">
Paz-Guerrero (
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.
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Additional observed specimens: Table
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in
<collectionCode id="ED201D9EFFBF4772FBB79AC7454AFD1E" box="[1024,1038,693,717]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
3 Appendix.
</paragraph>
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Candelabraform tree, up to
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FCEB9AAA42C1FD23" box="[860,901,728,752]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
tall; trunk
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC4F9AAA4524FD23" box="[1016,1120,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="45.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="30.0">30–60 cm</quantity>
tall and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FB0C9AAA4466FD23" box="[1211,1314,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 cm</quantity>
width (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FAC39AAA44FFFD23" box="[1396,1467,728,752]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="13.[307,335,1766,1785]" captionTargetBox="[307,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[307,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 7. Vegetative features of S. huastecorum. (A) general aspect of S. huastecorum (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350), (B) rib details (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 352), (C) typical young (upper) and mature (lower) areolas (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 245), (D) apex of a young branch. Credits: (A) I. Torres-García, (B-D) H. Alvarado-Sizzo. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g007" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630740/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 7A</figureCitation>
); many branches, ascending to spreading, up to
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FBB79A88456DFCC1" box="[1024,1065,762,786]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</quantity>
long and about
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width, slightly constrained every
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, grayish green to glaucous; rarely second order branching; mucilage cavities not evident in transverse branch section; ribs 6 to 8 (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FB229B324599FC8B" box="[1173,1245,832,856]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="13.[307,335,1766,1785]" captionTargetBox="[307,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[307,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 7. Vegetative features of S. huastecorum. (A) general aspect of S. huastecorum (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350), (B) rib details (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 352), (C) typical young (upper) and mature (lower) areolas (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 245), (D) apex of a young branch. Credits: (A) I. Torres-García, (B-D) H. Alvarado-Sizzo. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g007" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630740/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 7D</figureCitation>
), acute in transverse section, slightly sinuated in longitudinal section,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC4D9B104528FCA9" box="[1018,1132,866,890]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="27.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="19.0">19–35 mm</quantity>
tall by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FB0F9B10446EFCA9" box="[1208,1322,866,890]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="26.5" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="19.0">19–34 mm</quantity>
wide at the base, protrusion between areolas within the same rib (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FBA09BF7451FFC4E" box="[1047,1115,901,925]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="13.[307,335,1766,1785]" captionTargetBox="[307,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[307,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 7. Vegetative features of S. huastecorum. (A) general aspect of S. huastecorum (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350), (B) rib details (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 352), (C) typical young (upper) and mature (lower) areolas (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 245), (D) apex of a young branch. Credits: (A) I. Torres-García, (B-D) H. Alvarado-Sizzo. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g007" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630740/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 7B</figureCitation>
); areolas
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FB779BF74476FC4E" box="[1216,1330,901,925]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="11.0">11–26 mm</quantity>
apart each, round to obovate (scutelliform),
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC909BDA42F7FC13" box="[807,947,936,960]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="11.9" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="8.75" valueMax="11.9" valueMin="5.6">5.6–11.9 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FBAC9BDA45E2FC13" box="[1051,1190,936,960]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.35" metricValueMax="10.2" metricValueMin="8.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="9.35" valueMax="10.2" valueMin="8.5">8.5–10.2 mm</quantity>
