diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8B5403FF64FF1645E5FE3E.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8B5403FF64FF1645E5FE3E.xml index 1f21d66e00a..65ef94aa9d7 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8B5403FF64FF1645E5FE3E.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8B5403FF64FF1645E5FE3E.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -275,7 +277,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215802, EU215803, EU215806–EU215808), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8B5404FC8DFE4343F0FE61.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8B5404FC8DFE4343F0FE61.xml index 05ed3afcc2c..993d5290b20 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8B5404FC8DFE4343F0FE61.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8B5404FC8DFE4343F0FE61.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -228,7 +230,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215804, EU215805), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8C5404FF64FE2045E5FDBB.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8C5404FF64FE2045E5FDBB.xml index 07d95f24be9..0a7b8ce839f 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8C5404FF64FE2045E5FDBB.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8C5404FF64FE2045E5FDBB.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215812–EU215816, EU215861, EU215866, EU215870–EU215872), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8C5405FC8DFDC641AAF995.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8C5405FC8DFDC641AAF995.xml index 0e808a30fa3..5c4ec84b114 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8C5405FC8DFDC641AAF995.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8C5405FC8DFDC641AAF995.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -308,7 +310,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215817–EU215820, EU215873–EU215881), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8D5405FF64F9FF45E5F995.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8D5405FF64F9FF45E5F995.xml index b83999778f8..7e9abc64dd3 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8D5405FF64F9FF45E5F995.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8D5405FF64F9FF45E5F995.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215839, EU215843, EU215844, EU215852, EU215864, EU215865, EU215896), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8D5406FC8DF9FF45E5FEA2.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8D5406FC8DF9FF45E5FEA2.xml index 4752ef608be..1b79a70a2d5 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8D5406FC8DF9FF45E5FEA2.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8D5406FC8DF9FF45E5FEA2.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -341,7 +343,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215821–EU215823, EU215882), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8E5407FC8DFEEE4374FBA6.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8E5407FC8DFEEE4374FBA6.xml index 01742200c0b..c7f824e600c 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8E5407FC8DFEEE4374FBA6.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8E5407FC8DFEEE4374FBA6.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ S . - + Bali : Sanur @@ -225,7 +227,9 @@ S 115°16′20″E ( RMNH 102684 -/2sn: f); +/2sn: f); + + Sanur , Loloan Batu Agung @@ -234,27 +238,27 @@ S 115°15′57″E ( RMNH 102685 -/6sn: -3m -&3f+e, 102686/3sn: -1m -&2f+e 1sh: m, 102687/1sn: f, 102688/ 4sn: -2m -&2f+e); +/6sn: 3m&3f+e, 102686/3sn: 1m&2f+e 1sh: m, 102687/1sn: f, 102688/ 4sn: 2m&2f+e); + + Tulamben Beach , 08°16′36″S 115°35′37″E ( RMNH 102689 -/2sn: m&f+e); +/2sn: m&f+e); + + Tulamben Beach , 08°16′40″ S 115°35′45″E ( RMNH 102690 -/1sn: f+e); +/1sn: f+e); + + N Nusa Penida , off Desa Ped @@ -263,7 +267,9 @@ S 115°30′50″E ( RMNH 102691 -*/ 2sn: m&f); +*/ 2sn: m&f); + + NE Nusa Lembongan , Tanjung Jangka @@ -314,9 +320,7 @@ Strait, SW of NE Balicasag Island -, -09°30′N -123°41″E ( +, 09°30′N 123°41″E ( RMNH 102694 /2sn: m&f+e) @@ -401,7 +405,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215829–EU215833, EU215884), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8F5407FF64FBEB4433FB64.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8F5407FF64FBEB4433FB64.xml index 03bddae9b34..e410ea5d116 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8F5407FF64FBEB4433FB64.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8F5407FF64FBEB4433FB64.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ Kapodasang Reef, - + Paratypes . @@ -103,9 +105,7 @@ Kapodasang Reef, Spermonde Archipelago : type locality ( RMNH 102554 -/e found with -holotype -, 90 077/1sn: f+e, 900 79*/2 sn: m&f+e); +/e found with holotype, 90 077/1sn: f+e, 900 79*/2 sn: m&f+e); W Kudingareng Keke Island @@ -115,7 +115,9 @@ W 119°17′09″E ( RMNH 90088 -/1sn: f+e); +/1sn: f+e); + + W Badi Island @@ -125,7 +127,9 @@ W 119°16′54″E ( RMNH 90041 -/1sn: m); +/1sn: m); + + W Bone Tambung Island @@ -140,7 +144,7 @@ W . - + Central Sulawesi , Tomini Bay @@ -153,7 +157,9 @@ W 122°26′08″E ( RMNH 102555 -/1sn: m, 1sh: m); +/1sn: m, 1sh: m); + + Barrier Reef, N Batudaka Island , @@ -209,7 +215,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215888–EU215890, EU215840–EU215842), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8F5418FC8DFB2C45DCFBC9.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8F5418FC8DFB2C45DCFBC9.xml index b133da96b8b..250e8dc339e 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8F5418FC8DFB2C45DCFBC9.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF8F5418FC8DFB2C45DCFBC9.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -152,16 +154,14 @@ Strait, SW of NE Balicasag Island -, -09°31′N -123°41″E ( +, 09°31′N 123°41″E ( RMNH 102629 Fg/1sn: f) . - + Indonesia . NE Kalimantan @@ -177,7 +177,9 @@ E 118°15′43″E ( RMNH 102630 -Fg/2sn: f); +Fg/2sn: f); + + NE Buliulin, S Samama Island , @@ -190,7 +192,7 @@ Fg/1sn: f) . - + N Sulawesi : @@ -200,27 +202,35 @@ N 124°46′59″E ( RMNH 90047 -Fp/3sn: m&2f+e); +Fp/3sn: m&2f+e); + + Bunaken Island , 01°39′09″ N 124°42′17″E ( RMNH 90058 -* Fp/2sn: m&f+e); +* Fp/2sn: m&f+e); + + Bunaken Island , 01°37′50″N 124°46′14″E ( RMNH 90064 -Fp/2sn: m&f+e); Lembeh Strait, +Fp/2sn: m&f+e); + + +Lembeh Strait, 01°27′35″N 125°13′34″E ( RMNH 102632 -Fp/2sn: m&f); SW +Fp/2sn: m&f); +SW Gorontalo , @@ -253,7 +263,7 @@ Fp/1sn: m, 102636 Fp/3sn: m&2f+e) . - + SW Sulawesi , Spermonde Archipelago @@ -265,7 +275,9 @@ Fp/1sn: m, 102636 Fp/3sn: m&2f+e) 119°21′39″E ( RMNH 90055 -Fp/1sn: f+e, 90091 Fm/1sn: m); +Fp/1sn: f+e, 90091 Fm/1sn: m); + + W Samalona Island @@ -275,7 +287,10 @@ W 119° 20′31″E ( RMNH 90017 -Fp/1sn: m 2sh: m&f, 90018* Fm/ 1sn: f+e, 90042* Fp/2sn: m&f+e, 90046 Fp/1sn: f+e); +Fp/1sn: m 2sh: + + +m&f, 90018* Fm/ 1sn: f+e, 90042* Fp/2sn: m&f+e, 90046 Fp/1sn: f+e); SE Samalona Island @@ -285,7 +300,9 @@ SE 119°20′38″E ( RMNH 90044 -Fp/2sn: m&f+e); +Fp/2sn: m&f+e); + + W Kudingareng Keke Island @@ -295,7 +312,9 @@ W 119°17′09″E ( RMNH 87827 -Fg/1sh: f, 87828 Fg/1sn: f 1sh: f, 87832* Fg/1sn: f, 87835 Fp/2sn: m&f+e, 87836 Fp/ 1sn: f 1sh: f, 87837 Fg/1sn: m 2sh: f, 90111 Fg/1sn: m 2sh: f); +Fg/1sh: f, 87828 Fg/1sn: f 1sh: f, 87832* Fg/1sn: f, 87835 Fp/2sn: m&f+e, 87836 Fp/ 1sn: f 1sh: f, 87837 Fg/1sn: m 2sh: f, 90111 Fg/1sn: m 2sh: f); + + SW Kudingareng Keke Island @@ -305,7 +324,10 @@ SW 119°17′03″E ( RMNH 87848 -Fm/1sn: f+e, 87850 Fm/1sn: m, 87855 Fp/ 1sn: m, 87856 Fm/2sn: m&f+e, 87869 Fp/1sn: f 1sh: f, 87870 Fp/1sn: f 1sh: f, 87875 Fg/2sn: m&f+e, 87876 Fp/ 1sh: f, 87877 Fm/2sn: m&f, 90107 Fg/1sn: f); +Fm/1sn: f+e, 87850 Fm/1sn: m, 87855 Fp/ 1sn: m, 87856 Fm/2sn: m&f+e, 87869 Fp/1sn: f 1sh: f, 87870 Fp/1sn: f 1sh: f, 87875 Fg/2sn: m&f+e, 87876 Fp/ 1sh: f, 87877 Fm/2sn: + + +m&f, 90107 Fg/1sn: f); W Kapodasang Reef , 05°05′35″S @@ -316,14 +338,18 @@ Fp/1sn: f, 90104 Fp/3sn: 2m -&1f+e 1sh: f); +&1f+e 1sh: f); + + W Bone Lola Reef , 05°03′07″S 119°21′09″E ( RMNH 87820 -Fm/ 1sh: f, 87822 Fm/1sn: m, 87825* Fg/2sn: m&f+e 1sh: f, 87823 Fg/2sh: m&f); +Fm/ 1sh: f, 87822 Fm/1sn: m, 87825* Fg/2sn: m&f+e 1sh: f, 87823 Fg/2sh: m&f); + + NW Bone Tambung Island @@ -333,7 +359,9 @@ NW 119°16′16″E ( RMNH 90020 -* Fp/2sn: m&f); +* Fp/2sn: m&f); + + W Badi Island @@ -348,7 +376,7 @@ Fm/1sn: f, 90113 Fg/1sh: f) . - + Bali : Sanur @@ -359,50 +387,71 @@ Fm/1sn: f, 90113 Fg/1sh: f) 115°16′20″E ( RMNH 102637 -Fg/2sn: m&f+e); Penjor Point, +Fg/2sn: + + +m&f+e); Penjor Point, 08°31′11″ S 115°30′37″E ( RMNH 102638 -Fg/1sn: m); Tulamben Beach, drop-off, +Fg/1sn: m); + + +Tulamben Beach, drop-off, 08°16′40″S 115°35′45″E ( RMNH 102639 -Fg/1sn: f 1sh: m, 102640 Fg/2sn: m&f+e 1sh: m, 102641 Fg/1sn: f 1sh: f); Tulamben Beach, +Fg/1sn: f 1sh: m, 102640 Fg/2sn: m&f+e 1sh: m, 102641 Fg/1sn: f 1sh: f); + + +Tulamben Beach, 08°17′05″S 115°36′11″ E ( RMNH 102644 -Fg/1sn: f 2sh: m&f, 102645 Fg/1sn: f+e, 102646 Fg/1sn: f+e, 102647 Fg/1sn: f 1sh: m, 102648 Fg/ 2sn: m&f+e, 102643 Fg/2sn: m&f+e); Tulamben Beach, +Fg/1sn: f 2sh: m&f, 102645 Fg/1sn: f+e, 102646 Fg/1sn: + +f+e, 102647 Fg/1sn: f 1sh: m, 102648 Fg/ 2sn: m&f+e, 102643 Fg/2sn: m&f+e); + +Tulamben Beach, Temple Bay , 08°16′43″S 115°35′49″E ( RMNH 102743 -Fg/ 1sn: f); +Fg/ 1sn: f); + + N Nusa Penida , off Desa Ped, 08°40′28″S 115°30′ 50″E ( RMNH 102649 -Fg/1sn: f+e); +Fg/1sn: f+e); + + NE Nusa Lembongan , Tanjung Jangka, 08°39′46″S 115°28′06″E ( RMNH 102650 -Fg/2sn: m&f+e); +Fg/2sn: m&f+e); + + NW Nusa Penida , Toyapakeh, 08°40′56″S 115°28′56″E ( RMNH 102651 -* Fp/1sn: f+e); +* Fp/1sn: f+e); + + N Nusa Penida , of Tukad Adegan @@ -432,7 +481,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU 215834 – EU 215838, EU 215883, EU 215885 – EU215887), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF905419FC8DFBC840C7FA7D.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF905419FC8DFBC840C7FA7D.xml index 0dc2ecd3998..7dd156042e1 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF905419FC8DFBC840C7FA7D.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF905419FC8DFBC840C7FA7D.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -99,9 +101,7 @@ female ( Indonesia . N Sulawesi -: type locality (102602/ 1sh: m in same coral as -holotype -) +: type locality (102602/ 1sh: m in same coral as holotype) . @@ -114,36 +114,16 @@ female ( Togian Islands : Walea Lighthouse -, -00°25′19″S -122°26′08″ ( +, 00°25′19″S 122°26′08″ ( RMNH 102603 -/6sn: - -3m - -&3f+e); Barrier Reef, N Batudaka Island, -00°25′20″S -121°40′54″ ( +/6sn: 3m&3f+e); Barrier Reef, N Batudaka Island, 00°25′20″S 121°40′54″ ( RMNH 102604 -*/3sn: - -1m - -&2f+e, 102605/1sn: f+e, 2sh: m&f, 102606/3sn: - -2m - -&f+e, 1sh: f, 102607/2sn: m&f+e); +*/3sn: 1m&2f+e, 102605/1sn: f+e, 2sh: m&f, 102606/3sn: 2m&f+e, 1sh: f, 102607/2sn: m&f+e); Patch Reef, S Batudaka Island -, -00°35′25″S -121° 41′38″ ( +, 00°35′25″S 121° 41′38″ ( RMNH 102608 -/2sn: m&f+e, 1sh: f, 102609/1sn: f); S Talatakoh Island, -00°28′22″S -122°08′22″ ( +/2sn: m&f+e, 1sh: f, 102609/1sn: f); S Talatakoh Island, 00°28′22″S 122°08′22″ ( RMNH 102610 /2sn: m&f, 102611/2sn: m&f+e) @@ -160,28 +140,18 @@ SW W Kudingareng Keke Island -, -05°06′09″S -119°17′09″ ( +, 05°06′09″S 119°17′09″ ( RMNH 90106 -/2sn: m&f); W Bone Lola Reef, -05°06′09″S -119°17′09″ ( +/2sn: m&f); W Bone Lola Reef, 05°06′09″S 119°17′09″ ( RMNH 87817 /1sh, f); W Bone Batang -, -05°00′42″S -119°19′31″ ( +, 05°00′42″S 119°19′31″ ( RMNH 90035 -*/2sn: m&f); W Badi Island, -04°58′05″S -119° 16′54″ ( +*/2sn: m&f); W Badi Island, 04°58′05″S 119° 16′54″ ( RMNH 90032 /2sn:m&f+e, 90038/2 s n: m&f+e, 90114/3sh: - -1m - +1m &2f) . @@ -195,14 +165,10 @@ NE , Karang Pinaka, NW Samama Island -, -02º11′22″N -118º17′25″ ( +, 02º11′22″N 118º17′25″ ( RMNH 102612 / 11sn: - -6m - +6m &5f+e) . @@ -214,31 +180,21 @@ NE Tulamben Beach , Coral -garden, -02°11′22″N -118° 17′25″ ( +garden, 02°11′22″N 118° 17′25″ ( RMNH 102753 -/1sn: f+e; SE Tulamben Beach, drop-off, -08°16′40″S -115°35′45″ ( +/1sn: f+e; SE Tulamben Beach, drop-off, 08°16′40″S 115°35′45″ ( RMNH 102754 /1sh: f; N Nusa Penida , of Desa Ped -, -08°40′28″S -115°30′50″ ( +, 08°40′28″S 115°30′50″ ( RMNH 102755 /1sn: m, 102756/4sn: - -2m - +2m &2f+e); Nusa Lembongan, E -Selat Ceningan, seagrass and mangrove, -08°41′03″S -115° 27′43″ ( +Selat Ceningan, seagrass and mangrove, 08°41′03″S 115° 27′43″ ( RMNH 102757 /1sn: m). @@ -259,9 +215,7 @@ Strait, SW of NE Balicasag Island -, -09°30′N -123°41″ ( +, 09°30′N 123°41″ ( RMNH 102758 /1sn: f) @@ -284,7 +238,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215854–EU215856), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF915419FF64FA0442F5FA5A.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF915419FF64FA0442F5FA5A.xml index c77e116e4e3..fd52f1d9bd5 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF915419FF64FA0442F5FA5A.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF915419FF64FA0442F5FA5A.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -93,15 +95,13 @@ female ( - + Paratypes . Indonesia -. -Bali -: +. Bali: Sanur , Penjor Point @@ -110,11 +110,10 @@ female ( 115°16′20″E ( RMNH 102760 -/1sh: m, 102761/3sn: - -2m - -&f+e, 102762/1sn: m); +/1sh: m, 102761/3sn: 2m&f+e, 102762/1sn: + + +m); Nusa Dua, E , of Club Med Hotel, N @@ -123,7 +122,9 @@ of channel, 115°13′57″E ( RMNH 102763 -/1sh: f); +/1sh: f); + + Tanjung Benoa , Loloan Benoa @@ -132,11 +133,11 @@ of channel, 115°14′01″E ( RMNH 102764 -/1sn: f+e, 102765/1sn: m, 1sh: f); +/1sn: f+e, 102765/1sn: m, 1sh: f); + + Tulamben Beach -, “Coral garden”, -08°16′36″S -115° 35′37″ ( +, “Coral garden”, 08°16′36″S 115° 35′37″ ( RMNH 102766 /3sn: m&2f+e); Tulamben Beach, SE @@ -145,7 +146,9 @@ end, drop-off, 115°35′45″E ( RMNH 102767 -/1sn: f+e); +/1sn: f+e); + + W Nusa Penida , Teluk Penida @@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ end, drop-off, . - + N Sulawesi : off @@ -171,14 +174,19 @@ N 124°48′01″E ( RMNH 90050 -/1sn: f+e); off Manado, +/1sn: f+e); + + +off Manado, Bunaken Island , 01°37′37″N 124°48′01″E ( RMNH 90065 -*/1sn: f+e); +*/1sn: f+e); + + N Lembeh Strait, E Lembeh Island , @@ -187,9 +195,7 @@ N ( RMNH 102742 /6sn: - -3m - +3m &3f+e) . @@ -229,7 +235,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215857–EU215859), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF91541AFC8DFA27409DFABF.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF91541AFC8DFA27409DFABF.xml index 9dc444f7595..6435ffd648c 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF91541AFC8DFA27409DFABF.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF91541AFC8DFA27409DFABF.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -91,18 +93,14 @@ female ( - + Paratypes . Palau -. Type locality (102713*/1sn: f+e 2sh: m in same coral as -holotype -, 102714/4sn: - -1m - +. Type locality (102713*/1sn: f+e 2sh: m in same coral as holotype, 102714/4sn: +1m &3f+e); NE of Ngeremdiu , @@ -112,10 +110,10 @@ female ( 134° 27′21″E ( RMNH 102715 -/3sn: - -2m - +/3sn: + + +2m &1f+e); do., 07°16′47″N 134°27′50″E @@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ female ( . - + SW Sulawesi , Spermonde Archipelago @@ -156,7 +154,10 @@ female ( 119°21′39″E ( RMNH 87863 -*/1sh: f, 87865/ 1sn: m 1sh: f, 87866/1sn: f, 87867/1sn: f, 90084*/1sn: f, 90085/2sn: 2f&e 1sh: m, 90086/1sn: f); +*/1sh: f, 87865/ 1sn: m 1sh: f, 87866/1sn: + + +f, 87867/1sn: f, 90084*/1sn: f, 90085/2sn: 2f&e 1sh: m, 90086/1sn: f); W Samalona Island @@ -166,7 +167,9 @@ W 119°20′31″E ( RMNH 90043 -/2sn: m&f+e); +/2sn: m&f+e); + + SW Kudingareng Keke Island @@ -176,7 +179,9 @@ SW 119°17′03″E ( RMNH 90094 -/1sn: f 1sh: m); +/1sn: f 1sh: m); + + NW Kapodasang Reef , 05°05′38″S @@ -204,7 +209,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215845– EU215847, EU215860), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF92541BFF64FAC24275FCB0.xml b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF92541BFF64FAC24275FCB0.xml index cabbca0a5f0..51d49a1dc77 100644 --- a/data/03/92/92/03929252FF92541BFF64FAC24275FCB0.xml +++ b/data/03/92/92/03929252FF92541BFF64FAC24275FCB0.xml @@ -1,43 +1,45 @@ - - - -Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals + + + +Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals - - -Author + + +Author -Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund +Gittenberger, Adriaan Gittenberger Edmund -text - - -Organisms Diversity & Evolution +text + + +Organisms Diversity & Evolution - -2011 - -2011-02-06 + +2011 + +2011-02-06 - -11 + +11 - -1 + +1 - -21 -41 + +21 +41 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -journal article -10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 -1618-1077 -12763954 +journal article +300347 +10.1007/s13127-011-0039-1 +7461024e-4642-4afa-9921-fea01bdecc34 +1618-1077 +12763954 @@ -208,20 +210,14 @@ N 124°03′14″ E ( RMNH 102660 -Fh/3sn: - -2m - -&1f+e, 102661 Fr/3sn: - -2 m - +Fh/3sn: 2m&1f+e, 102661 Fr/3sn: +2 m &1f+e) . - + Central Sulawesi , Tomini Bay @@ -234,7 +230,9 @@ Fh/3sn: 122°26′08″E ( RMNH 102662 -Fr/ 1sn: f 2sh: m&f, 102663 Fr/2sn: m&f+e); +Fr/ 1sn: f 2sh: m&f, 102663 Fr/2sn: m&f+e); + + S Waleabahi Island @@ -244,7 +242,9 @@ S 122°15′57″E ( RMNH 102664 -Fr/2sn: m&f+e, 102665* Fc/2sn: m&f); +Fr/2sn: m&f+e, 102665* Fc/2sn: m&f); + + S Talatakoh Island @@ -255,10 +255,10 @@ S ( RMNH 102666 Fr/1sn: f 1sh: f, 102667 Fr/3sn: - -2m - -&1f); +2m +&1f); + + S Togian Island @@ -268,7 +268,9 @@ S 122°00′11″E ( RMNH 102668 -Fr/1sn: f 1sh: f); +Fr/1sn: f 1sh: f); + + S Batudaka Island @@ -279,10 +281,10 @@ S ( RMNH 102669 * Fh/3sn: - -1m - -&2f+e 2sh: f); +1m +&2f+e 2sh: f); + + W Batudaka Island @@ -293,15 +295,13 @@ W ( RMNH 102670 Fr/3sn: - -2m - +2m &1f+e) . - + SW Sulawesi , Spermonde Archipelago @@ -313,14 +313,18 @@ Fr/3sn: 119°21′39″E ( RMNH 90087 -* Fs/2sn: m&f+e); +* Fs/2sn: m&f+e); + + W Bone Lola Reef , 05°03′07″S 119°21′09″E ( RMNH 90022 -* Fr/2sn: m&f+e); +* Fr/2sn: m&f+e); + + SW Kudingareng Keke Island @@ -330,21 +334,29 @@ SW 119°17′03″E ( RMNH 87868 -Fr/1sh: f, 87871 Fr/2sn: m&f, 87872 Fc/2sn: m&f+e, 87873* Fc/2sn: m&f+e, 87874 Fc/1sn: f); +Fr/1sh: f, 87871 Fr/2sn: m&f, 87872 Fc/2sn: + +m&f+e, 87873* Fc/2sn: m&f+e, 87874 Fc/1sn: f); + NW Kapodasang Reef , 05°05′ 38″S 119°14′45″E ( RMNH 90072 -Fr/2sn: m&f+e); +Fr/2sn: m&f+e); + + W Kapodasang Reef , 05°05′35″S 119°15′20″E ( RMNH 90089 -* Fr/2sn: m&f+e, 90090 Fr/1sn: m 1sh: f, 90096 Fr/ 2sn: m&f, 90097 Fr/1sn: f 2sh: f, 90098 Fc/1sn: f, 90099 Fr/2sn: m&f+e, 90100 Fc/2sn: m&f); +* Fr/2sn: m&f+e, 90090 Fr/1sn: m 1sh: f, 90096 Fr/ 2sn: m&f, 90097 Fr/1sn: + +f 2sh: f, 90098 Fc/1sn: f, 90099 Fr/2sn: m&f+e, 90100 Fc/2sn: m&f); + NW Bone Tambung Island @@ -354,14 +366,18 @@ NW 119°16′16″E ( RMNH 90093 -Fc/2sn: m&f); +Fc/2sn: m&f); + + SW Bone Tambung , 05°02′12″S 119°16′19″E ( RMNH 87862 -Fc/1sn: m 1sh: f); +Fc/1sn: m 1sh: f); + + W Badi Island @@ -372,15 +388,13 @@ W ( RMNH 90039 Fc/3sn: - -1m - +1m &2f+e) . - + Bali : Padang Bai @@ -391,12 +405,18 @@ Fc/3sn: 115°30′37″E ( RMNH 102671 -Fr/1sn: f+e, 102672* Fr/2sn: f+e); Tulamben Beach, +Fr/1sn: + + +f+e, 102672* Fr/2sn: f+e); Tulamben Beach, 08°16′36″S 115°35′37″E ( RMNH 102673 -Fr/2sn: 2f +e); Tulamben Beach, +Fr/2sn: 2f +e); + + +Tulamben Beach, 08°16′43″S 115°35′49″E ( @@ -422,7 +442,7 @@ with reduced and variable morphological characters and associated with fungiid c is differentiated by a unique combination of nucleotides in the Cytochrome Oxidase I barcoding sequence ( GB : EU215809–EU215811, EU215827, EU215848–EU215851, EU215853, EU215867– EU215869, EU215891–EU215895), as indicated by underlined letters in -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 . diff --git a/data/11/E6/5C/11E65CC4D8CB53D8ADEE277338C7C64A.xml b/data/11/E6/5C/11E65CC4D8CB53D8ADEE277338C7C64A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a81b8809de6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/11/E6/5C/11E65CC4D8CB53D8ADEE277338C7C64A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,638 @@ + + + +Five alien achatinid land snails (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata) first reported in greenhouses of Italian botanical gardens + + + +Author + +Manganelli, Giuseppe +0000-0002-8453-280X +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Benocci, Andrea +0000-0003-3145-215X +Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Piazzetta S. Gigli 2, 53100 Siena, Italy + + + +Author + +Barbato, Debora +0000-0003-1105-1711 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Giusti, Folco +0000-0001-8722-4653 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2024 + +2024-07-29 + + +1208 + + +99 +132 + + + +journal article +300348 +10.3897/zookeys.1208.119147 +06a147da-4f99-4a61-9c8a-db99a7f99164 +BEF04EEA-B9D0-4220-9BC4-84208488CCF2 + + + + + +Geostilbia aperta +( +Swainson, 1840 +) + + + + + + + + +Macrospira aperta + +Swainson, 1840: 335 +, fig. 97 e, f. Type locality: no locality given; according to + +Smith (1892: 269) + +, +Saint Vincent +, Lesser Antilles, West Indies. Type material: unknown. Note: Swainson attributed the new species to the reverend L. Guilding from +St. Vincent +, from whom he received the material used for the description. Probably this material was accompanied by a manuscript name which Swainson adopted for denoting the species. + + + + + + + + + +Achatina gundlachi + +Pfeiffer, 1850: 80 +. Type locality: +Cuba +. Type material: unknown. + + + + + + + + + +Geostilbia caledonica + +Crosse, 1867: 186–187 +, Pl. 7, fig. 4. Type locality: Nouméa, +New Caledonia +. Type material: +1 syntype +in Crosse collection (MNHN-IM- 2000-4720) ( + +Breure et al. 2022 b + +). + + + + + + + + +Material examined. + + + +Italy +• 2 shells; +Trento +, +Tropical +greenhouse of the +Science Museum of Trento +( + +MUSE + +); + +46 ° 03 ' 45.16 " N +, +11 ° 06 ' 50.08 " E + +; + +01 Feb. 2022 + +; +D. Barbato +, +A. Benocci +leg.; +GMC 51189 + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Shell +(Figs +33 +, +34 +). Dextral, very small in size, imperforate, elongate, very slender, cylindro-conical, thin and fragile, pearly off-white, colourless, glossy and transparent when fresh, ~ 4 slightly convex whorls separated by rather deep sutures. Apex obtuse, rounded, and smooth. Last whorl ~ 2 / 3 of shell height. Aperture small, ~ 1 / 3 of shell height, ovate to pyriform, basally flared, slightly prosocline. Peristome interrupted, not thickened or reflected, with callous rim on parietum and columella; columella straight or slightly concave; outer margin slightly arched forward in the middle in lateral view. Protoconch smooth; teleoconch with very fine collabral lines and very fine spiral grooves particularly evident on last whorl. Shell dimensions: +SH +2.8 mm +; +SD +1.0 mm; +AH +1.1 mm +; +AW +0.6 mm +. + + + + + + +Shells of + +Geostilbia aperta + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & A. Benocci leg. 01 Feb. 2022. + + + + +Body and anatomy +. + +Unknown. + + + + +Remarks. + + +The early taxonomy of this land snail revolves around three named species: + +Macrospira aperta +Swainson, 1840 + +, + +Achatina gundlachi +Pfeiffer, 1850 + +and + +Geostilbia caledonica +Crosse, 1867 + +. + + +Commenting on the land mollusc species introduced to +Saint Helena +, Edgar Smith maintained that + +Achatina gundlachi + +was a junior synonym of + +Macrospira aperta + +based on examination of Guilding’s material from +St. Vincent +, West Indies, deposited in the British Museum ( +Smith 1892 +) and that + +Geostilbia caledonica + +was also a junior synonym of + +Megaspira +[sic] +aperta + +( +Smith, 1895 +). + + +Pilsbry (1908) +, in his exhaustive revision of orthurethrous snails included in the second edition of the Manual of Conchology, partly rejected +Smith’s +conclusions, regarding + +Macrospira aperta + +as a species inadequately described and + +Geostilbia + +as a section of + +Cecilioides + +. He used + +Cecilioides gundlachi + +as the valid name for the species. However many years later, dealing with this group again, he adopted + +Cecilioides aperta + +as the valid name ( +Pilsbry 1946 +). + + +No subsequent authors made any significant contribution for a better taxonomic framework of the species. They repeated what +Pilsbry (1946) +proposed, believing that a species of + +Geostilbia + +, sometimes considered a subgenus or a synonym of + +Cecilioides + +, could be found almost everywhere in the world, having spread from the Mesoamerican area (e. g., +Robinson 1999 +). Indeed many consider it native to the West Indies, Neotropics or Caribbean basin ( +Dundee 1974 +; +Cowie 1997 +; +Robinson 1999 +; +Chase and Robinson 2001 +; +Rosenberg and Muratov 2006 +; +Thompson 2011 +; +Miquel and Herrera 2014 +; +Nurinsiyaha et al. 2016 +; +Nurinsiyaha and Hausdorf 2019 +). Others report it to be native to southern Europe ( +Cotton 1954 +) or North America north of +Mexico +( +Nekola 2014 +). + + +A species, sometimes named + +Geostilbia aperta + +(or + +Cecilioides aperta + +), + +Geostilbia caledonica + +(or + +Cecilioides caledonica + +) or + +Geostilbia gundlachi + +(or + +Cecilioides gundlachi + +), is currently reported from North, Central and South America, the Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific Region from South-East Asia to Hawaii and +Cook Islands +(see Table +5 +for details and references). It has also been reported from +Saint Helena +( +Smith 1892 +) based on a misidentification of + +Cecilioides acicula +( +Crowley and Pain 1977 +) + +, and from +Barbados +, +Curaçao +and Galapagos, where it was no longer found in recent field surveys ( +Chase and Robinson 2001 +; +Miquel and Herrera 2014 +; +Hovestadt and van Leeuwen 2017 +). + + + + + + +Geographical distribution of + +Geostilbia aperta + +. Asterisks indicate countries / islands where the species has been recorded only in greenhouses or very disturbed anthropogenic habitats. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
RegionsCountries / IslandsReferences
+North America +United States * +Pilsbry (1946) +, +Dundee (1974) +, +Nekola (2014) +
+Central America +Nicaragua +Thompson (2011) +
+West Indies +Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin, and Saint Vincent) +Smith (1892) +, +Rosenberg and Muratov (2006) +, +Maceira et al. (2013) +, +Charles (2015) +, +Hovestadt and Neckheim (2020) +, +Espinosa and Robinson (2021) +
+South America +Brazil +Simone (2006) +
+South-East Asia +Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, and Philippines +Vermeulen and Whitten (1998) +, +Maassen (2001) +, +Groh (2015) +, +Nurinsiyaha et al. (2016) +, +Foon et al. (2017) +, +Nurinsiyaha and Hausdorf (2019) +
+Oceania +Australia, New Guinea, and Pacific Islands (Cook Islands, Guam, Hawaii, and New Caledonia) +Solem (1964) +, +van Benthem Jutting (1964) +, +Cowie (2000 +, +2001 +), +Shea (2007) +, +Stanisic et al. (2010) +