wide, with light-colored trichomes; radial spines 7–9, subulated, divergent,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FBA39BB845C8FC31" box="[1044,1164,970,994]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.525" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="15.25" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="7.5">7.5–23 mm</quantity>
long, white when young, grayish when mature; 3 central spines, rarely 4 (when upper central one is present), subulated, robust,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FDA29C6243E4FBFB" box="[533,672,1040,1064]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" metricValueMax="3.65" metricValueMin="0.8699999999999999" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="22.6" valueMax="36.5" valueMin="8.7">8.7–36.5 mm</quantity>
long, white with a reddish base when young, grayish at maturity (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FAE19C6244D8FBFB" box="[1366,1436,1040,1064]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="13.[307,335,1766,1785]" captionTargetBox="[307,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[307,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 7. Vegetative features of S. huastecorum. (A) general aspect of S. huastecorum (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350), (B) rib details (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 352), (C) typical young (upper) and mature (lower) areolas (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 245), (D) apex of a young branch. Credits: (A) I. Torres-García, (B-D) H. Alvarado-Sizzo. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g007" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630740/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 7C</figureCitation>
); subapical flowers, night anthesis remaining opened during the next day, infundibuliform,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FA3E9C4044B8FB99" box="[1417,1532,1074,1098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.3" valueMin="5.7">5.7–7.3 cm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FDCF9C2743A8FBBE" box="[632,748,1109,1133]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="4.7" valueMax="5.2" valueMin="4.2">4.2–5.2 cm</quantity>
wide in anthesis (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FC1C9C2742B6FBBE" box="[939,1010,1109,1133]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="14.[145,173,1604,1623]" captionTargetBox="[145,1536,192,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-71@14.[145,1536,192,1582]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig 8. A newly opened S. huastecorum flower. Lateral (A) and top (B) view, (C) longitudinal cut of the floral tube. (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350). Credits: H. Alvarado- Sizzo. Scale bars = 1 cm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630742/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 8A</figureCitation>
); pericarpel oblate to very wide ovate, deep red,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FDA29C0A43E9FB43" box="[533,685,1144,1168]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.38" metricValueMax="1.58" metricValueMin="1.18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="13.8" valueMax="15.8" valueMin="11.8">11.8–15.8 mm</quantity>
wide, covered with slightly prominent podaria, imbricated, with triangular scales about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FD2D9CE8425CFB61" box="[666,792,1178,1202]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.9" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="2.4">2.4–3.4 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FCC59CE842B5FB61" box="[882,1009,1178,1202]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="3.3" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.7">2.7–3.9 mm</quantity>
wide at the base, deep red, presenting ocher trichomes; receptacular tube
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC879CCF42E6FB06" box="[816,930,1213,1237]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="39.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="33.0">33–45 mm</quantity>
long, podaria with decurrent scales, narrow oblong to lorate, apex acute to obtuse, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC349C924298FB2B" box="[899,988,1248,1272]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4–8 mm</quantity>
wide; outer perianth segments narrow oblong to lorate, apex acute to obtuse,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FCF79D7042F7FAC9" box="[832,947,1282,1306]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FBAC9D7045C5FAC9" box="[1051,1153,1282,1306]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9–11 mm</quantity>
wide, deep red with yellowish imbrication margins; inner segments oblong, entire margin, up to
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FB639D57445FFAEE" box="[1236,1307,1317,1341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FA339D5744F3FAEE" box="[1412,1463,1317,1341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
wide, yellowish with a central reddish line (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FC169D3A42A1FAB3" box="[929,997,1352,1376]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="14.[145,173,1604,1623]" captionTargetBox="[145,1536,192,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-71@14.[145,1536,192,1582]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig 8. A newly opened S. huastecorum flower. Lateral (A) and top (B) view, (C) longitudinal cut of the floral tube. (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350). Credits: H. Alvarado- Sizzo. Scale bars = 1 cm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630742/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 8B</figureCitation>