+ + +It is difficult to say anything new about this group of species, since there is no anatomical data. We can rely on shell characters, the most interesting of which are the spiral sculpture particularly evident in the last whorl, the non-truncated or slightly truncated columella and the basally flared aperture. Based on a close resemblance to + +Cecilioides + +, the species of + +Geostilbia + +have been placed in the family +Ferussaciidae +but this similarity could also be due to convergence: true + +Cecilioides + +have no microsculpture on the teleoconch, have a truncated columella and have no basally flared aperture. In their phylogenetic analysis of the achatinoideans +Fontanilla et al. (2017) +examined a + +Cecilioides +species + +– + +Cecilioides gokweana +( +Boettger, 1870 +) + +– which may actually be + +Geostilbia + +, if the material investigated, collected by DG Herbert, matches the description of this species given by him (cf. +Herbert 2010: 127 +for description and figure). If this is confirmed, + +Geostilbia + +does not belong to the +Ferussaciidae +but to a distinct group of +Achatinidae +. This of course does not resolve the relationships between + +Cecilioides + +and + +Geostilbia + +: + +Cecilioides + +may really belong to the +Ferussaciidae +or to the same or a different group of +Achatinidae +, which may include + +Geostilbia + +. + + +MolluscaBase lists eight + +Geostilbia +species + +( +MolluscaBase eds 2024 c +), but except for the widespread + +Geostilbia aperta + +and the south American + +Geostilbia blandiana +Crosse, 1880 + +, all the others occur from +Madagascar +to Southeast Asia. There is great uncertainty about species-level taxonomy of + +Geostilbia + +. Some of the species listed by MolluscaBase may prove to be true + +Cecilioides + +based on the apparent absence of spiral microsculpture, truncated columella and not basally flared aperture: this could be true of + +Geostilbia philippinica +von Möllendorff, 1890 + +and + +Geostilbia sheilae +Groh, 2015 + +(see +Groh 2015 +). On the other hand, some species reported as + +Cecilioides + +by MolluscaBase, such as the East African + +Cecilioides callipeplum +( +Connolly, 1923 +) + +, for which clear spiral sculpture is reported by +Verdcourt (1986) +, +van Bruggen and van Goethem (2001) +, and +van Bruggen (2008) +, or the South African + +Cecilioides gokweana + +, for which clear spiral sculpture is described by +Herbert (2010) +, may prove to be true + +Geostilbia + +. + + +We assign two shells found in the litter of the tropical greenhouse of + +MUSE + +to this species (unfortunately no living specimen was found during our collecting). This is the first report of the species from Europe. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/63/A0/46/63A046FFD7BC53FDBB21A07CD63234F0.xml b/data/63/A0/46/63A046FFD7BC53FDBB21A07CD63234F0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d28c477ff3d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/63/A0/46/63A046FFD7BC53FDBB21A07CD63234F0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,381 @@ + + + +Five alien achatinid land snails (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata) first reported in greenhouses of Italian botanical gardens + + + +Author + +Manganelli, Giuseppe +0000-0002-8453-280X +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Benocci, Andrea +0000-0003-3145-215X +Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Piazzetta S. Gigli 2, 53100 Siena, Italy + + + +Author + +Barbato, Debora +0000-0003-1105-1711 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Giusti, Folco +0000-0001-8722-4653 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2024 + +2024-07-29 + + +1208 + + +99 +132 + + + +journal article +300348 +10.3897/zookeys.1208.119147 +06a147da-4f99-4a61-9c8a-db99a7f99164 +BEF04EEA-B9D0-4220-9BC4-84208488CCF2 + + + + + +Paropeas achatinaceum +( +Pfeiffer, 1846 +) + + + + + + + + +Bulimus achatinaceus + +Pfeiffer, 1846: 82 +. Type locality: “ +Java +”. Type material: +lectotype +no. +ZMB +Moll. 65746, Zoological Museum, +Berlin +( + +Naggs 1994 + +: fig. 1). + + + + + + + + +Material examined. + + + +Italy +• 173 shells and 21 spirit specimens; +Padua +, +Biodiversity Garden +( +Botanical Garden of Padua +); + +45 ° 23 ' 52.59 " N +, +11 ° 52 ' 50.37 " E + +; + +06 Mar. 2019 + +; +D. Barbato +leg.; +GMC 57373 + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Shell +(Figs +21–24 +). Dextral, medium in size, minutely perforate to imperforate, elongate, slender, conical, rather robust, pearly off-white, opaque, with 7–9 slightly convex whorls, separated by rather deep and in places irregularly crenulate sutures. Apex obtuse, rounded, and smooth. Last whorl ~ 1 / 3 of shell height. Aperture small, ~ 1 / 4 of shell height, obliquely pyriform, slightly prosocline. Peristome interrupted, slightly thickened along outer margin, slightly reflected on columella, with callous rim on parietum and columella; columella straight; outer margin sinuous in lateral view (approximately inverse S-shaped). Protoconch smooth; teleoconch with evident irregular collabral striae. Shell dimensions: +SH +9.4–13.1 mm +; +SD +2.9–3.8 mm +; +AH +3.0– +3.5 mm +; +AW +1.8–2.2 mm +. + + + + + + +Shells of + +Paropeas achatinaceum + +from the Biodiversity Garden (Botanical Garden of Padua), D. Barbato leg. 06 Mar. 2019. + + + +Female distal genitalia +(Figs +25 +, +27 +). Free oviduct long and wide. Bursa copulatrix sac-like, oval with long slender duct (slightly longer than bursa copulatrix), initially slightly flared, and medially convoluted around free oviduct. Vagina long and wide (longer than free oviduct) with huge proximal lateral bulge containing large ligula. + + + + + + +Genital anatomy of + +Paropeas achatinaceum + +from the Biodiversity Garden (Botanical Garden of Padua), D. Barbato leg. 06 Mar. 2019: +25 +genitalia (hermaphrodite gonad excluded) +26 +detail of proximal penial complex +27 +internal structure of vagina. + + + + +Male +distal genitalia + +(Figs +25–27 +). Vas deferens of variable diameter (proximal tract narrow, medial tract slightly wider and final tract very narrow), entering penial complex at its proximal end. Penial complex consisting of epiphallus, penial caecum and penis. Epiphallus very short. Penial caecum very short (as long as epiphallus). Penis very long, distinctly divided into proximal and distal parts by difference in calibre; proximal part longer (almost twice distal penis), slender and thin walled; distal penis shorter (half proximal penis), thick, muscular walled and enveloped by penial sheath. Penial retractor muscle bifid, one branch inserted on proximal end of penis, the other branch on tip of penial caecum. + + +Genital atrium +(Figs +25 +, +27 +). Short. + + + + +Remarks. + + + +Paropeas achatinaceum + +is one of the best known subulinids thanks to the excellent anatomical study and the careful taxonomic revision by +Naggs (1994) +. Our anatomical study (Figs +25–27 +) fully agrees with that of +Naggs (1994) +. + + +This species is regarded as native to tropical Asia, where it occurs from +Nepal +and +Sri Lanka +to South +East Asia +. Outside this area it is found in +Australia +and Pacific islands, West Indian Ocean islands, Europe, and the West Asia (see Table +3 +for details and references). + + + + + + +Geographical distribution of + +Paropeas achatinaceum + +. Asterisks indicate countries / islands where the species has been recorded only in greenhouses or very disturbed anthropogenic habitats; hash symbol denotes one record based on a specimen of unknown origin recovered from sandy detritus collected on a beach. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
RegionsCountries / IslandsReferences
+Europe + +Austria *, Italy *, and Malta + +# + + +Horsák et al. (2020) +, +Cilia et al. (2022) +, this paper +
+West Indian Ocean +Mascarene and Seychelles +Naggs (1994) +, +Griffiths and Florens (2006) +
+West Asia +Iraq +Hussein et al. (2018) +
+South Asia +Nepal and Sri Lanka +Naggs (1994) +, +Budha et al. (2015) +
+South-East Asia +Borneo, Indonesia, and Singapore +Naggs (1994) +, +Schilthuizen and Rutjes (2001) +, +Tan et al. (2015) +, +Nurinsiyaha et al. (2016) +, +Phung et al. (2017) +
+East Asia +Dongsha Island and Hong Kong +Naggs (1994) +, +Wu et al. (2007) +
+Oceania +Australia and Pacific islands (American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands, Samoa, and Tonga) +Naggs (1994) +, +Cowie (2000 +, +2001 +), +Shea (2007) +, +Brook et al. (2010) +, +Stanisic et al. (2010) +, +Kerr and Bauman (2013) +, +Brook (2014) +, +Cowie et al. (2017) +