); stamina included, numerous, arranged in verticillate series; basifix anthers, yellowish, style
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC5C9D184519FA51" box="[1003,1117,1386,1410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="46.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="43.0">43–50 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FB719D184475FA51" box="[1222,1329,1386,1410]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="2.0">2–2.4 mm</quantity>
wide, yellowish white; stigma lobules 8–10,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC8E9DFF42D6FA76" box="[825,914,1421,1445]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 mm</quantity>
long, yellowish white; nectar chamber semi-closed by the lower filaments curvature,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC869DC242E7FA1B" box="[817,931,1456,1480]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12–15 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FBBB9DC2453CFA1B" box="[1036,1144,1456,1480]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="7.8" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.6">7.6–8 mm</quantity>
wide, striated (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FAAD9DC24424FA1B" box="[1306,1376,1456,1480]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="14.[145,173,1604,1623]" captionTargetBox="[145,1536,192,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-71@14.[145,1536,192,1582]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig 8. A newly opened S. huastecorum flower. Lateral (A) and top (B) view, (C) longitudinal cut of the floral tube. (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350). Credits: H. Alvarado- Sizzo. Scale bars = 1 cm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630742/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 8C</figureCitation>
); ovary about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FDA29DA04310FA39" box="[533,596,1490,1514]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FD0A9DA04252FA39" box="[701,790,1490,1514]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 mm</quantity>
wide; fruit ovoid, up to 10 per reproductive branch apex (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FACC9DA044FAFA39" box="[1403,1470,1490,1514]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[312,340,1761,1780]" captionTargetBox="[312,1536,209,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[312,1536,208,1739]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Ripe fruit of S. huastecorum. Falling areolas (A, upper) and longitudinal cut (A, lower), aspect of a reproductive branch with immature fruits (B), and focus stacking micrograph (4X) of a seed hilum-micropylar region (C) and lateral view(D). Credits: (A, B) H. Alvarado-Sizzo (C) A. González-Murillo &amp; H. Alvarado-Sizzo. Scale bars (A) = 1 cm; (C, D) = 1 mm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630744/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 9B</figureCitation>
), dehiscent when ripe,
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FD409D87422DF9DE" box="[759,873,1525,1549]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="57.5" valueMax="58.0" valueMin="57.0">57–58 mm</quantity>
in polar diameter by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FBFB9D8745FAF9DE" box="[1100,1214,1525,1549]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="53.0" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="50.0">50–56 mm</quantity>
in equatorial diameter, dark red, covered by areolas with numerous setose spines, about
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FB3C9E6A45B5F9E3" box="[1163,1265,1560,1584]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="7.0">7–13 mm</quantity>
long, yellowish white with dark tip, deciduous at maturity, sweet flesh, red or orange (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FB0C9E484445F981" box="[1211,1281,1594,1618]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[312,340,1761,1780]" captionTargetBox="[312,1536,209,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[312,1536,208,1739]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Ripe fruit of S. huastecorum. Falling areolas (A, upper) and longitudinal cut (A, lower), aspect of a reproductive branch with immature fruits (B), and focus stacking micrograph (4X) of a seed hilum-micropylar region (C) and lateral view(D). Credits: (A, B) H. Alvarado-Sizzo (C) A. González-Murillo &amp; H. Alvarado-Sizzo. Scale bars (A) = 1 cm; (C, D) = 1 mm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630744/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 9A</figureCitation>
); widely ovoid, black seeds
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FDE49E2F4396F9A6" box="[595,722,1629,1653]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.6 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="4CC928BEFFBF4772FC9B9E2F4239F9A6" box="[812,893,1629,1653]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
wide (
<figureCitation id="130A99DEFFBF4772FC739E2F451BF9A6" box="[964,1119,1629,1653]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[312,340,1761,1780]" captionTargetBox="[312,1536,209,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[312,1536,208,1739]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Ripe fruit of S. huastecorum. Falling areolas (A, upper) and longitudinal cut (A, lower), aspect of a reproductive branch with immature fruits (B), and focus stacking micrograph (4X) of a seed hilum-micropylar region (C) and lateral view(D). Credits: (A, B) H. Alvarado-Sizzo (C) A. González-Murillo &amp; H. Alvarado-Sizzo. Scale bars (A) = 1 cm; (C, D) = 1 mm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630744/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 9C and 9D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBF4772FD829EF24494F94B" blockId="12.[533,1536,208,1861]" box="[565,1488,1663,1688]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Common name: &quot;candelabro&quot;, &quot;órgano&quot;, &quot;pitayo&quot;, &quot;pitayo de mayo&quot;, and &quot;pitaya&quot; (fruit).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBF4772FD829ED04557F90E" blockId="12.[533,1536,208,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phenology: flowers and fruits are produced most of the year (except during the winter), but the peak of production lasts from March to July.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBF4772FD829E9A45AAF896" blockId="12.[533,1536,208,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Habitat: it inhabits tropical deciduous forest, xerophytic scrubland, thorny scrubland and mezquital, alongside with
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FC9D9F7942F0F8F1" box="[810,948,1802,1826]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FC9D9F7942C4F8F1" box="[810,896,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Prosopis</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FC099F784516F8F1" box="[958,1106,1802,1826]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vachellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FC099F784558F8F1" box="[958,1052,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vachellia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FBEB9F794582F8F1" box="[1116,1222,1802,1826]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Larrea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FBEB9F7945E5F8F1" box="[1116,1185,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Larrea</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FB669F7844B6F8F1" box="[1233,1522,1802,1826]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Myrtillocactus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geometrizans">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FB669F7844B6F8F1" box="[1233,1522,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Myrtillocactus geometrizans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBF4772FDF49F5F4276F896" box="[579,818,1837,1861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dumortieri">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBF4772FDF49F5F4276F896" box="[579,818,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Stenocereus dumortieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. From 200 to 1600 meters above sea level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBE4773FE849E94434FF8F8" blockId="13.[307,1508,1765,1877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBE4773FE849E9443F3F92A" bold="true" box="[307,695,1765,1785]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Fig 7. Vegetative features of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBE4773FD989E9743F6F92B" box="[559,690,1765,1785]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBE4773FD989E97437DF92B" bold="true" box="[559,569,1765,1784]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBE4773FDF49E9743F6F92B" bold="true" box="[579,690,1765,1784]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(A) general aspect of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBE4773FCDA9E9442A8F92B" box="[877,1004,1765,1785]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBE4773FCDA9E944233F92A" box="[877,887,1766,1785]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBE4773FC369E9742A8F92B" box="[897,1004,1765,1784]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350), (B) rib details (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 352), (C) typical young (upper) and mature (lower) areolas (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 245), (D) apex of a young branch. Credits: (A) I. Torres-García, (B-D) H. Alvarado-Sizzo.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBE4773FE849F30438FF886" blockId="13.[307,1508,1765,1877]" box="[307,715,1858,1877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g007</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ED5D3FFBD4770FF269E36436DF94A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630742" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12630742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630742/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[145,173,1604,1623]" targetBox="[145,1536,192,1582]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBD4770FF269E36401AF9A3" blockId="14.[145,1509,1603,1689]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FF269E36435BF984" bold="true" box="[145,543,1603,1623]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 8. A newly opened
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBD4770FEED9E314099F985" box="[346,477,1603,1623]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FEED9E314020F985" bold="true" box="[346,356,1603,1622]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FED99E314099F985" bold="true" box="[366,477,1603,1622]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flower.