+ + +The species was found in the Biodiversity Garden (Botanical Garden of Padua), where it forms a well-established population, as in +Vienna +Zoo, +Austria +( +Horsák et al. 2020 +). In contrast, the report from +Malta +is only based on a specimen of unknown origin recovered from sandy detritus collected on a beach ( +Cilia et al. 2022 +). This is the first report from +Italy +and the third from Europe. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/AC/96/18/AC961840E0DA51D19C3B7DCD7D15F454.xml b/data/AC/96/18/AC961840E0DA51D19C3B7DCD7D15F454.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..74517b43096 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/AC/96/18/AC961840E0DA51D19C3B7DCD7D15F454.xml @@ -0,0 +1,806 @@ + + + +Five alien achatinid land snails (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata) first reported in greenhouses of Italian botanical gardens + + + +Author + +Manganelli, Giuseppe +0000-0002-8453-280X +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Benocci, Andrea +0000-0003-3145-215X +Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Piazzetta S. Gigli 2, 53100 Siena, Italy + + + +Author + +Barbato, Debora +0000-0003-1105-1711 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Giusti, Folco +0000-0001-8722-4653 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2024 + +2024-07-29 + + +1208 + + +99 +132 + + + +journal article +300348 +10.3897/zookeys.1208.119147 +06a147da-4f99-4a61-9c8a-db99a7f99164 +BEF04EEA-B9D0-4220-9BC4-84208488CCF2 + + + + + +Allopeas clavulinum +( +Potiez & Michaud, 1838 +) + + + + + + + + +Bulimus clavulinus + +Potiez & Michaud, 1838 +, 1: 136, pl. 14, figs 9, 10. Type locality: “ L’île Bourbon ”, namely +Réunion Island +, Mascarene Archipelago. Type material: lost ( + +Smith 1992: 309 + +). + + + + + + + + +Material examined. + + + +Italy +• 6 shells and 6 spirit specimens; +Trento +, +Tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento +( + +MUSE + +); + +46 ° 03 ' 45.16 " N +, +11 ° 06 ' 50.08 " E + +; + +14 Dec. 2017 + +; +A. Benocci +, +G. Manganelli +, +D. Miserocchi +leg.; +GMC 47556 + +• + +623 shells, 10 spirit specimens; same locality; + +04 Jan. 2019 + +, + +10 Feb. 2019 + +, + +04 May 2019 + +; +D. Barbato +, +G. Bolzonella +leg.; +GMC 51194 + +• + +418 shells, 2 spirit specimens; same locality; + +01 Feb. 2022 + +; +D. Barbato +, +A. Benocci +leg.; +GMC 51184 + +• + +133 shells; same locality; + +02 Feb. 2023 + +; +F. Rossi +leg.; +GMC 57343 + +• + +155 shells; same locality; + +9 Feb. 2023 + +; +D. Barbato +, +A. Benocci +leg.; +GMC 57350 + +• + +145 shells and 1 spirit specimen; +Padua +, Biodiversity Garden ( +Botanical Garden of Padua +); + +45 ° 23 ' 52.59 " N +, +11 ° 52 ' 50.37 " E + +; + +06 Mar. 2019 + +; +D. Barbato +leg.; +GMC 57373 + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Shell +(Figs +1–6 +). Dextral, small, minutely perforate to imperforate, elongate, slender, conical, rather robust, pearly off-white, glossy and sub-transparent when fresh, with 5–7 slightly convex whorls, separated by moderately deep sutures. Apex obtuse, rounded, and smooth. Last whorl ~ 1 / 2 of shell height. Aperture small, ~ 1 / 3 of shell height, obliquely pyriform, slightly prosocline. Peristome interrupted, not thickened, only slightly reflected on columella, sometimes with slightly evident callous rim on parietum; columella straight; outer margin sinuous in lateral view (approximately inverse S-shaped). Protoconch smooth; teleoconch with thin and irregular collabral growth lines. Shell dimensions: +SH +5.5–6.8 mm +; +SD +2.2–2.6 mm +; +AH +1.9–2.3 mm +; +AW +1.2–1.4 mm +. + + + + + + +Shells of alien achatinids in Italian greenhouses: +1–6 +shells of + +Allopeas clavulinum + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 May 2019 +7, 8 +shells of + +Subulina octona + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 May 2019. + + + +Female distal genitalia +(Figs +9 +– +12 +). Free oviduct long and wide. Bursa copulatrix sac-like, oval with long slender duct (slightly longer than bursa copulatrix), sometimes initially flared. Vagina short and wide (approximately as long as free oviduct) with small lateral bulge. + + + + + + +Genital anatomy of + +Allopeas clavulinum + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 May 2019: +9, 10 +genitalia (hermaphrodite gonad excluded) +11 +distal genitalia. + + + + +Male +distal genitalia + +(Figs +9 +– +13 +, +15 +, +16 +). Vas deferens almost uniform in diameter (very thin to thin along its entire length), entering penial complex at its proximal end. Penial complex consisting of epiphallus, penial caecum and penis. Epiphallus very short. Penial caecum very short (as long as epiphallus). Penis short to rather long, almost uniformly cylindrical, undivided, with penial sheath enveloping its distal tract. Penial retractor muscle bifid, one branch inserted on proximal end of epiphallus, one branch on tip of penial caecum. + + + + + + +Genital anatomy of alien achatinids in Italian greenhouses: +12, 13 +genitalia (hermaphrodite gonad excluded) and diagram of the proximal penial complex of + +Allopeas clavulinum + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 May 2019 +14 +genitalia (hermaphrodite gonad excluded) of + +Opeas hannense + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 May 2019. + + + + + + + +Proximal penial complex of + +Allopeas clavulinum + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 May 2019. + + + +Genital atrium +(Figs +9 +– +12 +). Rather long. + + + + +Remarks. + + +Although + +Allopeas clavulinum + +is a well-known greenhouse snail ( +Kerney and Cameron 1979 +), its taxonomic and systematic placement is still not definitive, nor is its native range clear. The species was first described from +Réunion Island +(as Île Bourbon), Mascarene archipelago, in the western Indian Ocean ( +Potiez and Michaud 1838 +), but +Griffiths and Florens (2006) +thought it an East African species introduced into the Mascarene islands. The hypothesis that the species is native to Africa or East Africa was also maintained by +Kerney and Cameron (1979) +, +Robinson (1999) +, +Probst (2001) +, +Shea (2007) +, +Cowie et al. (2008) +, +Stanisic et al. (2010) +, and +Foon et al. (2017) +. However +Rowson et al. (2010) +observed that Verdcourt, familiar with + +A. clavulinum + +in botanic gardens of the +UK +, never reported it from East Africa (e. g., +Verdcourt 1983 +, +2000 +, +2006 +). Alternatively an Asian / south-east Asian origin was proposed by +Brook et al. (2010) +and +Rumi et al. (2010) +. Support for a south-east Asian origin could come from the putative finding of a shell in the Holocene of +Thailand +( +Robba et al. 2007 +) and its membership of a molecularly based monophyletic group, including other species from +Sri Lanka +( +Fontanilla et al. 2017 +). + + +Today, + +Allopeas clavulinum + +occurs in humid tropical and subtropical lowlands across the world. It is reported from the West Indies, South America, West Indian Ocean islands, South and South-east Asia, New +Guinea +, +Australia +, and Pacific islands. Outside the tropics and subtropics it only occurs in heated greenhouses or very disturbed habitats, mainly in the northern hemisphere. Indeed it has been reported from North America, Europe, the Middle East, and +New Zealand +(see Table +1 +for details and references). An alleged distinct subspecies + +Allopeas clavulinum kyotoense +( +Pilsbry & Hirase, 1904 +) + +is reported from +Korea +and +Japan +( +Minato 1988 +; +Noseworthy et al. 2007 +). + + + + + + +Geographical distribution of + +Allopeas clavulinum + +. Asterisks indicate countries / islands where the species has been recorded only in greenhouses or very disturbed anthropogenic habitats. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
RegionsCountries / IslandsReferences
+North America +United States * +Dundee (1974) +, +Nekola (2014) +
+West Indies +Hispaniola +Espinosa and Robinson (2021) +
+South America +Brazil and Suriname +Marcus and Marcus (1968) +, +van Regteren Altena (1975) +, +Simone (2006) +, +Rumi et al. (2010) +
+Europe +Austria *, Czech Republic *, Finland *, Germany *, Great Britain *, Ireland *, Italy *, Netherlands * and Sweden * +Kerney and Cameron (1979) +, +von Proschwitz (1994) +, +Leiss and Reischütz (1996) +, +Horsák et al. (2004 +, +2020 +), +Da Sois (2015) +, +Reischütz et al. (2018) +, +Anderson and Rowson (2020) +, this paper +
+Indian Ocean +Madagascar, Mascarene, and Seychelles +Probst (2001) +, +Gerlach (2006) +, +Griffiths and Florens (2006) +, +Bank and Menkhorst (2008) +, +Emberton et al. (2010) +
+West Asia +Israel * +Mienis et al. (2012) +
+South Asia +Nepal +Budha et al. (2015) +
+South-East Asia +Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Sabah in Malaysian Borneo and Singapore +Ho (1995) +, +Foon et al. (2017) +, +Phung et al. (2017) +, +Nurinsiyaha and Hausdorf (2019) +, +Parcon et al. (2020) +
+Oceania +Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand * and Pacific islands (American Samoa, Chilean Islands: Rapa Nui, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii, Norfolk Island, Pitcairn Islands and Tonga) +Anonymous undated, +van Benthem Jutting (1964) +, +Solem (1989) +, +Cowie (2000 +, +2001 +), +Shea (2007) +, +Stanisic et al. (2007 +, +2010 +), +Brook et al. (2010) +, +Brook (2014) +, +Cowie et al. (2017) +, +Maynard et al. (2018) +, +Osorio (2018) +
+ + +The genital anatomy of + +Allopeas +species + +is poorly understood. Earlier studies have been performed on specimens of + +Allopeas gracile +( +Hutton, 1834 +) + +from +Puerto Rico +( +Baker 1945 +; Baker in +Pilsbry 1946 +) and +Suriname +( +Gittenberger and van Bruggen 2013 +), + +Allopeas clavulinum + +from +Scotland +( +Baker 1945 +; Baker in +Pilsbry 1946 +) and +Brazil +( +Marcus and Marcus 1968 +), + +Allopeas mauritianum +( +Pfeiffer, 1853 +) + +from +Mauritius +( +Baker 1945 +; Baker in +Pilsbry 1946 +) and + +Allopeas + +“ spec. 2 and + +Allopeas +spec. 3 + +” from Pemba ( +Gittenberger and van Bruggen 2013 +). The overall distal genitalia organisation of our specimens (Figs +9 +– +12 +) is consistent with that described in + +Allopeas gracile + +( +Baker 1945: 88–89 +; Baker in +Pilsbry 1946: 178 +, fig. 84.9; +Gittenberger and van Bruggen 2013: 255 +, fig. 10), + +Allopeas clavulinum + +(Baker in +Pilsbry 1946 +: fig. 84.6; +Marcus and Marcus 1968 +: fig. 9), + +Allopeas +spec. 2 + +( +Gittenberger and van Bruggen 2013: 254–255 +, fig. 11) and + +Allopeas +spec. 3 + +( +Gittenberger and van Bruggen 2013: 255 +, fig. 12). However the relationships between the penial sheath and the vas deferens seem different from what was illustrated by +Marcus and Marcus (1968) +, the only authors to describe them: according to +Marcus and Marcus (1968 +: fig. 9) the vas deferens runs externally to the penial sheath whereas we found that it runs internally. The proximal penial complex consists of a short bulbous epiphallus and thin walled penial caecum with a branch of the penial retractor on the proximal tip of each (Figs +13 +, +15 +, +16 +). The epiphallus and the penial caecum are so closely juxtaposed as to resemble a usual proximal penis tip with an undivided penial retractor joined to it (Figs +9 +– +12 +). This arrangement matches that already described in + +Allopeas gracile + +( +Baker 1945: 88 +; Baker in +Pilsbry 1946: 178 +, fig. 84.10), + +Allopeas clavulinum + +( +Baker 1945: 90 +; Baker in +Pilsbry 1946: 180 +, fig. 84.6; +Marcus and Marcus 1968 +: fig. 9), + +Allopeas mauritianum + +( +Baker 1945: 90 +; Baker in +Pilsbry 1946: 180 +) and + +Allopeas +spec. 2 + +( +Gittenberger and van Bruggen 2013: 255 +, fig. 11 b). However there seems to be some variation, especially in the structure of the penial caecum between these species: + +Allopeas gracile + +and + +Allopeas mauritianum + +have a robust penial caecum, large at the base and progressively tapering towards the tip (for + +Allopeas gracile + +, see Baker in +Pilsbry 1946 +: fig. 84.10; +Gittenberger and van Bruggen 2013 +; for + +Allopeas mauritianum + +, see Baker in +Pilsbry 1946 +: fig. 84.3), whereas + +Allopeas clavulinum + +has a long slender penial caecum almost uniform in diameter, thin along its entire length (Baker in +Pilsbry 1946 +: fig. 84.4; +Marcus and Marcus 1968 +: fig. 9). Based on penial caecum structure, our specimens apparently do not match those assigned to + +Allopeas clavulinum + +but are more similar to those assigned to + +Allopeas mauritianum + +. As already rightly observed by +Gittenberger and van Bruggen (2013) +, it is not clear whether these differences are due to individual variation or to phylogenetic divergence. The relationships between these taxa are also uncertain, as is whether these names have been used consistently in the literature. Although they are currently regarded as synonyms ( +MolluscaBase eds 2024 b +), their status and relationships are still not clear and may only be defined after the designation of +neotypes +and study of an appropriate number of populations using an integrative approach with conchological, anatomical and molecular characters. For now we consider this species according to its current concept (e. g., +Horsák et al. 2020 +). + + + +Allopeas clavulinum + +has been found in the tropical greenhouse of + +MUSE + +, where it is the commonest and most abundant achatinid species, and in the Biodiversity Garden (Botanical Garden of Padua), where it is rather uncommon. This is the first report from +Italy +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/C3/F6/AA/C3F6AA0A999354F78563FC134A3EC4D8.xml b/data/C3/F6/AA/C3F6AA0A999354F78563FC134A3EC4D8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..17e8119009e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/C3/F6/AA/C3F6AA0A999354F78563FC134A3EC4D8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,664 @@ + + + +Five alien achatinid land snails (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata) first reported in greenhouses of Italian botanical gardens + + + +Author + +Manganelli, Giuseppe +0000-0002-8453-280X +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Benocci, Andrea +0000-0003-3145-215X +Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Piazzetta S. Gigli 2, 53100 Siena, Italy + + + +Author + +Barbato, Debora +0000-0003-1105-1711 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Giusti, Folco +0000-0001-8722-4653 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2024 + +2024-07-29 + + +1208 + + +99 +132 + + + +journal article +300348 +10.3897/zookeys.1208.119147 +06a147da-4f99-4a61-9c8a-db99a7f99164 +BEF04EEA-B9D0-4220-9BC4-84208488CCF2 + + + + + +Subulina octona +( +Bruguière, 1789 +) + + + + + + + + +Bulimus octonus + +Bruguière, 1789: 325 +. Type locality: “ … dans les îles Antilles. M. de Badier l’a trouvé abondamment à l’île de la +Guadeloupe +, & j’en ai vu chez M. d’Antic qui lui ont été envoyés de l’île de +Saint-Domingue +”. Type material: presumed lost ( + +Smith 1992 + +). + + + + + + + + +Material examined. + + + +Italy +• 112 shells and 2 spirit specimens; +Trento +, +Tropical +greenhouse of the +Science Museum of Trento +( + +MUSE + +); + +46 ° 03 ' 45.16 " N +, +11 ° 06 ' 50.08 " E + +; + +04 Jan. 2019 + +; + +10 Feb. 2019 + +; + +04 May 2019 + +; +D. Barbato +, +G. Bolzonella +leg.; +GMC 51197 + +• + +29 shells; same locality; + +01 Feb. 2022 + +; +D. Barbato +, +A. Benocci +leg.; +GMC 51188 + +• + +1 shell; same locality; + +09 Feb. 2023 + +; +D. Barbato +, +A. Benocci +leg.; +GMC 57353 + +• + +1 shell; +Padua +, +Biodiversity Garden +( +Botanical Garden of Padua +); + +45 ° 23 ' 52.59 " N +, +11 ° 52 ' 50.37 " E + +; + +06 Mar. 2019 + +; +D. Barbato +leg.; +GMC 57374 + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Shell +(Figs +7 +, +8 +, +28–30 +). Shell dextral, medium in size, imperforate, elongate, slender, conical, rather robust, pearly off-white, glossy or waxy and sub-transparent when fresh, with 7–9 slightly convex whorls, separated by rather deep and in places irregularly crenulate sutures. Apex obtuse, rounded, and smooth; last whorl ~ 1 / 3 of shell height. Aperture small, ~ 1 / 5 of shell height, ovate, slightly prosocline. Peristome interrupted, not thickened or reflected, with callous rim on parietum and columella; columella concave and obliquely truncate at base; outer margin straight in lateral view. Protoconch smooth; teleoconch with fine, wrinkled, irregular collabral growth lines. Shell dimensions: +SH +12.1–16.0 mm; +SD +3.3–4.1 mm +; +AH +2.5–3.2 mm +; +AW +1.9–2.4 mm +. + + + + + + +Shells of + +Subulina octona + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 Jan. 2019. + + + +Female distal genitalia +(Fig. +31 +). Free oviduct very short and wide. Bursa copulatrix sac-like, oval with short slender duct (as long as bursa copulatrix), initially not flared. Vagina very long and slender. + + + + + + +Genital anatomy of + +Subulina octona + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 Jan. 2019: +31 +genitalia (hermaphrodite gonad excluded) +32 +detail of proximal penial complex. + + + + +Male +distal genitalia + +(Figs +31 +, +32 +). Vas deferens of varying diameter (proximal tract narrow, medial tract slightly wider and final tract very narrow), entering penial complex near proximal end. Penial complex consisting of epiphallus, penial caecum and penis. Epiphallus very short. Penial caecum very short (as long as epiphallus). Penis very long, divided distinctly into proximal and distal parts by difference in calibre, without penial sheath; proximal part longer (twice distal penis), slender and thin walled; distal penis shorter (half proximal penis) and thick, muscular walled. Penial retractor muscle bifid, one branch inserted on tip of penial flagellum, the other branch on tip of penial caecum. + + +Genital atrium +(Fig. +31 +). Very short. + + + + +Remarks. + + + +Subulina octona + +is a well-known travelling snail that occurs worldwide ( +Robinson 1999 +) but its native range is uncertain. It was described from +Guadeloupe +and Hispaniola and has been reported as native to tropical America ( +Pilsbry 1946 +), the Caribbean ( +Deisler and Abbott 1984 +) and Latin America ( +Robinson 1999 +) but this was disputed on the grounds that the other species of the genus occur in Africa ( +Bieler and Slapcinsky 2000 +). +Gerlach (2006) +regarded it as native to the +Seychelles +, based on a subfossil record from Aldabra reported by +Gerlach and van Bruggen (1999) +. Others suggested that it was originally from tropical America ( +Griffiths and Florens 2006 +), south-east Asia ( +Rumi et al. 2010 +) or Africa ( +Breure et al. 2016 +; +Hovestadt and van Leeuwen 2017 +). Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of the achatinoid snails by +Fontanilla et al. (2017) +found that + +Subulina octona + +and + +Subulina striatella +( +Rang, 1831 +) + +formed a monophyletic group belonging to an unsupported clade including only Old World species, but unfortunately the study included a small selection of subulinine genera, only one of which was from neotropical America. + + + +Subulina octona + +is now distributed widely in humid tropical and subtropical lowlands across the world. It occurs in Central America, the West Indies, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, West Indian Ocean islands, South, South-East, and +East Asia +, New +Guinea +, +Australia +, and Pacific islands. In the mid temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere, it only occurs in greenhouses and hothouses (see Table +4 +for details and references). + + + + + + +Geographical distribution of + +Subulina octona + +. Asterisks indicate countries / islands where the species has been recorded only in greenhouses or very disturbed anthropogenic habitats. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