</emphasis>
Lateral (A) and top (B) view, (C) longitudinal cut of the floral tube. (H. Alvarado-Sizzo 350). Credits: H. AlvaradoSizzo. Scale bars = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBD4770FF269EF4436DF94A" blockId="14.[145,1509,1603,1689]" box="[145,553,1670,1689]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g008</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32BD6D0FFBD476EFD829EB74573FE46" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBD4770FD829EB744C3F8B4" blockId="14.[565,1514,1732,1757]" lastBlockId="14.[533,1537,1767,1895]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Discussion:
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBD4770FD029EB74217F90F" box="[693,851,1732,1757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FD029EB74385F90F" box="[693,705,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FD799EB64217F90F" box="[718,851,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations were considered introduced populations of South American
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBD4770FD329E9543A0F92C" box="[645,740,1767,1791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griseus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FD329E9543D5F92D" box="[645,657,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FD2A9E9A43A0F92C" box="[669,740,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">griseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Bravo-Hollis [13]. Moreover, it was also determined as
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBD4770FAE79E95448AF92C" box="[1360,1486,1767,1791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruinosus">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FAE79E954418F92D" box="[1360,1372,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBD4770FADE9E9A448AF92C" box="[1385,1486,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">pruinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; genetic, ecological, and morphological differences demonstrate it deserves its own designation. This species can be distinguished by its spination pattern (7–9 radial spines and 3 central spines), pericarpel color (deep red), and restricted distribution to northern
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFBD4770FA869F3D44C7F8B4" box="[1329,1411,1871,1895]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4ED5D3FFBC4771FE8F9E93438BF883" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630744" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12630744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630744/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[312,340,1761,1780]" targetBox="[312,1536,209,1739]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBC4771FE8F9E9342A6F8F5" blockId="15.[312,1518,1760,1872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBC4771FE8F9E93432DF927" bold="true" box="[312,617,1760,1780]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fig 9. Ripe fruit of
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFBC4771FE579E924320F920" box="[480,612,1760,1780]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBC4771FE579E9240AEF920" bold="true" box="[480,490,1760,1779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFBC4771FE439E924320F920" bold="true" box="[500,612,1760,1779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Falling areolas (A, upper) and longitudinal cut (A, lower), aspect of a reproductive branch with immature fruits (B), and focus stacking micrograph (4X) of a seed hilum-micropylar region (C) and lateral view(D). Credits: (A, B) H. Alvarado-Sizzo (C) A. González-Murillo &amp; H. Alvarado-Sizzo. Scale bars (A) = 1 cm; (C, D) = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFBC4771FE8F9F4F438BF883" blockId="15.[312,1518,1760,1872]" box="[312,719,1853,1872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190385.g009</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA3476EFD8298A242F1FED9" blockId="16.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Distribution: endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F326C5CBFFA3476EFCF598A242D5FF3B" box="[834,913,208,232]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
in the states of
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA3476EFB8298A245F0FF3B" box="[1077,1204,208,232]" country="Mexico" name="Guanajuato" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Guanajuato</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA3476EFB0998A24406FF34" box="[1214,1346,207,232]" country="Mexico" name="Nuevo Leon" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nuevo León</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA3476EFAFB98BD44FFFF34" box="[1356,1467,207,231]" country="Mexico" name="Queretaro de Arteaga" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Querétaro</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA3476EFA7298A243CFFED9" country="Mexico" name="San Luis Potosi" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">San Luis Potosí</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA3476EFD2098804251FED9" box="[663,789,242,266]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49F54BB9FFA3476EFCFA988042F5FED9" box="[845,945,242,266]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E855BFFA3476EFD8299674573FE46" blockId="16.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Etymology: the name
<taxonomicName id="4C31FED8FFA3476EFCAA996742FEFEFE" box="[797,954,277,301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="huastecorum">
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA3476EFCAA9967426DFEFF" box="[797,809,277,300]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9455949FFA3476EFC82996742FEFEFE" box="[821,954,277,301]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">huastecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
follows the previous designation of the genetic entity described by Parra et al. [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0F8AAFFA3476EFC96994A427EFE83" author="Parra F &amp; Casas A &amp; Rocha V &amp; Gonzalez-Rodriguez A &amp; Arias-Montes S &amp; Rodriguez-Correa H" box="[801,826,312,336]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="893 - 912" refId="ref11006" refString="16. Parra F, Casas A, Rocha V, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Arias-Montes S, Rodriguez-Correa H, et al. Spatial distribution of genetic variation of Stenocereus pruinosus (Otto) Buxb. in Mexico: analysing evidence on the origins of its domestication. Genet Resour Crop Evol. Springer; 2014; 62: 893 - 912." type="journal article" year="2014">16</bibRefCitation>
] as &quot;huasteca group&quot;, given that its distribution coarsely matches the Huasteca ethnolinguistic region, but we rather use the plural genitive ending to emphasize its belonging as a resource for those human groups.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>