RegionsCountries / IslandsReferences
+North America +United States * +Dundee (1974) +, +Nekola (2014) +
+Central America +Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Salvador +Thompson (2011) +
+West Indies +Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Lesser Antilles (Barbados, Curaçao, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Trinidad) +Deisler and Abbott (1984) +, +Chase and Robinson (2001) +, +Rosenberg and Muratov (2006) +, +Espinosa and Ortea (2009) +, +Robinson et al. (2009) +, +Rutherford (2011) +, +Maceira et al. (2013) +, +Charles (2015) +, +Delannoye et al. (2015) +, +Breure et al. (2016) +, +Herrera-Uria (2016) +, +Hovestadt and van Leeuwen (2017) +, +Hovestadt and Neckheim (2020) +, +Espinosa and Robinson (2021) +
+South America +Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela +Baker (1927) +, +Marcus and Marcus (1968) +, +van Regteren Altena (1975) +, +Simone (2006) +, +Rumi et al. (2010) +, +Breure et al. (2022 a +) +
+Atlantic Ocean +Bermuda +Bieler and Slapcinsky (2000) +
+Europe +Austria *, Czech Republic *, Denmark *, Great Britain *, Ireland *, Italy *, Netherlands *, and Sweden * +Kerney and Cameron (1979) +, +von Proschwitz (1994 +, +2016 +), +Juricková (2006) +, +Da Sois (2015) +, +Reischütz et al. (2018) +, +Anderson and Rowson (2020) +, +Horsák et al. (2020) +, this paper +
+Africa +South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe +van Bruggen (1981) +, +Rowson (2007) +, +Herbert (2010) +
+Indian Ocean +Aldabra, Madagascar, Maldives, Mascarene, Pemba, and Seychelles +Probst (2001) +, +Gerlach (2006) +, +Griffiths and Florens (2006) +, +Rowson (2007) +, +Emberton and Griffiths (2009) +, +Rowson et al. (2010) +, +Gittenberger and van Bruggen (2013) +, +Gittenberger et al. (2019) +
+South Asia +India and Sri Lanka +Ranawana (2006) +, +Raheem et al. (2014) +
+South-East Asia +Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah in Malaysian Borneo, Singapore, and Vietnam +Schileyko (2011) +, +Tan et al. (2015) +, +Foon et al. (2017) +, +Phung et al. (2017) +, +Nurinsiyaha and Hausdorf (2019) +
+East Asia +Dongsha Islands and Japan * +Minato (1988) +, +Wu et al. (2007) +
+Oceania +Australia, New Guinea, and Pacific islands (American Samoa, Belau / Palau, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Galapagos Islands, Guam, Hawaii, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu) +Cowie (2000 +, +2001 +), +Wiktor (2003) +, +Shea (2007) +, +Brook et al. (2010) +, +Rundell (2010) +, +Stanisic et al. (2010) +, +Brodie and Barker (2012) +, +Kerr and Bauman (2013) +, +Brook (2014) +, +Miquel and Herrera (2014) +, +Cowie et al. (2017) +
+ + +The distal genitalia of + +MUSE + +specimens show a general scheme identical to that described by +Baker (1927: 3–4 +, pl. 20, fig. 99), +Marcus and Marcus (1968: 189–190) +and +Araújo and Bessa (1993: 493–495 +, figs 7–11), but differing in the size of the penial complex from that described by +Wiegmann (1894: 214–216 +, pl. 16, fig. 3; reproduced by +Pilsbry 1946: 173 +, fig. 83 h), +Schileyko (1999 +: fig. 662 +BC +) and +Gittenberger and van Bruggen (2013: 250) +. Instead of a very short penial complex, in agreement with the first description by +Baker (1927) +, + +MUSE + +specimens have a long slender penial complex consisting of a short proximal portion (the epiphallus and the penial caecum closely juxtaposed to each other), a long slender medial portion (the proximal penis) and a short swollen distal portion (the distal penis). In particular, based on the male genitalia of a specimen from Dunoon ( +Guyana +) mounted in glycerine jelly and viewed by transmitted light, +Baker (1927) +described the proximal portion as consisting of a flagellar appendix [the penial caecum] and a very short, thick walled tract [the epiphallus]; the vas deferens entering the penial complex at the proximal end of the epiphallus; the penial retractor joining at the tip of penial caecum; a rather elongate papilla present at the internal opening of the epiphallus into the proximal penis. Baker also described a penial sheath enveloping the distal penis joined by a muscular branch originating from the right lower tentacle retractor; finally he interpreted the structure that +Wiegmann (1894) +described and figured as the penis as being only the distal penis surrounded by a heavy muscular sheath. + + +The small size and the very fine structure of the sections of the proximal portion of the penial complex make dissection difficult and differentiation of its components elusive. Our results substantially agree with Baker’s description. The differences are: the vas deferens enters the penial complex near the base and not at the tip of the epiphallus; the penial retractor consists of two branches, one joined to the epiphallus, the other to the penial caecum; the small size of the proximal penis makes the penial papilla impossible to detect by stereomicroscope; a classical penial sheath (such as that of + +Allopeas + +and + +Paropeas + +) is absent, although a muscular branch from the right lower tentacle retractor joins the distal penis directly on the penial wall. Unfortunately, the scarcity of material prevented a more careful anatomical examination. Some uncertainties about its real organisation and the meaning of such differences among the various anatomical reports therefore remain. + + +Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of the achatinoid snails by +Fontanilla et al. (2017) +found that the genus, as currently conceived, is polyphyletic because the three + +Subulina +species + +examined did not cluster together. The meaning of variation in penis size in + +Subulina octona + +is also uncertain. +Wiegmann (1894) +ventured that the extreme reduction of the male distal genitalia was related to “ unisexuality ” or sequential hermaphroditism (... dass die betreffenden Thiere durch Verkümmerung des männlichen Theils der Genitalien eingeschlechtig geworden sind, oder aber dass die weibliche Geschlechtsreife der männlichen vorausgeht). Others, such as +Baker (1927) +, supposed that the species was a sequential hermaphrodite, but whereas Wiegmann saw it as protogynous, Baker viewed it as protandrous. + +Subulina octona + +is actually a facultatively self-fertilising egg-retaining species showing no evidence of sequential hermaphroditism ( +Bessa and Araújo 1995 +; +D’Ávila et al. 2018 +). Thus the reduced penis may be related to loss of biparental reproduction as already supposed by Wiegmann. However this may be because + +Subulina octona + +is a complex of species. More research is needed to address these questions. + + + +Subulina octona + +is common in the tropical greenhouse of + +MUSE + +, and has been found in the Biodiversity Garden (Botanical Garden of Padua), where only +one specimen +was collected. This is the first report from +Italy +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/EC/B0/92/ECB092BCC5B8515DA42A8B0AF2D7A34A.xml b/data/EC/B0/92/ECB092BCC5B8515DA42A8B0AF2D7A34A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..184b908dc7f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/EC/B0/92/ECB092BCC5B8515DA42A8B0AF2D7A34A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,625 @@ + + + +Five alien achatinid land snails (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata) first reported in greenhouses of Italian botanical gardens + + + +Author + +Manganelli, Giuseppe +0000-0002-8453-280X +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Benocci, Andrea +0000-0003-3145-215X +Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Piazzetta S. Gigli 2, 53100 Siena, Italy + + + +Author + +Barbato, Debora +0000-0003-1105-1711 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy & NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), Palermo, Italy + + + +Author + +Giusti, Folco +0000-0001-8722-4653 +Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy + +text + + +ZooKeys + + +2024 + +2024-07-29 + + +1208 + + +99 +132 + + + +journal article +300348 +10.3897/zookeys.1208.119147 +06a147da-4f99-4a61-9c8a-db99a7f99164 +BEF04EEA-B9D0-4220-9BC4-84208488CCF2 + + + + + +Opeas hannense +( +Rang, 1831 +) + + + + + + + + +Helix hannensis + +Rang, 1831: 41–42 +, pl. 3, fig. 8. Type locality: +Senegal +, +Cape Verde +Peninsula, Hann village (“ village de Hann sur la presqu’île du Cap-Verd ”). Type material: unknown. + + + + + + + + +Material examined. + + + +Italy +• 47 shells and 1 spirit specimen; +Trento +, +Tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento +( + +MUSE + +); + +46 ° 03 ' 45.16 " N +, +11 ° 06 ' 50.08 " E + +; + +4 Jan. 2019 + +, + +10 Feb. 2019 + +, + +04 May 2019 + +; +D. Barbato +, +G. Bolzonella +leg.; +GMC 51196 + +• + +17 shells; same locality; + +01 Feb. 2022 + +; +D. Barbato +, +A. Benocci +leg.; +GMC 51187 + +• + +1 shell; same locality; + +02 Feb. 2023 + +; +F. Rossi +leg.; +GMC 57345 + +• + +6 shells; same locality; + +09 Feb. 2023 + +; +D. Barbato +, +A. Benocci +leg.; +GMC 57352 + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Shell +(Figs +17–20 +). Dextral, very small in size, very minutely perforate, elongate, very slender, conical, rather robust, pearly off-white, glossy or waxy and sub-transparent when fresh, with 5–6 slightly convex whorls separated by moderately deep sutures. Apex obtuse, rounded, and smooth. Last whorl ~ ½ of shell height and less convex than preceding ones. Aperture small, ~ 1 / 3 of shell height, obliquely pyriform, slightly prosocline. Peristome interrupted, not thickened, only slightly reflected on columella, sometimes with subtle callous rim on parietum; columella straight; outer margin sinuous in lateral view (approximately inverse S-shaped). Protoconch smooth; teleoconch with weak irregular collabral growth lines. Shell dimensions: +SH +4.0– +4.8 mm +; +SD +1.6–1.8 mm +; +AH +1.6–1.7 mm +; +AW +0.9–1.0 mm. + + + + + + +Shells of + +Opeas hannense + +from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum of Trento ( +MUSE +), D. Barbato & G. Bolzonella leg. 04 May 2019. Shell material of this species belonged mainly to juveniles; the shells depicted in the figures were the best available, although some are from specimens that were not fully grown. + + + +Female distal genitalia +(Fig. +14 +). Free oviduct very short and wide. Bursa copulatrix sac-like, oval with short slender duct (as long as bursa copulatrix), initially not flared. Vagina very short and wide (as long as free oviduct). + + + +Male +distal genitalia + +(Fig. +14 +). Vas deferens almost uniform in diameter (very thin to thin along its entire length), entering penial complex at its proximal end. Penial complex apparently consisting only of penis. Penis short, almost uniformly cylindrical with thin short penial sheath enveloping its distal tract. Penial retractor muscle inserted on proximal end of penis. + + +Genital atrium +(Fig. +14 +). Rather long. + + + + +Remarks. + + +The species was first named + +Helix clavulus + +by +Férussac (1821: 52) +based on specimens from +Guadeloupe +and then + +Helix goodalli + +by +Miller (1822: 381) +on specimens from near +Bristol +, +England +. Unfortunately Férussac’s name was not accompanied by a description, a definition, or an indication and so it is not available, whereas Miller’s name, extensively used until the early 20 +th +century (cf. +Pilsbry 1906 b +), turned out to be a junior homonym and was replaced by + +Bulimus pumilus + +established by +Pfeiffer (1840) +on specimens from +Cuba +(cf. +Pilsbry 1910 +). +Pilsbry (1906 a +: 141–142) also discussed the hypothesis of +Wollaston (1878: 510) +that + +Helix goodalli + +was a junior synonym of + +Helix hannense + +established by +Rang (1831) +on specimens from the +Cape Verde +Peninsula, +Senegal +, observing: “ whether this course was well-founded is a question which must remain unsettled until specimens from Rang’s original locality can be compared. ” Consequently he never adopted Rang’s name for this species (cf. +Pilsbry 1946: 181–182 +). The synonymy of the two species was reproposed by +Groh (1983) +based on study of the original descriptions and the literature, and has subsequently been adopted by most recent authors (e. g., +von Proschwitz 1994 +; +Cowie 1997 +, +2000 +; +Chase and Robinson 2001 +; +Bank and Menkhorst 2008 +; +Gerber and Clark 2015 +; +Horsák et al. 2020 +). Perplexity persists about the real identity of the species described by Rang. Only the dimensions, which are consistent with those of an + +Opeas +species + +, support Groh’s interpretation. Otherwise the situation remains as described by Pilsbry more than a hundred years ago: type material of Rang’s species is unknown; no one has reported or studied material from the type locality, which when Rang visited it, was a small village, today englobed in the city of +Dakar +(where a green area, the Parc forestier et zoologique de Hann, still survives in Hann); finally Rang’s description and illustration are completely inadequate to establish the identity of the species he treated; his figure depicts a snail with shell having all the whorls quite round, whereas this species has the last whorl almost flat (incidentally +Robinson (1999 +: table 1) considered + +Opeas hannense + +to be absent from Africa). + + + +Opeas hannense + +is regarded as native to tropical America ( +Pilsbry 1946 +; +Kerney and Cameron 1979 +; +Deisler and Abbott 1984 +; +Cowie 1997 +; +Cowie et al. 2008 +; +Brook et al. 2010 +; +Miquel and Herrera 2014 +) where it is widespread in Central America and the West Indies. On the contrary +Robinson (1999 +: Table +1 +) regarded it as native to +East Asia +. It has been introduced into South America, Atlantic islands, East Africa, West Indian Ocean islands, South-east Asia, and Pacific islands. It has also been reported from the mid temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere where it only occurs in greenhouses and hothouses (see Table +2 +for details and references). Since these reports are only based on shell identifications, it is not possible to exclude that some are misidentifications (e. g., +Muratov 2010 +: fig. 28). + + + + + + +Geographical distribution of + +Opeas hannense + +. Asterisks indicate countries / islands where the species has been recorded only in greenhouses or very disturbed anthropogenic habitats. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
RegionsCountries / IslandsReferences
+North America +United States * +Dundee (1974) +, +Nekola (2014) +
+Central America +Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama +Thompson (2011) +
+West Indies +Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Barbados, Curaçao, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Martin) +Deisler and Abbott (1984) +, +Chase and Robinson (2001) +, +Rosenberg and Muratov (2006) +, +Espinosa and Ortea (2009) +, +Maceira et al. (2013) +, +Charles (2015) +, +Delannoye et al. (2015) +, +Hovestadt and van Leeuwen (2017) +, +Hovestadt and Neckheim (2020) +, +Espinosa and Robinson (2021) +
+South America +Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Suriname, and Uruguay +van Regteren Altena (1975) +, +Simone (2006) +, +Rumi et al. (2010) +, +Virgillito and Miquel (2013) +, +Miquel and Jaime (2018) +, +Breure et al. (2022 a +) +
+Atlantic Ocean +Bermuda, Capo Verde, Saint Helena, and São Tomé +Crowley and Pain (1977) +, +Groh (1983) +, +Bieler and Slapcinsky (2000) +, +Holyoak et al. (2020) +, +Key et al. (2021) +, +Preece et al. (2022) +
+Europe +Austria *, Czech Republic *, Denmark *, France *, Germany *, Great Britain *, Ireland *, Italy *, Netherlands * and Sweden * +Kerney and Cameron (1979) +, +von Proschwitz (1994) +, +Leiss and Reischütz (1996) +, +Horsák et al. (2004 +, +2020 +), +Reischütz et al. (2018) +, +Kwitt et al. (2019) +, +Anderson and Rowson (2020) +, this paper +
+Africa +Mozambique +Muratov (2010) +
+Indian Ocean +Madagascar and Seychelles +Gerlach (2006) +, +Bank and Menkhorst (2008) +, +Emberton et al. (2010) +
+South-East Asia +Singapore +Ho (1995) +
+Oceania +Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Belau / Palau, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Galapagos Islands, Guam, Hawaii, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu) +Solem (1989) +, +Cowie (2000 +, +2001 +), +Brook et al. (2010) +, +Brook (2014) +, +Miquel and Herrera (2014) +, +Cowie et al. (2017) +
+ + +The genital anatomy of + +Opeas +species + +was investigated by +Baker (1945) +, Baker in +Pilsbry (1946) +, and +Gittenberger and van Bruggen (2013) +. Only three + +Opeas +species + +have been studied: + +Opeas hannense + +(see +Baker 1945: 86 +, as + +Opeas pumilum + +), + +Opeas pyrgula +( +Schmacker & Boettger, 1891 +) + +(see +Baker 1945: 87 +; Baker in +Pilsbry 1946: 183–184 +, figs 88 2, 3) and an unidentified species from Misali islet, +Zanzibar +(see +Gittenberger and van Bruggen 2013: 251 +, fig. 9), but only the anatomy of + +Opeas pyrgula + +is adequately described. The distal genitalia of the only adult specimen that we have been able to study (Fig. +14 +) agrees with the general scheme described for these species and in particular with the features reported by +Baker (1945) +and Baker in +Pilsbry (1946) +for + +Opeas pumilum + +and + +Opeas pyrgula + +and with the description of + +Opeas pumilum + +given by +Baker (1945) +. The major difference between the two species consists in the swelling between the base of the duct of the bursa copulatrix and the proximal vagina: well developed in + +Opeas pyrgula + +and much less enlarged in + +Opeas pumilum + +. + +Thus, little continues to be known about the genital anatomy of this genus. We need to ascertain whether the proximal complex of the penis is really undivided, to understand the relationships between the vas deferens and the penial sheath and whether the different structure of the female distal genitalia is due to individual variation or to phylogenetic divergence. + + +Opeas hannense + +has only been found in the tropical greenhouse of + +MUSE + +, where it is uncommon. This is the first report from +Italy +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file